Cybersecurity:
Authoritative Reports and Resources
Rita Tehan
Information Research Specialist
May 24, 2013
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R42507
CRS Report for Congress
Pr
epared for Members and Committees of Congress
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Summary
Cybersecurity vulnerabilities challenge governments, businesses, and individuals worldwide.
Attacks have been initiated by individuals, as well as countries. Targets have included
government networks, military defenses, companies, or political organizations, depending upon
whether the attacker was seeking military intelligence, conducting diplomatic or industrial
espionage, or intimidating political activists. In addition, national borders mean little or nothing to
cyberattackers, and attributing an attack to a specific location can be difficult, which also makes a
response problematic.
Congress has been actively involved in cybersecurity issues, holding hearings every year since
2001. There is no shortage of data on this topic: government agencies, academic institutions,
think tanks, security consultants, and trade associations have issued hundreds of reports, studies,
analyses, and statistics.
This report provides links to selected authoritative resources related to cybersecurity issues. This
report includes information on
• “Legislation”
• “Executive Orders and Presidential Directives”
• “Data and Statistics”
• “Cybersecurity Glossaries”
• “Reports by Topic”
• Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports
• White House/Office of Management and Budget reports
• Military/DOD
• Cloud Computing
• Critical Infrastructure
• National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC)
• Cybercrime/Cyberwar
• International
• Education/Training/Workforce
• Research and Development (R&D)
• “Related Resources: Other Websites”
The report will be updated as needed.
Congressional Research Service
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Legislation ....................................................................................................................................... 1
CRS Reports and Other CRS Products: Legislation ................................................................. 1
Hearings in the 113th Congress ........................................................................................................ 4
Hearings in the 112th Congress ........................................................................................................ 9
Executive Orders and Presidential Directives ................................................................................ 19
Data and Statistics .......................................................................................................................... 23
Cybersecurity Glossaries ............................................................................................................... 30
Reports by Topic ............................................................................................................................ 32
CRS Reports and Other CRS Products. Overview: Cybersecurity Policy Framework ......... 32
CRS Reports: Critical Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 59
CRS Reports and Other CRS Products: Cybercrime and National Security .......................... 67
Related Resources: Other Websites ............................................................................................... 90
Tables
Table 1. Major Legislation: Senate (113th Congress) ....................................................................... 2
Table 2. Major Legislation: House (113th Congress) ....................................................................... 2
Table 3. Major Legislation: Senate (112th Congress) ....................................................................... 2
Table 4. Senate Floor Debate: S. 3414 (112th Congress) ................................................................. 3
Table 5. Major Legislation: House (112th Congress) ....................................................................... 4
Table 6. House Hearings (113th Congress), by Date ........................................................................ 5
Table 7. House Hearings (113th Congress), by Committee .............................................................. 6
Table 8. Senate Hearings (113th Congress), by Date ........................................................................ 7
Table 9. Senate Hearings (113th Congress), by Committee.............................................................. 8
Table 10. House Hearings (112th Congress), by Date .................................................................... 10
Table 11. House Hearings (112th Congress), by Committee .......................................................... 12
Table 12. House Markups (112th Congress), by Date .................................................................... 15
Table 13. Senate Hearings (112th Congress), by Date .................................................................... 15
Table 14. Senate Hearings (112th Congress), by Committee.......................................................... 16
Table 15. Congressional Committee Investigative Reports ........................................................... 18
Table 16. Executive Orders and Presidential Directives ................................................................ 20
Table 17. Data and Statistics: Cyber Incidents, Data Breaches, Cyber Crime ............................... 24
Table 18. Glossaries of Cybersecurity Terms ................................................................................ 31
Table 19. Selected Reports: Cybersecurity Overview ................................................................... 33
Table 20. Selected Government Reports: Government Accountability Office (GAO) .................. 37
Congressional Research Service
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Table 21. Selected Government Reports: White House/Office of Management and Budget ........ 44
Table 22. Selected Government Reports: Department of Defense (DOD) .................................... 47
Table 23. Selected Government Reports: National Strategy for Trusted Identities in
Cyberspace (NSTIC) .................................................................................................................. 51
Table 24. . Selected Government Reports: Other Federal Agencies .............................................. 52
Table 25. Selected Reports: Cloud Computing .............................................................................. 55
Table 26. Selected Reports: Critical Infrastructure ........................................................................ 60
Table 27. Selected Reports: Cybercrime/Cyberwar ....................................................................... 68
Table 28. Selected Reports: International Efforts .......................................................................... 75
Table 29. Selected Reports: Education/Training/Workforce .......................................................... 83
Table 30. Selected Reports: Research & Development (R&D) ..................................................... 87
Table 31. Related Resources: Congressional/Government ............................................................ 90
Table 32. Related Resources: International Organizations ............................................................ 92
Table 33. Related Resources: News ............................................................................................... 93
Table 34. Related Resources: Other Associations and Institutions ................................................ 94
Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 95
Key Policy Staff ............................................................................................................................. 95
Congressional Research Service
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Introduction
Cybersecurity is a sprawling topic that includes national, international, government, and private
industry dimensions. In the 113th Congress, three bills have been introduced in the Senate and 14
in the House. More than 40 bills and resolutions with provisions related to cybersecurity were
introduced in the first session of the 112th Congress, including several proposing revisions to
current laws. In the 111th Congress, the total was more than 60. Several of those bills received
committee or floor action, but none have become law. In fact, no comprehensive cybersecurity
legislation has been enacted since 2002.
This report provides links to cybersecurity hearings and legislation under consideration in the
113th and 112th Congresses, as well as executive orders and presidential directives, data and
statistics, glossaries, and authoritative reports.
For CRS analysis, please see the collection of CRS reports found on the Issues in Focus:
Cybersecurity site.
Legislation
No major legislative provisions relating to cybersecurity have been enacted since 2002, despite
many recommendations made over the past decade. The Obama Administration sent Congress a
package of legislative proposals in May 20111 to give the federal government new authority to
ensure that corporations that own the assets most critical to the nation’s security and economic
prosperity are adequately addressing the risks posed by cybersecurity threats.
Cybersecurity legislation advanced in both chambers in the 112th Congress. The House passed a
series of bills that address a variety of issues—from toughening law enforcement of cybercrimes
to giving the Department of Homeland Security oversight of federal information technology and
critical infrastructure security to lessening liability for private companies that adopt cybersecurity
best practices. The Senate pursued a comprehensive cybersecurity bill with several committees
working to create a single vehicle for passage, backed by the White House—to no avail. The
Senate bill also got mired in a procedural dispute over amendments.
Table 1 and Table 2 provide lists of Senate and House legislation under consideration in the 113th
Congress, in order by date introduced. When viewed in HTML, the bill numbers are active links
to the Bill Summary and Status page in the Legislative Information Service (LIS).
CRS Reports and Other CRS Products: Legislation
• CRS Legal Sidebar, House Intelligence Committee Marks Up Cybersecurity Bill
CISPA, Richard M. Thompson II
• CRS Legal Sidebar, Privacy and Civil Liberties Issues Raised by CISPA, Andrew
Nolan
1 White House, International Strategy for Cyberspace: Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World, May
2011, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
1
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
• CRS Legal Sidebar, CISPA, Private Actors, and the Fourth Amendment, Richard
M. Thompson
Table 1. Major Legislation: Senate (113th Congress)
Bill No.
Title
Committee(s)
Date Introduced
S. 884
Deter Cyber Theft Act
Finance
May 7, 2013
S. 658
Cyber Warrior Act of 2013
Armed Services
March 22, 2013
S. 21
Cybersecurity and American
Homeland Security and
January 22, 2013
Cyber Competitiveness Act
Government Affairs
of 2013
Source: Legislative Information System (LIS).
Table 2. Major Legislation: House (113th Congress)
Bill No.
Title
Committee(s)
Date Introduced
H.R. 1163
Federal Information Security
Oversight and Government
March 14, 2013
Amendments Act of 2013
Reform
H.R. 1121
Cyber Privacy Fortification
Judiciary
March 13, 2013
Act of 2013
H.R. 967
Advancing America's
Science, Space, and
March 14, 2013
Networking and Information
Technology
Technology Research and
Development Act of 2013
H.R. 756
Cybersecurity R&D
Science, Space, and
February 15, 2013
Technology
H.R. 624
Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Permanent Select Committee
February 13, 2013
Protection Act (CISPA)
on Intelligence
H.R. 86
Cybersecurity Education
Education and the Workforce; January 3, 2013
Enhancement Act of 2013
Homeland Security; Science,
Space and Technology
Source: LIS.
Table 3 and Table 5 list major Senate and House legislation considered by the 112th Congress, in
order by date introduced. When viewed in HTML, the bill numbers are active links to the Bill
Summary and Status page in the Legislative Information Service (LIS). The tables include bills
with committee action, floor action, or significant legislative interest. Table 4 provides
Congressional Record links to Senate floor debate of S. 3414, the Cybersecurity Act of 2012.
Table 3. Major Legislation: Senate (112th Congress)
Bill No.
Title
Committee(s)
Date Introduced
S. 413
Cybersecurity and Internet Freedom Act Homeland Security and
February 17, 2011
of 2011
Governmental Affairs
S. 1151
Personal Data Privacy and Security Act
Judiciary June
7,
2011
of 2011
S. 1342
Grid Cyber Security Act
Energy and Natural Resources
July 11, 2011
Congressional Research Service
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Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Bill No.
Title
Committee(s)
Date Introduced
S. 1535
Personal Data Protection and Breach
Judiciary
September 22, 2011
Accountability Act of 2011
S. 2102
Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act
Homeland Security and
February 13, 2012
of 2012
Governmental Affairs
S. 2105
Cybersecurity Act of 2012
Homeland Security and
February 14, 2012
Governmental Affairs
S. 2151
SECURE IT Act
Commerce, Science, and
March 1, 2012
Transportation
S. 3333
Data Security and Breach Notification
Commerce, Science, and
June 21. 2012
Act of 2012
Transportation
S. 3342
SECURE IT
N/A (Placed on Senate Legislative
June 28, 2012
Calendar under General Orders.
Calendar No. 438)
S. 3414
Cybersecurity Act of 2012
N/A (Placed on Senate Legislative
July 19, 2012
Calendar under Read the First
Time)
Source: LIS.
Table 4. Senate Floor Debate: S. 3414 (112th Congress)
Title Date
Congressional Record Pages
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Motion to
July 26, 2012
S5419-S5449
Proceed
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-07-26/
pdf/CREC-2012-07-26-pt1-PgS5419-6.pdf#page=1
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Motion to
July 26, 2012
S5450-S5467
Proceed – Continued and Cloture Vote
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-07-26/
pdf/CREC-2012-07-26-pt1-PgS5450-2.pdf#page=1
Cybersecurity Act of 2012
July 31, 2012
S5694-S5705
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-07-31/
pdf/CREC-2012-07-31-pt1-PgS5694.pdf#page=1
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Continued
July 31, 2012
S5705-S5724
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-07-31/
pdf/CREC-2012-07-31-pt1-PgS5705-2.pdf#page=1
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Debate and
August 2, 2012
S5907-S5919
Cloture Vote
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-08-02/
pdf/CREC-2012-08-02-pt1-PgS5904-2.pdf#page=4
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Motion to
November 14,
S6774-S6784
Proceed
2012
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-11-14/
pdf/CREC-2012-11-14-pt1-PgS6774.pdf#page=1
Source: Congressional Record (GPO).
Congressional Research Service
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Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Table 5. Major Legislation: House (112th Congress)
Bill No.
Title
Committee(s)
Date Introduced
H.R. 76
Cybersecurity Education Enhancement
Homeland Security; House
January 5, 2011
Act of 2011
Oversight and Government Reform
H.R. 174
Homeland Security Cyber and Physical
Technology; Education and the
January 5, 2011
Infrastructure Protection Act of 2011
Workforce; Homeland Security
H.R. 2096
Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2011
Science, Space, and Technology
June 2, 2011
H.R. 3523
Cyber Intelligence Sharing and
Committee on Intelligence
November 30, 2011
Protection Act
(Permanent Select)
H.R. 3674
PRECISE Act of 2011
Homeland Security; Oversight and
December 15, 2011
Government Reform; Science,
Space, and Technology; Judiciary;
Intelligence (Permanent Select)
H.R. 4263
SECURE IT Act of 2012 Strengthening
Oversight and Government
March 27, 2012
and Enhancing Cybersecurity by Using
Reform, the Judiciary, Armed
Research, Education, Information, and
Services, and Intelligence
Technology
(Permanent Select)
H.R. 3834
Advancing America’s Networking and
Science, Space, and Technology
January 27, 2012
Information Technology Research and
Development Act of 2012
H.R. 4257
Federal Information Security
Oversight and Government Reform
April 18, 2012
Amendments Act of 2012
Source: LIS.
Hearings in the 113th Congress
The following tables list cybersecurity hearings in the 113th Congress. Table 6 and Table 7
contain identical content but are organized differently. Table 6 lists House hearings arranged by
date (most recent first), and Table 7 lists House hearings arranged by committee.
Congressional Research Service
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Table 6. House Hearings (113th Congress), by Date
Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Cyber Threats and Security Solutions
May 21, 2013
Energy and Commerce
Cybersecurity: An Examination of the Communications May 21, 2013
Energy and Commerce
Communications and Technology
Supply Chain
Facilitating Cyber Threat Information Sharing and
May 16, 2013
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Partnering with the Private Sector to Protect Critical
Security Technologies
Infrastructure: An Assessment of DHS Capabilities
Striking the Right Balance: Protecting Our Nation's
April 25, 2013
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Critical Infrastructure from Cyber Attack and Ensuring
Security Technologies
Privacy and Civil Liberties
Cyber Attacks: An Unprecedented Threat to U.S.
March 21, 2013
Foreign Affairs
Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats
National Security
Protecting Smal Business from Cyber-Attacks
March 21, 2013
Smal Business
Healthcare and Technology
Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure [CLOSED
March 20, 2013
Appropriations
hearing]
Cyber Threats from China, Russia and Iran: Protecting
March 20, 2013
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
American Critical Infrastructure
Security Technologies
DHS Cybersecurity: Roles and Responsibilities to
March 13, 2013
Homeland Security
Protect the Nation’s Critical Infrastructure
Investigating and Prosecuting 21st Century Cyber
March 13, 2013
Judiciary
Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security and
Threats
Investigations
Information Technology and Cyber Operations:
March 13, 2013
Armed Services
Intelligence, Emerging Threats and
Modernization and Policy Issues to Support the Future
Capabilities
Force
Cyber R&D [Research and Development] Challenges
February 26, 2013
Science, Space, and Technology
Technology
and Solutions
Advanced Cyber Threats Facing Our Nation
February 14, 2013
Select Committee on Intelligence
Source: Compiled by the Congressional Research Service (CRS).
CRS-5
Table 7. House Hearings (113th Congress), by Committee
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Appropriations
Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure
March 20, 2013
[CLOSED hearing]
Armed Services
Intelligence, Emerging Threats and
Information Technology and Cyber
March 13, 2013
Capabilities
Operations: Modernization and Policy
Issues to Support the Future Force
Energy and Commerce
Cyber Threats and Security Solutions
May 21, 2013
Energy and Commerce
Communications and Technology
Cybersecurity: An Examination of the
May 21, 2013
Communications Supply Chain
Foreign Affairs
Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats
Cyber Attacks: An Unprecedented
March 21, 2013
Threat to U.S. National Security
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Facilitating Cyber Threat Information
May 16, 2013
and Security Technologies
Sharing and Partnering with the Private
Sector to Protect Critical Infrastructure:
An Assessment of DHS Capabilities
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Striking the Right Balance: Protecting
April 25, 2013
and Security Technologies
Our Nation's Critical Infrastructure from
Cyber Attack and Ensuring Privacy and
Civil Liberties
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Cyber Threats from China, Russia and
March 20, 2013
and Security Technologies
Iran: Protecting American Critical
Infrastructure
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
DHS Cybersecurity: Roles and
March 13, 2013
and Security Technologies
Responsibilities to Protect the Nation’s
Critical Infrastructure
Judiciary
Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security
Investigating and Prosecuting 21st
March 13, 2013
and Investigations
Century Cyber Threats
Science, Space, and Technology
Technology
Cyber R&D [Research and
February 26, 2013
Development] Challenges and Solutions
Select Committee on Intelligence
Advanced Cyber Threats Facing Our
February 14, 2013
Nation
CRS-6
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Small Business
Healthcare and Technology
Protecting Small Business from Cyber-
March 21, 2013
Attacks
Source: Compiled by CRS.
Table 8. Senate Hearings (113th Congress), by Date
Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Cyber Threats: Law Enforcement and
May 8, 2013
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Private Sector Responses
Defense Authorization: Cybersecurity
March 19, 2013
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Threats: To receive a briefing on
cybersecurity threats in review of the
Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal
Year 2014 and the Future Years Defense
Program.
Fiscal 2014 Defense Authorization,
March 12, 2013
Armed Services
Strategic Command: U.S. Cyber
Command
The Cybersecurity Partnership Between
March 7, 2013
(Joint) Homeland Security and
the Private Sector and Our Government:
Governmental Affairs and Commerce,
Protecting Our National and Economic
Science and Transportation
Security
Source: Compiled by CRS.
CRS-7
Table 9. Senate Hearings (113th Congress), by Committee
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Defense Authorization: Cybersecurity
March 19, 2013
Threats
Armed Services
Fiscal 2014 Defense Authorization,
March 12, 2013
Strategic Command: U.S. Cyber
Command
(Joint) Homeland Security and
The Cybersecurity Partnership Between
March 7, 2013
Governmental Affairs and Commerce,
the Private Sector and Our Government:
Science and Transportation
Protecting Our National and Economic
Security
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Cyber Threats: Law Enforcement and
May 8, 2013
Private Sector Responses
Source: Compiled by CRS.
CRS-8
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Hearings in the 112th Congress
The following tables list cybersecurity hearings in the 112th Congress. Table 10 and Table 11
contain identical content but are organized differently. Table 10 lists House hearings arranged by
date (most recent first) and Table 11 lists House hearings arranged by committee. Table 12 lists
House markups by date; Table 13 and Table 14 contain identical content. Table 13 lists Senate
hearings arranged by date and Table 14 lists Senate hearings arranged by committee. When
viewed in HTML, the document titles are active links.
Congressional Research Service
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Table 10. House Hearings (112th Congress), by Date
Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Investigation of the Security Threat Posed by Chinese
September 13, 2012
Permanent Select Committee on
Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE
Intelligence
Resilient Communications: Current Challenges and
September 12, 2012
Homeland Security
Emergency Preparedness, Response and
Future Advancements
Communications
Cloud Computing: An Overview of the Technology
July 25, 2012
Judiciary
Intellectual Property, Competition, and the
and the Issues facing American Innovators
Internet
Digital Warriors: Improving Military Capabilities for
July 25, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Cyber Operations
Cyber Threats to Capital Markets and Corporate
June 1, 2012
Financial Services
Capital Markets and Government
Accounts
Sponsored Enterprises
Iranian Cyber Threat to U.S. Homeland
April 26, 2012
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
and Security Technologies and
Counterterrorism and Intelligence
America is Under Cyber Attack: Why Urgent Action
April 24, 2012
Homeland Security
Oversight, Investigations and Management
is Needed
The DHS and DOE National Labs: Finding Efficiencies
April 19, 2012
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
and Optimizing Outputs in Homeland Security
and Security Technologies
Research and Development
Cybersecurity: Threats to Communications Networks
March 28, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Communications and Technology
and Public-Sector Responses
IT Supply Chain Security: Review of Government and
March 27, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
Industry Efforts
Fiscal 2013 Defense Authorization: IT and Cyber
March 20, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Operations
Cybersecurity: The Pivotal Role of Communications
March 7, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Communications and Technology
Networks
NASA Cybersecurity: An Examination of the Agency’s
February 29, 2012
Science, Space, and Technology
Investigations and Oversight
Information Security
Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity: Assessments of
February 28, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
Smart Grid Security
CRS-10
Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Hearing on Draft Legislative Proposal on
December 6, 2011
Homeland Security and
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Cybersecurity
Governmental Affairs
and Security Technologies
Cyber Security: Protecting Your Smal Business
December 1, 2011
Smal Business
Healthcare and Technology
Cyber Security: Protecting Your Smal Business
November 30, 2011
Smal Business
Healthcare and Technology
Combating Online Piracy (H.R. 3261, Stop the Online
November 16, 2011
Judiciary
Piracy Act)
Cybersecurity: Protecting America’s New Frontier
November 15, 2011
Judiciary
Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security
Institutionalizing Irregular Warfare Capabilities
November 3, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Cloud Computing: What are the Security Implications?
October6, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
and Security Technologies
Cyber Threats and Ongoing Efforts to Protect the
October 4, 2011
Permanent Select Intelligence
Nation
The Cloud Computing Outlook
September 21, 2011
Science, Space, and Technology
Technology and Innovation
Combating Cybercriminals
September 14, 2011
Financial Services
Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
Cybersecurity: An Overview of Risks to Critical
July 26, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
Infrastructure
Cybersecurity: Assessing the Nation’s Ability to
July 7, 2011
Oversight and Government Reform
Address the Growing Cyber Threat
Field Hearing: Hacked Off: Helping Law Enforcement
June 29, 2011
Financial Services (field hearing in
Protect Private Financial Information”
Hoover, AL)
Examining the Homeland Security Impact of the
June 24, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Obama Administration’s Cybersecurity Proposal
and Security Technologies
Sony and Epsilon: Lessons for Data Security Legislation June 2, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade
Protecting the Electric Grid: the Grid Reliability and
May 31, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Infrastructure Defense Act
Unlocking the SAFETY Act’s [Support Anti-terrorism
May 26, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection,
by Fostering Effective Technologies - P.L. 107-296]
and Security Technologies
Potential to Promote Technology and Combat
Terrorism
Protecting Information in the Digital Age: Federal
May 25, 2011
Science, Space and Technology
Research and Science Education
Cybersecurity Research and Development Efforts
CRS-11
Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Cybersecurity: Innovative Solutions to Challenging
May 25, 2011
Judiciary
Intellectual Property, Competition and the
Problems
Internet
Cybersecurity: Assessing the Immediate Threat to the
May 25, 2011
Oversight and Government Reform National Security, Homeland Defense and
United States
Foreign Operations
DHS Cybersecurity Mission: Promoting Innovation and April 15, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Securing Critical Infrastructure
and Security Technologies
Communist Chinese Cyber-Attacks, Cyber-Espionage
April 15, 2011
Foreign Affairs
Oversight and Investigations
and Theft of American Technology
Budget Hearing - National Protection and Programs
March 31, 2011
Appropriations (closed/classified)
Energy and Power
Directorate, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure
Protection Programs
Examining the Cyber Threat to Critical Infrastructure
March 16, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
and the American Economy
and Security Technologies
2012 Budget Request from U.S. Cyber Command
March 16, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
What Should the Department of Defense’s Role in
February 11, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Cyber Be?
Preventing Chemical Terrorism: Building a Foundation
February 11, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
of Security at Our Nation’s Chemical Facilities
and Security Technologies
World Wide Threats
February 10, 2011
Permanent Select Intelligence
Source: Compiled by CRS.
Table 11. House Hearings (112th Congress), by Committee
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Appropriations
Budget Hearing - National Protection and Programs Directorate,
March 31, 2011
(closed/classified)
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection Programs
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Digital Warriors: Improving Military Capabilities for Cyber Operations
July 25, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Fiscal 2013 Defense Authorization: IT and Cyber Operations
March 20, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Institutionalizing Irregular Warfare Capabilities
November 3, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
2012 Budget Request for U.S. Cyber Command
March 16, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
What Should the Department of Defense’s Role in Cyber Be?
February 11, 2011
CRS-12
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Energy and Commerce Communications and Technology
Cybersecurity: Threats to Communications Networks and Public-Sector
March 28, 2012
Responses
Energy and Commerce Oversight and Investigations
IT Supply Chain Security: Review of Government and Industry Efforts
March 27, 2012
Energy and Commerce Communications and Technology
Cybersecurity: The Pivotal Role of Communications Networks
March 7, 2012
Energy and Commerce Oversight and Investigations
Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity: Assessments of Smart Grid Security
February 28, 2012
Energy and Commerce Oversight and Investigations
Cybersecurity: An Overview of Risks to Critical Infrastructure
July 26, 2011
Energy and Commerce Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade
Sony and Epsilon: Lessons for Data Security Legislation
June 2, 2011
Energy and Commerce Energy and Power
Protecting the Electric Grid: the Grid Reliability and Infrastructure Defense
May 31, 2011
Act
Financial Services
Capital Markets and Government Sponsored
Cyber Threats to Capital Markets and Corporate Account
June 1, 2012
Enterprises
Financial Services
Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
Combating Cybercriminals
September 14, 2011
Financial Services
Field hearing in Hoover, AL
Field Hearing: “Hacked Off: Helping Law Enforcement Protect Private
June 29, 2011
Financial Information”
Foreign Affairs
Oversight and Investigations
Communist Chinese Cyber-Attacks, Cyber-Espionage and Theft of
April 15, 2011
American Technology
Homeland Security
Emergency Preparedness, Response and
Resilient Communications: Current Challenges and Future Advancement
September 12, 2012
Communications
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Iranian Cyber Threat to U.S. Homeland
April 26, 2012
Security Technologies and Counterterrorism
and Intelligence
Homeland Security
Oversight, Investigations and Management
America is Under Cyber Attack: Why Urgent Action is Needed
April 24, 2012
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
The DHS and DOE National Labs: Finding Efficiencies and Optimizing
April 19, 2012
Security Technologies
Outputs in Homeland Security Research and Development
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Hearing on Draft Legislative Proposal on Cybersecurity
December 6, 2011
Security Technologies
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Cloud Computing: What are the Security Implications?
October 6, 2011
Security Technologies
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Examining the Homeland Security Impact of the Obama Administration’s
June 24, 2011
Security Technologies
Cybersecurity Proposal
CRS-13
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Homeland Security
Unlocking the SAFETY Act’s [Support Anti-terrorism by Fostering Effective May 26, 2011
Technologies - P.L. 107-296] Potential to Promote Technology and
Combat Terrorism
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
DHS Cybersecurity Mission: Promoting Innovation and Securing Critical
April 15, 2011
Security Technologies
Infrastructure
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Examining the Cyber Threat to Critical Infrastructure and the American
March 16, 2011
Security Technologies
Economy
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Preventing Chemical Terrorism: Building a Foundation of Security at Our
February 11, 2011
Security Technologies
Nation’s Chemical Facilities
Judiciary
Intellectual Property, Competition and the
Cloud Computing: An Overview of the Technology and the Issues facing
July 25, 2012
Internet
American Innovators
Judiciary
Combating Online Piracy (H.R. 3261, Stop the Online Piracy Act)
November 16, 2011
Judiciary
Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security
Cybersecurity: Protecting America’s New Frontier
November 15, 2011
Judiciary
Intellectual Property, Competition and the
Cybersecurity: Innovative Solutions to Challenging Problems
May 25, 2011
Internet
Oversight and
Cybersecurity: Assessing the Nation’s Ability to Address the Growing
July 7, 2011
Government Reform
Cyber Threat
Oversight and
Subcommittee on National Security,
Cybersecurity: Assessing the Immediate Threat to the United States
May 25, 2011
Government Reform
Homeland Defense and Foreign Operations
Permanent Select
Investigation of the Security Threat Posed by Chinese Telecommunications
September 13, 2012
Intelligence
Companies Huawei and ZTE
Permanent Select
Cyber Threats and Ongoing Efforts to Protect the Nation
October 4, 2011
Intelligence
Permanent Select
World Wide Threats
February 10, 2011
Intelligence
Science, Space and
Investigations and Oversight
NASA Cybersecurity: An Examination of the Agency’s Information Security
February 29, 2012
Technology
Science, Space and
Technology and Innovation
The Cloud Computing Outlook
September 21, 2011
Technology
Science, Space and
Research and Science Education
Protecting Information in the Digital Age: Federal Cybersecurity Research
May 25, 2011
Technology
and Development Efforts
Smal Business
Healthcare and Technology
Cyber Security: Protecting Your Smal Business
November 30, 2011
Source: Compiled by CRS.
CRS-14
Table 12. House Markups (112th Congress), by Date
Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Consideration and Markup of H.R. 3674
February 1, 2012
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure
Protection and Security
Technologies
Markup: Draft Bill: Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act of 2011
December 1, 2011
Permanent Select Intelligence
Markup on H.R. 2096, Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2011
July 21, 2011
Science, Space and Technology
Discussion Draft of H.R. 2577, a bill to require greater protection for
June 15, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Commerce, Manufacturing, and
sensitive consumer data and timely notification in case of breach
Trade
Source: Compiled by CRS.
Table 13. Senate Hearings (112th Congress), by Date
Title
Date
Committee
Subcommittee
State of Federal Privacy and Data Security Law: Lagging Behind the Times?
July 31, 2012
Homeland Security and
Oversight of Government
Governmental Affairs
Management, the Federal Workforce
and the District of Columbia
Protecting Electric Grid From Cyber Attacks
July 17, 2012
Energy and Natural Resources
Committee
To receive testimony on U.S. Strategic Command and U.S. Cyber Command in
March 27, 2012
Armed Services
review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2013 and the
Future Years Defense Program.
To receive testimony on cybersecurity research and development in review of
March 20, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2013 and the Future Years
Defense Program
The Freedom of Information Act: Safeguarding Critical Infrastructure
March 13, 2012
Judiciary
Information and the Public’s Right to Know
Securing America’s Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012
February 16, 2012
Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs
Cybercrime: Updating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to Protect
September 7, 2011
Judiciary
Cyberspace and Combat Emerging Threats
Role of Small Business in Strengthening Cybersecurity Efforts in the United
July 25, 2011
Small Business and
States
Entrepreneurship
CRS-15
Title
Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Privacy and Data Security: Protecting Consumers in the Modern World
June 29, 2011
Commerce, Science and
Transportation
Cybersecurity: Evaluating the Administration’s Proposals
June 21, 2011
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Cybersecurity and Data Protection in the Financial Sector
June 21, 2011
Banking, Housing and Urban
Affairs
Protecting Cyberspace: Assessing the White House Proposal
May 23, 2011
Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs
Cybersecurity of the Bulk-Power System and Electric Infrastructure
May 5, 2011
Energy and Natural Resources
To receive testimony on the health and status of the defense industrial base
May 3, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
and its science and technology-related elements
Cyber Security: Responding to the Threat of Cyber Crime and Terrorism
April 12, 2011
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
March 30, 2011
Judiciary
Cybersecurity and Critical Electric Infrastructurea
March 15, 2011
Energy and Natural Resources
Information Sharing in the Era of WikiLeaks: Balancing Security and
March 10, 2011
Homeland Security and
Collaboration
Governmental Affairs
Homeland Security Department’s Budget Submission for Fiscal Year 2012
February 17, 2011
Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs
Source: Compiled by CRS.
a. The March 15, 2011, hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources was closed. The hearing notice was removed from the committee’s website.
Table 14. Senate Hearings (112th Congress), by Committee
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and
To receive testimony on cybersecurity research and development in
March 20, 2012
Capabilities
review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2013 and the
Future Years Defense Program
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and
To receive testimony on the health and status of the defense industrial
May 3, 2011
Capabilities
base and its science and technology-related elements
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
Cybersecurity and Data Protection in the Financial Sector
June 21, 2011
Commerce, Science and Transportation
Privacy and Data Security: Protecting Consumers in the Modern World
June 29, 2011
CRS-16
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Energy and Natural Resources
Protecting the Electric Grid from Cyber Attacks
July 17, 2012
Energy and Natural Resources
Cybersecurity of the Bulk-Power System and Electric Infrastructure
May 5, 2011
Energy and Natural Resources (closed)
Cybersecurity and Critical Electric Infrastructurea
March 15, 2011
Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs
Oversight of Government State of Federal Privacy and Data Security Law: Lagging Behind the Times? July 31, 2012
Management, the Federal
Workforce and the
District of Columbia
Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs
Securing America’s Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012
February 16, 2012
Homeland Security and Governmental
Protecting Cyberspace: Assessing the White House Proposal
May 23, 2011
Affairs
Homeland Security and Governmental
Information Sharing in the Era of WikiLeaks: Balancing Security and
March 10, 2011
Affairs
Collaboration
Homeland Security and Governmental
Homeland Security Department’s Budget Submission for Fiscal Year 2012
February 17, 2011
Affairs
Judiciary
The Freedom of Information Act: Safeguarding Critical Infrastructure
March 13, 2012
Information and the Public’s Right to Know
Judiciary
Cybercrime: Updating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to Protect
September 7, 2011
Cyberspace and Combat Emerging Threats
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Cybersecurity: Evaluating the Administration’s Proposals
June 21, 2011
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Cyber Security: Responding to the Threat of Cyber Crime and Terrorism
April 12, 2011
Judiciary
Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
March 30, 2011
Smal Business and Entrepreneurship
Role of Smal Business in Strengthening Cybersecurity Efforts in the
July 25, 2011
United States
Source: Compiled by CRS.
a. The March 15, 2011, hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources was closed. The hearing notice was removed from the committee’s website.
CRS-17
Table 15. Congressional Committee Investigative Reports
Title Committee
Date
Pages
Notes
Investigative Report on the U.S.
House Permanent
October
60
The committee initiated this investigation in November 2011 to inquire into the
National Security Issues Posed by
Select Committee on 8, 2012
counterintelligence and security threat posed by Chinese telecommunications
Chinese Telecommunications
Intelligence
companies doing business in the United States.
Companies Huawei and ZTE
Federal Support for and Involvement
U. S. Senate
October
141
A two-year bipartisan investigation found that U.S. Department of Homeland
in State and Local Fusion Centers
Permanent
3, 2012
Security efforts to engage state and local intelligence “fusion centers” has not
Subcommittee on
yielded significant useful information to support federal counterterrorism
Investigations
intelligence efforts. In Section VI, “Fusion Centers Have Been Unable to
Meaningfully Contribute to Federal Counterterrorism Efforts,” Part G, “Fusion
Centers May Have Hindered, Not Aided, Federal Counterterrorism Efforts,” the
report discusses the Russian “Cyberattack” in Illinois.
Source: Compiled by CRS.
CRS-18
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Executive Orders and Presidential Directives
Executive orders are official documents through which the President of the United States
manages the operations of the federal government. Presidential directives pertain to all aspects of
U.S. national security policy and are signed or authorized by the President.
The following reports provide additional information on executive orders and presidential
directives:
• CRS Report RS20846, Executive Orders: Issuance, Modification, and
Revocation, by Todd Garvey and Vivian S. Chu, and
• CRS Report 98-611, Presidential Directives: Background and Overview, by L.
Elaine Halchin.
Table 16 provides a list of executive orders and presidential directives pertaining to information
and computer security.
Congressional Research Service
19
Table 16. Executive Orders and Presidential Directives
(by date of issuance)
Title Date
Source
Notes
E.O. 13636, Improving Critical Infrastructure Cyberesecurity
February 12, 2013
White House
The order directs agencies to take steps to expand
cyberthreat information sharing with companies. It also tells
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-02-19/pdf/2013-
them to come up with incentives for owners of the most
03915.pdf
vital and vulnerable digital infrastructure—like those tied to
the electricity grid or banking system—to voluntarily comply
with a set of security standards. And it orders them to
review their regulatory authority on cybersecurity and
propose new regulations in some cases.
Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 21 - Critical Infrastructure
February 12, 2013
White House
This directive establishes national policy on critical
Security and Resilience
infrastructure security and resilience. This endeavor is a
shared responsibility among the federal, state, local, tribal,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/
and territorial (SLTT) entities, and public and private owners
presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-security-and-
and operators of critical infrastructure (hereinafter referred
resil
to as “critical infrastructure owners and operators”). This
directive also refines and clarifies the critical infrastructure-
related functions, roles, and responsibilities across the
federal government, as well as enhances overall coordination
and collaboration. The federal government also has a
responsibility to strengthen the security and resilience of its
own critical infrastructure, for the continuity of national
essential functions, and to organize itself to partner
effectively with and add value to the security and resilience
efforts of critical infrastructure owners and operators.
Fact Sheet: Presidential Policy Directive on Critical
February 12, 2013
White House
Lists three strategic imperatives that drive the federal
Infrastructure Security and Resilience
approach to strengthen critical infrastructure security and
resilience, and the six deliverables that will accomplish those
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/fact-
goals.
sheet-presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-securit
CRS-20
Title Date
Source
Notes
E.O. 13587, Structural Reforms to Improve the Security of
October 7, 2011
White House
This order directs structural reforms to ensure responsible
Classified Networks and the Responsible
sharing and safeguarding of classified information on
computer networks that shal be consistent with appropriate
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-13/pdf/2011-
protections for privacy and civil liberties. Agencies bear the
26729.pdf
primary responsibility for meeting these twin goals. These
policies and minimum standards will address all agencies that
operate or access classified computer networks, all users of
classified computer networks (including contractors and
others who operate or access classified computer networks
controlled by the federal government), and all classified
information on those networks.
E.O. 13407, Public Alert and Warning System
June 26, 2006
White House
Assigns the Secretary of Homeland Security the
responsibility to establish or adopt, as appropriate, common
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2006-07-03/pdf/WCPD-
alerting and warning protocols, standards, terminology, and
2006-07-03-Pg1226.pdf
operating procedures for the public alert and warning system
to enable interoperability and the secure delivery of
coordinated messages to the American people through as
many communication pathways as practicable, taking account
of Federal Communications Commission rules as provided
by law.
HSPD-7, Homeland Security Presidential Directive No. 7:
December 17, 2003
White House
Assigns the Secretary of Homeland Security the
Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and
responsibility of coordinating the nation’s overall efforts in
Protection
critical infrastructure protection across all sectors. HSPD-7
also designates the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/laws/gc_1214597989952.shtm
as lead agency for the nation’s information and
telecommunications sectors.
E.O. 13286, Amendment of Executive Orders, and Other
February 28, 2003
White House
Designates the Secretary of Homeland Security the Executive
Actions, in Connection With the Transfer of Certain Functions
Agent of the National Communication System Committee of
to the Secretary of Homeland Security
Principals, which are the agencies, designated by the
President, that own or lease telecommunication assets
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5343.pdf
identified as part of the National Communication System, or
which bear policy, regulatory, or enforcement responsibilities
of importance to national security and emergency
preparedness telecommunications.
CRS-21
Title Date
Source
Notes
Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-63
May 22, 1998
White House
Sets as a national goal the ability to protect the nation’s
critical infrastructure from intentional attacks (both physical
http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd/pdd-63.htm
and cyber) by the year 2003. According to the PDD, any
interruptions in the ability of these infrastructures to provide
their goods and services must be “brief, infrequent,
manageable, geographically isolated, and minimally
detrimental to the welfare of the United States."
NSD-42, National Security Directive 42 - National Policy for
July 5, 1990
White House
Establishes the National Security Telecommunications and
the Security of National Security Telecommunications and
Information Systems Security Committee, now called the
Information Systems
Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS). CNSS is
an interagency committee, chaired by the Department of
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/nsd/nsd42.pdf
Defense. Among other assignments, NSD-42 directs the
CNSS to provide system security guidance for national
security systems to executive departments and agencies; and
submit annually to the Executive Agent an evaluation of the
security status of national security systems. NSD-42 also
directs the Committee to interact, as necessary, with the
National Communications System Committee of Principals.
E.O. 12472, Assignment of National Security and Emergency
April 3, 1984
National
Established a national communication system as those
Preparedness Telecommunications Functions (amended by E.O.
Communications
telecommunication assets owned or leased by the federal
13286 of February 28, 2003, and changes made by E.O. 13407,
System (NCS)
government that can meet the national security and
June 26, 2006)
emergency preparedness needs of the federal government,
together with an administrative structure that could ensure
http://www.ncs.gov/library/policy_docs/eo_12472.html
that a national telecommunications infrastructure is
developed that is responsive to national security and
emergency preparedness needs.
Note: Descriptions compiled by CRS from government websites.
CRS-22
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Data and Statistics
This section identifies data and statistics from government, industry, and IT security firms
regarding the current state of cybersecurity threats in the United States and internationally. These
include incident estimates, costs, and annual reports on data security breaches, identity theft,
cyber crime, malware, and network security.
Congressional Research Service
23
Table 17. Data and Statistics: Cyber Incidents, Data Breaches, Cyber Crime
Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
2013 Data Breach Investigations Report
April 23, 2013
Verizon
63
The annual report counted 621 confirmed data
breaches last year, and more than 47,000 reported
http://www.verizonenterprise.com/DBIR/2013/
“security incidents.” The victims spanned a wide
range of industries. Thirty-seven percent of
breached companies were financial firms; 24% were
retailers and restaurants; 20% involved
manufacturing, transportation and utility industries;
and 20% of the breaches affected organizations that
Verizon qualified as “information and professional
services firms.” (The totals exceed 100% because
of rounding.)
2013 Internet Security Threat Report, Vol. 18
April 2013
Symantec
58
Threats to online security have grown and evolved
considerably in 2012. From the threats of
https://www.symantec.com/security_response/publications/threatrep
cyberespionage and industrial espionage to the
ort.jsp?om_ext_cid=biz_socmed_twitter_facebook_marketwire_link
widespread, chronic problems of malware and
edin_2013Apr_worldwide_ISTR18
phishing, malware authors have constantly
improved innovation. There has also been an
expansion of traditional threats into new forums. In
particular, social media and mobile devices have
come under increasing attack in 2012, even as
spam and phishing attacks via traditional routes
have fallen. Online criminals are following users
onto these new platforms.
Overview of Current Cyber Attacks (logged by 97 Sensors)
March 6, 2013
Deutsche Telekom
N/A
Provides a real-time visualization and map of
cyberattacks detected by a network of 97 sensors
http://www.sicherheitstacho.eu/
placed around the world.
Real-Time Web Monitor
March 5, 2013
Akamai
N/A
Akamai monitors global Internet conditions around
the clock. The map identifies the global regions
http://www.akamai.com/html/technology/dataviz1.html
with the greatest attack traffic.
CRS-24
Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
Linking Cybersecurity Policy and Performance
February 6, 2013
Microsoft
27
Introduces a new methodology for examining how
Trustworthy
socio-economic factors in a country or region
http://blogs.technet.com/b/trustworthycomputing/archive/2013/02/
Computing
impact cybersecurity performance, examining
06/linking-cybersecurity-policy-and-performance-microsoft-releases-
measures such as use of modern technology,
special-edition-security-intelligence-report.aspx
mature processes, user education, law
enforcement and public policies related to
cyberspace. This methodology can build a model
that will help predict the expected cybersecurity
performance of a given country or region.
SCADA and Process Control Security Survey
February 1, 2013
SANS Institute
19
SANS Institute surveyed professionals who work
with SCADA and process control systems. Seventy
https://www.sans.org/reading_room/analysts_program/
percent of the nearly 700 respondents said they
sans_survey_scada_2013.pdf
consider their SCADA systems to be at high or
severe risk. One-third of them suspect that they
have been already been infiltrated
Blurring the Lines: 2013 TMT Global Security Study
January 8, 2013
Deloitte
24
Report states that 88% of companies do not
believe that they are vulnerable to an external
http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedKingdom/
cyber threat, while more than half of those
Local%20Assets/Documents/Services/Audit/uk-ers-blurring-line-
surveyed have experienced a security incident in
2013-tmt-studyv2.pdf.pdf
the last year. Companies rated mistakes by their
employees as a top threat, with 70% highlighting a
lack of security awareness as a vulnerability.
Despite this, less than half of companies (48%)
offer even general security-related training, with
49% saying that a lack of budget was making it hard
to improve security.
Improving the Evidence Base for Information Security and Privacy
December 20, 2012
Organisation for
94
This report provides an overview of existing data
Policies: Understanding the Opportunities and Challenges related to
Economic
and statistics in fields of information security,
Measuring Information Security, Privacy and the Protection of
Cooperation and
privacy, and the protection of children online. It
Children Online
Development
highlights the potential for the development of
better indicators in these respective fields showing
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/improving-the-
in particular that there is an underexploited wealth
evidence-base-for-information-security-and-privacy-
of empirical data that, if mined and made
policies_5k4dq3rkb19n-en
comparable, will enrich the current evidence base
for policy making.
CRS-25
Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
Emerging Cyber Threats Report 2013
November 14, 2012
Georgia Institute of
9
The year ahead will feature new and increasingly
Technology
sophisticated means to capture and exploit user
http://www.gtsecuritysummit.com/pdf/2013ThreatsReport.pdf
data, escalating battles over the control of online
information and continuous threats to the U.S.
supply chain from global sources. (From the annual
Georgia Tech Cyber Security Summit 2012).
State Governments at Risk: a Call for Collaboration and Compliance
October 23, 2012
National Association
40
Assesses the state of cybersecurity across the
of State Chief
nation found that only 24% of chief information
http://www.nascio.org/publications/documents/Deloitte-
Information Officers
security officers (CISOs) are very confident in their
NASCIOCybersecurityStudy2012.pdf
and Deloitte
states’ ability to guard data against external threats.
Cybercrime Costs Rise Nearly 40 Percent, Attack Frequency
October 8, 2012
HP and the Ponemon
N/A
The 2012 Cost of Cyber Crime Study found that
Doubles
Institute
the average annualized cost of cybercrime incurred
by a benchmark sample of U.S. organizations was
http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2012/121008a.html
$8.9 million. This represents a 6% increase over
the average cost reported in 2011, and a 38%
increase over 2010. The 2012 study also revealed a
42% increase in the number of cyberattacks, with
organizations experiencing an average of 102
successful attacks per week, compared with 72
attacks per week in 2011 and 50 attacks per week
in 2010.
2012 NCSA/Symantec National Smal Business Study
October 2012
National Cyber
18
The NCSA surveyed more than 1,000 small and
Security Alliance
midsize businesses. The survey found that 83% of
http://www.staysafeonline.org/download/datasets/4389/
respondents said they don’t have a written plan for
2012_ncsa_symantec_smal _business_study.pdf.
protecting their companies against cyberattacks,
while 76% think they are safe from hackers,
viruses, malware, and cybersecurity breaches.
McAfee Explains The Dubious Math Behind Its ‘Unscientific' $1
August 3, 2012
Forbes.com
N/A
No, the statistic was not simply made up. Yes, it’s
Trillion Data Loss Claim
just a “ballpark figure” and an “unscientific” one,
the company admits. But despite Pro Publica’s
http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/08/03/mcafee-
criticisms and its own rather fuzzy math, the
explains-the-dubious-math-behind-its-unscientific-1-tril ion-data-loss-
company stands by its trillion-dollar conclusion as a
claim/
(very) rough estimate.
CRS-26
Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
Does Cybercrime Really Cost $1 Trillion?
August 1, 2012
ProPublica
N/A
In a news release from computer security firm
McAfee announcing its 2009 report, “Unsecured
http://www.propublica.org/article/does-cybercrime-really-cost-1-
Economies: Protecting Vital Information,” the
trillion
company estimated a trillion dollar global cost for
cybercrime. That number does not appear in the
report itself. McAfee’s trillion-dol ar estimate is
questioned by the three independent researchers
from Purdue University whom McAfee credits with
analyzing the raw data from which the estimate
was derived. An examination of their origins by
ProPublica has found new grounds to question the
data and methods used to generate these numbers,
which McAfee and Symantec say they stand behind.
ICS-CERT Incident Response Summary Report
June 28, 2012
U.S. Industrial
17
The number of reported cyberattacks on U.S.
Control System
critical infrastructure increased sharply—from 9
http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/pdf/ICS-
Cyber Emergency
incidents in 2009 to 198 in 2011; water sector-
CERT_Incident_Response_Summary_Report_09_11.pdf
Response Team (ICS-
specific incidents, when added to the incidents that
CERT)
affected several sectors, accounted for more than
half of the incidents; in more than half of the most
serious cases, implementing best practices, such as
login limitation or properly configured firewall,
would have deterred the attack, reduced the time
it would have taken to detect an attack, and
minimized its impact.
Measuring the Cost of Cybercrime
June 25, 2012
11th Annual
N/A
“For each of the main categories of cybercrime we
Workshop on the
set out what is and is not known of the direct
http://weis2012.econinfosec.org/papers/Anderson_WEIS2012.pdf
Economics of
costs, indirect costs and defence costs - both to
Information Security
the UK and to the world as a whole.”
Worldwide Threat Assessment: Infection Rates and Threat Trends
ongoing Microsoft
Security
N/A
Data on infection rates, malicious websites, and
by Location
Intelligence Report
threat trends by regional location, worldwide.
(SIR)
http://www.microsoft.com/security/sir/threat/
default.aspx#!introduction
McAfee Research & Reports (multiple)
2009-2012
McAfee
N/A
Links to reports on cybersecurity threats, malware,
cybercrime, and spam.
http://www.mcafee.com/us/about/newsroom/research-reports.aspx
CRS-27
Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
Significant Cyber Incidents Since 2006
January 19, 2012
Center for Strategic
9
A list of significant cyber events since 2006. From
and International
the report, “Significance is in the eye of the
http://csis.org/publication/cyber-events-2006
Studies (CSIS)
beholder, but we focus on successful attacks on
government agencies, defense and high tech
companies, or economic crimes with losses of
more than a million dollars.”
2011 ITRC Breach Report Key Findings
December 10, 2011
Identity Theft
N/A
According to the report, hacking attacks were
Resource Center
responsible for more than one-quarter (25.8%) of
http://www.idtheftcenter.org/artman2/publish/headlines/
(ITRC)
the data breaches recorded in the Identity Theft
Breaches_2011.shtml
Resource Center’s 2011 Breach Report, hitting a
five-year all time high. This was followed by “Data
on the Move” (when an electronic storage device,
laptop, or paper folders leave the office where they
are normally stored) and “Insider Theft,” at 18.1%
and 13.4% respectively.
The Risk of Social Engineering on Information Security: A Survey of
September 2011
Check Point
7
[The] report reveals 48% of large companies and
IT Professionals
32% of companies of all sizes surveyed have been
victims of social engineering, experiencing 25 or
http://www.checkpoint.com/press/downloads/social-engineering-
more attacks in the past two years, costing
survey.pdf
businesses anywhere from $25,000 to over
$100,000 per security incident. [P]hishing and
social networking tools are the most common
sources of socially engineered threats.
Second Annual Cost of Cyber Crime Study
August 2011
Ponemon Institute
30
[T]he median annualized cost for 50 benchmarked
organizations is $5.9 million per year, with a range
http://www.arcsight.com/col ateral/whitepapers/
from $1.5 million to $36.5 million each year per
2011_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_Study_August.pdf
company. This represents an increase in median
cost of 56% from [Ponemon’s] first cyber cost
study published last year.
Revealed: Operation Shady RAT: an Investigation of Targeted
August 2, 2011
McAfee Research
14
A comprehensive analysis of victim profiles from a
Intrusions into 70+ Global Companies, Governments, and Non-
Labs
five-year targeted operation which penetrated 72
Profit Organizations During the Last 5 Years
government and other organizations, most of them
in the United States, and copied everything from
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/white-papers/wp-operation-
military secrets to industrial designs. See page 4 for
shady-rat.pdf
types of compromised parties, page 5 for
geographic distribution of victim’s country of
origin, pages 7-9 for types of victims, and pages 10-
13 for the number of intrusions for 2007-2010.
CRS-28
Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
2010 Annual Study: U.S. Cost of a Data Breach
March 2011
Ponemon
39
The average organizational cost of a data breach
Institute/Symantec
increased to $7.2 million and cost companies an
http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/about/media/pdfs/
average of $214 per compromised record.
symantec_ponemon_data_breach_costs_report.pdf?om_ext_cid=
biz_socmed_twitter_facebook_marketwire_linkedin_2011Mar_worl
dwide_costofdatabreach
FY2010 Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Federal
March 2011
White House/ Office
48
The number of attacks against federal networks
Information Security Management Act of 2002
of Management and
increased nearly 40% last year, while the number of
Budget
incidents targeting U.S. computers overall was
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/
down roughly 1% for the same period. (See pp. 12-
FY10_FISMA.pdf
13).
A Good Decade for Cybercrime: McAfee’s Look Back at Ten Years
December 29, 2010
McAfee
11
A review of the most publicized, pervasive, and
of Cybercrime
costly cybercrime exploits from 2000-2010.
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-good-decade-for-
cybercrime.pdf
Note: Statistics are from the source publication and have not been independently verified by CRS.
CRS-29
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Cybersecurity Glossaries
Table 18 includes links to glossaries of useful cybersecurity terms, including those related to
cloud computing and cyberwarfare.
Congressional Research Service
30
Table 18. Glossaries of Cybersecurity Terms
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
National Institute of
September 2011
35
Provides guidance to specific communities of practitioners
Standards and
and researchers.
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-cloud-computing/pub/
Technology (NIST)
CloudComputing/ReferenceArchitectureTaxonomy/
NIST_SP_500-292_-_090611.pdf
Glossary of Key Information Security Terms
NIST
February 2011
211
The glossary provides a central resource of terms and
definitions most commonly used in NIST information
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/ir7298-rev1/nistir-
security publications and in Committee for National Security
7298-revision1.pdf
Systems (CNSS) information assurance publications.
CIS Consensus Information Security Metrics
Center for Internet
November 2010
175
Provides definitions for security professionals to measure
Security
some of the most important aspects of the information
http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/en-us/?route=
security status. The goal is to give an organization the ability
downloads.show.single.metrics.110
to repeatedly evaluate security in a standardized way,
allowing it to identify trends, understand the impact of
activities and make responses to improve the security
status. (Free registration required.)
Joint Terminology for Cyberspace Operations
Chairman of the
November 1,
16
This lexicon is the starting point for normalizing terms in all
Joint Chiefs of Staff
2010
cyber-related documents, instructions, CONOPS, and
http://www.projectcyw-d.org/resources/items/show/51
publications as they come up for review.
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and
Chairman of the
November 8,
547
Provides joint policy and guidance for Information
Associated Terms
Joint Chiefs of Staff
2010 (as
Assurance (IA) and Computer Network Operations (CNO)
amended
activities.
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf
through January
15, 2012)
DHS Risk Lexicon
Department of
September 2010
72
The lexicon promulgates a common language, facilitates the
Homeland Security
clear exchange of structured and unstructured data, and
http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs-risk-lexicon-
(DHS) Risk Steering
provides consistency and clear understanding with regard to
2010.pdf
Committee
the usage of terms by the risk community across the DHS.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-31
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Reports by Topic
This section gives references to analytical reports on cybersecurity from CRS, other
governmental agencies, and trade organizations. The reports are grouped under the following
cybersecurity topics: policy framework overview, critical infrastructure, and cybercrime and
national security.
For each topic, CRS reports are listed first and then followed by tables with reports from other
organizations. The overview reports provide an analysis of a broad range of cybersecurity issues
(Table 19 to Table 25). The critical infrastructure reports (Table 26) analyze cybersecurity issues
related to telecom infrastructure, the electricity grid, and industrial control systems. The
cybercrime and national security reports (Table 27) analyze a wide range of cybersecurity issues,
including identify theft and government policies for dealing with cyberwar scenarios. In addition,
tables with selected reports on international efforts to address cybersecurity problems, training for
cybersecurity professionals, and research and development efforts in other areas are also provided
(Table 28 to Table 30).
CRS Reports and Other CRS Products. Overview: Cybersecurity
Policy Framework
• CRS Report R42114, Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Overview and
Discussion of Proposed Revisions, by Eric A. Fischer
• CRS Report R41941, The Obama Administration’s Cybersecurity Proposal:
Criminal Provisions, by Gina Stevens
• CRS Report R42984, The 2013 Cybersecurity Executive Order: Overview and
Considerations for Congress, by Eric A. Fischer, Edward C. Liu, John Rollins,
Catherine A. Theohary
• CRS Report R40150, A Federal Chief Technology Officer in the Obama
Administration: Options and Issues for Consideration, by John F. Sargent Jr.
• CRS Report R42409, Cybersecurity: Selected Legal Issues, by Edward C. Liu et
al.
• CRS Report R43015, Cloud Computing: Constitutional and Statutory Privacy
Protections, by Richard M. Thompson II.
• CRS Legal Sidebar, House Intelligence Committee Marks Up Cybersecurity Bill
CISPA, Richard M. Thompson II
• CRS Legal Sidebar, Can the President Deal with Cybersecurity Issues via
Executive Order?, Vivian S. Chu
Congressional Research Service
32
Table 19. Selected Reports: Cybersecurity Overview
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Measuring What Matters: Reducing Risk by Rethinking How We Evaluate
Safegov.org, in
March
39
Rather than periodical y auditing whether an
Cybersecurity
coordination with
2013
agency's systems meet the standards
the National
enumerated in FISMA at a static moment in
http://www.safegov.org/media/46155/measuring_what_matters_final.pdf
Academy of Public
time, agencies and their inspectors general
Administration
should keep running scorecards of "cyber risk
indicators" based on continual IG assessments
of a federal organization's cyber vulnerabilities.,
Developing a Framework To Improve Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity
National Institute of February
5
NIST announced the first step in the
(Federal Register Notice; Request for Information)
Standards and
12, 2013
development of a Cybersecurity Framework,
Technology (NIST)
which will be a set of voluntary standards and
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-02-26/pdf/2013-04413.pdf
best practices to guide industry in reducing
cyber risks to the networks and computers
that are vital to the nation’s economy, security,
and daily life.
The National Cyber Security Framework Manual
NATO Cooperative December 253
Provides detailed background information and
Cyber Defense
11, 2012
in-depth theoretical frameworks to help the
http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/books/
Center of
reader understand the various facets of
NationalCyberSecurityFrameworkManual.pdf
Excel ence
National Cyber Security, according to different
levels of public policy formulation. The four
levels of government—political, strategic,
operational and tactical/technical—each have
their own perspectives on National Cyber
Security, and each is addressed in individual
sections within the Manual.
Cyber Security Task Force: Public-Private Information Sharing
Bipartisan Policy
July 2012
24
Outlines a series of proposals that would
Center
enhance information sharing. The
http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Public-
recommendations have two major
Private%20Information%20Sharing.pdf
components: (1) mitigation of perceived legal
impediments to information sharing, and (2)
incentivizing private sector information sharing
by alleviating statutory and regulatory
obstacles.
CRS-33
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyber-security: The Vexed Question of Global Rules: An Independent Report
McAfee and the
February
108
The report examines the current state of
on Cyber-Preparedness Around the World
Security Defense
2012
cyber-preparedness around the world, and is
Agenda
based on survey results from 80 policy-makers
http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs-risk-lexicon-2010.pdf
and cybersecurity experts in the government,
business, and academic sectors from 27
countries. The countries were ranked on their
state of cyber-preparedness.
Mission Critical: A Public-Private Strategy for Effective Cybersecurity
Business
October
28
According to the report, “[p]ublic policy
Roundtable
11, 2011
solutions must recognize the absolute
http://businessroundtable.org/uploads/studies-reports/downloads/
importance of leveraging policy foundations
2011_10_Mission_Critical_A_Public-
that support effective global risk management,
Private_Strategy_for_Effective_Cybersecurity_4_20_12.pdf
in contrast to “check-the-box” compliance
approaches that can undermine security and
cooperation.” The document concludes with
specific policy proposals and activity
commitments.
Twenty Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense: Consensus
SANS October
77
The 20 critical security control measures are
Audit Guidelines (CAG)
3, 2011
intended to focus agencies and large
enterprises’ limited resources by plugging the
http://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/
most common attack vectors.
World Cybersecurity Technology Research Summit (Belfast 2011)
Centre for Secure
September 14
The Belfast 2011 event attracted international
Information
12, 2011
cyber security experts from leading research
http://www.csit.qub.ac.uk/InnovationatCSIT/Reports/Filetoupload,295594,en.pdf Technologies (CSIT)
institutes, government bodies, and industry
who gathered to discuss current cyber security
threats, predict future threats and the
necessary mitigation techniques, and to
develop a collective strategy for next research.
CRS-34
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
A Review of Frequently Used Cyber Analogies
National Security
July 22,
7
The current cybersecurity crisis can be
Cyberspace
2011
described several ways with numerous
http://www.nsci-va.org/WhitePapers/2011-07-22-Cyber-Analogies-Whitepaper-
Institute
metaphors. Many compare the current crisis
K-McKee.pdf
with the lawlessness to that of the Wild West
and the out-dated tactics and race to security
with the Cold War. When treated as a
distressed ecosystem, the work of both
national and international agencies to eradicate
many infectious diseases serves as a model as
how poor health can be corrected with proper
resources and execution. Before these issues
are discussed, what cyberspace actually is must
be identified.
America’s Cyber Future: Security and Prosperity in the Information Age
Center for a New
June 1,
296
To help U.S. policymakers address the growing
American Security
2011
danger of cyber insecurity, this two-volume
http://www.cnas.org/node/6405
report features chapters on cyber security
strategy, policy, and technology by some of the
world’s leading experts on international
relations, national security, and information
technology.
Resilience of the Internet Interconnection Ecosystem
European Network
April 11,
238
Part I: Summary and Recommendations; Part II:
http://www.enisa.europa.eu/act/res/other-areas/inter-x/report/interx-report
and Information
2011
State of the Art Review (a detailed description
Security Agency
of the Internet’s routing mechanisms and
(ENISA)
analysis of their robustness at the technical,
economic and policy levels.); Part III: Report
on the Consultation (a broad range of
stakeholders were consulted. This part reports
on the consultation and summarizes the
results). Part IV: Bibliography and Appendices.
Improving our Nation’s Cybersecurity through the Public-Private Partnership:
Business Software
March 8,
26
This paper proposes expanding the existing
A White Paper
Alliance, Center for
2011
partnership within the framework of the
Democracy &
National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
http://www.cdt.org/files/pdfs/20110308_cbyersec_paper.pdf
Technology, U.S.
Specifically, it makes a series of
Chamber of
recommendations that build upon the
Commerce,
conclusions of President Obama’s Cyberspace
Internet Security
Policy Review.
Alliance, Tech
America
CRS-35
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cybersecurity Two Years Later
CSIS Commission
January
22
From the report: “We thought then [in 2008]
on Cybersecurity
2011
that securing cyberspace had become a critical
http://csis.org/files/publication/
for the 44th
challenge for national security, which our
110128_Lewis_CybersecurityTwoYearsLater_Web.pdf
Presidency, Center
nation was not prepared to meet. . In our
for Strategic and
view, we are still not prepared.”
International Studies
Toward Better Usability, Security, and Privacy of Information Technology:
National Research
September 70
Discusses computer system security and
Report of a Workshop
Council
21, 2010
privacy, their relationship to usability, and
research at their intersection. This is drawn
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12998
from remarks made at the National Research
Council’s July 2009 Workshop on Usability,
Security and Privacy of Computer Systems as well
as recent reports from the NRC's Computer
Science and Telecommunications Board on
security and privacy.
National Security Threats in Cyberspace
Joint Workshop of
September 37
The two-day workshop brought together
the National
15, 2009
more than two dozen experts with diverse
http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/documents/
Security Threats in
backgrounds: physicists; telecommunications
National%20Security%20Threats%20in%20Cyberspace.pdf
Cyberspace and the
executives; Silicon Valley entrepreneurs;
National Strategy
federal law enforcement, military, homeland
Forum
security, and intelligence officials; congressional
staffers; and civil liberties advocates. For two
days they engaged in an open-ended discussion
of cyber policy as it relates to national security,
under Chatham House Rules: their comments
were for the public record, but they were not
for attribution.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-36
Table 20. Selected Government Reports: Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Title Date
Pages Notes
Telecommunications Networks: Addressing Potential
May 21. 2013
52
The federal government has begun efforts to address the security of the
Security Risks of Foreign-Manufactured Equipment
supply chain for commercial networks... There are a variety of other
approaches for addressing the potential risks posed by foreign-manufactured
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-652T
equipment in commercial communications networks, including those
approaches taken by foreign governments... Although these approaches are
intended to improve supply chain security of communications networks, they
may also create the potential for trade barriers, additional costs, and
constraints on competition, which the federal government would have to take
into account if it chose to pursue such approaches.
Outcome-Based Measures Would Assist DHS in Assessing
April 11, 2013
45
Until the Department of Homeland Security and its sector partners develop
Effectiveness of Cybersecurity Efforts
appropriate outcome-oriented metrics, it wil be difficult to gauge the
effectiveness of efforts to protect the nation’s core and access
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-275?source=ra
communications networks and critical support components of the Internet
from cyber incidents. While no cyber incidents have been reported affecting
the nation’s core and access networks, communications networks operators
can use reporting mechanisms established by FCC and DHS to share
information on outages and incidents.
Cybersecurity: A Better Defined and Implemented
March 7, 2013
36
“[A]lthough federal law assigns the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
National Strategy Is Needed to Address Persistent
responsibility for oversight of federal government information security, OMB
Challenges
recently transferred several of these responsibilities to DHS.... [I]t remains
unclear how OMB and DHS are to share oversight of individual departments
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-462T
and agencies. Additional legislation could clarify these responsibilities.”
2013 High Risk List
February 14, 2013
275
Every two years at the start of a new Congress, GAO cal s attention to
agencies and program areas that are high risk due to their vulnerabilities to
http://www.gao.gov/highrisk#t=0
fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement, or are most in need of
transformation. Cybersecurity programs on the list include: Protecting the
Federal Government's Information Systems and the Nation's Cyber Critical
Infrastructures and Ensuring the Effective Protection of Technologies Critical to U.S.
National Security Interests.
Cybersecurity: National Strategy, Roles, and
February 14, 2013
112
GAO recommends that the White House Cybersecurity Coordinator develop
Responsibilities Need to Be Better Defined and More
an overarching federal cybersecurity strategy that includes all key elements of
Effectively Implemented
the desirable characteristics of a national strategy. Such a strategy would
provide a more effective framework for implementing cybersecurity activities
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-187
and better ensure that such activities will lead to progress in cybersecurity.
CRS-37
Title Date
Pages Notes
Information Security: Federal Communications
January 25, 2013
35
“The FCC did not effectively implement appropriate information security
Commission Needs to Strengthen Controls over Enhanced
controls in the initial components of the Enhanced Secured Network (ESN)
Secured Network Project
project.... Weaknesses identified in the commission’s deployment of
components of the ESN project as of August 2012 resulted in unnecessary risk
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-155
that sensitive information could be disclosed, modified, or obtained without
authorization. GAO is making seven recommendations to the FCC to
implement management controls to help ensure that ESN meets its objective
of securing FCC's systems and information.”
Cybersecurity: Challenges in Securing the Electricity Grid
July 17, 2012
25
In a prior report, GAO has made recommendations related to electricity grid
modernization efforts, including developing an approach to monitor
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-926T
compliance with voluntary standards. These recommendations have not yet
been implemented.
Information Technology Reform: Progress Made but
July 11, 2012
43
To help ensure the success of agencies’ implementation of cloud-based
Future Cloud Computing Efforts Should be Better Planned
solutions, the Secretaries of Agriculture, Health and Human Services,
Homeland Security, State, and the Treasury, and the Administrators of the
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-756
General Services Administration and Small Business Administration should
direct their respective chief information officer (CIO) to establish estimated
costs, performance goals, and plans to retire associated legacy systems for
each cloud-based service discussed in this report, as applicable.
DOD Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and
July 9, 2012
46
DOD’s oversight of electronic warfare capabilities may be further complicated
Oversight
by its evolving relationship with computer network operations, which is also
an information operations-related capability. Without clearly defined roles and
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-479?source=ra
responsibilities and updated guidance regarding oversight responsibilities,
DOD does not have reasonable assurance that its management structures will
provide effective department-wide leadership for electronic warfare activities
and capabilities development and ensure effective and efficient use of its
resources.
Information Security: Cyber Threats Facilitate Ability to
June 28, 2012
20
This statement discusses (1) cyber threats facing the nation’s systems, (2)
Commit Economic Espionage
reported cyber incidents and their impacts, (3) security controls and other
techniques available for reducing risk, and (4) the responsibilities of key federal
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-876T
entities in support of protecting IP.
Cybersecurity: Chal enges to Securing the Modernized
February 28, 2012
19
As GAO reported in January 2011, securing smart grid systems and networks
Electricity Grid
presented a number of key challenges that required attention by government
and industry. GAO made several recommendations to the Federal Energy
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-507T
Regulatory Commission (FERC) aimed at addressing these challenges. The
commission agreed with these recommendations and described steps it is
taking to implement them.
CRS-38
Title Date
Pages Notes
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Cybersecurity Guidance
December 9, 2011
77
Given the plethora of guidance available, individual entities within the sectors
Is Available, but More Can Be Done to Promote Its Use
may be challenged in identifying the guidance that is most applicable and
effective in improving their security posture. Improved knowledge of the
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-92
guidance that is available could help both federal and private sector decision
makers better coordinate their efforts to protect critical cyber-reliant assets.
Cybersecurity Human Capital: Initiatives Need Better
November 29, 2011
86
All the agencies GAO reviewed faced challenges determining the size of their
Planning and Coordination
cybersecurity workforce because of variations in how work is defined and the
lack of an occupational series specific to cybersecurity. With respect to other
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-8
workforce planning practices, all agencies had defined roles and responsibilities
for their cybersecurity workforce, but these roles did not always align with
guidelines issued by the federal Chief Information Officers Council (CIOC)
and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Federal Chief Information Officers: Opportunities Exist to
October 17, 2011
72
GAO is recommending that OMB update its guidance to establish measures of
Improve Role in Information Technology Management
accountability for ensuring that CIOs’ responsibilities are fully implemented
and require agencies to establish internal processes for documenting lessons
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-634
learned.
Information Security: Additional Guidance Needed to
October 5, 2011
17
Twenty-two of 24 major federal agencies reported that they were either
Address Cloud Computing Concerns
concerned or very concerned about the potential information security risks
associated with cloud computing. GAO recommended that the NIST issue
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-130T
guidance specific to cloud computing security.
Information Security: Weaknesses Continue Amid New
October 3, 2011
49
Weaknesses in information security policies and practices at 24 major federal
Federal Efforts to Implement Requirements
agencies continue to place the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
sensitive information and information systems at risk. Consistent with this
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-137
risk, reports of security incidents from federal agencies are on the rise,
increasing over 650% over the past 5 years. Each of the 24 agencies reviewed
had weaknesses in information security controls.
Federal Chief Information Officers: Opportunities Exist to
October 17, 2011
72
GAO is recommending that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Improve Role in Information Technology Management
update its guidance to establish measures of accountability for ensuring that
CIOs’ responsibilities are fully implemented and require agencies to establish
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-634
internal processes for documenting lessons learned.
Defense Department Cyber Efforts: Definitions, Focal
July 29, 2011
33
This letter discusses the Department of Defense’s cyber and information
Point, and Methodology Needed for DOD to Develop
assurance budget for FY2012 and future years defense spending. The
Ful -Spectrum Cyberspace Budget Estimates
objectives of this review were to (1) assess the extent to which DOD has
prepared an overarching budget estimate for ful -spectrum cyberspace
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-695R
operations across the department and (2) identify the challenges DOD has
faced in providing such estimates.
CRS-39
Title Date
Pages Notes
Continued Attention Needed to Protect Our Nation’s
July 26, 2011
20
A number of significant challenges remain to enhancing the security of cyber-
Critical Infrastructure
reliant critical infrastructures, such as (1) implementing actions recommended
by the President's cybersecurity policy review; (2) updating the national
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-463T
strategy for securing the information and communications infrastructure;
(3) reassessing DHS's planning approach to critical infrastructure protection;
(4) strengthening public-private partnerships, particularly for information
sharing; (5) enhancing the national capability for cyber warning and analysis;
(6) addressing global aspects of cybersecurity and governance; and (7) securing
the modernized electricity grid.
Defense Department Cyber Efforts: DOD Faces
July 25, 2011
79
GAO recommends that DOD evaluate how it is organized to address
Challenges in Its Cyber Activities
cybersecurity threats; assess the extent to which it has developed joint
doctrine that addresses cyberspace operations; examine how it assigned
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-75
command and control responsibilities; and determine how it identifies and acts
to mitigate key capability gaps involving cyberspace operations.
Information Security: State Has Taken Steps to Implement
July 8, 2011
63
The Department of State implemented a custom application called iPost and a
a Continuous Monitoring Application, but Key Chal enges
risk scoring program that is intended to provide continuous monitoring
Remain
capabilities of information security risk to elements of its information
technology (IT) infrastructure. To improve implementation of iPost at State,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-149
the Secretary of State should direct the Chief Information Officer to develop,
document, and maintain an iPost configuration management and test process.
Cybersecurity: Continued Attention Needed to Protect
March 16, 2011
16
Executive branch agencies have made progress instituting several government-
Our Nation’s Critical Infrastructure and Federal
wide initiatives aimed at bolstering aspects of federal cybersecurity, such as
Information Systems
reducing the number of federal access points to the Internet, establishing
security configurations for desktop computers, and enhancing situational
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-463T
awareness of cyber events. Despite these efforts, the federal government
continues to face significant challenges in protecting the nation's cyber-reliant
critical infrastructure and federal information systems.
Electricity Grid Modernization: Progress Being Made on
January 12, 2011
50
GAO identified six key challenges: (1) Aspects of the regulatory environment
Cybersecurity Guidelines, but Key Challenges Remain to
may make it difficult to ensure smart grid systems’ cybersecurity. (2) Utilities
be Addressed
are focusing on regulatory compliance instead of comprehensive security. (3)
The electric industry does not have an effective mechanism for sharing
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-117
information on cybersecurity. (4) Consumers are not adequately informed
about the benefits, costs, and risks associated with smart grid systems. (5)
There is a lack of security features being built into certain smart grid systems.
(6) The electricity industry does not have metrics for evaluating cybersecurity.
CRS-40
Title Date
Pages Notes
Information Security: Federal Agencies Have Taken Steps
November 30, 2010
50
Existing government-wide guidelines and oversight efforts do not fully address
to Secure Wireless Networks, but Further Actions Can
agency implementation of leading wireless security practices. Until agencies
Mitigate Risk
take steps to better implement these leading practices, and OMB takes steps
to improve government-wide oversight, wireless networks will remain at an
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-43
increased vulnerability to attack.
Cyberspace Policy: Executive Branch Is Making Progress
October 6, 2010
66
Of the 24 recommendations in the President’s May 2009 cyber policy review
Implementing 2009 Policy Review Recommendations, but
report, 2 have been fully implemented, and 22 have been partial y
Sustained Leadership Is Needed
implemented. While these efforts appear to be steps forward, agencies were
largely not able to provide milestones and plans that showed when and how
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-24
implementation of the recommendations was to occur.
DHS Efforts to Assess and Promote Resiliency Are
September 23, 2010
46
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has not developed an effective
Evolving but Program Management Could Be Strengthened
way to ensure that critical national infrastructure, such as electrical grids and
telecommunications networks, can bounce back from a disaster. DHS has
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-772
conducted surveys and vulnerability assessments of critical infrastructure to
identify gaps, but has not developed a way to measure whether owners and
operators of that infrastructure adopt measures to reduce risks.
Information Security: Progress Made on Harmonizing
September 15, 2010
38
OMB and NIST established policies and guidance for civilian non-national
Policies and Guidance for National Security and Non-
security systems, while other organizations, including the Committee on
National Security Systems
National Security Systems (CNSS), DOD, and the U.S. intelligence community,
have developed policies and guidance for national security systems. GAO was
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-916
asked to assess the progress of federal efforts to harmonize policies and
guidance for these two types of systems.
United States Faces Challenges in Addressing Global
August 2, 2010
53
GAO recommends that the Special Assistant to the President and
Cybersecurity and Governance
Cybersecurity Coordinator should make recommendations to appropriate
agencies and interagency coordination committees regarding any necessary
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-606
changes to more effectively coordinate and forge a coherent national
approach to cyberspace policy.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Key Private and Public
July 15, 2010
38
The Special Assistant to the President and Cybersecurity Coordinator and the
Cyber Expectations Need to Be Consistently Addressed
Secretary of Homeland Security should take two actions: (1) use the results of
this report to focus their information-sharing efforts, including their relevant
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-628
pilot projects, on the most desired services, including providing timely and
actionable threat and alert information, access to sensitive or classified
information, a secure mechanism for sharing information, and security
clearance and (2) bolster the efforts to build out the National Cybersecurity
and Communications Integration Center as the central focal point for
leveraging and integrating the capabilities of the private sector, civilian
government, law enforcement, the military, and the intelligence community.
CRS-41
Title Date
Pages Notes
Federal Guidance Needed to Address Control Issues With
July 1, 2010
53
To assist federal agencies in identifying uses for cloud computing and
Implementing Cloud Computing
information security measures to use in implementing cloud computing, the
Director of OMB should establish milestones for completing a strategy for
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-513
implementing the federal cloud computing initiative.
Continued Attention Is Needed to Protect Federal
June 16, 2010
15
Multiple opportunities exist to improve federal cybersecurity. To address
Information Systems from Evolving Threats
identified deficiencies in agencies’ security controls and shortfalls in their
information security programs, GAO and agency inspectors general have
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-834t
made hundreds of recommendations over the past several years, many of
which agencies are implementing. In addition, the White House, OMB, and
certain federal agencies have undertaken several government-wide initiatives
intended to enhance information security at federal agencies. While progress
has been made on these initiatives, they all face challenges that require
sustained attention, and GAO has made several recommendations for
improving the implementation and effectiveness of these initiatives.
Information Security: Concerted Response Needed to
March 24, 2010
21
Without proper safeguards, federal computer systems are vulnerable to
Resolve Persistent Weaknesses
intrusions by individuals who have malicious intentions and can obtain
sensitive information. The need for a vigilant approach to information security
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-536t
has been demonstrated by the pervasive and sustained cyber attacks against
the United States; these attacks continue to pose a potential y devastating
impact to systems and the operations and critical infrastructures they support.
Cybersecurity: Continued Attention Is Needed to Protect
March 16, 2010
15
The White House, the Office of Management and Budget, and certain federal
Federal Information Systems from Evolving Threats
agencies have undertaken several government-wide initiatives intended to
enhance information security at federal agencies. While progress has been
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-463T
made on these initiatives, they all face challenges that require sustained
attention, and GAO has made several recommendations for improving the
implementation and effectiveness of these initiatives.
Concerted Effort Needed to Consolidate and Secure
April 12, 2010
40
To reduce the threat to federal systems and operations posed by cyber
Internet Connections at Federal Agencies
attacks on the United States, OMB launched, in November 2007, the Trusted
Internet Connections (TIC) initiative, and later, in 2008, DHS’s National
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-237
Cybersecurity Protection System (NCPS), operational y known as Einstein,
which became mandatory for federal agencies as part of TIC. To further
ensure that federal agencies have adequate, sufficient, and timely information
to successfully meet the goals and objectives of the TIC and Einstein
programs, DHS’s Secretary should, to better understand whether Einstein
alerts are valid, develop additional performance measures that indicate how
agencies respond to alerts.
CRS-42
Title Date
Pages Notes
Cybersecurity: Progress Made But Challenges Remain in
March 5, 2010
64
To address strategic challenges in areas that are not the subject of existing
Defining and Coordinating the Comprehensive National
projects within CNCI but remain key to achieving the initiative’s overall goal
Initiative
of securing federal information systems, OMB’s Director should continue
developing a strategic approach to identity management and authentication,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-338
linked to HSPD-12 implementation, as initial y described in the CIOC's plan
for implementing federal identity, credential, and access management, so as to
provide greater assurance that only authorized individuals and entities can gain
access to federal information systems.
Continued Efforts Are Needed to Protect Information
November 17, 2009
24
GAO has identified weaknesses in all major categories of information security
Systems from Evolving Threats
controls at federal agencies. For example, in FY2008, weaknesses were
reported in such controls at 23 of 24 major agencies. Specifically, agencies did
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-230t
not consistently authenticate users to prevent unauthorized access to systems;
apply encryption to protect sensitive data; and log, audit, and monitor
security-relevant events, among other actions.
Efforts to Improve Information sharing Need to Be
August 27, 2003
59
Information on threats, methods, and techniques of terrorists is not routinely
Strengthened
shared; and the information that is shared is not perceived as timely, accurate,
or relevant.
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-760
Source: Highlights compiled by CRS from the GAO reports.
CRS-43
Table 21. Selected Government Reports: White House/Office of Management and Budget
Title Date
Pages Notes
Improving Cybersecurity
March 2013
N/A
The Administration updated all 14 cross-agency priority goals on the
Performance.gov portal, giving all new targets for agencies to hit over the
http://technology.performance.gov/initiative/ensure-
next two years. The Office of Management and Budget also is using the
cybersecurity/home
opportunity to better connect agency performance improvement officers
to the Trusted Internet Connections and Homeland Security.
FY 2012 Report to Congress on the Implementation of the
March 2013
68
More government programs violated data security law standards in 2012
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002
than in the previous year, and at the same time, computer security costs
have increased by more than $1 billion. Inadequate training was a large
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/
part of the reason all-around FISMA adherence scores slipped from 75%
egov_docs/fy12_fisma.pdf
in 2011 to 74% in 2012. Agencies reported that about 88% of personnel
with system access privileges received annual security awareness
instruction, down from 99% in 2011. Meanwhile, personnel expenses
accounted for the vast majority—90%—of the $14.6 billion departments
spent on information technology security in 2012.
Administration Strategy for Mitigating the Theft of U.S. Trade
February 20,
141
“First, we will increase our diplomatic engagement.... Second, we will
Secrets
2013
support industry-led efforts to develop best practices to protect trade
secrets and encourage companies to share with each other best practices
http://www.whitehouse.gov//sites/default/files/omb/IPEC/
that can mitigate the risk of trade secret theft.... Third, DOJ will continue
admin_strategy_on_mitigating_the_theft_of_u.s._trade_secrets.p
to make the investigation and prosecution of trade secret theft by foreign
df
competitors and foreign governments a top priority.... Fourth, President
Obama recently signed two pieces of legislation that will improve
enforcement against trade secret theft.... Lastly, we will increase public
awareness of the threats and risks to the U.S. economy posed by trade
secret theft.”
National Strategy for Information Sharing and Safeguarding
December 2012
24
Provides guidance for effective development, integration, and
implementation of policies, processes, standards, and technologies to
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/
promote secure and responsible information sharing.
2012sharingstrategy_1.pdf
Collaborative and Cross-Cutting Approaches to Cybersecurity
August 1, 2012
N/A
Michael Daniel, White House Cybersecurity Coordinator, highlights a
few recent initiatives where voluntary, cooperative actions are helping to
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/08/01/col aborative-and-
improve the nation’s overall cybersecurity.
cross-cutting-approaches-cybersecurity
Trustworthy Cyberspace: Strategic Plan for the Federal
December 6,
36
As a research and development strategy, this plan defines four strategic
Cybersecurity Research and Development Program
2011
thrusts: Inducing Change; Developing Scientific Foundations; Maximizing
Research Impact; and Accelerating Transition to Practice.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/
fed_cybersecurity_rd_strategic_plan_2011.pdf
CRS-44
Title Date
Pages Notes
Structural Reforms to Improve the Security of Classified
October 7, 2011
N/A
President Obama signed an executive order outlining data security
Networks and the Responsible Sharing and Safeguarding of
measures and rules for government agencies to fol ow to prevent further
Classified Information
data leaks by insiders. The order included the creation of a senior
steering committee that will oversee the safeguarding and sharing of
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/07/
information.
executive-order-structural-reforms-improve-security-classified-
networks-
FY 2012 Reporting Instructions for the Federal Information
September 14,
29
Rather than enforcing a static, three-year reauthorization process,
Security Management Act and Agency Privacy Managementa
2011
agencies are expected to conduct ongoing authorizations of information
systems through the implementation of continuous monitoring programs.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/
Continuous monitoring programs thus fulfill the three year security
2011/m11-33.pdf
reauthorization requirement, so a separate re-authorization process is
not necessary.
International Strategy for Cyberspace
May 16, 2011
30
The strategy marks the first time any administration has attempted to set
forth in one document the U.S. government’s vision for cyberspace,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/
including goals for defense, diplomacy, and international development.
international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf
Cybersecurity Legislative Proposal (Fact Sheet)
May 12, 2011
N/A
The Administration’s proposal ensures the protection of individuals'
privacy and civil liberties through a framework designed expressly to
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/12/fact-
address the challenges of cybersecurity. The Administration's legislative
sheet-cybersecurity-legislative-proposal
proposal includes: Management, Personnel, Intrusion Prevention Systems,
and Data Centers.
Federal Cloud Computing Strategy
February 13,
43
The strategy outlines how the federal government can accelerate the
2011
safe, secure adoption of cloud computing, and provides agencies with a
http://www.cio.gov/documents/Federal-Cloud-Computing-
framework for migrating to the cloud. It also examines how agencies can
Strategy.pdf
address challenges related to the adoption of cloud computing, such as
privacy, procurement, standards, and governance.
25 Point Implementation Plan to Reform Federal Information
December 9,
40
The plan’s goals are to reduce the number of federally run data centers
Technology Management
2010
from 2,100 to approximately 1,300, rectify or cancel one-third of
troubled IT projects, and require federal agencies to adopt a “cloud first”
http://www.cio.gov/documents/25-Point-Implementation-Plan-to-
strategy in which they will move at least one system to a hosted
Reform-Federal%20IT.pdf
environment within a year.
Clarifying Cybersecurity Responsibilities
July 6, 2010
39
This memorandum outlines and clarifies the respective responsibilities
and activities of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/
Cybersecurity Coordinator, and DHS, in particular with respect to the
memoranda_2010/m10-28.pdf
Federal Government’s implementation of the Federal Information
Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA).
CRS-45
Title Date
Pages Notes
The National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace:
June 25, 2010
39
The NSTIC, which is in response to one of the near term action items in
Creating Options for Enhanced Online Security and Privacy
the President’s Cyberspace Policy Review, calls for the creation of an
online environment, or an Identity Ecosystem, where individuals and
http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/ns_tic.pdf
organizations can complete online transactions with confidence, trusting
the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure where
transaction occur.
Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI)
March 2, 2010
5
The CNCI establishes a multi-pronged approach the federal government
is to take in identifying current and emerging cyber threats, shoring up
http://www.whitehouse.gov/cybersecurity/comprehensive-
current and future telecommunications and cyber vulnerabilities, and
national-cybersecurity-initiative
responding to or proactively addressing entities that wish to steal or
manipulate protected data on secure federal systems.
Cyberspace Policy Review: Assuring a Trusted and Resilient
May 29, 2009
76
The President directed a 60-day, comprehensive, “clean-slate” review to
Communications Infrastructure
assess U.S. policies and structures for cybersecurity. The review team of
government cybersecurity experts engaged and received input from a
http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/
broad cross-section of industry, academia, the civil liberties and privacy
Cyberspace_Policy_Review_final.pdf
communities, state governments, international partners, and the
legislative and executive branches. This paper summarizes the review
team’s conclusions and outlines the beginning of the way forward toward
a reliable, resilient, trustworthy digital infrastructure for the future.
Source: Highlights compiled by CRS from the White House reports.
a. White House and Office of Management and Budget.
CRS-46
Table 22. Selected Government Reports: Department of Defense (DOD)
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s
Department of
May 6, 2013
92
China is using its computer network exploitation
Republic of China 2013 (Annual Report to Congress)
Defense
capability to support intelligence collection against the
U.S. diplomatic, economic and defense industrial base
http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_China_Report_FINAL.pdf
sectors that support U.S. national defense programs. The
information targeted could potentially be used to benefit
China’s defense industry, high-technology industries,
policymaker interest in U.S. leadership thinking on key
China issues, and military planners building a picture of
U.S. network defense networks, logistics, and related
military capabilities that could be exploited during a
crisis.
Resilient Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber Threat
Department of
January 2013
146
The report states that, despite numerous Pentagon
Defense Science
actions to parry sophisticated attacks by other countries,
http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_China_Report_FINAL.pdf
Board
efforts are “fragmented” and the Defense Department
“is not prepared to defend against this threat.” The
report lays out a scenario in which cyberattacks in
conjunction with conventional warfare damaged the
ability of U.S. forces to respond, creating confusion on
the battlefield and weakening traditional defenses.
FY 2012 Annual Report
Department of
January 2013
372
Annual report to Congress by J. Michael Gilmore,
Defense
director of Operational Test and Evaluation. Assesses
http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2012/pdf/other/
the operational effectiveness of systems being developed
2012DOTEAnnualReport.pdf
for combat. See “Information Assurance (I/A) and
Interoperability (IOP)” chapter, pages 305-312, for
information on network exploitation and compromise
exercises.
Basic Safeguarding of Contractor Information Systems
Federal Register
August 24,
4
This regulation authored by the DOD, General Services
(Proposed Rule)
2012
Administration (GSA), and National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) “would add a contract
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-08-24/pdf/2012-
clause to address requirements for the basic safeguarding
20881.pdf
of contractor information systems that contain or
process information provided by or generated for the
government (other than public information).”
CRS-47
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
DOD Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and
GAO
July 9, 2012
46
DOD’s oversight of electronic warfare capabilities may
Oversight
be further complicated by its evolving relationship with
computer network operations, which is also an
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-479?source=ra
information operations-related capability. Without
clearly defined roles and responsibilities and updated
guidance regarding oversight responsibilities, DOD does
not have reasonable assurance that its management
structures will provide effective department-wide
leadership for electronic warfare activities and
capabilities development and ensure effective and
efficient use of its resources.
Cloud Computing Strategy
DOD, Chief
July 2012
44
The DOD Cloud Computing Strategy introduces an
Information Officer
approach to move the department from the current
http://www.defense.gov/news/DoDCloudComputingStrategy.pdf
state of a duplicative, cumbersome, and costly set of
application silos to an end state, which is an agile, secure,
and cost effective service environment that can rapidly
respond to changing mission needs.
DOD Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Voluntary Cyber Security
Federal Register
May 11, 2012
DOD interim final rule to establish a voluntary cyber
and Information Assurance Activities
security information sharing program between DOD and
eligible DIB companies. The program enhances and
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-11/pdf/2012-
supplements DIB participants’ capabilities to safeguard
10651.pdf
DOD information that resides on, or transits, DIB
unclassified information.
DOD Information Security Program: Overview, Classification,
DOD February
16,
84
Describes the DOD Information Security Program, and
and Declassification
2012
provides guidance for classification and declassification of
DOD information that requires protection in the
http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/dod/5200_01v1.pdf
interest of the national security.
Cyber Sentries: Preparing Defenders to Win in a Contested
Air War Col ege
February 7,
38
This paper examines the current impediments to
Domain
2012
effective cybersecurity workforce preparation and offers
new concepts to create Cyber Sentries through realistic
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561779&
training, network authorities tied to certification, and
Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
ethical training. These actions present an opportunity to
significantly enhance workforce quality and allow the
Department to operate effectively in the contested cyber
domain in accordance with the vision established in its
Strategy for Cyberspace Operations
CRS-48
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Defense Department Cyber Efforts: Definitions, Focal Point,
Government
July 29, 2011
33
This letter discusses DOD’s cyber and information
and Methodology Needed for DOD to Develop Ful -Spectrum
Accountability
assurance budget for fiscal year 2012 and future years
Cyberspace Budget Estimates
Office (GAO)
defense spending. The objectives of this review were to
(1) assess the extent to which DOD has prepared an
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-695R
overarching budget estimate for ful -spectrum cyberspace
operations across the department; and (2) identify the
challenges DOD has faced in providing such estimates.
Legal Reviews of Weapons and Cyber Capabilities
Secretary of the Air July 27, 2011
7
States the Air Force must subject cyber capabilities to
Force
legal review for compliance with the Law of Armed
http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/AFI51-
Conflict and other international and domestic laws. The
402.pdf
Air Force judge advocate general must ensure that all
cyber capabilities “being developed, bought, built,
modified or otherwise acquired by the Air Force" must
undergo legal review—except for cyber capabilities
within a Special Access Program, which must undergo
review by the Air Force general counsel.
Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace
DOD
July 14, 2011
19
This is an unclassified summary of DOD’s cyber-security
strategy.
http://www.defense.gov/news/d20110714cyber.pdf
Cyber Operations Personnel Report (DOD)
DOD
April, 2011
84
This report focuses on FY2009 Department of Defense
Cyber Operations personnel, with duties and
http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=488076
responsibilities as defined in Section 934 of the Fiscal
Year 2010 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).
Appendix A—Cyber Operations-related Military
Occupations
Appendix B—Commercial Certifications Supporting the
DOD Information Assurance Workforce Improvement
Program
Appendix C—Military Services Training and
Development
Appendix D—Geographic Location of National Centers
of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance
Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales (ADAMS)
Defense Advanced
November 9,
74
The design document was produced by Al ure Security
Research Projects
2011
and sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research
http://info.publicintelligence.net/DARPA-ADAMS.pdf
Agency (DARPA)
Projects Agency (DARPA). It describes a system for
preventing leaks by seeding believable disinformation in
military information systems to help identify individuals
attempting to access and disseminate classified
information.
CRS-49
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Critical Code: Software Producibility for Defense
National Research
October 20,
161
Assesses the nature of the national investment in
Council,
2010
software research and, in particular, considers ways to
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12979
Committee for
revitalize the knowledge base needed to design, produce,
Advancing
and employ software-intensive systems for tomorrow’s
Software-Intensive
defense needs.
Systems
Producibility
Defending a New Domain
U.S. Deputy
September
N/A
In 2008, the U.S. Department of Defense suffered a
Secretary of
2010
significant compromise of its classified military computer
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66552/william-j-lynn-iii/
Defense, William J.
networks. It began when an infected flash drive was
defending-a-new-domain
Lynn (Foreign
inserted into a U.S. military laptop at a base in the Middle
Affairs)
East. This previously classified incident was the most
significant breach of U.S. military computers ever, and
served as an important wake-up call.
The QDR in Perspective: Meeting America’s National Security
Quadrennial
July 30, 2010
159
From the report: “The expanding cyber mission also
Needs In the 21st Century (QDR Final Report)
Defense Review
needs to be examined. The Department of Defense
should be prepared to assist civil authorities in defending
http://www.usip.org/quadrennial-defense-review-independent-
cyberspace – beyond the Department’s current role."
panel-/view-the-report
Cyberspace Operations: Air Force Doctrine Document 3-12
U.S. Air Force
July 15, 2010
62
This Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) establishes
doctrinal guidance for the employment of U.S. Air Force
http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/afdd3-12.pdf
operations in, through, and from cyberspace. It is the
keystone of Air Force operational-level doctrine for
cyberspace operations.
DON (Department of the Navy) Cybersecurity/Information
U.S. Navy
June 17, 2010
14
To establish policy and assign responsibilities for the
Assurance Workforce Management, Oversight and Compliance
administration of the Department of the Navy (DON)
Cybersecurity (CS)/Information Assurance Workforce
http://www.doncio.navy.mil/PolicyView.aspx?ID=1804
(IAWF) Management Oversight and Compliance
Program.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-50
Table 23. Selected Government Reports: National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC)
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Five Pilot Projects Receive Grants to Promote Online Security
NIST September
20,
N/A
NIST announced more than $9 million in grant
and Privacy
2012
awards to support the National Strategy for Trusted
Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC). Five U.S.
http://www.nist.gov/itl/nstic-092012.cfm
organizations wil pilot identity solutions that increase
confidence in online transactions, prevent identity
theft, and provide individuals with more control over
how they share their personal information.
Recommendations for Establishing an Identity Ecosystem
NIST February
17,
51
NIST responds to comments received in response to
Governance Structure for the National Strategy for Trusted
2012
the related Notice of Inquiry published in the Federal
Identities in Cyberspace
Register on June 14, 2011.
http://www.nist.gov/nstic/2012-nstic-governance-recs.pdf
Models for a Governance Structure for the National Strategy for
Department of
June 14, 2011
4
The department seeks public comment from all
Trusted Identities in Cyberspace
Commerce
stakeholders, including the commercial, academic and
civil society sectors, and consumer and privacy
http://www.nist.gov/nstic/nstic-frn-noi.pdf
advocates on potential models, in the form of
recommendations and key assumptions in the
formation and structure of the steering group.
Administration Releases Strategy to Protect Online Consumers
White House
April 15, 2011
52
Press release on a proposal to administer the
and Support Innovation and Fact Sheet on National Strategy for
processes for policy and standards adoption for the
Trusted Identities in Cyberspace
Identity Ecosystem Framework in accordance with
the National Strategy for Trusted Identities in
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/15/
Cyberspace (NSTIC).
administration-releases-strategy-protect-online-consumers-and-
support-in
National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace
White House
April 15, 2011
52
The NSTIC aims to make online transactions more
trustworthy, thereby giving businesses and consumers
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/06/25/national-strategy-trust
more confidence in conducting business online.
cyberspace
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-51
Table 24. . Selected Government Reports: Other Federal Agencies
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Mobile Security Reference Architecture
Federal CIO
May 23, 2013
104
Gives agencies guidance in the secure implementation of
Council and
mobile solutions through their enterprise architectures. The
https://cio.gov/wp-
the
document provides an in-depth reference architecture for
content/uploads/downloads/2013/05/Mobile-Security-
Department of
mobile computing.
Reference-Architecture.pdf
Homeland
Security (DHS)
Proposed Establishment of a Federal y Funded Research and National
April 22, 2013
2
To help the National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence
Development Center-First Notice
Institute of
(NCCoE) address industry's needs most efficiently, NIST will
Standards and
sponsor its first Federally Funded Research and Development
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-04-22/pdf/2013-
Technology
Center (FFRDC) to facilitate public-private col aboration for
09376.pdf
(NIST)
accelerating the widespread adoption of integrated
cybersecurity tools and technologies.
Privacy Impact Assessment for EINSTEIN 3 - Accelerated
Department of
April 19, 2013
27
DHS will deploy EINSTEIN 3 Accelerated (E3A) to enhance
(E3A)
Homeland
cybersecurity analysis, situational awareness, and security
Security
response. Under the direction of DHS, ISPs will administer
http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/privacy/PI
intrusion prevention and threat-based decision-making on
As/PIA%20NPPD%20E3A%2020130419%20FINAL%20signe
network traffic entering and leaving participating federal
d.pdf
civilian Executive Branch agency networks. This Privacy
Impact Assessment (PIA) is being conducted because E3A will
include analysis of federal network traffic, which may contain
personally identifiable information (PII).
Cyber Student Initiative
Department of
April 18, 2013
2
The Cyber Student Initiative program will begin at
Homeland
Immigration and Customs Enforcement computer forensic
http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/SHP_Cyb
Security
labs in 36 cities nationwide, where students will be trained
er_Student_Initiative_Bul etin.pdf
and gain hands-on experience within the department's
cybersecurity community. The unpaid volunteer program is
only available to community college students and veterans
pursuing a degree in the cybersecurity field.
CRS-52
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information
National
April 2013
3
Special Publication 800-53, Revision 4, provides a more
Systems (SP 800-53)
Institute of
holistic approach to information security and risk
Standards and
management by providing organizations with the breadth and
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.
Technology
depth of security controls necessary to fundamental y
800-53r4.pdf
(NIST)
strengthen their information systems and the environments in
which those systems operate—contributing to systems that
are more resilient in the face of cyber attacks and other
threats. This "Build It Right" strategy is coupled with a variety
of security controls for "Continuous Monitoring" to give
organizations near real-time information that is essential for
senior leaders making ongoing risk-based decisions affecting
their critical missions and business functions.
Guide to Attribute Based Access Control Definition and
National
April 2013
54
Improving information sharing while maintaining control over
Consideration (SP 800-162)
Institute of
access to that information is a primary goal of guidance
Standards and
coming from the NIST.
Technology
(NIST)
Measuring What Matters: Reducing Risks by Rethinking
National
March 2013
39
Rather than periodical y auditing whether an agency's systems
How We Evaluate Cybersecurity
Academy of
meet the standards enumerated in Federal Information
Public
Security Management Act (FISMA) at a static moment in time,
http://www.safegov.org/media/46155/measuring_what_matt
Administration
agencies and their inspectors general should keep running
ers_final.pdf
and
scorecards of "cyber risk indicators" based on continual IG
Safegov.org
assessments of a federal organization's cyber vulnerabilities.
Developing a Framework To Improve Critical
National
February 26,
5
NIST announced the first step in the development of a
Infrastructure Cybersecurity
Institute of
2013
Cybersecurity Framework, which will be a set of voluntary
Standards and
standards and best practices to guide industry in reducing
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-02-26/pdf/2013-
Technology
cyber risks to the networks and computers that are vital to
04413.pdf
(NIST)
the nation’s economy, security and daily life.
CRS-53
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Fol ow-up Audit of the Department's Cyber Security
Department of
December 2012
25
“In 2008, we reported in The Department's Cyber Security
Incident Management Program
Energy
Incident Management Program (DOE/IG-0787, January 2008)
Inspector
that the Department and NNSA established and maintained a
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=728459
General
number of independent, at least partially duplicative, cyber
security incident management capabilities. Although certain
actions had been taken in response to our prior report, we
identified several issues that limited the efficiency and
effectiveness of the Department's cyber security incident
management program and adversely impacted the ability of
law enforcement to investigate incidents. For instance, we
noted that the Department and NNSA continued to operate
independent, partially duplicative cyber security incident
management capabilities at an annual cost of more than $30
million. The issues identified were due, in part, to the lack of a
unified, Department-wide cyber security incident management
strategy. In response to our finding, management concurred
with the recommendations and indicated that it had initiated
actions to address the issues identified.”
Secure and Trustworthy Cyberspace (SaTC) Program
National
October 4,
N/A
This grant program seeks proposals that address
Solicitation
Science
2012
Cybersecurity from a Trustworthy Computing Systems
Foundation and
perspective (TWC); a Social, Behavioral and Economic
http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=504709
the National
Sciences perspective (SBE); and a Transition to Practice
Science and
perspective (TPP).
Technology
Council (NSTC)
Cybersecurity: CF Disclosure Guidance: Topic No. 2
Securities and
October 13,
N/A
The statements in this CF Disclosure Guidance represent the
Exchange
2011
views of the Division of Corporation Finance. This guidance is
http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/cfguidance-
Commission
not a rule, regulation, or statement of the Securities and
topic2.htm
Exchange Commission. Further, the Commission has neither
approved nor disapproved its content.
Notes: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-54
Table 25. Selected Reports: Cloud Computing
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Delivering on the Promise of Big Data and the Cloud
Booz, Allen,
January 9,
7
Reference architecture does away with
Hamilton
2013
conventional data and analytics silos,
http://www.boozallen.com/media/file/BigDataInTheCloud.pdf
consolidating all information into a single medium
designed to foster connections cal ed a “data
lake," which reduces complexity and creates
efficiencies that improve data visualization to
allow for easier insights by analysts.
Cloud Computing: An Overview of the Technology and the Issues facing
House Judiciary
July 25,
156
Overview and discussion of cloud computing
American Innovators
Comm.,
2012
issues.
Subcom. on
http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/Hearings%202012/hear_07252012_2.html
Intellectual
Property,
Competition,
and the Internet
Information Technology Reform: Progress Made but Future Cloud
GAO July
11,
43
To help ensure the success of agencies’
Computing Efforts Should be Better Planned
2012
implementation of cloud-based solutions, the
Secretaries of Agriculture, Health and Human
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-756
Services, Homeland Security, State, and the
Treasury, and the Administrators of the General
Services Administration and Small Business
Administration should direct their respective
CIO to establish estimated costs, performance
goals, and plans to retire associated legacy
systems for each cloud-based service discussed in
this report, as applicable.
Cloud Computing Strategy
DOD, Chief
July 2012
44
The DOD Cloud Computing Strategy introduces
Information
an approach to move the department from the
http://www.defense.gov/news/DoDCloudComputingStrategy.pdf
Officer
current state of a duplicative, cumbersome, and
costly set of application silos to an end state,
which is an agile, secure, and cost effective
service environment that can rapidly respond to
changing mission needs.
CRS-55
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
A Global Reality: Governmental Access to Data in the Cloud - A
Hogan Lovells
May 23,
13
This White Paper compares the nature and
Comparative Analysis of Ten International Jurisdictions
2012
extent of governmental access to data in the
cloud in many jurisdictions around the world.
http://www.hldataprotection.com/uploads/file/
Hogan%20Lovel s%20White%20Paper%20Government%20Access%20to%20
Cloud%20Data%20Paper%20%281%29.pdf
Policy Challenges of Cross-Border Cloud Computing
U.S.
May 1, 2012
38
Examine the main policy challenges associated
International
with cross-border cloud computing—data
http://www.usitc.gov/journals/Policy_Challenges_of_Cross-
Trade
privacy, security, and ensuring the free flow of
border_Cloud_Computing_rev.pdf
Commission
information—and the ways that countries are
addressing them through domestic policymaking,
international agreements, and other cooperative
arrangements.
Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations
NIST
May 2012
81
The National Institute of Standards and
Technology has unveiled a guide that explains
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-146/sp800-146.pdf
cloud technologies in “plain terms” to federal
agencies and provides recommendations for IT
decision makers.
Global Cloud Computing Scorecard a Blueprint for Economic Opportunity
Business
February 2,
24
This report notes that while many developed
Software
2012
countries have adjusted their laws and regulations
http://portal.bsa.org/cloudscorecard2012/
Alliance
to address cloud computing, the wide differences
in those rules make it difficult for companies to
invest in the technology.
Concept of Operations: FedRAMP
General Services February 7,
47
Implementation of FedRAMP will be in phases.
Administration
2012
This document describes all the services that will
http://www.gsa.gov/graphics/staffoffices/FedRAMP_CONOPS.pdf
(GSA)
be available at initial operating capability—
targeted for June 2012. The Concept of
Operations will be updated as the program
evolves toward sustained operations.
Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP)
Federal CIO
January 4,
N/A
The Federal Risk and Authorization Management
Council
2012
Program or FedRAMP has been established to
http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/102371
provide a standard approach to Assessing and
Authorizing (A&A) cloud computing services and
products.
CRS-56
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Security Authorization of Information Systems in Cloud Computing
White
December
7
The Federal Risk and Authorization Management
Environments (FedRAMP)
House/Office of
8, 2011
Program (FedRAMP) will now be required for all
Management and
agencies purchasing storage, applications and
http://www.cio.gov/fedrampmemo.pdf
Budget (OMB)
other remote services from vendors. The Obama
Administration has championed cloud computing
as a means to save money and accelerate the
government’s adoption of new technologies.
U.S. Government Cloud Computing Technology Roadmap, Volume I,
NIST December
32
Volume I is aimed at interested parties who wish
Release 1.0 (Draft). High-Priority Requirements to Further USG Agency
1, 2011
to gain a general understanding and overview of
Cloud Computing Adoption
the background, purpose, context, work, results,
and next steps of the U.S. Government Cloud
http://www.nist.gov/itl/cloud/upload/SP_500_293_volumeI-2.pdf
Computing Technology Roadmap initiative.
U.S. Government Cloud Computing Technology Roadmap, Release 1.0
NIST December
85
Volume II is designed to be a technical reference
(Draft), Volume II Useful Information for Cloud Adopters
1, 2011
for those actively working on strategic and
tactical cloud computing initiatives, including, but
http://www.nist.gov/itl/cloud/upload/SP_500_293_volumeII.pdf
not limited to, U.S. government cloud adopters.
Volume II integrates and summarizes the work
completed to date, and explains how these
findings support the roadmap introduced in
Volume I.
Information Security: Additional Guidance Needed to Address Cloud
GAO October
5,
17
Twenty-two of 24 major federal agencies
Computing Concerns
2011
reported that they were either concerned or
very concerned about the potential information
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-130T
security risks associated with cloud computing.
GAO recommended that the NIST issue
guidance specific to cloud computing security.
NIST has issued multiple publications which
address such guidance; however, one publication
remains in draft, and is not to be finalized until
the first quarter of fiscal year 2012.
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
NIST September
35
This “Special Publication," which is not an official
1, 2011
U.S. government standard, is designed to provide
http://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909505
guidance to specific communities of practitioners
and researchers.
Guide to Cloud Computing for Policy Makers
Software and
July 26,
27
The SAII concludes “that there is no need for
Information
2011
cloud-specific legislation or regulations to provide
http://www.siia.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&
Industry
for the safe and rapid growth of cloud computing,
gid=3040&Itemid=318
Association
and in fact, such actions could impede the great
(SAII)
potential of cloud computing."
CRS-57
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Federal Cloud Computing Strategy
White House
February
43
The strategy outlines how the federal
13, 2011
government can accelerate the safe, secure
http://www.cio.gov/documents/Federal-Cloud-Computing-Strategy.pdf
adoption of cloud computing, and provides
agencies with a framework for migrating to the
cloud. It also examines how agencies can address
challenges related to the adoption of cloud
computing, such as privacy, procurement,
standards, and governance.
Notes: These reports analyze cybersecurity issues related to the federal government’s adoption of cloud computing storage options. Highlights compiled by CRS from
the reports.
CRS-58
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
CRS Reports: Critical Infrastructure
• CRS Report R42683, Critical Infrastructure Resilience: The Evolution of Policy
and Programs and Issues for Congress, by John D. Moteff
• CRS Report RL30153, Critical Infrastructures: Background, Policy, and
Implementation, by John D. Moteff
• CRS Report R42660, Pipeline Cybersecurity: Federal Policy, by Paul W.
Parfomak
• CRS Report R41536, Keeping America’s Pipelines Safe and Secure: Key Issues
for Congress, by Paul W. Parfomak
• CRS Report R41886, The Smart Grid and Cybersecurity—Regulatory Policy and
Issues, by Richard J. Campbell
• CRS Report R42338, Smart Meter Data: Privacy and Cybersecurity, by Brandon
J. Murrill, Edward C. Liu, and Richard M. Thompson II
• CRS Report RL33586, The Federal Networking and Information Technology
Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities, by
Patricia Moloney Figliola
• CRS Report 97-868, Internet Domain Names: Background and Policy Issues, by
Lennard G. Kruger
• CRS Report R42351, Internet Governance and the Domain Name System: Issues
for Congress, by Lennard G. Kruger
Congressional Research Service
59
Table 26. Selected Reports: Critical Infrastructure
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Electric Grid Vulnerability: Industry Responses Reveal
Rep. Edward
May 21, 2013
35
The report found that less than a quarter of investor-owned
Security Gaps
Markey and Rep.
utilities and less than half of municipal and cooperation-owned
Henry Waxman
utilities fol owed through with voluntary standards issued by the
http://markey.house.gov/sites/markey.house.gov/files/docu
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission after the Stuxnet worm
ments/Markey%20Grid%20Report_05.21.13.pdf
struck in 2010.
Joint Working Group on Improving Cybersecurity and
General Services
May 13, 2013
3
Among other things, PPD–21 requires the General Services
Resilience Through Acquisition, Notice of Request for
Administration
Administration, in consultation with DoD and DHS, to jointly
Information
provide and support government-wide contracts for critical
infrastructure systems and ensure that such contracts include
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-13/pdf/2013-
audit rights for the security and resilience of critical
11239.pdf
infrastructure.
Version 5 Critical Infrastructure Protection Reliability
Federal Energy
April 24, 2013
18
FERC proposes to approve the Version 5 Critical Infrastructure
Standards (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Regulatory
Protection Reliability Standards, CIP-002-5 through CIP-011-1,
Commission
submitted by the North American Electric Reliability
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-04-24/pdf/2013-
Corporation, the Commission-certified Electric Reliability
09643.pdf
Organization. The proposed Reliability Standards, which pertain
to the cyber security of the bulk electric system, represent an
improvement over the current Commission-approved CIP
Reliability Standards as they adopt new cyber security controls
and extend the scope of the systems that are protected by the
CIP Reliability Standards.
Incentives To Adopt Improved Cybersecurity Practices
National Institute
March 28, 2013
N/A
The Commerce Department is preparing a report on ways to
of Standards and
incentivize companies and organizations to improve their
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/federal-register-
Technology and
cybersecurity. To better understand what stakeholders – such as
notice/2013/notice-inquiry-incentives-adopt-improved-
the National
companies, trade associations, academics and others – believe
cybersecurity-practices-html
Telecommunicati
would best serve as incentives, the Department has released a
ons and
series of questions to gather public comments in a Notice of
Information
Inquiry.
Administration
SCADA and Process Control Security Survey
SANS Institute
February 1,
19
SANS Institute surveyed professionals who work with SCADA
2013
and process control systems. Of the nearly 700 respondents,
https://www.sans.org/reading_room/analysts_program/
70% said they consider their SCADA systems to be at high or
sans_survey_scada_2013.pdf
severe risk; one-third of them suspect that they have been
already been infiltrated.
CRS-60
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Fol ow-up Audit of the Department’s Cyber Security
U.S. Department
December 1,
25
In 2008, it was reported in the Department's Cyber Security
Incident Management Program
of Energy
2012
Incident Management Program (DOE/IG-0787, January 2008)
Inspector
that the department and NNSA established and maintained a
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=728459
General’s Office
number of independent, at least partially duplicative, cyber
security incident management capabilities. Although certain
actions had been taken in response to the prior report,
identified were several issues that limited the efficiency and
effectiveness of the department's cyber security incident
management program and adversely affected the ability of law
enforcement to investigate incidents. In response to the finding,
management concurred with the recommendations and
indicated that it had initiated actions to address the issues
identified.
Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System
National
November 2012
146
Focuses on measures that could make the power delivery
Academies of
system less vulnerable to attacks, restore power faster after an
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12050
Science
attack, and make critical services less vulnerable while the
delivery of conventional electric power has been disrupted.
New FERC Office to Focus on Cyber Security
U.S. Department
September 20,
N/A
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission announced the
of Energy
2012
creation of the agency’s new Office of Energy Infrastructure
http://www.ferc.gov/media/news-releases/2012/2012-3/09-
Security, which will work to reduce threats to the electric grid
20-12.asp
and other energy facilities. The goal is for the office to help
FERC, as well as other agencies and private companies, better
identify potential dangers and solutions.
Canvassing the Targeting of Energy Infrastructure: The
Journal of Energy
August 7, 2012
8
The Energy Infrastructure Attack Database (EIAD) is a non-
Energy Infrastructure Attack Database
Security
commercial dataset that structures information on reported
(criminal and political) attacks to EI (worldwide) since 1980, by
http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&
non-state actors. In building this resource, the objective was to
view=article&id=379:canvassing-the-targeting-of-energy-
develop a product that could be broadly accessible and also
infrastructure-the-energy-infrastructure-attack-database&
connect to existing available resources
catid=128:issue-content&Itemid=402
Smart-Grid Security
Center for
August 1, 2012
26
Highlights the significance of and the chal enges with securing the
Infrastructure
smart grid.
http://cip.gmu.edu/archive/
Protection and
CIPHS_TheCIPReport_August2012_SmartGridSecurity.p
Homeland
df#page=2
Security, George
Mason School of
Law
CRS-61
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cybersecurity: Challenges in Securing the Electricity Grid GAO
July 17, 2012
25
In a prior report, GAO has made recommendations related to
electricity grid modernization efforts, including developing an
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-926T
approach to monitor compliance with voluntary standards.
These recommendations have not yet been implemented.
ICS-CERT Incident Response Summary Report
U.S. Industrial
June 28, 2012
17
The number of reported cyberattacks on U.S. critical
Control System
infrastructure increased sharply—from 9 incidents in 2009 to
http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/pdf/ICS-
Cyber Emergency
198 in 2011; water sector-specific incidents, when added to the
CERT_Incident_Response_Summary_Report_09_11.pdf
Response Team
incidents that affected several sectors, accounted for more than
(ICS-CERT)
half of the incidents; in more than half of the most serious cases,
implementing best practices such as login limitation or properly
configured firewall, would have deterred the attack, reduced the
time it would have taken to detect an attack, and minimize its
impact.
Energy Department Develops Tool with Industry to Help
U.S. Department
June 28, 2012
N/A
The Cybersecurity Self-Evaluation Tool utilizes best practices
Utilities Strengthen Their Cybersecurity Capabilities
of Energy
that were developed for the Electricity Subsector Cybersecurity
Capability Maturity Model Initiative, which involved a series of
http://energy.gov/articles/energy-department-develops-
workshops with the private sector to draft a maturity model
tool-industry-help-utilities-strengthen-their-cybersecurity
that can be used throughout the electric sector to better
protect the grid.
Electricity Subsector Cybersecurity Risk Management
Department of
May 2012
96
The guideline describes a risk management process that is
Process
Energy, Office of
targeted to the specific needs of electricity sector organizations.
Electricity
The objective of the guideline is to build upon existing guidance
http://energy.gov/oe/downloads/cybersecurity-risk-
Delivery &
and requirements to develop a flexible risk management process
management-process-rmp-guideline-final-may-2012
Energy Reliability
tuned to the diverse missions, equipment, and business needs of
the electric power industry.
Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems Program
Department of
ongoing
N/A
The program assists the energy sector asset owners (electric,
Energy, Office of
oil, and gas) by developing cybersecurity solutions for energy
http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/energy-
Electricity
delivery systems through integrated planning and a focused
delivery-systems-cybersecurity
Delivery &
research and development effort. CEDS co-funds projects with
Energy Reliability
industry partners to make advances in cybersecurity capabilities
for energy delivery systems.
ICT Applications for the Smart Grid: Opportunities and
Organization for
January 10, 2012
44
This report discusses “smart” applications of information and
Policy Implications
Economic Co-
communication technologies (ICTs) for more sustainable energy
operation and
production, management and consumption. The report outlines
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/workingpaper/
Development
policy implications for government ministries dealing with
5k9h2q8v9bln-en
(OECD)
telecommunications regulation, ICT sector and innovation
promotion, and consumer and competition issues.
CRS-62
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
The Department’s Management of the Smart Grid
Department of
January 1, 2012
21
According to the Inspector General, DOE's rush to award
Investment Grant Program
Energy (DOE)
stimulus grants for projects under the next generation of the
Inspector
power grid, known as the Smart grid, resulted in some firms
http://energy.gov/ig/downloads/departments-management-
General
receiving funds without submitting complete plans for how to
smart-grid-investment-grant-program-oas-ra-12-04
safeguard the grid from cyber attacks.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Cybersecurity
Government
December 9,
77
Given the plethora of guidance available, individual entities
Guidance Is Available, but More Can Be Done to
Accountability
2011
within the sectors may be challenged in identifying the guidance
Promote Its Use
Office (GAO)
that is most applicable and effective in improving their security
posture. Improved knowledge of the available guidance could
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-92
help both federal and private-sector decision makers better
coordinate their efforts to protect critical cyber-reliant assets.
The Future of the Electric Grid
Massachusetts
December 5,
39
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the status of the grid, the
Institute of
2011
challenges and opportunities it will face, and major
http://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/studies/the-electric-grid-
Technology (MIT)
recommendations. To facilitate selective reading, detailed
2011.shtml
descriptions of the contents of each section in Chapters 2–9 are
provided in each chapter’s introduction, and recommendations
are collected and briefly discussed in each chapter's final section.
(See Chapter 9, Data Communications, Cybersecurity, and
Information Privacy, pages 208-234).
FCC‘s Plan for Ensuring the Security of
Federal
June 3, 2011
1
FCC Chairman Genachowski's response to letter from Rep.
Telecommunications Networks
Communications
Anna Eshoo dated November 2, 2010, re: concerns about the
Commission
implications of foreign-controlled telecommunications
ftp://ftp.fcc.gov/pub/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/
(FCC)
infrastructure companies providing equipment to the U.S.
db0610/DOC-307454A1.txt
market.
Cyber Infrastructure Protection
U.S. Army War
May 9, 2011
324
Part 1 deals with strategy and policy issues related to cyber
College
security and provides discussions covering the theory of
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/
cyberpower, Internet survivability, large scale data breaches, and
display.cfm?pubid=1067
the role of cyberpower in humanitarian assistance. Part 2 covers
social and legal aspects of cyber infrastructure protection and
discusses the attack dynamics of political and religiously
motivated hackers. Part 3 discusses the technical aspects of
cyber infrastructure protection including the resilience of data
centers, intrusion detection, and a strong emphasis on Internet
protocol (IP) networks.
In the Dark: Crucial Industries Confront Cyberattacks
McAfee and
April 21, 2011
28
The study reveals an increase in cyber attacks on critical
Center for
infrastructure such as power grids, oil, gas, and water; the study
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-critical-
Strategic and
also shows that that many of the world’s critical infrastructures
infrastructure-protection.pdf
International
lacked protection of their computer networks, and reveals the
Studies (CSIS)
cost and impact of cyberattacks
CRS-63
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cybersecurity: Continued Attention Needed to Protect
Government
March 16, 2011
16
According to GAO, executive branch agencies have also made
Our Nation’s Critical Infrastructure and Federal
Accountability
progress instituting several government-wide initiatives that are
Information Systems
Office (GAO)
aimed at bolstering aspects of federal cybersecurity, such as
reducing the number of federal access points to the Internet,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-463T
establishing security configurations for desktop computers, and
enhancing situational awareness of cyber events. Despite these
efforts, the federal government continues to face significant
challenges in protecting the nation's cyber-reliant critical
infrastructure and federal information systems.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s Monitoring of
North American
January 26, 2011
30
NERC developed Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) cyber
Power Grid Cyber Security
Electric Reliability
security reliability standards which were approved by the FERC
Corp. (NERC)
in January 2008. Although the Commission had taken steps to
http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2011/02/
ensure CIP cyber security standards were developed and
DoE-IG-Report-on-Grid-Security.pdf
approved, NERC’s testing revealed that such standards did not
always include controls commonly recommended for protecting
critical information systems. In addition, the CIP standards
implementation approach and schedule approved by the
Commission were not adequate to ensure that systems-related
risks to the nation's power grid were mitigated or addressed in
a timely manner.
Electricity Grid Modernization: Progress Being Made on
Government
January 12, 2011
50
To reduce the risk that NIST’s smart grid cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Guidelines, but Key Challenges Remain to
Accountability
guidelines will not be as effective as intended, the Secretary of
be Addressed
Office (GAO)
Commerce should direct the Director of NIST to finalize the
agency's plan for updating and maintaining the cybersecurity
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-117
guidelines, including ensuring it incorporates (1) missing key
elements identified in this report, and (2) specific milestones for
when efforts are to be completed. Also, as a part of finalizing the
plan, the Secretary of Commerce should direct the Director of
NIST should assess whether any cybersecurity challenges
identified in this report should be addressed in the guidelines.
Partnership for Cybersecurity Innovation
White House
December 6,
4
The Obama Administration released a Memorandum of
(Office of Science
2010
Understanding signed by the National Institute of Standards and
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/06/partnership-
& Technology
Technology (NIST) of the Department of Commerce, the
cybersecurity-innovation
Policy)
Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS/S&T), and the Financial Services Sector
Coordinating Council (FSSCC). The goal of the agreement is to
speed the commercialization of cybersecurity research
innovations that support the nation’s critical infrastructures.
CRS-64
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
WIB Security Standard Released
International
November 10,
The Netherlands-based International Instrument Users
Instrument Users
2010
Association (WIB), an international organization that represents
http://www.isssource.com/wib/
Association
global manufacturers in the industrial automation industry,
(WIB)
announced the second version of the Process Control Domain
Security Requirements For Vendors document—the first
international standard that outlines a set of specific
requirements focusing on cyber security best practices for
suppliers of industrial automation and control systems.
Information Security Management System for Microsoft
Microsoft
November 2010
15
This study describes the standards Microsoft fol ows to address
Cloud Infrastructure
current and evolving cloud security threats. It also depicts the
internal structures within Microsoft that handle cloud security
http://cdn.globalfoundationservices.com/documents/
and risk management issues.
InformationSecurityMangSysforMSCloudInfrastructure.pdf
NIST Finalizes Initial Set of Smart Grid Cyber Security
National Institute
September 2,
N/A
NIST released a three-volume set of recommendations on all
Guidelines
of Standards and
2010
things relevant to securing the Smart Grid. The guidelines
Technology
address a variety of topics, including high-level security
http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/nist-finalizes-
(NIST)
requirements, a risk assessment framework, an evaluation of
initial-set-of-smart-grid-cyber-security-guidelines.cfm
privacy issues in residences and recommendations for protecting
the evolving grid from attacks, malicious code, cascading errors,
and other threats.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Key Private and Public
Government
July 15, 2010
38
Private-sector stakeholders reported that they expect their
Cyber Expectations Need to Be Consistently Addressed
Accountability
federal partners to provide usable, timely, and actionable cyber
Office (GAO)
threat information and alerts; access to sensitive or classified
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-628
information; a secure mechanism for sharing information;
security clearances; and a single centralized government
cybersecurity organization to coordinate government efforts.
However, according to private sector stakeholders, federal
partners are not consistently meeting these expectations.
The future of cloud computing
Pew Research
June 11, 2010
26
Technology experts and stakeholders say they expect they will
Center’s Internet
“live mostly in the cloud” in 2020 and not on the desktop,
http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/The-future-of-cloud-
& American Life
working mostly through cyberspace-based applications accessed
computing.aspx
Project
through networked devices.
The Reliability of Global Undersea Communications Cable IEEE/EastWest
May 26, 2010
186
This study submits 12 major recommendations to the private
Infrastructure (The ROGUCCI Report)
Institute
sector, governments and other stakeholders—especial y the
financial sector—for the purpose of improving the reliability,
http://www.ieee-rogucci.org/files/
robustness, resilience, and security of the world’s undersea
The%20ROGUCCI%20Report.pdf
communications cable infrastructure.
CRS-65
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
NSTB Assessments Summary Report: Common Industrial
Department of
May 1, 2010
123
Computer networks controlling the electric grid are plagued
Control System Cyber Security Weaknesses
Energy, Idaho
with security holes that could allow intruders to redirect power
National
delivery and steal data. Many of the security vulnerabilities are
http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/nstb.pdf
Laboratory
strikingly basic and fixable problems.
Explore the reliability and resiliency of commercial
Federal
April 21, 2010
N/A
The Federal Communications Commission launched an inquiry
broadband communications networks
Communications
on the ability of existing broadband networks to withstand
Commission
significant damage or severe overloads as a result of natural
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-
(FCC)
disasters, terrorist attacks, pandemics or other major public
305618A1.doc
emergencies, as recommended in the National Broadband Plan.
Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud
Cloud Security
December 2009
76
“Through our focus on the central issues of cloud computing
Computing V2.1
Alliance
security, we have attempted to bring greater clarity to an
otherwise complicated landscape, which is often filled with
http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/csaguide.pdf
incomplete and oversimplified information. Our focus ... serves
to bring context and specificity to the cloud computing security
discussion: enabling us to go beyond gross generalizations to
deliver more insightful and targeted recommendations.”
21 Steps to Improve Cyber Security of SCADA Networks U.S. Department
January 1, 2007
10
The President’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Board and the
of Energy,
Department of Energy have developed steps to help any
http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/prepare/
Infrastructure
organization improve the security of its SCADA networks. The
21stepsbooklet.pdf
Security and
steps are divided into two categories: specific actions to improve
Energy
implementation, and actions to establish essential underlying
Restoration
management processes and policies.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-66
Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
CRS Reports and Other CRS Products: Cybercrime and National
Security
• CRS Report 97-1025, Cybercrime: An Overview of the Federal Computer Fraud
and Abuse Statute and Related Federal Criminal Laws, by Charles Doyle
• CRS Report 94-166, Extraterritorial Application of American Criminal Law, by
Charles Doyle
• CRS Report R42403, Cybersecurity: Cyber Crime Protection Security Act (S.
2111, 112th Congress)—A Legal Analysis, by Charles Doyle
• CRS Report 98-326, Privacy: An Overview of Federal Statutes Governing
Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping, by Gina Stevens and Charles Doyle
• CRS Report RL32706, Spyware: Background and Policy Issues for Congress, by
Patricia Moloney Figliola
• CRS Report CRS Report R41975, Illegal Internet Streaming of Copyrighted
Content: Legislation in the 112th Congress, by Brian T. Yeh
• CRS Report R42112, Online Copyright Infringement and Counterfeiting:
Legislation in the 112th Congress, by Brian T. Yeh
• CRS Report R40599, Identity Theft: Trends and Issues, by Kristin M. Finklea
• CRS Report R41927, The Interplay of Borders, Turf, Cyberspace, and
Jurisdiction: Issues Confronting U.S. Law Enforcement, by Kristin M. Finklea
• CRS Report RL34651, Protection of Children Online: Federal and State Laws
Addressing Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment, and Cyberbullying, by Alison M.
Smith
• CRS Report R42547, Cybercrime: Conceptual Issues for Congress and U.S. Law
Enforcement, by Kristin M. Finklea and Catherine A. Theohary
• CRS Legal Sidebar, Legal Barriers to an Expanded Role of the Military in
Defending Against Domestic Cyberattacks, Andrew Nolan
• CRS Legal Sidebar, Obstacles to Private Sector Cyber Threat Information Sharing,
Edward C. Liu
Congressional Research Service
67
Table 27. Selected Reports: Cybercrime/Cyberwar
Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Electric Grid Vulnerability: Industry Responses Reveal
Rep. Edward
May 21, 2013
35
The report found that less than a quarter of investor-owned
Security Gaps
Markey and Rep.
utilities and less than half of municipal and cooperation-owned
Henry Waxman
utilities fol owed through with voluntary standards issued by the
http://markey.house.gov/sites/markey.house.gov/files/docu
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission after the Stuxnet worm
ments/Markey%20Grid%20Report_05.21.13.pdf
struck in 2010.
Towards Trustworthy Social Media and Crowdsourcing
Wilson Center
May 2013
12
Individuals and organizations interested in using social media and
crowdsourcing currently lack two key sets of information: a
http://www.scribd.com/doc/138508756/Towards-
systematic assessment of the vulnerabilities in these technologies
Trustworthy-Social-Media-and-Crowdsourcing#download
and a comprehensive set of best practices describing how to
address those vulnerabilities. Identifying those vulnerabilities and
developing those best practices are necessary to address a
growing number of cybersecurity incidents ranging from innocent
mistakes to targeted attacks that have claimed lives and cost
millions of dollars.
Role of Counterterrorism Law in Shaping 'ad Bellum'
International Law April 1, 2013
42
The prospect of cyber war has evolved from science fiction and
Norms for Cyber Warfare
Studies (U.S.
over-the-top doomsday depictions on television, films, and in
Naval War
novels to reality and front-page news… To date there has been
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=734375
College)
little attention given to the possibility that international law
generally and counterterrorism law in particular could and should
develop a subset of cyber-counterterrorism law to respond to the
inevitability of cyber attacks by terrorists and the use of cyber
weapons by governments against terrorists, and to supplement
existing international law governing cyber war where the
intrusions do not meet the traditional kinetic thresholds.
The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to
Cambridge
March 5,
282
The Tallinn Manual identifies the international law applicable to
Cyber Warfare
University Press/
2013
cyber warfare and sets out 95 ‘black-letter rules’ governing such
NATO
conflicts. An extensive commentary accompanies each rule, which
http://ccdcoe.org/249.html
Cooperative
sets forth each rules’ basis in treaty and customary law, explains
Cyber Defence
how the group of experts interpreted applicable norms in the
Center of
cyber context, and outlines any disagreements within the group as
Excel ence
to each rules’ application. (Note: The manual is not an official
NATO publication, but an expression of opinions of a group of
independent experts acting solely in their personal capacity.)
APT1: Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units
Mandiant February
19,
76
The details analyzed during hundreds of investigations signal that
2013
the groups conducting these activities (computer security
http://intelreport.mandiant.com/
breaches around the world) are based primarily in China and that
Mandiant_APT1_Report.pdf
the Chinese government is aware of them.
CRS-68
Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Video demo of Chinese hacker activity
Mandiant February
19,
N/A
Video of APT1 attacker sessions and intrusion activities (5-minute
2013
video).
http://intelreport.mandiant.com/
Cyberattacks Among Rivals: 2001-2011 (from the article,
Foreign Affairs
November
N/A
A chart showing cyberattacks by initiator and victim, 2001-2011.
“The Fog of Cyberwar” by Brandon Variano and Ryan
21, 2012
Maness (subscription required)
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/cyberattacks-by-initiator-
and-victim
Emerging Cyber Threats Report 2013
Georgia Institute
November
9
The year ahead will feature new and increasingly sophisticated
of Technology
14, 2012
means to capture and exploit user data, escalating battles over the
http://www.gtsecuritysummit.com/pdf/
control of online information and continuous threats to the U.S.
2013ThreatsReport.pdf
supply chain from global sources. (From the annual Georgia Tech
Cyber Security Summit 2012).
Proactive Defense for Evolving Cyber Threats
Sandia National
November 1,
98
The project applied rigorous predictability-based analytics to two
Labs
2012
central and complementary aspects of the network defense
http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2012/
problem—attack strategies of the adversaries and vulnerabilities of
1210177.pdf
the defenders’ systems—and used the results to develop a
scientifically-grounded, practically-implementable methodology for
designing proactive cyber defense systems.
Safeguarding Cyber-Security, Fighting in Cyberspace
International
October 22,
N/A
Looks at the Militarisation of Cyber Security as a Source of Global
Relations and
2012
Tension, and makes the case that cyber-warfare is already an
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Editorial-Plan/Dossiers/Detail/?
Security
essential feature of many leading states’ strategic calculations,
lng=en&id=154059&contextid782=154059
Network (ISN)
followed by its opposite—i.e., one that believes the threat posed
by cyber-warfare capabilities is woefully overstated.
Before We Knew It: An Empirical Study of Zero-Day
Symantec
October 16,
12
The paper describes a method for automatical y identifying zero-
Attacks In The Real World
Research Labs
2012
day attacks from field-gathered data that records when benign and
malicious binaries are downloaded on 11 million real hosts around
http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~tdumitra/public_documents/
the world. Searching this data set for malicious files that exploit
bilge12_zero_day.pdf
known vulnerabilities indicates which files appeared on the
Internet before the corresponding vulnerabilities were disclosed.
ZeroAccess: We’re Gonna Need a Bigger Planet
F-Secure and
October 15,
N/A
The idea of a network of malware-infected zombie computers
Google Maps
2012
rigged to do the bidding of criminals conjures up a frightening
http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002428.html
image on its own. A new visualization of the so-called ZeroAcess
botnet shows how widespread such schemes can become.
CRS-69
Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues
House
October 8,
60
The committee initiated this investigation in November 2011 to
Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies
Permanent
2012
inquire into the counterintelligence and security threat posed by
Huawei and ZTE
Select
Chinese telecommunications companies doing business in the
Committee on
United States.
http://intelligence.house.gov/press-release/investigative-
Intelligence
report-us-national-security-issues-posed-chinese-
telecommunications
Federal Support for and Involvement in State and Local
U. S. Senate
October 3,
141
A two-year bipartisan investigation found that U.S. Department of
Fusion Centers
Permanent
2012
Homeland Security efforts to engage state and local intelligence
Subcommittee
“fusion centers” has not yielded significant useful information to
http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/?id=49139e81-
on Investigations
support federal counterterrorism intelligence efforts. In Section
1dd7-4788-a3bb-d6e7d97dde04
VI, “Fusion Centers Have Been Unable to Meaningfully Contribute
to Federal Counterterrorism Efforts,” Part G, “Fusion Centers
May Have Hindered, Not Aided, Federal Counterterrorism
Efforts,” the report discusses the Russian “Cyberattack” in Illinois.
HoneyMap - Visualizing Worldwide Attacks in Real-Time
The Honeynet
October 1,
N/A
The HoneyMap shows a real-time visualization of attacks against
Project
2012
the Honeynet Project’s sensors deployed around the world.
http://www.honeynet.org/node/960
Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare
NATO
August 2012
N/A
The Tallinn Manual is a nonbinding yet authoritative restatement
(“The Tal inn Manual”)
Cooperative
of the law of armed conflict as it relates to cyberwar. It offers
Cyber Defence
guidance to attackers, defenders, and legal experts on how
http://www.ccdcoe.org/249.html
Centre of
cyberattacks can be classified as actions covered under the law,
Excel ence,
such as armed attacks.
Tal inn, Estonia
Does Cybercrime Really Cost $1 Trillion?
ProPublica August
1, N/A
In a news release from computer security firm McAfee to
2012
announce its 2009 report, “Unsecured Economies: Protecting Vital
http://www.propublica.org/article/does-cybercrime-really-
Information,” the company estimated a trillion dollar global cost
cost-1-trillion
for cybercrime. The number does not appear in the report itself.
McAfee’s trillion-dollar estimate is questioned even by the three
independent researchers from Purdue University whom McAfee
credits with analyzing the raw data from which the estimate was
derived. An examination of their origins by ProPublica has found
new grounds to question the data and methods used to generate
these numbers, which McAfee and Symantec say they stand
behind.
CRS-70
Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Putting the “war” in cyberwar: Metaphor, analogy, and
First Monday
July 2, 2012
N/A
This essay argues that current contradictory tendencies are
cybersecurity discourse in the United States
unproductive and even potential y dangerous. It argues that the
war metaphor and nuclear deterrence analogy are neither natural
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/
nor inevitable and that abandoning them would open up new
article/view/3848/3270
possibilities for thinking more productively about the full spectrum
of cyber security challenges, including the as-yet unrealized
possibility of cyber war.
Information Security: Cyber Threats Facilitate Ability to
GAO June
28,
20
This statement discusses (1) cyber threats facing the nation’s
Commit Economic Espionage
2012
systems, (2) reported cyber incidents and their impacts, (3)
security controls and other techniques available for reducing risk,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-876T
and (4) the responsibilities of key federal entities in support of
protecting IP.
Measuring the Cost of Cybercrime
11th Annual
June 25,
N/A
“For each of the main categories of cybercrime we set out what is
Workshop on
2012
and is not known of the direct costs, indirect costs and defence
http://weis2012.econinfosec.org/papers/
the Economics of
costs - both to the UK and to the world as a whole.”
Anderson_WEIS2012.pdf
Information
Security
Nodes and Codes: The Reality of Cyber Warfare
U.S. Army
May 17, 2012
62
Explores the reality of cyber warfare through the story of Stuxnet.
School of
Three case studies evaluate cyber policy, discourse, and
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA567190&
Advanced
procurement in the United States, Russia, and China before and
Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
Military Studies,
after Stuxnet to illustrate their similar, yet unique, realities of
Command and
cyber warfare.
General Staff
The Impact of Cybercrime on Businesses
Ponemon
May 2012
21
The study found that targeted attacks on businesses cost
Institute
enterprises an average of $214,000. The expenses are associated
http://www.checkpoint.com/products/downloads/
with forensic investigations, investments in technology, and brand
whitepapers/ponemon-cybercrime-2012.pdf
recovery costs.
Proactive Policy Measures by Internet Service Providers
Organisation for
May 7, 2012
25
This report analyzes initiatives in a number of countries through
against Botnets
Economic Co-
which end-users are notified by ISPs when their computer is
operation and
identified as being compromised by malicious software and
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/
Development
encouraged to take action to mitigate the problem.
proactive-policy-measures-by-internet-service-providers-
against-botnets_5k98tq42t18w-en
Developing State Solutions to Business Identity Theft:
National
January 2012
23
This white paper is the result of efforts by the 19-member NASS
Assistance, Prevention and Detection Efforts by Secretary
Association of
Business Identity Theft Task Force to develop policy guidelines
of State Offices
Secretaries of
and recommendations for state leaders dealing with identity fraud
State
cases involving public business records.
http://www.nass.org/index.php?option=com_docman&
task=doc_download&gid=1257
CRS-71
Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
A Cyberworm that Knows No Boundaries
RAND December
55
Stuxnet-like worms pose a serious threat even to infrastructure
21, 2011
and computer systems that are not connected to the Internet.
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/
However, defending against such attacks is an increasingly
occasional_papers/2011/RAND_OP342.pdf
complex prospect.
Department of Defense Cyberspace Policy Report: A
DOD November
14
From the report: “When warranted, we will respond to hostile
Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense
15, 2011
attacks in cyberspace as we would to any other threat to our
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, Section 934
country. We reserve the right to use all necessary means -
diplomatic, informational, military and economic - to defend our
http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2011/
nation, our allies, our partners and our interests.”
0411_cyberstrategy/docs/
NDAA%20Section%20934%20Report_For%20webpage.pdf
W32.Duqu: The Precursor to the Next Stuxnet
Symantec October
24,
N/A
On October 14, 2011, a research lab with strong international
2011
connections alerted Symantec to a sample that appeared to be
http://www.symantec.com/connect/
very similar to Stuxnet, the malware which wreaked havoc in
w32_duqu_precursor_next_stuxnet
Iran’s nuclear centrifuge farms last summer. The lab named the
threat “Duqu” because it creates files with the file name prefix
“DQ”. The research lab provided Symantec with samples
recovered from computer systems located in Europe, as well as a
detailed report with their initial findings, including analysis
comparing the threat to Stuxnet.
Cyber War Will Not Take Place
Journal of
October 5,
29
The paper argues that cyber warfare has never taken place, is not
Strategic Studies
2011
currently taking place, and is unlikely to take place in the future.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/
01402390.2011.608939
Twenty Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber
SANS October
3,
77
The 20 measures are intended to focus agencies’ limited resources
Defense: Consensus Audit Guidelines (CAG)
2011
on plugging the most common attack vectors.
http://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/
Revealed: Operation Shady RAT: an Investigation Of
McAfee August
2,
14
A cyber-espionage operation lasting many years penetrated 72
Targeted Intrusions Into 70+ Global Companies,
2011
government and other organizations, most of them in the United
Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations During the
States, and has copied everything from military secrets to
Last 5 Years
industrial designs, according to technology security company
McAfee. See page 4 for the types of compromised parties), page 5
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/white-papers/wp-
for the geographic distribution of victim’s country of origin, pages
operation-shady-rat.pdf
7-9 for the types of victims, and pages 10-13 for the number of
intrusions for 2007-2010.
CRS-72
Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
USCYBERCOM and Cyber Security: Is a Comprehensive
Army War
May 12,
32
Examine five aspects of USCYBERCOM: organization, command
Strategy Possible?
College
20122
and control, computer network operations (CNO),
synchronization, and resourcing. Identify areas that currently
present significant risk to USCYBERCOM’s ability to create a
strategy that can achieve success in its cyberspace operations.
Recommend potential solutions that can increase the effectiveness
of the USCYBERCOM strategy.
A Four-Day Dive Into Stuxnet’s Heart
Threat Level
December
N/A
From the article, “It is a mark of the extreme oddity of the
Blog (Wired)
27, 2010
Stuxnet computer worm that Microsoft’s Windows vulnerability
http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/a-four-day-
team learned of it first from an obscure Belarusian security
dive-into-stuxnets-heart/
company that even they had never heard of.”
Did Stuxnet Take Out 1,000 Centrifuges at the Natanz
Institute for
December
10
This report indicates that commands in the Stuxnet code intended
Enrichment Plant? Preliminary Assessment
Science and
22, 2010
to increase the frequency of devices targeted by the malware
International
exactly match several frequencies at which rotors in centrifuges at
http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/did-stuxnet-take-
Security
Iran’s Natanz enrichment plant are designed to operate optimally
out-1000-centrifuges-at-the-natanz-enrichment-plant/
or are at risk of breaking down and flying apart.
The Role of Internet Service Providers in Botnet
Organisation for
November
68
This working paper considers whether ISPs can be critical control
Mitigation: an Empirical Analysis Bases on Spam Data
Economic Co-
12, 2010
points for botnet mitigation, how the number of infected machines
operation and
varies across ISPs, and why.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=
Development
10.1.1.165.2211&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Stuxnet Analysis
European
October 7,
N/A
EU cybersecurity agency warns that the Stuxnet malware is a
Network and
2010
game changer for critical information infrastructure protection;
http://www.enisa.europa.eu/media/press-releases/stuxnet-
Information
PLC control ers of SCADA systems infected with the worm might
analysis
Security Agency
be programmed to establish destructive over/under pressure
conditions by running pumps at different frequencies.
Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks:
National
October 5,
400
Per request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence,
Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S.
Research
2010
the National Research Council undertook a two-phase project
Policy
Council
aimed to foster a broad, multidisciplinary examination of strategies
for deterring cyberattacks on the United States and of the
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=
possible utility of these strategies for the U.S. government.
12997#description
Untangling Attribution: Moving to Accountability in
Council on
July 15, 2010
14
Robert K. Knake’s testimony before the House Committee on
Cyberspace [Testimony]
Foreign Relations
Science and Technology on the role of attack attribution in
preventing cyber attacks and how attribution technologies can
http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/
affect the anonymity and the privacy of Internet users.
Knake%20-Testimony%20071510.pdf
CRS-73
Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S.
National
January 1,
368
This report explores important characteristics of cyberattack. It
Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities
Research
2009
describes the current international and domestic legal structure as
Council
it might apply to cyberattack, and considers analogies to other
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12651&
domains of conflict to develop relevant insights.
utm_medium=etmail&utm_source=
National%20Academies%20Press&utm_campaign=
NAP+mail+eblast+10.27.09+-
+Cyberattack+Preorder+sp&utm_content=Downloader&
utm_term=#description
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-74
Table 28. Selected Reports: International Efforts
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Telecommunications Networks: Addressing Potential Security
General Accountability
May 21, 2013
52
The federal government has begun efforts to
Risks of Foreign-Manufactured Equipment
Office
address the security of the supply chain for
commercial networks... There are a variety of
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-652T
other approaches for addressing the potential
risks posed by foreign-manufactured
equipment in commercial communications
networks, including those approaches taken
by foreign governments... While these
approaches are intended to improve supply
chain security of communications networks,
they may also create the potential for trade
barriers, additional costs, and constraints on
competition, which the federal government
would have to take into account if it chose to
pursue such approaches.
The Global Cyber Game: Achieving Strategic Resilience in the
Defence Academy of the
May 8, 2013
127
Provides a systematic way of thinking about
Global Knowledge Society
United Kingdom
cyberpower and its use by a range of global
players. The global cyberpower contest is
http://www.da.mod.uk/publications/library/technology/20130508-
framed as a Global Cyber Game, played out
Cyber_report_final_U.pdf/view
on a 'Cyber Gameboard'—a framework that
can be used for strategic and tactical thinking
about cyber strategy.
Defence White Paper 2013
Australia Department of
May 3, 2013
148
The Australian Cyber Security Centre will
Defence
bring together security capabilities from the
http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper2013/docs/WP_2013_web.
Defence Signals Directorate, Defence
pdf
Intelligence Organisation, Australian Security
Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), the
Attorney-General’s Department’s Computer
Emergency Response Team (CERT) Australia,
Australian Federal Police (AFP) and the
Australian Crime Commission (ACC).
CRS-75
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyber Security Information Partnership (CISP)
Cabinet Office, United
March 27, 2013
N/A
CISP introduces a secure virtual ‘collaboration
Kingdom
environment’ where government and industry
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-launches-
partners can exchange information on threats
information-sharing-partnership-on-cyber-security
and vulnerabilities in real time. The Cyber
Security Information Sharing Partnership will
be complemented by a ‘Fusion Cell,’ which
will be supported on the government side by
the Security Service, GCHQ and the National
Crime Agency, and by industry analysts from
a variety of sectors.
The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber
Cambridge University
March 5, 2013
282
The Tallinn Manual identifies the international
Warfare
Press/ NATO
law applicable to cyber warfare and sets out
Cooperative Cyber
ninety-five ‘black-letter rules’ governing such
http://ccdcoe.org/249.html
Defence Center of
conflicts. An extensive commentary
Excel ence
accompanies each rule, which sets forth each
rules’ basis in treaty and customary law,
explains how the group of experts
interpreted applicable norms in the cyber
context, and outlines any disagreements
within the group as to each rules’ application.
(Note: The manual is not an official NATO
publication, but an expression of opinions of a
group of independent experts acting solely in
their personal capacity.)
Administration Strategy for Mitigating the Theft of U.S. Trade
White House
February 20,
141
“First, we will increase our diplomatic
Secrets
2013
engagement.... Second, we will support
industry-led efforts to develop best practices
http://www.whitehouse.gov//sites/default/files/omb/IPEC/
to protect trade secrets and encourage
admin_strategy_on_mitigating_the_theft_of_u.s._trade_secrets.p
companies to share with each other best
df
practices that can mitigate the risk of trade
secret theft.... Third, DOJ will continue to
make the investigation and prosecution of
trade secret theft by foreign competitors and
foreign governments a top priority.... Fourth,
President Obama recently signed two pieces
of legislation that will improve enforcement
against trade secret theft.... Lastly, we will
increase public awareness of the threats and
risks to the U.S. economy posed by trade
secret theft.”
CRS-76
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
APT1: Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units
Mandiant February
19,
76
The details analyzed during hundreds of
2013
investigations signal that the groups
http://intelreport.mandiant.com/Mandiant_APT1_Report.pdf
conducting these activities (computer security
breaches around the world) are based
primarily in China and that the Chinese
government is aware of them.
Video demo of Chinese hacker activity
Mandiant February
19,
N/A
Video of APT1 attacker sessions and intrusion
2013
activities (5-minute video).
http://intelreport.mandiant.com/
An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace
European Union
February 7,
20
The strategy articulates the EU’s vision of
2013
cyber-security in terms of five priorities:
http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/eu-cybersecurity-plan-
achieving cyber resilience; drastically reducing
protect-open-internet-and-online-freedom-and-opportunity-
cybercrime; developing cyber defence policy
cyber-security
and capabilities related to the Common
Security and Defence Policy (CSDP);
developing the industrial and technological
resources for cyber-security; establishing a
coherent international cyberspace policy for
the European Union and promoting core EU
values.
Linking Cybersecurity Policy and Performance
Microsoft Trustworthy
February 6,
27
Introduces a new methodology for examining
Computing
2013
how socio-economic factors in a country or
http://blogs.technet.com/b/trustworthycomputing/archive/2013/02/
region impact cybersecurity performance.
06/linking-cybersecurity-policy-and-performance-microsoft-
Examine measures such as use of modern
releases-special-edition-security-intelligence-report.aspx
technology, mature processes, user education,
law enforcement and public policies related to
cyberspace. This methodology can build a
model that will help predict the expected
cybersecurity performance of a given country
or region.
The Chinese Defense Economy Takes Off: Sector-by-Sector
UC Institute on Global
January 25,
87
This collection of 15 policy briefs explores
Assessments and the Role of Military End-Users
Conflict and Cooperation 2013
how China has made such impressive military
technological progress over the past few
http://igcc.ucsd.edu/assets/001/504355.pdf
years, what is in store, and what are the
international security implications. The briefs
are summaries of a series of longer research
papers presented at the third annual Chinese
defense economy conference held by the
Study of Innovation and Technology in China
in July 2012.
CRS-77
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Defence and Cyber-Security, vol. 1 - Report, together with formal
House of Commons
December 18,
51
Given the inevitable inadequacy of the
minutes, oral and written evidence
Defence Committee
2012
(vol. 1)
measures available to protect against a
(UK)
constantly changing and evolving threat, and
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/
37
given the Minister for the Cabinet Office’s
cmdfence/106/106.pdf
(vol. 2)
comment, it is not enough for the Armed
Defence and Cyber-Security, vol. 2 - Additional Written Evidence
Forces to do their best to prevent an effective
attack. In its response to this report the
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/
Government should set out details of the
cmdfence/106/106vw.pdf
contingency plans it has in place should such
an attack occur. If it has none, it should say
so—and urgently create some.
Cybersecurity: Managing risks for greater opportunities
Organization for
November 29,
N/A
The OECD launched a broad consultation of
Economic Co-operation
2012
all stakeholders from member and non-
http://oecdinsights.org/2012/11/29/cybersecurity-managing-risks-
and Development
member countries to review its Security
for-greater-opportunities/
Guidelines. The review will take into account
newly emerging risks, technologies and policy
trends around such areas as cloud computing,
digital mobility, the Internet of things, social
networking, etc.
Cybersecurity Policy Making at a Turning Point: Analysing a New
Organization for
November 16,
57
This report analyses the latest generation of
Generation of National Cybersecurity Strategies for the Internet
Economic Co-operation
2012
national cybersecurity strategies in ten OECD
Economy
and Development
countries and identifies commonalities and
differences.
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/cybersecurity-policy-making-at-a-
turning-point_5k8zq92vdgtl.pdf?contentType=/ns/WorkingPaper&
itemId=/content/workingpaper/5k8zq92vdgtl-en&containerItemId=
/content/workingpaperseries/20716826&accessItemIds=&
mimeType=application/pdfhttp://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/
cybersecurity-policy-making-at-a-turning-point_5k8zq92vdgtl.pdf?
contentType=/ns/WorkingPaper&itemId=/content/workingpaper/
5k8zq92vdgtl-en&containerItemId=/content/workingpaperseries/
20716826&accessItemIds=&mimeType=application/pdf
2012 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and
U.S.-China Economic and
November 2012
509
This report responds to the mandate for the
Security Review Commission, One Hundred Twelfth Congress,
Security Review
Commission ‘to monitor, investigate, and
Second Session, November 2012
Commission
report to Congress on the national security
implications of the bilateral trade and
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=725530
economic relationship between the United
States and the People’s Republic of China. See
“China's Cyber Activities," Chapter 2, Section
2, pp. 147-169.
CRS-78
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Australia: Telecommunications data retention—an overview
Parliamentary Library of
October 24,
32
In July 2012, the Commonwealth Attorney-
Australia
2012
General’s Department released a Discussion
http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/
Paper, Equipping Australia against emerging
1998792/upload_binary/1998792.pdf
and evolving threats, on the proposed
national security reforms.... Of the 18 primary
proposals and the 41 individual reforms that
they comprise, the suggestion that carriage
service providers (CSPs) be required to
routinely retain certain information associated
with every Australian’s use of the Internet and
phone services for a period of up to two
years (‘data retention’) is the issue that seems
to have attracted the most attention.
More Than Meets the Eye: Clandestine Funding, Cutting-Edge
Lawrence Livermore
October 23,
17
Analyzes how the Chinese leadership views
Technology and China’s Cyber Research & Development Program National Laboratory
2012
information technology research and
development (R&D), as well as the role cyber
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/1055833/
R&D plays in China’s various strategic
development plans. Explores the
organizational structure of China’s cyber R&D
base. Concludes with a projection of how
China might field new cyber capabilities for
intelligence platforms, advanced weapons
systems, and systems designed to support
asymmetric warfare operations.
Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by
House Permanent Select
October 8,
60
The committee initiated this investigation in
Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE
Committee on
2012
November 2011 to inquire into the
Intelligence
counterintelligence and security threat posed
http://intelligence.house.gov/press-release/investigative-report-us-
by Chinese telecommunications companies
national-security-issues-posed-chinese-telecommunications
doing business in the United States.
Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (“The
NATO Cooperative
August 2012
N/A
The Tallinn Manual is a nonbinding yet
Tallinn Manual”)
Cyber Defence Centre of
authoritative restatement of the law of armed
Excellence, Tallinn,
conflict as it relates to cyberwar. It offers
http://www.ccdcoe.org/249.html
Estonia
attackers, defenders, and legal experts
guidance on how cyberattacks can be
classified as actions covered under the law,
such as armed attacks.
CRS-79
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Bilateral Discussions on Cooperation in Cybersecurity
China Institute of
June 2012
N/A
(Scrol down for English). Since 2009, CSIS
Contemporary
and CICIR have held six formal meetings on
http://www.cicir.ac.cn/chinese/newsView.aspx?nid=3878
International
cybersecurity (accompanied by several
Relations and the Center
informal discussions), called “Sino-U.S.
for Strategic and
Cybersecurity Dialogue.” The meetings have
International Studies
been attended by a broad range of U.S. and
(CSIS)
Chinese officials and scholars responsible for
cybersecurity issues. The goals of the
discussions have been to reduce
misperceptions and to increase transparency
of both countries’ authorities and
understanding on how each country
approaches cybersecurity, and to identify
areas of potential cooperation.
Five Years after Estonia’s Cyber Attacks: Lessons Learned for
NATO
May 2012
8
In April 2007 a series of cyber attacks
NATO?
targeted Estonian information systems and
telecommunication networks. Lasting 22 days,
http://www.ndc.nato.int/download/downloads.php?icode=334
the attacks were directed at a range of
servers (web, e-mail, DNS) and routers. The
2007 attacks did not damage much of the
Estonian information technology
infrastructure. However, the attacks were a
true wake-up call for NATO, offering a
practical demonstration that cyber attacks
could now cripple an entire nation dependent
on IT networks.
Cyber-security: The Vexed Question of Global Rules: An
McAfee
February 1, 2012
108
Forty-five percent of legislators and
Independent Report on Cyber-Preparedness Around the World
cybersecurity experts representing 27
countries think cybersecurity is just as
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-sda-cyber-
important as border security. The authors
security.pdf?cid=WBB048
surveyed 80 professionals from business,
academia and government to gauge
worldwide opinions of cybersecurity.
Cyber Power Index
Booz Allen Hamilton and
January 15,
N/A
The index of developing countries’ ability to
the Economist
2012
withstand cyber attacks and build strong
http://www.cyberhub.com/CyberPowerIndex
Intelligence Unit
digital economies, rates the countries on their
legal and regulatory frameworks; economic
and social issues; technology infrastructure;
and industry. The index puts the United
States in the No. 2 spot, and the UK in No. 1.
CRS-80
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Foreign Spies Stealing US Economic Secrets in Cyberspace
Office of the National
November 3,
31
According to the report, espionage and theft
Counterintelligence
2011
through cyberspace are growing threats to
http://www.ncix.gov/publications/reports/fecie_al /
Executive
the United States’ security and economic
Foreign_Economic_Collection_2011.pdf
prosperity, and the world’s most persistent
perpetrators happen to also be U.S. allies.
The UK Cyber Security Strategy: Protecting and promoting the
Cabinet Office (United
November 2011
43
Chapter 1 describes the background to the
UK in a digital world
Kingdom)
growth of the networked world and the
immense social and economic benefits it is
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/uk-
unlocking. Chapter 2 describes these threats.
cyber-security-strategy-final.pdf
The impacts are already being felt and will
grow as our reliance on cyberspace grows.
Chapter 3 sets out where we want to end
up—with the government’s vision for UK
cyber security in 2015.
Cyber Dawn: Libya
Cyber Security Forum
May 9, 2011
70
Project Cyber Dawn: Libya uses open source
Initiative
material to provide an in-depth view of Libyan
http://www.unveillance.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/
cyberwarfare capabilities and defenses.
Project_Cyber_Dawn_Public.pdf
China’s Cyber Power and America’s National Security
U.S. Army War College,
March 24, 2011
86
This report examines the growth of Chinese
Strategy Research Project
cyber power; their known and demonstrated
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/ful text/u2/a552990.pdf
capabilities for offensive, defensive and
exploitive computer network operations;
China‘s national security objectives; and the
possible application of Chinese cyber power
in support of those objectives.
Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence
James Clapper, Director
February 10,
34
Provides an assessment of global threats:
Community (Testimony)
of National Intelligence
2011
convergence, malware, the “Chinese"
connection, foreign military capabilities in
http://www.dni.gov/testimonies/20110210_testimony_clapper.pdf
cyberspace, counterfeit computer hardware
and intellectual property theft, and identity
theft/finding vulnerable government
operatives.
CRS-81
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Working Towards Rules for Governing Cyber Conflict: Rendering EastWest Institute
February 3,
60
[The authors] led the cyber and traditional
the Geneva and Hague Conventions in Cyberspace
2011
security experts through a point-by-point
analysis of the Geneva and Hague
http://vialardi.org/nastrazzuro/pdf/US-Russia.pdf
Conventions. Ultimately, the group made five
immediate recommendations for Russian and
U.S.-led joint assessments, each exploring
how to apply a key convention principle to
cyberspace.
The Reliability of Global Undersea Communications Cable
IEEE/EastWest Institute
May 26, 2010
186
This study submits 12 major
Infrastructure (The Rogucci Report)
recommendations to the private sector,
governments and other stakeholders—
http://www.ieee-rogucci.org/files/
especially the financial sector—for the
The%20ROGUCCI%20Report.pdf
purpose of improving the reliability,
robustness, resilience, and security of the
world’s undersea communications cable
infrastructure.
ITU Toolkit for Cybercrime Legislation
International
February 2010
N/A
This document aims to provide countries with
Telecommunications
sample legislative language and reference
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-toolkit-
Union
material that can assist in the establishment of
cybercrime-legislation.pdf
harmonized cybercrime laws and procedural
rules.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-82
Table 29. Selected Reports: Education/Training/Workforce
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Global Information Security Workforce Study
(ISC)2 and Frost &
May 7, 2013
28
Federal cyber workers earn an average salary of
Sullivan
$106,430, quite a bit less than the average private sector
https://www.isc2.org/workforcestudy/default.aspx
salary of $111,376. The lag in federal salaries is likely due
to federal budget restraints and nearly three years of a
continuing resolution.
NCCoE Celebrates National Cybersecurity Excel ence
NIST National
April 15, 2013
N/A
Eleven private organizations agreed to partner with the
Partnerships
Cybersecurity
National Institute of Standards and Technology to share
Center of
cybersecurity staff and best practices to help better
http://csrc.nist.gov/nccoe/The-Center/News/News.html
Excellence
combat cyber threats.
2012 Information Technology Workforce Assessment for
U.S. Department of April 3, 2013
131
The report, which is based on an anonymous survey of
Cybersecurity
Homeland Security
nearly 23,000 cyber workers across 52 departments and
agencies, also found that while the majority (49%) of
https://cio.gov/wp-
cyber feds have more than 10 years of service until they
content/uploads/downloads/2013/04/ITWAC-Summary-
reach retirement eligibility, nearly 33% will be eligible to
Report_04-01-2013.pdf
retire in the next three years.
National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies
U.S. Department of February 21, 2013
N/A
NICCS is an online resource for cybersecurity career,
(NICCS)
Homeland Security
education, and training information. It is a partnership
between DHS, the National Institute of Standards and
http://niccs.us-cert.gov/
Technology, the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence, the Department of Defense, the Department
of Education, the National Science Foundation, and the
Office of Personnel Management.
Michigan Cyber Range
Partnership
November 12, 2012
N/A
Enables individuals and organizations to develop
between the state
detection and reaction skills through simulations and
http://www.merit.edu/cyberrange/
of Michigan, Merit
exercises.
Network, federal
and local
governments,
colleges and
universities, and
the private sector
CyberSkills Task Force Report
U.S. Department of October 1, 2012
41
DHS’s Task Force on CyberSkills proposes far-reaching
Homeland Security
improvements to enable DHS to recruit and retain the
https://www.hsdl.org/hslog/?q=node/7934
cybersecurity talent it needs.
CRS-83
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyber Security Test Bed: Summary and Evaluation Results
Institute for
October 2012
89
The Cyber Test Bed project was a case study analysis of
Homeland Security
how a set of interventions, including threat analysis, best
http://sites.duke.edu/ihss/files/2011/12/Cyber-Security-
Solutions
practices sharing, and executive and staff training events,
Test-Bed_Final-Report_Rowe.pdf
over the course of one year, would impact a group of
nine small and mid-size businesses in North Carolina.
Pre- and post-Test Bed interviews were conducted with
company officials to establish a baseline and evaluate the
impact of the Test Bed experience. After the Cyber Test
Bed experience, decision makers at these companies
indicated an increase in their perceptions of the risk of
cyber attacks and an increase in their knowledge of
possible solution.
Information Assurance Scholarship Program
U.S Navy
August 28, 2012
N/A
The Information Assurance Scholarship Program is
designed to increase the number of qualified personnel
http://www.doncio.navy.mil/ContentView.aspx?id=535
entering the information assurance and information
technology fields within the department, Defense officials
said last week. The scholarships also are an attempt to
effectively retain military and civilian cybersecurity and IT
personnel.
Smart Grid Cybersecurity: Job Performance Model Report
Pacific Northwest
August 1, 2012
178
This report outlines the work done to develop a smart
National
grid cybersecurity certification. The primary purpose is to
http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/
Laboratory
develop a measurement model that may be used to guide
technical_reports/PNNL-21639.pdf
curriculum, assessments, and other development of
technical and operational smart grid cybersecurity
knowledge, skills, and abilities.
National Centers of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Cyber
National Security
May 29, 2012
N/A
The NSA has launched National Centers of Academic
Operations Program
Agency (NSA)
Excellence (CAE) in Cyber Operations Program; the
program is intended to be a deeply technical, inter-
http://www.nsa.gov/academia/nat_cae_cyber_ops/
disciplinary, higher education program grounded in the
index.shtml
computer science (CS), computer engineering (CE), or
electrical engineering (EE) disciplines, with extensive
opportunities for hands-on applications via labs and
exercises.
CRS-84
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cybersecurity Human Capital: Initiatives Need Better
Government
November 29, 2011
86
To ensure that government-wide cybersecurity
Planning and Coordination
Accountability
workforce initiatives are better coordinated and planned,
Office (GAO)
and to better assist federal agencies in defining roles,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-8
responsibilities, skills, and competencies for their
workforce, the Secretary of Commerce, Director of the
Office of Management and Budget, Director of the Office
of Personnel Management, and Secretary of Homeland
Security should col aborate through the NICE initiative to
develop and finalize detailed plans allowing agency
accountability, measurement of progress, and
determination of resources to accomplish agreed-upon
activities.
NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework
National Initiative
November 21, 2011
35
The adoption of cloud computing into the federal
for Cybersecurity
government and its implementation depend upon a
http://www.nist.gov/manuscript-publication-search.cfm?
Education (NICE)
variety of technical and non-technical factors. A
pub_id=909505
fundamental reference point, based on the NIST
definition of cloud computing, is needed to describe an
overall framework that can be used government-wide.
This document presents the NIST Cloud Computing
Reference Architecture (RA) and Taxonomy (Tax) that
will accurately communicate the components and
offerings of cloud computing.
2011 State of Cyberethics, Cybersafety and Cybersecurity
National Cyber
May 13, 2011
16
This year’s survey further explores the perceptions and
Curriculum in the U.S. Survey
Security Alliance
practices of U.S. teachers, school administrators and
and Microsoft
technology coordinators in regards to cyberethics,
http://www.staysafeonline.org/sites/default/files/
cybersafety, and cybersecurity education. This year's
resource_documents/2011%20National%20K-
survey finds that young people still are not receiving
12%20Study%20Final_0.pdf
adequate training and that teachers are ill-prepared to
teach the subjects due, in large part, to lack of
professional development.
CRS-85
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyber Operations Personnel Report (DOD)
Department of
April 2011
84
This report is focused on FY09 Department of Defense
Defense
Cyber Operations personnel, with duties and
http://www.nsci-va.org/CyberReferenceLib/2011-04-
responsibilities as defined in Section 934 of the Fiscal
Cyber%20Ops%20Personnel.pdf
Year (FY) 2010 National Defense Authorization Act
(NDAA).
Appendix A—Cyber Operations-related Military
Occupations
Appendix B—Commercial Certifications Supporting the
DoD Information Assurance Workforce Improvement
Program
Appendix C—Military Services Training and
Development
Appendix D—Geographic Location of National Centers
of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance
Design of the DETER Security Testbed
University of
January 13, 2011
N/A
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) will invest
Southern California
$16 million over the next five years to expand a
http://www.isi.edu/deter/news/news.php?story=20
(USC) Information
cybersecurity testbed at the University of Southern
Sciences Institute,
California (USC). The Deterlab testbed provides an
University of
isolated 400-node mini-Internet, in which researchers can
California Berkeley
investigate malware and other security threats without
(UCB), McAfee
danger of infecting the real Internet. It also supports
Research
classroom exercises in computer security for nearly 400
students at 10 universities and col eges.
The Power of People: Building an Integrated National
Project on National November 2010
326
This study was conducted in fulfillment of Section 1054 of
Security Professional System for the 21st Century
Security Reform
the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010,
(PNSR)
which required the commissioning of a study by “an
http://www.pnsr.org/data/images/
appropriate independent, nonprofit organization, of a
pnsr_the_power_of_people_report.pdf
system for career development and management of
interagency national security professionals.”
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-86
Table 30. Selected Reports: Research & Development (R&D)
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Open Trusted Technology Provider Standard (O-TTPS)™,
The Open
April 18, 2013
44
Specifically intended to prevent maliciously tainted and
Version 1.0: Mitigating Maliciously Tainted and Counterfeit
Group
counterfeit products from entering the supply chain,
Products
this first release of the O-TTPS codifies best practices
across the entire COTS ICT product lifecycle, including
https://www2.opengroup.org/ogsys/catalog/C139
the design, sourcing, build, fulfillment, distribution,
sustainment, and disposal phases. The O-TTPS wil
enable organizations to implement best practice
requirements and allow all providers, component
suppliers, and integrators to obtain Trusted
Technology Provider status. (Registration required).
Governor McDonnel Announces Creation of MACH37,
Virginia
April 11, 2013
N/A
Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell announced the
America's Premier Market-Centric Cyber Security Accelerator
Secretary of
creation of MACH37, America's premier market-
Commerce
centric cyber security accelerator to be located at the
http://www.commerce.virginia.gov/News/viewRelease.cfm?id=1761 and Trade
Center for Innovative Technology. Initially funded by
the Commonwealth of Virginia, the accelerator will
leverage private investments to launch new, high
growth cyber technology companies in Virginia.
The International Cyber-Security Ecosystem (video lecture)
Anthony M.
November 6, 2012
N/A
Overview of the various forums/communities and
Rutkowski,
methodologies that comprise the security assurance
http://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/45450
Distinguished
ecosystem—often also referred to as the Information
Senior
Assurance.
Research
Fellow at the
Georgia
Institute of
Technology,
Nunn School
Center for
International
Strategy
Technology
and Policy
(CISTP)
CRS-87
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
20 Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense:
Center for
November 2012
89
The Top 20 security controls were agreed upon by a
Consensus Audit Guidelines - version 4.0
Strategic &
consortium. Members of the Consortium include NSA,
International
US CERT, DoD JTF-GNO, the Department of Energy
http://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/
Studies
Nuclear Laboratories, Department of State, DoD
Cyber Crime Center plus commercial forensics
experts in the banking and critical infrastructure
communities.
National Cybersecurity Center of Excel ence
National
June 29, 2012
N/A
The National Cybersecurity Center of Excel ence
Institute of
(NCCoE) is a new public-private collaboration to bring
http://csrc.nist.gov/nccoe/
Standards and
together experts from industry, government and
Technology
academia to design, implement, test, and demonstrate
(NIST)
integrated cybersecurity solutions and promote their
widespread adoption.
Information Security Risk Taking
National
January 17, 2012
N/A
The NSF is funding research on giving organizations
Science
information-security risk ratings, similar to credit
http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=
Foundation
ratings for individuals.
1127185
(NSF)
Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales (ADAMS)
Defense
November 9, 2011
74
The design document was produced by Allure Security
Advanced
and sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research
http://info.publicintelligence.net/DARPA-ADAMS.pdf
Research
Projects Agency (DARPA). It describes a system for
Projects
preventing leaks by seeding believable disinformation in
Agency
military information systems to help identify individuals
(DARPA)
attempting to access and disseminate classified
information.
At the Forefront of Cyber Security Research
NSF
August 11, 2011
N/A
TRUST is a university and industry consortium that
examines cyber security issues related to health care,
http://www.livescience.com/15423-forefront-cyber-security-
national infrastructures, law and other issues facing the
research-nsf-bts.html
general public.
Designing A Digital Future: Federally Funded Research And
White House
December 16,
148
The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and
Development In Networking And Information Technology
2010
Technology (PCAST) has made several
recommendations in a report about the state of the
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/
government’s Networking and Information Technology
pcast-nitrd-report-2010.pdf
Research and Development (NITRD) Program.
CRS-88
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Partnership for Cybersecurity Innovation
White House
December 6, 2010
10
The Obama Administration released a Memorandum of
Office of
Understanding signed by the National Institute of
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/06/partnership-
Science and
Standards and Technology (NIST) of the Department
cybersecurity-innovation
Technology
of Commerce, the Science and Technology Directorate
Policy
of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS/S&T),
and the Financial Services Sector Coordinating Council
(FSSCC). The goal of the agreement is to speed the
commercialization of cybersecurity research
innovations that support our nation’s critical
infrastructures.
Science of Cyber-Security
Mitre Corp
November 2010
86
JASON was requested by DOD to examine the theory
(JASON
and practice of cyber-security, and evaluate whether
http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/cyber.pdf
Program
there are underlying fundamental principles that would
Office)
make it possible to adopt a more scientific approach,
identify what is needed in creating a science of cyber-
security, and recommend specific ways in which
scientific methods can be applied.
American Security Challenge
National
October 18, 2010
N/A
The objective of the Challenge is to increase the
Security
visibility of innovative technology and help the
http://www.americansecuritychallenge.com/
Initiative
commercialization process so that such technology can
reach either the public or commercial marketplace
faster to protect our citizens and critical assets.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-89
Related Resources: Other Websites
This section contains other cybersecurity resources, including U.S. government, international, news sources, and other associations and
institutions.
Table 31. Related Resources: Congressional/Government
Name Source
Notes
Integrated Intelligence Center
Center for Internet Security
A new unit at the Center for Internet Security is focused on
merging cyber and physical security to aid governments in
http://www.cisecurity.org/#
dealing with emerging threats.
Computer Security Resource Center
National Institute of Standards and
Links to NIST resources, publications, and computer security
Technology (NIST)
groups.
http://csrc.nist.gov/
Congressional Cybersecurity Caucus
Led by Representatives Jim Langevin
Provides statistics, news on congressional cyberspace actions,
and Mike McCaul.
and links to other informational websites.
http://cybercaucus.langevin.house.gov/
Cybersecurity and Trustworthiness Projects and Reports
Computer Science and
A list of independent and informed reports on cybersecurity
Telecommunications Board, National
and public policy.
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/CSTB/CSTB_059144
Academy of Sciences
Cybersecurity
White House National Security
Links to White House policy statements, key documents,
Council
videos, and blog posts.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/cybersecurity
Cybersecurity
National Telecommunications &
The Department of Commerce's Internet Policy Task Force
Information Administration (U.S.
is conducting a comprehensive review of the nexus between
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/category/cybersecurity
Department of Commerce)
cybersecurity challenges in the commercial sector and
innovation in the Internet economy.
Cybersecurity and Information System Trustworthiness
National Academy of Sciences,
A list of independent and informed reports on cybersecurity
Computer Science and
and public policy.
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/CSTB/CSTB_045327#Cybersecurity Telecommunications Board
CRS-90
Name Source
Notes
Office of Cybersecurity and Communications (CS&C)
U.S. Department of Homeland
As the sector-specific agency for the communications and IT
Security
sectors, CS&C coordinates national level reporting that is
http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/gc_1185202475883.shtm
consistent with the National Response Framework (NRF).
U.S. Cyber Command
U.S. Department of Defense
Links to press releases, fact sheets, speeches,
announcements, and videos.
http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2010/0410_cybersec/
U.S. Cyber-Consequences Unit
U.S. Cyber-Consequences Unit (U.S.-
U.S.-CCU, a nonprofit 501c(3) research institute, provides
CCU)
assessments of the strategic and economic consequences of
http://www.usccu.us/
possible cyber-attacks and cyber-assisted physical attacks. It
also investigates the likelihood of such attacks and examines
the cost-effectiveness of possible counter-measures.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
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Table 32. Related Resources: International Organizations
Name Source Notes
Australian Internet Security Initiative
Australian Communications and Media
The Australian Internet Security Initiative (AISI) is an antibotnet
Authority
initiative that collects data on botnets in collaboration with Internet
http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_310317
Service Providers (ISPs), and two industry codes of practice.
Cybercrime
Council of Europe
Links to the Convention on Cybercrime treaty, standards, news,
and related information.
http://www.coe.int/t/DGHL/cooperation/economiccrime/
cybercrime/default_en.asp
Cybersecurity Gateway
International Telecommunications
ITU’s Global Cybersecurity Agenda (GCA) is the framework for
Union (ITU)
international cooperation with the objective of building synergies
http://groups.itu.int/Default.aspx?alias=groups.itu.int/
and engaging all relevant stakeholders in our collective efforts to
cybersecurity-gateway
build a more secure and safer information society for all.
Cybercrime Legislation - Country Profiles
Council of Europe
These profiles have been prepared within the framework of the
Council of Europe’s Project on Cybercrime in view of sharing
http://www.coe.int/t/dg1/legalcooperation/economiccrime/
information on cybercrime legislation and assessing the current
cybercrime/Documents/CountryProfiles/default_en.asp
state of implementation of the Convention on Cybercrime under
national legislation.
ENISA: Securing Europe’s Information Society
European Network and Information
ENISA inform businesses and citizens in the European Union on
Security Agency (ENISA)
cybersecurity threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks. (Requires free
http://www.enisa.europa.eu/
registration to access.)
German Anti-Botnet Initiative
Organisation for Economic Co-
This is a private industry initiative which aims to ensure that
operation and Development (OECD)
customers whose personal computers have become part of a
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/50/45509383.pdf
(English-language summary)
botnet without them being aware of it are informed by their
Internet Service Providers about this situation and at the same time
are given competent support in removing the malware.
International Cyber Security Protection Alliance (ICSPA)
International Cyber Security
A global not-for-profit organization that aims to channel funding,
Protection Alliance (ICSPA)
expertise, and help directly to law enforcement cyber crime units
https://www.icspa.org/about-us/
around the world.
NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excel ence
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The Center is an international effort that currently includes Estonia,
(CCD COE)
(NATO)
Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Slovak Republic, and
Spain as sponsoring nations, to enhance NATO’s cyber defence
http://www.ccdcoe.org/
capability.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
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Table 33. Related Resources: News
Name Source
Computer Security (Cybersecurity)
New York Times
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/
computer_security/index.html
Cybersecurity
NextGov.com
http://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/?oref=ng-nav
Cyberwarfare and Cybersecurity
Benton Foundation
http://benton.org/taxonomy/term/1193
Homeland Security
Congressional Quarterly (CQ)
http://homeland.cq.com/hs/news.do
Cybersecurity
Homeland Security News Wire
http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/topics/cybersecurity
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Table 34. Related Resources: Other Associations and Institutions
Name Notes
Cyber Aces Foundation
Offers challenging and realistic cybersecurity competitions,
training camps, and educational initiatives through which
http://www.cyberaces.org/
high school, col ege students, and young professionals
develop the practical skills needed to excel as cybersecurity
practitioners
Cybersecurity from the Center for Strategic &
Links to experts, programs, publications, and multimedia.
International Studies (CSIS)
CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization whose affiliated
scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy
http://csis.org/category/topics/technology/
initiatives that look to the future and anticipate change.
cybersecurity
Cyberconflict and Cybersecurity Initiative from the
Focuses on the relationship between cyberwar and the
Council on Foreign Relations
existing laws of war and conflict; how the United States
should engage other states and international actors in
http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/cyberconflict-and-
pursuit of its interests in cyberspace; how the promotion of
cybersecurity-initiative/pr1497
the free flow of information interacts with the pursuit of
cybersecurity; and the private sector’s role in defense,
deterrence, and resilience.
Federal Cyber Service from the Scholarship For
Scholarship For Service (SFS) is designed to increase and
Service (SFS)
strengthen the cadre of federal information assurance
professionals that protect the government’s critical
https://www.sfs.opm.gov/
information infrastructure. This program provides
scholarships that ful y fund the typical costs that students
pay for books, tuition, and room and board while attending
an approved institution of higher learning.
Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection
I3P is a consortium of leading universities, national
(I3P)
laboratories and nonprofit institutions dedicated to
strengthening the cyber infrastructure of the United States.
http://www.thei3p.org/
Internet Security Alliance (ISA)
ISAalliance is a nonprofit collaboration between the
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), a federation of trade
http://www.isalliance.org/
associations, and Carnegie Mellon University’s CyLab.
National Association of State Chief Information
NASCIO’s cybersecurity awareness website. The Resource
Offices (NASCIO)
Guide provides examples of state awareness programs and
initiatives.
http://www.nascio.org/advocacy/cybersecurity
National Board of Information Security Examiners
The National Board of Information Security Examiners
(NBISE)
(NBISE) mission is to increase the security of information
networks, computing systems, and industrial and military
http://www.nbise.org/certifications.php
technology by improving the potential and performance of
the cyber security workforce.
National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) NICE Attempts to forge a common set of definitions for the
cybersecurity workforce.
http://csrc.nist.gov/nice/
National Security Cyberspace Institute (NSCI)
NSCI provides education, research and analysis services to
government, industry, and academic clients aiming to
http://www.nsci-va.org/whitepapers.htm
increase cyberspace awareness, interest, knowledge, and/or
capabilities.
U.S. Cyber Challenge (USCC)
USCC’s goal is to find 10,000 of America's best and
brightest to fill the ranks of cybersecurity professionals
http://www.uscyberchal enge.org/
where their skills can be of the greatest value to the nation.
Source: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports of related associations and institutions.
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Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Author Contact Information
Rita Tehan
Information Research Specialist
rtehan@crs.loc.gov, 7-6739
Key Policy Staff
The following table provides names and contact information for CRS experts on policy issues related to
cybersecurity bills currently being debated in the 112th Congress.
Legislative Issues
Name/Title
Phone
E-mail
Legislation in the 112th Congress
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Critical infrastructure protection
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Chemical industry
Dana Shea
7-6844
dshea@crs.loc.gov
Defense industrial base
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Electricity grid
Richard J. Campbell
7-7905
rcampbell@crs.loc.gov
Financial institutions
N. Eric Weiss
7-6209
eweiss@crs.loc.gov
Industrial control systems
Dana Shea
7-6844
dshea@crs.loc.gov
Cybercrime
Federal laws
Charles Doyle
7-6968
cdoyle@crs.loc.gov
Law enforcement
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
Cybersecurity workforce
Wendy Ginsberg
7-3933
wginsberg@crs.loc.gov,
Cyberterrorism
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Cyberwar
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Data breach notification
Gina Stevens
7-2581
gstevens@crs.loc.gov
Economic issues
N. Eric Weiss
7-6209
eweiss@crs.loc.gov
Espionage
Advanced persistent threat
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Economic and industrial
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
Legal issues
Brian T. Yeh
7-5182
byeh@crs.loc.gov
State-sponsored
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Federal agency roles
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Chief Information Officers (CIOs)
Patricia Maloney Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
Commerce
John F. Sargent, Jr.
7-9147
jsargent@crs.loc.gov
Defense (DOD)
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
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Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources
Legislative Issues
Name/Title
Phone
E-mail
Executive Office of the President (EOP)
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Homeland Security (DHS)
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Intelligence Community (IC)
John Rollins
7-5529
jrollins@crs.loc.gov
Justice (DOJ)
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
National Security Agency (NSA)
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Science agencies (NIST, NSF, OSTP)
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Treasury and financial agencies
Rena S. Miller
7-0826
rsmiller@crs.loc.gov
Federal Information Security
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Management Act (FISMA)
Federal Internet monitoring
Richard M. Thompson II
7-8449
rthompson@crs.loc.gov
Hacktivism
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
Information sharing
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Antitrust laws
Kathleen Ann Ruane
7-9135
kruane@crs.loc.gov
Civil liability
Edward C. Liu
7-9166
eliu@crs.loc.gov
Classified information
John Rollins
7-5529
jrollins@crs.loc.gov
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Gina Stevens
7-2581
gstevens@crs.loc.gov
Privacy and civil liberties
Gina Stevens
7-2581
gstevens@crs.loc.gov
International cooperation
Defense and diplomatic
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Law enforcement
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
National strategy and policy
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
National security
John Rollins
7-5529
jrollins@crs.loc.gov
Public/private partnerships
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Supply chain
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Technological issues
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Botnets
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Cloud computing
Patricia Maloney Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
Mobile devices
Patricia Maloney Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
Research and development (R&D)
Patricia Maloney Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
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