The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle
(AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
Andrew Feickert
Specialist in Military Ground Forces
September 24, 2013
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R43240
The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
Summary
The Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) is the Army’s proposed replacement to the
Vietnam-era M-113 personnel carriers, which are still in service in a variety of support capacities
in Armored Brigade Combat Teams (ABCTs). While M-113s no longer serve as infantry fighting
vehicles, five variants of the M-113 are used as command and control vehicles, general purpose
vehicles, mortar carriers, and medical treatment and evacuation vehicles. An estimated 3,000 of
these M-113 variants are currently in service with the Army.
The AMPV is intended to be a “vehicle integration” or non-developmental program (candidate
vehicles will be either existing vehicles or modified existing vehicles—not vehicles that are
specially designed and not currently in service). Some suggest that a non-developmental vehicle
might make it easier for the Army to eventually field this system to the force, as most of the
Army’s most recent developmental programs, such as the Future Combat System (FCS), the
Crusader self-propelled artillery system, and the Comanche helicopter were cancelled before they
could be fully developed and fielded.
The Army anticipates releasing a Request for Proposal (RFP) in mid-September 2013, followed
by an Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) contract award in May 2014. Full
rate production could begin in FY2020, and the Army plans to procure 2,897 AMPVs; however,
these quantities could change if the Army further reduces its force structure.
The Administration’s FY2014 AMPV Budget Request was $116.298 million in Research,
Development, Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) funding. The House and Senate Armed Services
Committees recommended fully funding the FY2014 AMPV Budget Request. The House
Appropriations Committee recommended $86.298 million in RDT&E funding, cutting $30
million from the FY2014 Budget AMPV Request due to schedule slip. This is due to the Army’s
decision to slip the AMPV’s Request for Proposal from June 2013 to mid-September 2013. The
Senate Appropriations Committee has recommended fully funding the FY2014 AMPV Budget
Request.
A potential issue for Congress is, should the AMPV be the Army’s number one combat vehicle
acquisition priority? The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) noted in a report that it might be
advisable to make the replacement of M-113s with AMPVs the Army’s first acquisition priority as
opposed to developing the Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV). Other defense officials and analysts
suggest, given current and anticipated future defense budgetary constraints, the Army’s emphasis
on the GCV might be unrealistic. They instead suggest a more appropriate course of action might
be for the Army to shift its emphasis to the non-developmental AMPV. This report will be
updated.
Congressional Research Service
The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
Contents
Background ...................................................................................................................................... 1
The Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) ................................................................................ 1
The Army’s AMPV Requirements ................................................................................................... 1
Program Overview ........................................................................................................................... 2
Projected AMPV Production Quantities .......................................................................................... 3
Potential Vendors ............................................................................................................................. 3
Budgetary Issues .............................................................................................................................. 4
FY2014 AMPV Budget Request ............................................................................................... 4
FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 1960) ........................................................ 4
FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act (S. 1197) ............................................................ 4
Department of Defense Appropriations Bill 2014 (H.R. 2397) ................................................. 4
Department of Defense Appropriations Bill 2014 (S. 1429) ..................................................... 4
Potential Issue for Congress ............................................................................................................ 5
Should the AMPV Be the Army’s Number One Combat Vehicle Acquisition Priority? ........... 5
Tables
Table 1. M-113 Distribution in ABCTs, by Variant ......................................................................... 2
Table 2. Projected AMPV Production, by Variant ........................................................................... 3
Contacts
Author Contact Information............................................................................................................. 6
Congressional Research Service
The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
Background
In early 1956, the Army began the development of an air-transportable, armored multi-purpose
vehicle family intended to provide a lightweight, amphibious armored personnel carrier for armor
and mechanized infantry units.1 Known as the M-113, it entered production in 1960 and saw
extensive wartime service in Vietnam. Considered a reliable and versatile vehicle, a number of
different variations of the M-113 were produced to fulfill such roles as a command and control
vehicle, mortar carrier, and armored ambulance, to name but a few. The Army began replacing the
M-113 infantry carrier version in the early 1980s with the M-2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle,
but many non-infantry carrier versions of the M-113 were retained in service. According to
reports, about 3,000 M-113 variants are currently still in use.2
The Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV)3
According to the Army:
The Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) is the proposed United States Army program
for replacement of the M113 Family of Vehicles (FOV) to mitigate current and future
capability gaps in force protection, mobility, reliability, and interoperability by mission role
variant within the Heavy Brigade Combat Team (HBCT) [now known as the Armored
Brigade Combat Team – ABCT]. The AMPV will have multiple variants tailored to specific
mission roles within HBCT. Mission roles are as follows: General Purpose, Medical
Evacuation, Medical Treatment, Mortar Carrier, and Mission Command. AMPV is a vehicle
integration program.
The Army’s AMPV Requirements4
Regarding the decision to replace remaining M-113s, the Army notes:
• The M-113 lacks the force protection and mobility needed to operate as part of
combined arms teams within complex operational environments. For example,
“commanders will not allow them to leave Forward Operating Bases (FOBs) or
enter contested areas without extensive mission protection and route clearance.”5
• The use of other vehicles for M-113 mission sets (casualty evacuations, for
example) reduces unit combat effectiveness.
1 Information in this section is taken from Christopher F. Foss, Jane’s Armour and Artillery, 2011-2012, 32nd Edition,
pp. 470-478.
2 Tony Bertuca, “Optimism Emerges for the AMPV Program, Though Pre-RFP Work Remains,” InsideDefense.com,
August 16, 2013.
3 From the Army’s AMPV Program website, https://contracting.tacom.army.mil/majorsys/ampv/ampv.htm, accessed
September 13, 2013.
4 Information in this section is taken from an Army briefing: “AMPV Industry Day,” April 23, 2013.
5 Ibid., p. 13.
Congressional Research Service
1
The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
M-113s are found in Armored Brigade Combat Teams (ABCTs), where they comprise 32% of the
tracked armored vehicles organic to that organization. The 114 M-113 variants in the ABCT are
distributed as follows:
Table 1. M-113 Distribution in ABCTs, by Variant
M-113 Variant Type
Number of M-113s
M-113A3 General Purpose (GP)
19
M-1068A3 Mission Command (MCmd)
41
M-1064 Mortar Carrier (MC)
15
M-113A3 Medical Evacuation (ME)
31
M-577 Medical Treatment (MT)
8
Source: Information in this table is taken from an Army briefing: “AMPV Industry Day,” April 23, 2013, p. 13.
Program Overview6
According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), in March 2012, the Under Secretary
of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (USD, AT&L) approved a materiel
development decision for AMPV and authorized the Army’s entry into the materiel solution
analysis phase. The Army completed the AMPV analysis of alternatives (AoA) in July 2012 and
proposed a non-developmental vehicle (the candidate vehicle will be either an existing vehicle or
a modified existing vehicle—not a vehicle that is specially designed and not in current service).
Because the AMPV is to be a non-developmental vehicle, DOD has decided that the program will
start at Milestone B, Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) Phase and skip the
Milestone A, Technology Development Phase.
The Army plans for a full and open competition and will award one industry bidder a 42-month
EMD contract to develop all five AMPV variants. A draft Request for Proposal (RFP) released in
March 2013 stated that the EMD contract would be worth $1.46 billion, including $388 million
for 29 EMD prototypes for testing between 2014 and 2017 and $1.08 billion for 289 low-rate
initial production (LRIP) models between 2018 and 2020. The Army had planned on releasing the
formal RFP in June 2013 but instead slipped the date until mid-September 2013, citing a delayed
Defense Acquisition Board review attributed in part to Department of Defense civilian furloughs.7
Currently, the EMD contract award is planned for May 2014. The Army is also planning for an
average unit manufacturing cost (AUMC) of $1.8 million per vehicle. With projected production
quantities of 2,897 AMPVs, the overall AMPV program could exceed $5 billion.
6 Information in this section is taken from the United States Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions:
Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs, GAO-13-294SP, March 2013, p. 133, and an Army briefing: “AMPV
Industry Day,” April 23, 2013 and Tony Bertuca, “Optimism Emerges for AMPV Program Though Pre-RFP Work
Remains,” InsideDefense.com, August 16, 2013.
7 Tony Bertuca, “Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle RFP Scheduled for Mid-September,” InsideDefense.com,
August 9, 2013.
Congressional Research Service
2
The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
Projected AMPV Production Quantities8
Under current plans and projected force structure, the Army plans to start full rate production of
the AMPV in FY2020 at the rate of two to three ABCTs per year. Total vehicle production by
variant is depicted in the following table:
Table 2. Projected AMPV Production, by Variant
Training and Doctrine
Variant to Be
Command and Testing
Total Vehicles by
Replaced ABCT
Total
(See Notes)
Quantity
M-113A3 General Purpose
462 58 520
(GP)
M-1068A3 Mission
899 92 991
Command (MCmd)
M-1064 Mortar Carrier
348 36 384
(MC)
M-113A3 Medical
736 52 788
Evacuation (ME)
M-577 Medical Treatment
194 20 214
(MT)
Totals
2,639 258 2,897
Source: Information in this table is taken from an Army briefing: “AMPV Industry Day,” April 23, 2013, p. 23.
Notes: Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), the Army command responsible for training the force,
would use AMPVs at its various schools and courses for training soldiers. Testing AMPV quantities would be
allocated to various Army and Department of Defense organizations responsible for testing vehicles.
Potential Vendors9
Reports suggest the two top potential competitors for the AMPV contract are BAE Systems and
General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS). BAE is said to be offering a turretless Bradley
Fighting Vehicle design and GDLS, a tracked Stryker Fighting Vehicle or a wheeled Stryker
Double V-Hull Vehicle. It is not publically known if any other foreign or domestic vendors plan
to compete for the AMPV contract.
8 Information in this section is taken from an Army briefing: “AMPV Industry Day,” April 23, 2013.
9 Tony Bertuca, “Optimism Emerges for AMPV Program Though Pre-RFP Work Remains,” InsideDefense.com,
August 16, 2013.
Congressional Research Service
3
The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
Budgetary Issues
FY2014 AMPV Budget Request10
The FY2014 AMPV Budget Request was $116.298 million in Research, Development, Test &
Evaluation (RDT&E) funding.
FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 1960)11
The House Armed Services Committee recommended fully funding the FY2014 AMPV Budget
Request.
FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act (S. 1197)12
The Senate Armed Services Committee recommended fully funding the FY2014 AMPV Budget
Request.
Department of Defense Appropriations Bill 2014 (H.R. 2397)13
The House Appropriations Committee recommended $86.298 million in RDT&E funding, cutting
$30 million from the FY2014 Budget AMPV Request due to schedule slip. This is due to the
Army’s decision to slip the AMPV’s Request for Proposal from June 2013 to mid-September
2013.
Department of Defense Appropriations Bill 2014 (S. 1429)14
The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended fully funding the FY2014 AMPV Budget
Request.
10 Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2014 President’s Budget Request, Justification Book, RDT&E – Volume II,
Budget Activity 54, April 2013, p. 6.
11 H.Rept. 113-102, Report of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives on H.R. 1960, June 7,
2013, p. 424.
12 S.Rept. 113-44, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 Report to Accompany S. 1197, June 20,
2013, p. 322.
13 H.Rept. 113-113, Department of Defense Appropriations Bill, 2014 Report of the Committee on Appropriations,
June 17, 2013, p. 220.
14 S.Rept. 113-85, Department of Defense Appropriations Bill, 2014, August 1, 2013, p. 148.
Congressional Research Service
4
The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
Potential Issue for Congress
Should the AMPV Be the Army’s Number One Combat Vehicle
Acquisition Priority?
The Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) Program15 is the Army’s proposed replacement combat
vehicle for the Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle in ABCTs and is the self-described centerpiece
of the Army’s overall combat vehicle modernization strategy. In terms of priority, the GCV is the
Army’s first combat vehicle acquisition priority, while the AMPV is the Army’s second priority.16
The Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimates GCV’s total program cost at $37.923
billion.17
Some analysts suggest the Army’s emphasis on the GCV is misguided. In the Congressional
Budget Office’s (CBO’s) April 2013 report “The Army’s Ground Combat Vehicle Program and
Alternatives,” CBO notes:
As the GCV program is now constituted, the new vehicle would replace only a fraction of
the Army’s combat equipment. And some analysts assert that the vehicles slated for
replacement are not those that should be first in line. Specifically, according to the Army’s
current plan, the GCVs will replace the 61 Bradley vehicles that are configured as IFVs in
each of the Army’s armored combat brigades. Those vehicles represent only a small
portion—18 percent—of the 346 armored combat vehicles in each armored combat brigade.
Moreover, armored combat brigades made up only one-third of the Army’s total combat
brigades at the end of 2012.
Furthermore, the GCVs are scheduled to replace vehicles that are far from the oldest armored
vehicles in the armored combat brigades. The more numerous M113- based vehicles—which
constitute more than 30 percent of the armored combat vehicles in an armored combat
brigade—are far older, both in terms of age of design and chronological age. The M113 was
designed in the wake of the Korean War as an armored personnel carrier intended to protect
soldiers from small-arms fire, artillery fragments, and the effects of nuclear weapons. Those
vehicles are not worth upgrading, in the Army’s estimation, and the service stopped doing so
in 2007. As a result, the Army’s M113-based vehicles were, on average, 13 years old at the
end of 2012.18
Others, noting anticipated future defense budget reductions, also question the Army’s combat
vehicles acquisition priorities. One article suggests:
With defense spending expected to decline, the AMPV, along with the Ground Combat
Vehicles, is seen as one of the last opportunities for the Army and industry to launch a major
vehicle acquisition program. The GCV, however, was dealt a setback recently when Army
15 For additional information on the GCV, see CRS Report R41597, The Army’s Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV)
Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by Andrew Feickert.
16 Army Equipment Modernization Plan 2013, June 20, 2012, pp. 10-11.
17 United States Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs,
GAO-13-294SP, March 2013, p. 141.
18 Congressional Budget Office (CBO), “The Army’s Ground Combat Vehicle Program and Alternatives,” April 2013,
p. 15.
Congressional Research Service
5
The Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): Background and Issues for Congress
Chief of Staff Gen. Raymond Odierno suggested that the program might be significantly
delayed or even terminated due to sequestration-driven budget cuts.19
Some defense officials have reportedly suggested that:
... the AMPV seems to be ascending at a time when the Army’s top vehicle modernization
priority, the Ground Combat Vehicle, appears to be on shaky ground. “AMPV is looking like
it will move along; the program is simply less aggressive than GCV,” one official said.20
There appears to be a degree of concern among some defense analysts that, given current and
anticipated future defense budgetary constraints, the Army’s emphasis on the GCV might be
unrealistic. They instead suggest that a more appropriate course of action might be for the Army
to shift its emphasis to the non-developmental AMPV, which is intended to replace the five M-
113 variants that constitute 32% of ABCT’s tracked combat vehicles. Because of the level of
concern expressed by both government and non-government defense analysts about the priority
assigned the AMPV, Congress might choose to further examine this issue with the Army.
One potential discussion could focus on a decision by the Army to replace the GCV with the
AMPV as the Army’s number one ground combat vehicle acquisition priority. Would such a move
affect the pace of AMPV production, currently planned to reach full rate in FY2020? If
reprioritizing the AMPV speeds up its fielding to the force, how much would any increase in
AMPV production costs be offset by corresponding savings in M-113 Operations and
Maintenance (O&M) costs, as AMPVs would be able to replace M-113s sooner than currently
envisioned?
Author Contact Information
Andrew Feickert
Specialist in Military Ground Forces
afeickert@crs.loc.gov, 7-7673
19 Tony Bertuca, “Army’s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle RFP Scheduled for Mid-September,”InsideDefense.com,
August 9, 2013.
20 Tony Bertuca, “Optimism Emerges for AMPV Program, Though Pre-RFP Work Remains,” InsideDefense.com,
August 16, 2013.
Congressional Research Service
6