Medal of Honor Recipients: 1979-2013
Anne Leland
Information Research Specialist
May 16, 2013
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL30011
CRS Report for Congress
Pr
epared for Members and Committees of Congress
Medal of Honor Recipients: 1979-2013
Summary
The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the nation’s highest award for military valor. It is presented by the
President in the name of Congress and thus is often called the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Since its first presentation in 1863, 3,477 Medals of Honor have been awarded. In 1973, the
Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs issued a committee print, Vietnam Era Medal of Honor
Recipients 1964-72, followed by the committee print, Medal of Honor Recipients: 1863-1978, in
1979. Both committee prints list recipients and provide the full text of the citations describing the
actions that resulted in the awarding of the medal.
This report covers additions and changes to the list of recipients of the medal since the release of
the committee print. For further information, see CRS Report 95-519, Medal of Honor: History
and Issues, by David F. Burrelli.
The official citations are not always consistent for all recipients. Some of the citations do not
contain information such as company, division, date of birth, or place of birth. An asterisk (*)
indicates those individuals who were awarded their medal posthumously.
This report will be updated as new recipients are named.
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Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Medals of Honor by Action ............................................................................................................. 2
Civil War .................................................................................................................................... 2
Smith, Andrew J.* ............................................................................................................... 2
Spanish-American War .............................................................................................................. 3
Roosevelt, Theodore* .......................................................................................................... 3
World War I ............................................................................................................................... 3
Stowers, Freddie* ................................................................................................................ 3
World War II .............................................................................................................................. 4
Baker, Vernon J. .................................................................................................................. 4
Carter, Edward A., Jr.* ........................................................................................................ 5
Casamento, Anthony ........................................................................................................... 5
Davila, Rudolph B. .............................................................................................................. 6
Day, James ........................................................................................................................... 7
Fox, John R.* ...................................................................................................................... 8
Hajiro, Barney ..................................................................................................................... 8
Hasemoto, Miko* ................................................................................................................ 9
Hayashi, Joe* ...................................................................................................................... 9
Hayashi, Shizuya ............................................................................................................... 10
Inouye, Daniel K. .............................................................................................................. 10
James, Willy F., Jr.* ........................................................................................................... 11
Kobashigawa, Yeiki ........................................................................................................... 12
Kuroda, Robert T.* ............................................................................................................ 13
Moto, Kaoru* .................................................................................................................... 13
Muranaga, Kiyoshi K.* ..................................................................................................... 14
Nakae, Masato* ................................................................................................................. 14
Nakamine, Shinyei* .......................................................................................................... 15
Nakamura, William K.* .................................................................................................... 15
Nishimoto, Joe M.* ........................................................................................................... 16
Ohata, Allan M.* ............................................................................................................... 16
Okubo, James K. ............................................................................................................... 17
Okutso, Yukio .................................................................................................................... 18
Ono, Frank H.* .................................................................................................................. 18
Otani, Kazuo* ................................................................................................................... 19
Rivers, Ruben* .................................................................................................................. 20
Sakato, George T. .............................................................................................................. 20
Salomon, Ben L.* .............................................................................................................. 21
Tanouye, Ted T.* ............................................................................................................... 21
Thomas, Charles L.* ......................................................................................................... 22
Urban, Matt ....................................................................................................................... 23
Wai, Francis B.* ................................................................................................................ 24
Watson, George* ............................................................................................................... 25
Korean War .............................................................................................................................. 25
Kaho’ohanohano, Anthony T.*.......................................................................................... 25
Kapaun, Emil Joseph.* ...................................................................................................... 26
Keeble, Woodrow W. ......................................................................................................... 26
Rubin, Tibor ...................................................................................................................... 27
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Svehla, Henry* .................................................................................................................. 28
Vietnam War ............................................................................................................................ 28
Benavidez, Roy P............................................................................................................... 28
Cook, Donald G.* .............................................................................................................. 30
Crandall, Bruce P. .............................................................................................................. 30
Etchberger, Richard L.* .................................................................................................... 31
Freeman, Ed W. ................................................................................................................. 32
Ingram, Robert R. .............................................................................................................. 33
Pitsenbarger, William H.* ................................................................................................. 33
Rascon, Alfred ................................................................................................................... 34
Sabo, Jr. Leslie H.*............................................................................................................ 35
Swanson, Jon E.* .............................................................................................................. 36
The Unknown Soldier* ..................................................................................................... 36
Versace, Humbert R.*........................................................................................................ 37
Somalia .................................................................................................................................... 37
Gordon, Gary I.* ............................................................................................................... 37
Shughart, Randall D.* ....................................................................................................... 38
Afghanistan.............................................................................................................................. 39
Giunta, Salvatore A. .......................................................................................................... 39
Meyer, Dakota ................................................................................................................... 40
Miller, Robert J.* ............................................................................................................... 40
Monti, Jared C.* ................................................................................................................ 41
Murphy, Michael P.* ......................................................................................................... 42
Petry, Leroy A. .................................................................................................................. 42
Romesha, Clinton .............................................................................................................. 43
Iraq ........................................................................................................................................... 44
Dunham, Jason L.* ............................................................................................................ 44
McGinnis, Ross A.* .......................................................................................................... 45
Monsoor, Michael A.* ....................................................................................................... 45
Smith, Paul Ray* ............................................................................................................... 46
Restoration of Award ..................................................................................................................... 46
Chapman, Amos ................................................................................................................ 46
Cody, William F. ................................................................................................................ 47
Dixon, William .................................................................................................................. 47
Doshier, James D. .............................................................................................................. 47
Woodall, William H. .......................................................................................................... 47
Renunciation of Award .................................................................................................................. 47
Liteky, Charles .................................................................................................................. 47
Contacts for Additional Information .............................................................................................. 48
Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 49
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Medal of Honor Recipients: 1979-2013
Introduction
The Congressional Research Service receives numerous requests for lists of recipients of the
Medal of Honor (MOH), the nation’s highest award for military bravery. Since its first
presentation in 1863, 3,477 Medals of Honor have been awarded. In 1973 and 1979, the Senate
Veterans’ Affairs Committee issued Committee Print no. 8, Vietnam Era Medal of Honor
Recipients: 1964-1972,1 and Committee Print no. 3, Medal of Honor Recipients: 1863-1978.2
Each print lists recipients and provides the full text of the citations describing the actions that
resulted in the awarding of the MOH. Since the release of the committee prints, there have been
several additions and changes to the list of recipients of this award.
This report lists those additions and changes by military action and provides the full text of their
official citations. An asterisk (*) indicates those individuals who were awarded their medal
posthumously.
The citations were provided by the military awards offices or Internet websites of the respective
services. A list of these offices and Internet links is provided at the end of this report. In some
instances, Congress approved legislation to remove statutory time limits in order for the MOH to
be awarded. Where this has occurred, the legislation is cited.
The FY1996 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 104-106, Section 524) provided for the
review of records relating to Asian Americans and Native American Pacific Islanders who
received Distinguished Service Crosses or Navy Crosses for service during World War II. This
legislation also waived the time limit to allow the President to award the MOH; consequently, 22
Asian Americans were upgraded to the MOH. (Some military personnel records were destroyed
for these individuals in a 1973 fire at the National Personnel Records Center. Records were
reconstructed from auxiliary sources; therefore, data on the place where the individual entered
service and birth information is not always available.) These individuals are Rudolph B. Davila,
Barney F. Hajiro, Mikio Hasemoto, Joe Hayashi, Shizuya Hayashi, Daniel K. Inouye, Yeiki
Kobashigawa, Yukio Okutsu, Robert T. Kuroda, Kaoru Moto, Kiyoshi K. Muranaga, Masato
Nakae, Shinyei Namamine, William K. Nakamura, Joe M. Nishimoto, James K. Okubo, Allen M.
Ohata, Frank Ono, Kazuo Otani, George T. Sakato, Ted T. Tanouye, and Francis B. Wai.
The FY1997 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 104-201, Section 561, September 23,
1996) waived the time limit to allow the President to award the MOH to seven African American
soldiers for their heroic acts during World War II. (Some military personnel records were
destroyed for these individuals in a 1973 fire at the National Personnel Records Center. Records
were reconstructed from auxiliary sources; therefore, the place indicated after the date of birth is
the home of record at the time the individual entered the military, and not necessarily the place of
birth. Data on the place where the individual entered service is not available.) These individuals
are Vernon J. Baker, Edward A. Carter, Jr., John R. Fox, Willy F. James, Jr., Ruben Rivers,
Charles L. Thomas, and George Watson.
1 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, Vietnam Era Medal of Honor Medal of Honor Recipients
1964-1972, committee print no. 8 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1973).
2 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, Medal of Honor Recipients 1863-1978, committee print no. 3
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1979).
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For historical information and a more detailed account of congressional and other efforts to award
the MOH, see CRS Report 95-519, Medal of Honor: History and Issues, by David F. Burrelli.
See also the Congressional Medal of Honor Society at http://www.cmohs.org and the Department
of Defense Military Awards for Valor site at http://valor.defense.gov/.
Medals of Honor by Action
An asterisk (*) indicates those individuals who were awarded their medal posthumously.
Civil War
Smith, Andrew J.*
Congress approved P.L. 106-223 on June 20, 2000, removing the statutory time limit on the
award for Corporal Jackson.
Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, 55th Massachusetts Voluntary Infantry. Place and
date: Near Boyd’s Landing, South Carolina, 30 November, 1864. Entered service at: unknown.
Born: 3 September 1842.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
Corporal Andrew Jackson Smith, of Clinton, Illinois, a member of the 55th Massachusetts
Voluntary Infantry, distinguished himself on 30 November 1864 by saving his regimental colors,
after the color bearer was killed during a bloody charge called the Battle of Honey Hill, South
Carolina. In the late afternoon, as the 55th Regiment pursued enemy skirmishers and conducted a
running fight, they ran into a swampy area backed by a rise where the Confederate Army awaited.
The surrounding woods and thick underbrush impeded infantry movement and artillery support.
The 55th and 34th regiments formed columns to advance on the enemy position in a flanking
movement. As the Confederates repelled other units, the 55th and 54th regiments continued to
move into flanking positions. Forced into a narrow gorge crossing a swamp in the face of the
enemy position, the 55th’s Color-Sergeant was killed by an exploding shell, and Corporal Smith
took the Regimental Colors from his hand and carried them through heavy grape and canister fire.
Although half of the officers and a third of the enlisted men engaged in the fight were killed or
wounded, Corporal Smith continued to expose himself to enemy fire by carrying the colors
throughout the battle. Through his actions, the Regimental Colors of the 55th Infantry Regiment
were not lost to the enemy.
Corporal Andrew Jackson Smith’s extraordinary valor in the face of deadly enemy fire is in
keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon him, the 55th
Regiment, and the United States Army.
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Spanish-American War
Roosevelt, Theodore*
Congress approved P.L. 105-371 on November 12, 1998, to authorize and request that the
President award the Medal of Honor posthumously to Theodore Roosevelt for action in the attack
of San Juan Heights, July 1, 1898. President Clinton initiated an Army review. An Army panel
approved the award in June 2000.
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army, First Cavalry Regiment. Place and date:
San Juan Heights, Republic of Cuba, 1 July 1898. Entered service: Resigned position as Assistant
Secretary of the Navy to join Army, May 6, 1898. Born: 27 October 1858, New York, New York.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt distinguished himself by acts of bravery on 1 July 1898,
near Santiago de Cuba, Republic of Cuba, while leading a daring charge up San Juan Hill.
Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, in total disregard for his personal safety, and accompanied by only
four or five men, led a desperate and gallant charge up San Juan Hill, encouraging his troops to
continue the assault through withering enemy fire over open countryside. Facing the enemy’s
heavy fire, he displayed extraordinary bravery throughout the charge and was the first to reach the
enemy trenches, where he quickly killed one of the enemies with his pistol, allowing his men to
continue the assault. His leadership and valor turned the tide in the Battle for San Juan Hill.
Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with
the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the
United States Army.
World War I
Stowers, Freddie*
Corporal Stowers’s recommendation was delayed due to administrative error. The law provides
that in such cases time limitations may be waived.3
Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company C, 371st Infantry Regiment, 93rd Infantry
Division. Place and date: Champagne Marne Sector, France, 28 September 1918. Entered service
at: unknown. Born: 1897, Anderson County, South Carolina.
Citation: Corporal Stowers, a native of Anderson County, South Carolina, distinguished himself
by exceptional heroism on 28 September 1918, while serving as a squad leader in Company C,
371st Infantry Regiment, 93rd Infantry Division.
3 10 U.S.C. §3744, 6248, 8744.
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His company was the lead company during the attack on Hill 188, Champagne Marne Sector,
France, during World War I. A few minutes after the attack began, the enemy ceased firing and
began climbing up onto the parapets of the trenches, holding up their arms as if wishing to
surrender. The enemy’s actions caused the American forces to cease fire and to come out into the
open. As the company started forward and when within about 100 meters of the trench line, the
enemy jumped back into their trenches and greeted Corporal Stowers’s company with
interlocking bands of machine gun fire and mortar fire causing well over 50% casualties. Faced
with incredible enemy resistance, Corporal Stowers took charge, setting such a courageous
example of personal bravery and leadership that he inspired his men to follow him in the attack.
With extraordinary heroism and complete disregard of personal danger under devastating fire, he
crawled forward leading his squad toward an enemy machine gun nest, which was causing heavy
casualties to his company. After fierce fighting, the machine gun position was destroyed and the
enemy soldiers were killed. Displaying great courage and intrepidity, Corporal Stowers continued
to press the attack against a determined enemy. While crawling forward and urging his men to
continue the attack on a second trench line, he was gravely wounded by machine gun fire.
Although Corporal Stowers was mortally wounded, he pressed forward, urging on the members
of his squad until he died. Inspired by the heroism and display of bravery of Corporal Stowers,
his company continued the attack against incredible odds, contributing to the capture of Hill 188
and causing heavy enemy casualties.
Corporal Stowers’s conspicuous gallantry, extraordinary heroism, and supreme devotion to his
men were well above and beyond the call of duty, follow the finest traditions of military service,
and reflect the utmost credit on him and the United States Army.
World War II
Baker, Vernon J.
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company C, 370th Infantry Regiment. Place
and date: Castle Aghinolfi, Germany, 5 and 6 April 1945. Entered service: 26 June 1941. Born:
17 December 1919, Cheyenne, Wyoming.
Citation: First Lieutenant Vernon J. Baker distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in
action 5 and 6 April 1945.
Lieutenant Baker advanced at the head of his weapons platoon, along with Company C’s three
rifle platoons, toward their objective: Castle Aghinolfi, a German mountain strong point on the
high ground just east of the coastal highway and about two miles from the 370th Infantry
Regiment’s line of departure. Moving more rapidly than the rest of the company, Lieutenant
Baker and about 25 men reached the south side of a draw some 250 yards from the castle within 2
hours. In reconnoitering for a suitable position to set up a machine gun, Lieutenant Baker
observed two cylindrical objects pointing out of a slit in a mount at the edge of the hill. Crawling
up and under the opening, he stuck his M-1 into the slit and emptied the clip, killing the
observation post’s occupants. Moving to another position in the same area, Lieutenant Baker
stumbled upon a well-camouflaged machine gun nest, the crew of which was eating breakfast. He
shot and killed both enemy soldiers. After Captain John F. Runyon, Company C’s Commander,
joined the group, a German soldier appeared from the draw and hurled a grenade, which failed to
explode. Lieutenant Baker shot the enemy twice as he tried to flee. Lieutenant Baker then went
down into the draw alone. There he blasted open the concealed entrance of another dugout with a
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hand grenade, shot one German soldier who emerged after the explosion, tossed another grenade
into the dugout, and entered firing his sub-machine gun, killing two more Germans. As
Lieutenant Baker climbed back out of the draw, enemy machine gun and mortar fire began to
inflict heavy casualties among the group of 25 soldiers, killing or wounding about two-thirds of
them. When expected reinforcements did not arrive, Captain Runyon ordered a withdrawal in two
groups. Lieutenant Baker volunteered to cover the withdrawal of the first group, which consisted
of mostly walking wounded, and to remain to assist in the evacuation of the more seriously
wounded. During the second group’s withdrawal, Lieutenant Baker, supported by covering fire
from one of his platoon members, destroyed two machine gun positions (previously bypassed
during the assault) with hand grenades. In all, Lieutenant Baker accounted for nine dead enemy
soldiers, elimination of three machine gun positions, an observation post, and a dugout. On the
following night, Lieutenant Baker voluntarily led a battalion advance through enemy mine fields
and heavy fire toward the division objective.
Lieutenant Baker’s fighting spirit and daring leadership were an inspiration to his men and
exemplify the highest traditions of the military service.
Carter, Edward A., Jr.*
Rank and Organization: Staff Sergeant, Seventh Army Infantry Company Number 1
(Provisional), U.S. Army. Place and date: Near Speyer, Germany, 23 March 1945. Entered
service: 26 September 1941. Born: 26 May 1916, Los Angeles, California.
Citation: Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter, Jr. distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in
action on 23 March 1945.
For extraordinary heroism in action on 23 March 1945, near Speyer, Germany. When the tank on
which he was riding received heavy bazooka and small arms fire, Sergeant Carter voluntarily
attempted to lead a three-man group across an open field. Within a short time, two of his men
were killed and the third seriously wounded. Continuing on alone, he was wounded five times
and finally forced to take cover. As eight enemy riflemen attempted to capture him, Sergeant
Carter killed six of them and captured the remaining two. He then crossed the field using as a
shield his two prisoners from which he obtained valuable information concerning the disposition
of enemy troops. Staff Sergeant Carter’s extraordinary heroism was an inspiration to the officers
and men of the Seventh Army Infantry Company Number 1 (Provisional) and exemplify the
highest traditions of the Armed Forces.
Casamento, Anthony
Congress approved Private Law 95-163 on November 2, 1977, removing the statutory time limit
on the award for Corporal Casamento.
Rank and organization: Corporal, Company “D,” First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine
Division, U.S. Marine Corps. Place and date: Guadalcanal, 1 November 1942. Entered service at:
Brooklyn, New York, 19 August 1940. Born: 16 November 1920, Brooklyn, New York.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty while serving with Company “D,” First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division on
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Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands, in action against the enemy Japanese forces on 1
November 1942.
Serving as a leader of a machine gun section, Corporal Casamento directed his unit to advance
along a ridge near the Mantanikau River where they engaged the enemy. He positioned his
section to provide covering fire for two flanking units and to provide direct support for the main
force of his company, which was behind him. During the course of this engagement, all members
of his section were either killed or severely wounded and he himself suffered multiple, grievous
wounds. Nonetheless, Corporal Casamento continued to provide critical supporting fire for the
attack and in defense of his position. Following the loss of all effective personnel, he set up,
loaded, and manned his unit’s machine gun, tenaciously holding the enemy forces at bay.
Corporal Casamento single-handedly engaged and destroyed one machine gun emplacement to
his front and took under fire the other emplacement on the flank. Despite the heat and ferocity of
the engagement, he continued to man his weapon and repeatedly repulsed multiple assaults by the
enemy forces, thereby protecting the flanks of the adjoining companies and holding his position
until the arrival of his main attacking force. Corporal Casamento’s courageous fighting spirit,
heroic conduct, and unwavering dedication to duty reflected great credit upon himself and were in
keeping with the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service.
Davila, Rudolph B.
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, Company H, 7th Infantry, U.S. Army. Place and date: Near
Artena, Italy, 28 March 1944. Entered service: 6 March 1941 Born: 27 April 1916, El Paso,
Texas.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
Staff Sergeant Rudolph B. Davila distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action, on 28
May 1944, near Artena, Italy. During the offensive which broke through the German mountain
strongholds surrounding the Anzio beachhead, Staff Sergeant Davila risked death to provide
heavy weapons support for a beleaguered rifle company. Caught on an exposed hillside by heavy,
grazing fire from a well-entrenched German force, his machine gunners were reluctant to risk
putting their guns into action. Crawling fifty yard to the nearest machine gun, Staff Sergeant
Davila set it up alone and opened fire on the enemy. In order to observe the effect of his fire,
Sergeant Davila fired from the kneeling position, ignoring the enemy fire that struck the tripod
and passed between his legs. Ordering a gunner to take over, he crawled forward to a vantage
point and directed the fire fight with hand and arm signals until both hostile machine guns were
silenced. Bringing his three remaining machine guns into action, he drove the enemy to a reserve
position two hundred yards to the rear. When he received a painful wound in the leg, he dashed to
a burned tank and, despite the crash of bullets on the hull, engaged a second enemy force from the
tank’s turret. Dismounting, he advanced 130 yards in short rushes, crawled 20 yards and charged
into an enemy-held house to eliminate the defending force of five with a hand grenade and rifle
fire. Climbing to the attic, he straddled a large shell hole in the wall and opened fire on the
enemy. Although the walls of the house were crumbling, he continued to fire until he had
destroyed two more machine guns. His intrepid actions brought desperately needed heavy
weapons support to a hard-pressed rifle company and silenced four machine gunners, which
forced the enemy to abandon their prepared positions.
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Staff Sergeant Davila’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the
highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Day, James
Corporal Day’s recommendation was delayed due to administrative error. The law provides that
in such cases time limitations may be waived.4
Rank and organization: Corporal, Company “G” Second Battalion, 22nd Marines, Sixth Marine
Division. Place and date: Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 14 to 17 May 1945. Entered service: St.
Louis, Missouri, 1943. Born: 5 October 1925, East St. Louis, Illinois.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty as a squad leader serving with the Second Battalion, 22nd Marines, Sixth Marine Division
in sustained combat operations against Japanese Forces on Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, from 14 to
17 May 1945.
On the first day, Corporal Day rallied his squad and the remnants of another unit and led them to
a critical position forward of the front lines of Sugar Loaf Hill. Soon thereafter, they came under
an intense mortar and artillery barrage that was quickly followed by a ferocious ground attack by
some 40 Japanese soldiers. Despite the loss of one-half of his men, Corporal Day remained at the
forefront, shouting encouragement, hurling hand grenades, and directing deadly fire, thereby
repelling the determined enemy. Reinforced by six men, he led his squad in repelling three fierce
night attacks, but suffered five additional Marines killed and one wounded, whom he assisted to
safety. Upon hearing nearby calls for corpsmen assistance, Corporal Day braved heavy enemy
fire to escort four seriously wounded Marines, one at a time, to safety. Corporal Day then manned
a light machine gun, assisted by a wounded Marine, and halted another night attack. In this
ferocious action, his machine gun was destroyed, and he suffered multiple white phosphorous and
fragmentation wounds. He reorganized his defensive position in time to halt a fifth enemy attack
with devastating small arms fire. On three separate occasions, Japanese soldiers closed to within a
few feet of his foxhole, but they were killed by Corporal Day. During the second day, the enemy
conducted numerous unsuccessful swarming attacks against his exposed position. When the
attacks momentarily subsided, over 70 enemy dead were counted around his position. On the
third day, a wounded and exhausted Corporal Day repulsed the enemy’s final attack, killing a
dozen enemy soldiers at close range. Having yielded no ground and with more than 100 enemy
dead around his position, Corporal Day preserved the lives of his fellow Marines and made a
significant contribution to the success of the Okinawa campaign.
By his extraordinary heroism, repeated acts of valor and quintessential battle field leadership,
Corporal Day inspired the efforts of his outnumbered Marines to defeat a much larger enemy
force, reflecting great credit upon himself in upholding the highest standards and traditions of the
Marine Corps and United States Naval Service.
4 10 U.S.C. §3744, 6248, 8744.
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Fox, John R.*
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Cannon Company, 366th Infantry, 92nd
Infantry Division, 598th Field Artillery Battalion. Place and date: Near Sommocolonia, Italy.
Entered service: 28 February 1941. Born: 18 May 1915, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Citation: First Lieutenant John R. Fox distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism at the risk
of his own life on 26 December 1944 in the Serchio River Valley Sector, in the vicinity of
Sommocolonia, Italy.
Lieutenant Fox was a member of Cannon Company, 366th Infantry, 92nd Infantry Division, acting
as a forward observer, while attached to the 598th Field Artillery Battalion. Christmas Day in the
Serchio Valley was spent in positions which had been occupied for some weeks. During
Christmas night, there was a gradual influx of enemy soldiers in civilian clothes, and by early
morning the town was largely in enemy hands. An organized attack by uniformed German
formations was launched around 0400 hours, 26 December 1944. Reports were received that the
area was being heavily shelled by everything the Germans had, and although most of the U.S.
infantry forces withdrew from the town, Lieutenant Fox and members of his observer party
remained behind on the second floor of a house, directing defensive fires. Lieutenant Fox
reported at 0800 hours that the Germans were in the streets and attacking in strength. He called
for artillery fire increasingly close to his own position. He told his battalion commander, “That
was just where I wanted it. Bring it in 60 yards!” His commander protested that there was a heavy
barrage in the area and the bombardment would be too close. Lieutenant Fox gave his adjustment,
requesting that the barrage be fired. The distance was cut in half. The Germans continued to press
forward in large numbers, surrounding the position. Lieutenant Fox again called for artillery fire
with the commander protesting again stating, “Fox, that will be on you!” The last communication
from Lieutenant Fox was “Fire It! There’s more of them than there are of us. Give them hell!”
The bodies of Lieutenant Fox and his party were found in the vicinity of his position when his
position was retaken. This action by Lieutenant Fox, at the cost of his own life, inflicted heavy
casualties, causing the deaths of approximately 100 German soldiers, thereby delaying the
advance of the enemy until infantry and artillery units could be reorganized to meet the attack.
Lieutenant Fox’s extraordinarily valorous actions exemplify the highest traditions of the military
service.
Hajiro, Barney
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company I, 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Place
and date: Near Bruyeres and Biffontaine, France, 1922, and 29 October 1944. Entered service at:
Honolulu, Hawaii, 1 February 1942. Born: unknown.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Private Barney F. Hajiro distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 19, 22, and
29 October 1944, in the vicinity of Bruyeres and Biffontaine, eastern France. Private Hajiro,
while acting as a sentry on top of an embankment on 19 October 1944 in the vicinity of Bruyeres,
France, rendered assistance to allied troops attacking a house 2000 yards away, exposing himself
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to enemy fire and directing fire at an enemy strong point. He assisted the unit on his right by
firing his automatic rifle and killing or wounding two enemy snipers. On 22 October 1944, he and
one comrade took up an outpost security position about 50 yards to the right front of their
platoon, concealed themselves, and ambushed an 18-man, heavily armed enemy patrol, killing
two, wounding one, and taking the remainder as prisoners. On 29 October 1944, in a wooded area
in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France, Private Hajiro initiated an attack up the slope of a hill
referred to as “Suicide Hill” by running forward approximately 100 yards under fire. He then
advanced ahead of these comrades about 10 yards, drawing fire and spotting camouflaged
machine gun nests. He fearlessly met fire with fire and single-handedly destroyed two machine
gun nests and killed two enemy snipers. As a result of Private Hajiro’s heroic actions, the attack
was successful.
Private Hajiro’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit, and the United States
Army.
Hasemoto, Miko*
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company B, 100th Infantry Battalion, 34th Infantry
Division. Place and date: Near Cerasuolo, Italy, 29 November 1943. Entered service at:
Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, 30 June 1941. Born: 16 July 1916, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Citation. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
Private Mikio Hasemoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29
November 1943, in the vicinity of Cerasuolo, Italy. A force of approximately 40 enemy soldiers,
armed with machine guns, machine pistols, rifles, and grenades, attacked the left flank of the
platoon. Two enemy soldiers with machine guns advanced forward, firing their weapons. Private
Hasemoto, an automatic rifleman, challenged these two machine gunners. After firing four
magazines at the approaching enemy, his weapon was shot and damaged. Unhesitatingly, he ran
10 yards to the rear, secured another automatic rifle and continued to fire until his weapon
jammed. At this point, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader had killed approximately 20 enemy
soldiers. Again, Private Hasemoto ran through a barrage of enemy machine gun fire to pick up an
M-1 rifle. Continuing their fire, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader killed 10 more enemy
soldiers. With only three enemy soldiers left, he and his squad leader charged courageously
forward, killing one, wounding one, and capturing another. The following day, Private Hasemoto
continued to repel enemy attacks until he was killed by enemy fire.
Private Hasemoto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Hayashi, Joe*
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company K, 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Place
and date: Near Tendola, Italy, 20 and 22 April 1945. Entered service: unknown. Born: circa 1919.
Citation. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
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Private Joe Hayashi distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 20 and 22 April
1945, near Tendola, Italy. On 20 April 1945, ordered to attack a strongly defended hill that
commanded all approaches to the village of Tendola, Private Hayashi skillfully led his men to a
point within 75 yards of enemy positions before they were detected and fired upon. After
dragging his wounded comrades to safety, he returned alone and exposed himself to small arms
fire in order to direct and adjust mortar fire against hostile emplacements. Boldly attacking the
hill with the remaining men of his squad, he attained his objective and discovered that the mortars
had neutralized three machine guns, killed 27 men, and wounded many others. On 22 April 1945,
attacking the village of Tendola, Private Hayashi maneuvered his squad up a steep, terraced hill to
within 100 yards of the enemy. Crawling under intense fire to a hostile machine gun position, he
threw a grenade, killing one enemy soldier and forcing the other members of the gun crew to
surrender. Seeing four enemy machine guns delivering deadly fire upon other elements of his
platoon, he threw another grenade, destroying a machine gun nest. He then crawled to the right
flank of another machine gun position where he killed four enemy soldiers and forced the others
to flee. Attempting to pursue the enemy, he was mortally wounded by a burst of machine pistol
fire. The dauntless courage and exemplary leadership of Private Hayashi enabled his company to
attain its objective.
Private Hayashi’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit and the United States Army.
Hayashi, Shizuya
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company A, 100th Battalion (Separate), 34th Infantry
Division. Place and date: Near Cerasuolo, Italy, 29 November 1943. Entered service: Schofield
Barracks, Hawaii, 24 March 1941. Born: 28 November 1917, Waialua (Oahu), Hawaii.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Private Shizuya Hayashi distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29
November 1943, near Cerasuolo, Italy. During a flank assault on high ground held by the enemy,
Private Hayashi rose alone in the face of grenade, rifle, and machine gun fire. Firing his
automatic rifle from the hip, he charged and overtook an enemy machine gun position, killing
seven men in the nest and two more as they fled. After his platoon advanced 200 yards from this
point, an enemy antiaircraft gun opened fire on the men. Private Hayashi returned fire at the
hostile position, killing nine of the enemy, taking four prisoners, and forcing the remainder of the
force to withdraw from the hill.
Private Hayashi’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Inouye, Daniel K.
Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company E, 442nd Infantry Regiment.
Place and date: Near San Terenzo, Italy, 21 April 1945. Entered service at: Honolulu, Hawaii, 5
November 1944. Born: 7 September 1924, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
Second Lieutenant Daniel K. Inouye distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on
21 April 1945, in the vicinity of San Terenzo, Italy. While attacking a defended ridge guarding an
important road junction, Second Lieutenant Inouye skillfully directed his platoon through a hail
of automatic weapon and small arms fire, in a swift enveloping movement that resulted in the
capture of an artillery and mortar post and brought his men to within 40 yards of the hostile force.
Emplaced in bunkers and rock formations, the enemy halted the advance with crossfire from three
machine guns. With complete disregard for his personal safety, Second Lieutenant Inouye
crawled up the treacherous slope to within five yards of the nearest machine gun and hurled two
grenades, destroying the emplacement. Before the enemy could retaliate, he stood up and
neutralized a second machine gun nest. Although wounded by a sniper’s bullet, he continued to
engage other hostile positions at close range until an exploding grenade shattered his right arm.
Despite the intense pain, he refused evacuation and continued to direct his platoon until enemy
resistance was broken and his men were again deployed in defensive positions. In the attack, 25
enemy soldiers were killed and eight others captured. By his gallant, aggressive tactics and by his
indomitable leadership, Second Lieutenant Inouye enabled his platoon to advance through
formidable resistance, and was instrumental in the capture of the ridge.
Second Lieutenant Inouye’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the
highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
James, Willy F., Jr.*
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company G, 413th Infantry. Place and
date: Near Lippoldsberg, Germany, 7 April 1945. Entered service: 11 September 1942. Born: 18
March 1920, Kansas City, Missouri.
Citation: Private First Class Willy F. James, Jr. distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism at
the risk of his own life on 7 April 1945 in the Weser River Valley, in the vicinity of Lippoldsberg,
Germany.
On 7 April 1945, Company G, 413th Infantry, fought its way across the Weser River in order to
establish a crucial bridgehead. The company then launched a fierce attack against the town of
Lippoldsberg, possession of which was vital to securing and expanding the important bridgehead.
Private First Class James was first scout of the lead squad in the assault platoon. The mission of
the unit was to seize and secure a group of houses on the edge of town, a foothold from which the
unit could launch an attack on the rest of the town. Far out in the front, Private First Class James
was the first to draw enemy fire. His platoon leader came forward to investigate, but poor
visibility made it difficult for Private First Class James to point out enemy positions with any
accuracy. Private First Class James volunteered to go forward to fully reconnoiter the enemy
situation. Furious crossfire from enemy snipers and machine guns finally pinned down Private
First Class James after he had made his way forward approximately 200 yards across open
terrain. Lying in an exposed position for more than an hour, Private First Class James intrepidly
observed the enemy’s positions, which were given away by the fire he was daringly drawing upon
himself. Then, with utter indifference to his personal safety, in a storm of enemy small arms fire,
Private First Class James made his way back more than 300 yards across open terrain under
enemy observation to his platoon positions, and gave a full detailed report on the enemy
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disposition. The unit worked out a new plan of maneuver based on Private First Class James’s
information. The gallant soldier volunteered to lead a squad in an assault on the key house in the
group that formed the platoon objective. He made his way forward, leading his squad in an
assault on the strongly-held enemy positions in the building and designating targets accurately
and continuously as he moved along. While doing so, Private First Class James saw his platoon
leader shot down by enemy snipers. Hastily designating and coolly orienting a leader in his place,
Private First Class James instantly went to the aid of his platoon leader, exposing himself
recklessly to the incessant enemy fire. As he was making his way across open ground, Private
First Class James was killed by a burst from an enemy machine gun. Private First Class James’s
extraordinarily heroic action in the face of withering enemy fire provided the disposition of
enemy troops to his platoon. Inspired to the utmost by Private First Class James’s self-sacrifice,
the platoon sustained the momentum of the assault and successfully accomplished its mission
with a minimum of casualties. Private First Class James contributed very definitely to the success
of his battalion in the vitally important combat operation of establishing and expanding a
bridgehead over the Weser River.
His fearless, self-assigned actions far above and beyond the normal call of duty exemplify the
finest traditions of the American combat soldier and reflect the highest credit upon Private First
Class James and the Armed Forces of the United States.
Kobashigawa, Yeiki
Rank and organization: Technical Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company B, 100th Infantry Battalion
(Separate), 34th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Lanuvio Italy, 2 June 1944. Entered
service at: Honolulu, Hawaii, 14 November 1941. Born: 28 September 1917, Hilo, Hawaii.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
Technical Sergeant Yeiki Kobashigawa distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action
on 2 June 1944, in the vicinity of Lanuvio Italy. During an attack, Technical Sergeant
Kobashigawa’s platoon encountered strong enemy resistance from a series of machine guns
providing supporting fire. Observing a machine gun nest 50 yards from his position, Technical
Sergeant Kobashigawa crawled forward with one of his men, threw a grenade and then charged
the enemy with his submachine gun while a fellow soldier provided covering fire. He killed one
enemy soldier and captured two prisoners. Meanwhile, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa and his
comrade were fired upon by another machine gun 50 yards ahead. Directing a squad to advance
to his first position, the Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa again moved forward with a fellow
soldier to subdue the second machine gun nest. After throwing grenades into the position,
Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa provided close supporting fire while a fellow soldier charged,
capturing four prisoners. On the alert for other machine gun nests, Technical Sergeant
Kobashigawa discovered four more, and skillfully led a squad in neutralizing two of them.
Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping
with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the
United States Army.
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Kuroda, Robert T.*
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company H, 442nd Regimental Combat Team.
Place and date: Near Bruyeres, France, 20 October 1944. Entered service: 23 March 1943. Born:
8 November 1922.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
Staff Sergeant Robert T. Kuroda distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action, on 20
October 1944, near Bruyeres, France. Leading his men in an advance to destroy snipers and
machine gun nests, Staff Sergeant Kuroda encountered heavy fire from enemy soldiers occupying
a heavily wooded slope. Unable to pinpoint the hostile machine gun, he boldly made his way
through heavy fire to the crest of the ridge. Once he located the machine gun, Staff Sergeant
Kuroda advanced to a point within 10 yards of the nest and killed three enemy gunners with
grenades. He then fired clip after clip of rifle ammunition, killing or wounding at least three of
the enemy. As he expended the last of his ammunition, he observed that an American officer had
been struck by a burst of fire from a hostile machine gun located on an adjacent hill. Rushing to
the officer’s assistance, he found that the officer had been killed. Picking up the officer’s
submachine gun, Staff Sergeant Kuroda advanced through continuous fire toward a second
machine gun emplacement and destroyed the position. As he turned to fire upon additional enemy
soldiers, he was killed by a sniper. Staff Sergeant Kuroda’s courageous actions and indomitable
fighting spirit ensured the destruction of enemy resistance in the sector.
Staff Sergeant Kuroda’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the
highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Moto, Kaoru*
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company C, 100th Infantry Battalion
(Separate), 34th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Castelina, Italy, 7 July 1944. Entered
service at: Honolulu, Hawaii, 7 July 1944. Born: unknown.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
Private First Class Kaoru Moto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7
July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. While serving as first scout, Private First Class Moto observed a
machine gun nest that was hindering his platoon’s progress. On his own initiative, he made his
way to a point 10 paces from the hostile position, and killed the enemy machine gunner.
Immediately, the enemy assistant gunner opened fire in the direction of Private First Class Moto.
Crawling to the rear of the position, Private First Class Moto surprised the enemy soldier, who
quickly surrendered. Taking his prisoner with him, Private First Class Moto took a position a few
yards from a house to prevent the enemy from using the building as an observation post. While
guarding the house and his prisoner, he observed an enemy machine gun team moving into
position. He engaged them, and with deadly fire forced the enemy to withdraw. An enemy sniper
located in another house fired at Private First Class Moto, severely wounding him. Applying first
aid to his wound, he changed position to elude the sniper fire and to advance. Finally relieved of
his position, he made his way to the rear for treatment. Crossing a road, he spotted an enemy
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machine gun nest. Opening fire, he wounded two of the three soldiers occupying the position. Not
satisfied with this accomplishment, he then crawled forward to a better position and ordered the
enemy soldier to surrender. Receiving no answer, Private First Class Moto fired at the position,
and the soldiers surrendered.
Private First Class Moto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the
highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Muranaga, Kiyoshi K.*
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company F, 442nd Infantry Regiment, 34th
Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Suvereto, Italy, 26 June 1944. Entered service at: 29 May
1943. Born: 16 February 1922.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
Private First Class Kiyoshi K. Muranaga distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action
on 26 June 1944, near Suvereto, Italy. Private First Class Muranaga’s company encountered a
strong enemy force in commanding positions and with superior firepower. An enemy 88mm self-
propelled gun opened direct fire on the company, causing the men to disperse and seek cover.
Private First Class Muranaga’s mortar squad was ordered to action, but the terrain made it
impossible to set up their weapons. The squad leader, realizing the vulnerability of the mortar
position, moved his men away from the gun to positions of relative safety. Because of the heavy
casualties being inflicted on his company, Private First Class Muranaga, who served as a gunner,
attempted to neutralize the 88mm weapon alone. Voluntarily remaining at his gun position,
Private First Class Muranaga manned the mortar himself and opened fire on the enemy gun at a
range of approximately 400 yards. With his third round, he was able to correct his fire so that the
shell landed directly in front of the enemy gun. Meanwhile, the enemy crew, immediately aware
of the source of mortar fire, turned their 88mm weapon directly on Private First Class Muranaga’s
position. Before Private First Class Muranaga could fire a fourth round, an 88mm shell scored a
direct hit on his position, killing him instantly. Because of the accuracy of Private First Class
Muranaga’s previous fire, the enemy soldiers decided not to risk further exposure and
immediately abandoned their position.
Private First Class Muranaga’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with
the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Nakae, Masato*
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company A, 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry
Regiment. Place and date: Near Pisa, Italy, 19 August 1944. Entered service at: Honolulu,
Hawaii, 8 February 1942. Born: unknown.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty:
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Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 19 August
1944, near Pisa, Italy. When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce
attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1
rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to
close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a
concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar
shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his
position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy
force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw.
Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Nakamine, Shinyei*
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company B, 100th Infantry Battalion (Separate), 34th
Infantry Division. Place and date: Near La Torreto, Italy, 2 June 1944. Entered service at:
Honolulu, Hawaii, 14 November 1941. Born: 26 February 1920.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Private Shinyei Nakamine distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June
1944, near La Torreto, Italy. During an attack, Private Nakamine’s platoon became pinned down
by intense machine gun crossfire from a small knoll 200 yards to the front. On his own initiative,
Private Nakamine crawled toward one of the hostile weapons. Reaching a point 25 yards from the
enemy, he charged the machine gun nest, firing his submachine gun, and killed three enemy
soldiers and captured two. Later that afternoon, Private Nakamine discovered an enemy soldier
on the right flank of his platoon’s position. Crawling 25 yards from his position, Private
Nakamine opened fire and killed the soldier. Then, seeing a machine gun nest to his front
approximately 75 yards away, he returned to his platoon and led an automatic rifle team toward
the enemy. Under covering fire from his team, Private Nakamine crawled to a point 25 yards from
the nest and threw hand grenades at the enemy soldiers, wounding one and capturing four.
Spotting another machine gun nest 100 yards to his right flank, he led the automatic rifle team
toward the hostile position but was killed by a burst of machine gun fire.
Private Nakamine’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Nakamura, William K.*
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company G, 442nd Regiment, 34th Infantry
Division. Place and date: Near Castellina, Italy, 4 July 1944. Entered service at: 27 July 1943.
Born: 21 January 1922.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
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Private First Class William K. Nakamura distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in
action on 4 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. During a fierce firefight, Private First Class
Nakamura’s platoon became pinned down by enemy machine gun fire from a concealed position.
On his own initiative, Private First Class Nakamura crawled 20 yards toward the hostile nest,
with fire from the enemy machine gun barely missing him. Reaching a point 15 yards from the
position, he quickly raised himself to a kneeling position and threw four hand grenades, killing or
wounding at least three of the enemy soldiers. The enemy weapon silenced, Private First Class
Nakamura crawled back to his platoon, which was able to continue its advance as a result of his
courageous action. Later, his company was ordered to withdraw from the crest of a hill so that a
mortar barrage could be placed on the ridge. On his own initiative, Private First Class Nakamura
remained in position to cover his comrades’ withdrawal. While moving toward the safety of a
wooded draw, his platoon became pinned down by deadly machine gun fire. Crawling to a point
from which he could fire on the enemy position, Private First Class Nakamura quickly and
accurately fired his weapon to pin down the enemy machine gunners. His platoon was then able
to withdraw to safety without further casualties. Private First Class Nakamura was killed during
this heroic stand.
Private First Class Nakamura’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with
the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Nishimoto, Joe M.*
Rank and organization: Private, First Class, U.S. Army, Company G, 442nd Regimental Combat
Team (Attached to the Third Battalion). Place and date: Vicinity of La Houssiere, France, 7
November 1944. Entered service: unknown. Born: circa 1920.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Private First Class Joe M. Nishimoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on
7 November 1944, near La Houssiere, France. After three days of unsuccessful attempts by his
company to dislodge the enemy from a strongly defended ridge, Private First Class Nishimoto, as
acting squad leader, boldly crawled forward through a heavily mined and booby-trapped area.
Spotting a machine gun nest, he hurled a grenade and destroyed the emplacement. Then, circling
to the rear of another machine gun position, he fired his submachine gun at point-blank range,
killing one gunner and wounding another. Pursuing two enemy riflemen, Private First Class
Nishimoto killed one, while the other hastily retreated. Continuing his determined assault, he
drove another machine gun crew from its position. The enemy, with their key strong points taken,
were forced to withdraw from this sector.
Private First Class Nishimoto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with
the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Ohata, Allan M.*
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company B, 100th Infantry Battalion
(Separate), 34th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Cerasuolo, 29-30 November 1943.
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Entered service at: Honolulu, Hawaii, 21 November 1941. Born: 13 September 1918, Honolulu,
Hawaii.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Sergeant Allan M. Ohata distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 and 30
November 1943, near Cerasuolo, Italy. Sergeant Ohata, his squad leader, and three men were
ordered to protect his platoon’s left flank against an attacking enemy force of 40 men, armed with
machine guns, machine pistols, and rifles. He posted one of his men, an automatic rifleman, on
the extreme left, 15 yards from his own position. Taking his position, Sergeant Ohata delivered
effective fire against the advancing enemy. The man to his left called for assistance when his
automatic rifle was shot and damaged. With utter disregard for his personal safety, Sergeant
Ohata left his position and advanced 15 yards through heavy machine gun fire. Reaching his
comrade’s position, he immediately fired upon the enemy, killing 10 enemy soldiers and
successfully covering his comrade’s withdrawal to replace his damaged weapon. Sergeant Ohata
and the automatic rifleman held their position and killed 37 enemy soldiers. Both men then
charged the three remaining soldiers and captured them. Later, Sergeant Ohata and the automatic
rifleman stopped another attacking force of 14, killing four and wounding three while the others
fled. The following day, he and the automatic rifleman held their flank with grim determination
and staved off all attacks.
Staff Sergeant Ohata’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Okubo, James K.
Congress approved P.L. 106-223 on June 20, 2000, removing the statutory time limit on the
award for Technician Fifth Grade Okubo.
Rank and organization: Technician Fifth Grade, Medical Corps, U.S. Army, Medical Detachment,
442nd Combat Team. Place and date: Near Biffontaine, France, 28 and 29 October and 4
November 1944. Entered service at: Alturas, California, 22 May 1943. Born: Anacortes,
Washington.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action
on 28 and 29 October and 4 November 1944, in the Forêt Domaniale de Champ, near Biffontaine,
eastern France. On 28 October, under strong enemy fire coming from behind mine fields and
roadblocks, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo, a medic, crawled 150 yards to within 40 yards of the
enemy lines. Two grenades were thrown at him while he left his last covered position to carry
back wounded comrades. Under constant barrages of enemy small arms and machine gun fire, he
treated 17 men on 28 October and 8 more men on 29 October. On 4 November, Technician Fifth
Grade Okubo ran 75 yards under grazing machine gun fire and, while exposed to hostile fire
directed at him, evacuated and treated a seriously wounded crewman from a burning tank, who
otherwise would have died.
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Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in
keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and
the United States Army.
Okutso, Yukio
Rank and organization: Technical Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company F, 442nd Regimental Combat
Team. Place and date: On Mount Belvedere near Massa, Italy, 7 April 1945. Entered service at:
Hanapepe, Hawaii, 12 March 1943. Born: 3 November 1921, Koloa, Hawaii.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Technical Sergeant Yukio Okutsu distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7
April 1945, on Mount Belvedere, Italy. While his platoon was halted by the crossfire of three
machine guns, Technical Sergeant Okutsu boldly crawled to within 30 yards of the nearest enemy
emplacement through heavy fire. He destroyed the position with two accurately placed hand
grenades, killing three machine gunners. Crawling and dashing from cover to cover, he threw
another grenade, silencing a second machine gun, wounding two enemy soldiers, and forcing two
others to surrender. Seeing a third machine gun, which obstructed his platoon’s advance, he
moved forward through heavy small arms fire and was stunned momentarily by rifle fire, which
glanced off his helmet. Recovering, he bravely charged several enemy riflemen with his
submachine gun, forcing them to withdraw from their positions. Then, rushing the machine gun
nest, he captured the weapon and its entire crew of four. By these single-handed actions he
enabled his platoon to resume its assault on a vital objective. The courageous performance of
Technical Sergeant Okutsu against formidable odds was an inspiration to all.
Technical Sergeant Okutsu’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the
highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Ono, Frank H.*
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company G, 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Place
and date: Near Castellina, Italy. Entered service at: Knox, Indiana, 2 September 1943. Born: 6
June 1923.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Private First Class Frank H. Ono distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 4
July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. In attacking a heavily defended hill, Private First Class Ono’s
squad was caught in a hail of formidable fire from the well-entrenched enemy. Private First Class
Ono opened fire with his automatic rifle and silenced one machine gun 300 hundred yards to the
right front. Advancing through incessant fire, he killed a sniper with another burst of fire, and
while his squad leader reorganized the rest of the platoon in the rear, he alone defended the
critical position. His weapon was then wrenched from his grasp by a burst of enemy machine
pistol fire as enemy troops attempted to close in on him. Hurling hand grenades, Private First
Class Ono forced the enemy to abandon the attempt, resolutely defending the newly won ground
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until the rest of the platoon moved forward. Taking a wounded comrade’s rifle, Private First Class
Ono again joined in the assault. After killing two more enemy soldiers, he boldly ran through
withering automatic, small arms, and mortar fire to render first aid to his platoon leader and a
seriously wounded rifleman. In danger of being encircled, the platoon was ordered to withdraw.
Volunteering to cover the platoon, Private First Class Ono occupied virtually unprotected
positions near the crest of the hill, engaging an enemy machine gun emplaced on an adjoining
ridge and exchanging fire with snipers armed with machine pistols. Completely disregarding his
own safety, he made himself the constant target of concentrated enemy fire until the platoon
reached the comparative safety of a draw. He then descended the hill in stages, firing his rifle,
until he rejoined the platoon.
Private First Class Ono’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the
highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Otani, Kazuo*
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company G, 442nd Infantry Regiment, 34th
Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Pieve di S. Luce, Italy, 15 July 1944. Entered service at:
Indianapolis, Indiana, 16 February 1942. Born: 2 June 1918.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Staff Sergeant Kazuo Otani distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 15 July
1944, near Pieve Di S. Luce, Italy. Advancing to attack a hill objective, Staff Sergeant Otani’s
platoon became pinned down in a wheat field by concentrated fire from enemy machine gun and
sniper positions. Realizing the danger confronting his platoon, Staff Sergeant Otani left his cover
and shot and killed a sniper who was firing with deadly effect upon the platoon. Followed by a
steady stream of machine gun bullets, Staff Sergeant Otani then dashed across the open wheat
field toward the foot of a cliff, and directed his men to crawl to the cover of the cliff. When the
movement of the platoon drew heavy enemy fire, he dashed along the cliff toward the left flank,
exposing himself to enemy fire. By attracting the attention of the enemy, he enabled the men
closest to the cliff to reach cover. Organizing these men to guard against possible enemy
counterattack, Staff Sergeant Otani again made his way across the open field, shouting
instructions to the stranded men while continuing to draw enemy fire. Reaching the rear of the
platoon position, he took partial cover in a shallow ditch and directed covering fire for the men
who had begun to move forward. At this point, one of his men became seriously wounded.
Ordering his men to remain under cover, Staff Sergeant Otani crawled to the wounded soldier,
who was lying on open ground in full view of the enemy. Dragging the wounded soldier to a
shallow ditch, Staff Sergeant Otani proceeded to render first aid treatment, but was mortally
wounded by machine gun fire.
Staff Sergeant Otani’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
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Rivers, Ruben*
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company A, 761st Tank Battalion. Place and
date: Near Guebling, France, 16 to 19 November 1944. Entered service: 15 January 1942. Born:
30 October 1918, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Citation: Staff Sergeant Ruben Rivers distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action
during 16-19 November 1944, while serving with Company A, 761st Tank Battalion.
On 16 November 1944, while advancing toward the town of Guebling, France, Staff Sergeant
Rivers’ tank hit a mine at a railroad crossing. Although severely wounded, his leg slashed to the
bone, Staff Sergeant Rivers declined an injection of morphine, refused to be evacuated, took
command of another tank, and advanced with his company into Guebling the next day.
Repeatedly refusing evacuation, Staff Sergeant Rivers continued to direct his tank’s fire at enemy
positions beyond the town through the morning of 19 November 1944. At dawn that day,
Company A’s tanks advanced toward Bourgaltroff, their next objective, but were stopped by
enemy fire. Captain David J. Williams, the company commander, ordered his tanks to withdraw
and take cover. Staff Sergeant Rivers, however radioed that he had spotted the German antitank
positions: “I see ‘em. We’ll fight ‘em!” Staff Sergeant Rivers, joined by another Company A tank,
opened fire on enemy tanks, covering Company A as they withdrew. While doing so, Staff
Sergeant Rivers’s tank was hit, killing him and wounding the rest of the crew.
Staff Sergeant Rivers’s fighting spirit and daring leadership were an inspiration to his unit and
exemplify the highest traditions of military service.
Sakato, George T.
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company E, 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Place
and date: Near Biffontaine, France, 29 October 1944. Entered service at: Fort Douglas, Utah, 1
March 1944. Born: 19 February 1921, Colton, California.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Private George T. Sakato distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 October
1944, on hill 617 in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France. After his platoon had virtually destroyed
two enemy defense lines, during which he personally killed five enemy soldiers and captured
four, his unit was pinned down by heavy enemy fire. Disregarding the enemy fire, Private Sakato
made a one-man rush that encouraged his platoon to charge and destroy the enemy strongpoint.
While his platoon was reorganizing, he proved to be the inspiration of his squad in halting a
counter-attack on the left flank during which his squad leader was killed. Taking charge of the
squad, he continued his relentless tactics, using an enemy rifle and P-38 pistol to stop an
organized enemy attack. During this entire action, he killed 12 and wounded two, personally
captured four, and assisted his platoon in taking 34 prisoners. By continuously ignoring enemy
fire, and by his gallant courage and fighting spirit, he turned impending defeat into victory and
helped his platoon complete its mission.
Private Sakato’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
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Salomon, Ben L.*
Congress approved the FY2002 National Defense Authorization Act, P.L. 107-107, Section 551,
on December 28, 2001, removing the statutory time limit on the award for Captain Salomon.
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Army 2nd Battalion, 105th Infantry Regiment, 27th Infantry
Division. Place and date: Saipan, Marianas Islands, 7 July 1944. Entered service: Denver,
Colorado. Born: 1 September 1914, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Captain Ben L. Salomon was serving at Saipan, in the Marianas Islands on July 7, 1944, as the
Surgeon for the 2d Battalion, 105th Infantry Regiment, 27th Infantry Division. The Regiment’s 1st
and 2d Battalions were attacked by an overwhelming force estimated between 3,000 and 5,000
Japanese soldiers. It was one of the largest attacks attempted in the Pacific Theater during World
War II. Although both units fought furiously, the enemy soon penetrated the Battalions’ combined
perimeter and inflicted overwhelming casualties. In the first minutes of the attack, approximately
30 wounded soldiers walked, crawled, or were carried into Captain Salomon’s aid station, and the
small tent soon filled with wounded men. As the perimeter began to be overrun, it became
increasingly difficult for Captain Salomon to work on the wounded. He then saw a Japanese
soldier bayoneting one of the wounded soldiers lying near the tent. Firing from a squatting
position, Captain Salomon quickly killed the enemy soldier. Then, as he turned his attention back
to the wounded, two more Japanese soldiers appeared in the front entrance of the tent. As these
enemy soldiers were killed, four more crawled under the tent walls. Rushing them, Captain
Salomon kicked the knife out of the hand of one, shot another, and bayoneted a third. Captain
Salomon butted the fourth enemy soldier in the stomach and a wounded comrade then shot and
killed the enemy soldier. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Captain Salomon ordered the
wounded to make their way as best they could back to the regimental aid station, while he
attempted to hold off the enemy until they were clear. Captain Salomon then grabbed a rifle from
one of the wounded and rushed out of the tent. After four men were killed while manning a
machine gun, Captain Salomon took control of it. When his body was later found, 98 dead enemy
soldiers were piled in front of his position.
Captain Salomon’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States
Army.
Tanouye, Ted T.*
Rank and organization: Technical Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company K, 442nd Infantry Regiment,
34th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Molino A Ventoabbto, Italy, 7 July 1944. Entered
service: 21 February 1942. Born: 14 November 1919.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Technical Sergeant Ted T. Tanouye distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7
July 1944, near Molino A Ventoabbto, Italy. Technical Sergeant Tanouye led his platoon in an
attack to capture the crest of a strategically important hill that afforded little cover. Observing an
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enemy machine gun crew placing its gun in position to his left front, Technical Sergeant Tanouye
crept forward a few yards and opened fire on the position, killing or wounding three and causing
two others to disperse. Immediately, an enemy machine pistol opened fire on him. He returned the
fire and killed or wounded three more enemy soldiers. While advancing forward, Technical
Sergeant Tanouye was subjected to grenade bursts, which severely wounded his left arm. Sighting
an enemy-held trench, he raked the position with fire from his submachine gun and wounded
several of the enemy. Running out of ammunition, he crawled 20 yards to obtain several clips
from a comrade on his left flank. Next, sighting an enemy machine pistol that had pinned down
his men, Technical Sergeant Tanouye crawled forward a few yards and threw a hand grenade into
the position, silencing the pistol. He then located another enemy machine gun firing down the
slope of the hill, opened fire on it, and silenced that position. Drawing fire from a machine pistol
nest located above him, he opened fire on it and wounded three of its occupants. Finally taking
his objective, Technical Sergeant Tanouye organized a defensive position on the reverse slope of
the hill before accepting first aid treatment and evacuation.
Technical Sergeant Tanouye’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the
highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Thomas, Charles L.*
Rank and organization: Lieutenant, Company C, 614th Tank Destroyer Battalion, U.S. Army.
Place and date: Near Climbach, France, 14 December 1944. Entered service: 20 January 1942.
Born: 17 April 1920, Birmingham, Alabama.
Citation: Then Lieutenant Charles L. Thomas distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in
action on 14 December 1944. One platoon of Company C, 614th Tank Destroyer Battalion, was
designated as the leading element in a task force formed to storm and capture the village of
Climbach, France.
Lieutenant Thomas, the commanding officer of Company C, realized, with the obscurity of
information regarding the enemy and a complete lack of reconnaissance, the mission would be an
extremely dangerous one. Fully cognizant of the danger, Lieutenant Thomas volunteered to
command the selected platoon of his company and ride in the column’s leading vehicle—a highly
maneuverable, but equally vulnerable, M-20 scout car. Lieutenant Thomas knew that if there was
a concentration of enemy armor in the village, as was believed, he would absorb the initial shock
of the first enemy resistance. The task force left Preuschdorf, France, at 1023 hours, and
proceeded to advance in column toward Climbach. Lieutenant Thomas in his scout car stayed
well in form of the column. At 1400 hours, upon reaching the high ground southeast of the
village, Lieutenant Thomas experienced initial contact with the enemy. As his scout car advanced
to an exposed position on the heights, he received intense direct fire from enemy artillery, self-
propelled guns, and small arms at a range of 700 yards. The first burst of hostile fire disabled the
scout car and severely wounded Lieutenant Thomas. He immediately signaled the column to halt.
Before leaving the wrecked vehicle, Lieutenant Thomas and the crew found themselves subjected
to a veritable hail of enemy fire. Lieutenant Thomas received multiple gunshot wounds in his
chest, legs, and left arm. In spite of the intense pain caused by his wounds, Lieutenant Thomas
ordered and directed the dispersion and emplacement of his first two antitank guns. In a few
minutes these guns were effectively returning the enemy fire. Realizing that it would be
impossible for him to remain in command of the platoon because of his injuries, Lieutenant
Thomas then signaled for the platoon commander to join him. Lieutenant Thomas then
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thoroughly oriented him as to the enemy gun positions, his ammunition status, and the general
situation. Although fully cognizant of the probable drastic consequences of not receiving prompt
medical attention, Lieutenant Thomas refused evacuation until he felt certain that his junior
officer was in full control of the situation. Only then did Lieutenant Thomas allow his evacuation
to the rear. Throughout the action, Lieutenant Thomas displayed magnificent personal courage
and a complete disregard for his own safety. His extraordinary heroism spurred the soldiers of the
platoon to a fierce determination to triumph, and resulted in a mass display of heroism by them.
Lieutenant Thomas’s intrepid actions throughout the operation reflect the highest traditions of
military service.
Urban, Matt
Lieutenant Urban’s recommendation was delayed due to administrative error. The law provides
that in such cases time limitations may be waived.5
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, Second Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, Ninth
Infantry Division, U.S. Army. Place and date: Renouf, St. Lo, France, the Meuse River near Heer,
Belgium, 14 June to 3 September 1944. Entered service at: Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 2 July
1941. Born: 25 August 1919, Buffalo, New York.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of life above and beyond
the call of duty:
During the period 14 June to 3 September 1944, Lieutenant Colonel (then Captain) Matt Urban
distinguished himself by a series of bold, heroic actions, exemplified by singularly outstanding
combat leadership, personal bravery, and tenacious devotion to duty, while assigned to the Second
Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, Ninth Infantry Division. On 14 June, Captain Urban’s
company, attacking at Renouf, France, encountered heavy enemy small arms and tank fire. The
enemy tanks were unmercifully raking his unit’s positions and inflicting heavy casualties. Captain
Urban, realizing that his company was in imminent danger of being decimated, armed himself
with a bazooka. He worked his way with an ammo carrier through hedgerows, under a continuing
barrage of fire, to a point near the tanks. He brazenly exposed himself to the enemy fire and,
firing the bazooka, destroyed both tanks. Responding to Captain Urban’s action, his company
moved forward and routed the enemy. Later that same day, still in the attack near Orglandes,
Captain Urban was wounded in the leg by direct fire from a 37mm tank-gun. He refused
evacuation and continued to lead his company until they moved into defensive positions for the
night. At 0500 hours the next day, still in the attack near Orglandes, Captain Urban, though badly
wounded, directed his company in another attack. One hour later he was again wounded.
Suffering from two wounds, one serious, he was evacuated to England. In mid-July, while
recovering from his wounds, he learned of his unit’s severe losses in the hedgerows of Normandy.
Realizing his unit’s need for battle-tested leaders, he voluntarily left the hospital and hitchhiked
his way back to his unit near St. Lo, France. Arriving at the Second Battalion Command Post at
1130 hours, 25 July, he found that his unit had jumped-off at 1100 hours in the first attack of
“Operation Cobra.” Still limping from his leg wound, Captain Urban made his way forward to
retake command of his company. He found his company held up by strong enemy opposition.
Two supporting tanks had been destroyed and another, intact but with no tank commander or
5 10 U.S.C. §3744, 6248, 8744.
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gunner, was not moving. He located a lieutenant in charge of the support tanks and directed a plan
of attack to eliminate the enemy strong-point. The lieutenant and a sergeant were immediately
killed by the heavy enemy fire when they tried to mount the tank. Captain Urban, though
physically hampered by his leg wound and knowing quick action had to be taken, dashed through
the scathing fire and mounted the tank. With enemy bullets ricocheting from the tank, Captain
Urban ordered the tank forward and, completely exposed to the enemy fire, manned the machine
gun and placed devastating fire on the enemy. His action, in the face of enemy fire, galvanized the
battalion into action, and they attacked and destroyed the enemy position. On 2 August, Captain
Urban was wounded in the chest by shell fragments and, disregarding the recommendation of the
Battalion Surgeon, again refused evacuation. On 6 August, Captain Urban became the
commander of the Second Battalion. On 15 August, he was again wounded but remained with his
unit. On 3 September, the Second Battalion was given the mission of establishing a crossing-point
on the Meuse River near Heer, Belgium. The enemy planned to stop the advance of the allied
Army by concentrating heavy forces at the Meuse. The Second Battalion, attacking toward the
crossing-point, encountered fierce enemy artillery, small arms, and mortar fire, which stopped the
attack. Captain Urban quickly moved from his command post to the lead position of the battalion.
Reorganizing the attacking elements, he personally led a charge toward the enemy’s strong-point.
As the charge moved across the open terrain, Captain Urban was seriously wounded in the neck.
Although unable to talk above a whisper from the paralyzing neck wound, and in danger of losing
his life, he refused to be evacuated until the enemy was routed and his battalion had secured the
crossing-point on the Meuse River.
Captain Urban’s personal leadership, limitless bravery, and repeated extraordinary exposure to
enemy fire served as an inspiration to his entire battalion. His valorous and intrepid actions reflect
the utmost credit on him and uphold the noble traditions of the United States Army.
Wai, Francis B.*
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Infantry Headquarters, 34th Infantry Regiment, U.S. Army.
Place and date: Near Leyte, Philippine Islands, 20 October 1944. Entered service: unknown.
Born: unknown.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Captain Francis B. Wai distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action, on 20 October
1944, in Leyte, Philippine Islands. Captain Wai landed at Red Beach, Leyte, in the face of
accurate, concentrated enemy fire from gun positions advantageously located in a palm grove
bounded by submerged rice paddies. Finding the first four waves of American soldiers leaderless,
disorganized, and pinned down on the open beach, he immediately assumed command. Issuing
clear and concise orders, and disregarding heavy enemy machine gun and rifle fire, he began to
move inland through the rice paddies without cover. The men, inspired by his cool demeanor and
heroic example, rose from their positions and followed him. During the advance, Captain Wai
repeatedly determined the locations of enemy strong points by deliberately exposing himself to
draw their fire. In leading an assault upon the last remaining Japanese pillbox in the area, he was
killed by its occupants. Captain Wai’s courageous, aggressive leadership inspired the men, even
after his death, to advance and destroy the enemy. His intrepid and determined efforts were
largely responsible for the rapidity with which the initial beachhead was secured.
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Captain Wai’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Watson, George*
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Second Battalion, 29th Quartermaster Regiment.
Place and date: Near Porlock Harbor, New Guinea, 8 March 1943. Entered service: 1 September
1942. Born: 24 March 1914, Birmingham, Alabama.
Citation: Private George Watson distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism on 8 March
1943, while serving in the Pacific Command with the Second Battalion, 29th Quartermaster
Regiment, near Porlock Harbor, New Guinea.
Private Watson was on board a troop ship, the Dutch Steamer (United States Army Transport)
Jacob, when it was attacked and hit by enemy bombers. Before it sank, the ship was abandoned.
Private Watson, instead of seeking to save himself, remained in deep waters long enough to assist
several soldiers who could not swim to reach the safety of a life raft. This heroic action, which
subsequently cost him his life, resulted in saving the lives of several of his comrades. Weakened
by continuous physical exertion and overcome by muscular fatigue, Private Watson drowned
when the suction of the sinking ship dragged him beneath the surface of the swirling waters. His
demonstrated bravery and unselfish act set in motion a train of compelling events that finally led
to American victory in the Pacific.
Private Watson’s extraordinary valorous actions, his daring and inspiring leadership, and his self-
sacrificing devotion to his fellow man exemplify the finest traditions of military service.
Korean War
Kaho’ohanohano, Anthony T.*
Rank and organization: Private First Class, Company H, 17th Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry
Division, U.S. Army. Place and date: Chupa-ri, Korea, 1 September, 1951. Entered service in
Hawaii. Born: 1930. Place of birth: unknown
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Private First Class Anthony T. Kaho'ohanohano, Company H, 17th Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry
Division, distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action against the enemy in the
vicinity of Chupa-ri, Korea, on 1 September 1951. On that date, Private First Class
Kaho'ohanohano was in charge of a machine-gun squad supporting the defensive positioning of
Company F when a numerically superior enemy force launched a fierce attack. Because of the
enemy’s overwhelming numbers, friendly troops were forced to execute a limited withdrawal. As
the men fell back, Private First Class Kaho'ohanohano ordered his squad to take up more
defensible positions and provide covering fire for the withdrawing friendly force. Although
having been wounded in the shoulder during the initial enemy assault, Private First Class
Kaho'ohanohano gathered a supply of grenades and ammunition and returned to his original
position to face the enemy alone. As the hostile troops concentrated their strength against his
emplacement in an effort to overrun it, Private First Class Kaho'ohanohano fought fiercely and
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courageously, delivering deadly accurate fire into the ranks of the onrushing enemy. When his
ammunition was depleted, he engaged the enemy in hand-to-hand combat until he was killed.
Private First Class Kaho'ohanohano’s heroic stand so inspired his comrades that they launched a
counterattack that completely repulsed the enemy. Upon reaching Private First Class
Kaho'ohanohano’s emplacement, friendly troops discovered 11 enemy soldiers lying dead in front
of the emplacement and two inside it, killed in hand-to-hand combat. Private First Class
Kaho'ohanohano’s extraordinary heroism and selfless devotion to duty are in keeping with the
finest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, the 7th Infantry Division,
and the United States Army.
Kapaun, Emil Joseph.*
Rank and organization: Captain (Chaplain), 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry
Division, U.S. Army. Place and date: Unsan, Korea, November 1-2, 1950. Entered Service at:
Kansas. Born: 20 April 1916, Pilsen, Kansas.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the
call of duty while serving with the 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division during
combat operations against an armed enemy at Unsan, Korea, from November 1-2, 1950.
On November 1, as Chinese Communist Forces viciously attacked friendly elements, Chaplain
Kapaun calmly walked through withering enemy fire in order to provide comfort and medical aid
to his comrades and rescue friendly wounded from no-man’s land. Though the Americans
successfully repelled the assault, they found themselves surrounded by the enemy. Facing
annihilation, the able-bodied men were ordered to evacuate. However, Chaplain Kapaun, fully
aware of his certain capture, elected to stay behind with the wounded. After the enemy succeeded
in breaking through the defense in the early morning hours of November 2, Chaplain Kapaun
continually made rounds, as hand-to-hand combat ensued. As Chinese Communist Forces
approached the American position, Chaplain Kapaun noticed an injured Chinese officer amongst
the wounded and convinced him to negotiate the safe surrender of the American Forces. Shortly
after his capture, Chaplain Kapaun, with complete disregard for his personal safety and
unwavering resolve, bravely pushed aside an enemy soldier preparing to execute Sergeant First
Class Herbert A. Miller. Not only did Chaplain Kapaun’s gallantry save the life of Sergeant
Miller, but also his unparalleled courage and leadership inspired all those present, including those
who might have otherwise fled in panic, to remain and fight the enemy until captured. Chaplain
Kapaun’s extraordinary heroism and selflessness, above and beyond the call of duty, are in
keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, the
3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, the 1st Cavalry Division, and the United States Army.
President Barack Obama presented the Medal of Honor to Kapaun’s nephew at the White House
on April 11, 2013.
Keeble, Woodrow W.
Congress approved P.L. 110-28, Section 3308, on May 25, 2007, removing the statutory time
limit on the award for Master Sergeant Keeble.
Rank and organization: Master Sergeant, Company G, 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment, 24th
Infantry Division, U.S. Army. Place and date: Sangsan-ni, Korea, October 20, 1951. Entered
service at: Wahpeton, ND. Born: 16 May 1917, Waubay, South Dakota.
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Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Master Sergeant Woodrow W. Keeble distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity
above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy near Sangsan-ni, Korea, on
October 20, 1951. On that day, Master Sergeant Keeble was an acting platoon leader for the
support platoon in Company G, 19th Infantry, in the attack on Hill 765, a steep and rugged
position that was well defended by the enemy. Leading the support platoon, Master Sergeant
Keeble saw that the attacking elements had become pinned down on the slope by heavy enemy
fire from three well-fortified and strategically placed enemy positions. With complete disregard
for his personal safety, Master Sergeant Keeble dashed forward and joined the pinned-down
platoon. Then, hugging the ground, Master Sergeant Keeble crawled forward alone until he was
in close proximity to one of the hostile machine-gun emplacements. Ignoring the heavy fire that
the crew trained on him, Master Sergeant Keeble activated a grenade and threw it with great
accuracy, successfully destroying the position. Continuing his one-man assault, he moved to the
second enemy position and destroyed it with another grenade. Despite the fact that the enemy
troops were now directing their firepower against him and unleashing a shower of grenades in a
frantic attempt to stop his advance, he moved forward against the third hostile emplacement, and
skillfully neutralized the remaining enemy position. As his comrades moved forward to join him,
Master Sergeant Keeble continued to direct accurate fire against nearby trenches, inflicting heavy
casualties on the enemy. Inspired by his courage, Company G successfully moved forward and
seized its important objective. The extraordinary courage, selfless service, and devotion to duty
displayed that day by Master Sergeant Keeble was an inspiration to all around him and reflected
great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Rubin, Tibor
Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army. Place and date: Republic of Korea, July 23, 1950
to April 20, 1953. Entered service at: unknown. Born: 18 June 1929, Hungary.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Corporal Tibor Rubin distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism during the period from July
23, 1950, to April 20, 1953, while serving as a rifleman with Company I, 8th Cavalry Regiment,
1st Cavalry Division in the Republic of Korea. While his unit was retreating to the Pusan
Perimeter, Corporal Rubin was assigned to stay behind to keep open the vital Taegu-Pusan Road
link used by his withdrawing unit. During the ensuing battle, overwhelming numbers of North
Korean troops assaulted a hill defended solely by Corporal Rubin. He inflicted a staggering
number of casualties on the attacking force during his personal 24-hour battle, single-handedly
slowing the enemy advance and allowing the 8th Cavalry Regiment to complete its withdrawal
successfully. Following the breakout from the Pusan Perimeter, the 8th Cavalry Regiment
proceeded northward and advanced into North Korea. During the advance, he helped capture
several hundred North Korean soldiers. On October 30, 1950, Chinese forces attacked his unit at
Unsan, North Korea, during a massive nighttime assault. That night and throughout the next day,
he manned a .30 caliber machine gun at the south end of the unit’s line after three previous
gunners became casualties. He continued to man his machine gun until his ammunition was
exhausted. His determined stand slowed the pace of the enemy advance in his sector, permitting
the remnants of his unit to retreat southward. As the battle raged, Corporal Rubin was severely
wounded and captured by the Chinese. Choosing to remain in the prison camp despite offers from
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the Chinese to return him to his native Hungary, Corporal Rubin disregarded his own personal
safety and immediately began sneaking out of the camp at night in search of food for his
comrades. Breaking into enemy food storehouses and gardens, he risked certain torture or death if
caught. Corporal Rubin provided not only food to the starving Soldiers, but also desperately
needed medical care and moral support for the sick and wounded of the POW camp. His brave,
selfless efforts were directly attributed to saving the lives of as many as forty of his fellow
prisoners. Corporal Rubin’s gallant actions in close contact with the enemy and unyielding
courage and bravery while a prisoner of war are in the highest traditions of military service and
reflect great credit upon himself and the United States Army.
Svehla, Henry*
Rank and Organization: Private First Class, F Company, 32nd Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry
Division, U.S. Army. Place and Date: Pyongong, Korea, 12 June, 1952. Entered service at: New
Jersey. Born: 1932, New Jersey.
Citation: Private First Class Henry Svehla distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and
intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a Rifleman with F Company, 32d
Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division, in connection with combat operations against an armed
enemy in Pyongong, Korea, on 12 June 1952.
That afternoon while Private First Class Svehla and his platoon were patrolling a strategic hill to
determine enemy strength and positions, they were subjected to intense enemy automatic
weapons and small arms fire at the top of the hill. Coming under the heavy fire, the platoon’s
attack began to falter. Realizing the success of the mission and the safety of the remaining troops
were in peril, Private First Class Svehla leapt to his feet and charged the enemy positions, firing
his weapon and throwing grenades as he advanced. In the face of this courage and determination,
the platoon rallied to the attack with renewed vigor. Private First Class Svehla, utterly
disregarding his own safety, destroyed enemy positions and inflicted heavy casualties, when
suddenly fragments from a mortar round exploding nearby seriously wounded him in the face.
Despite his wounds, Private First Class Svehla refused medical treatment and continued to lead
the attack. When an enemy grenade landed among a group of his comrades, Private First Class
Svehla, without hesitation and undoubtedly aware of the extreme danger, threw himself upon the
grenade. During this action, Private First Class Svehla was mortally wounded. Private First Class
Svehla’s extraordinary heroism and selflessness at the cost of his own life, above and beyond the
call of duty, are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great
credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Vietnam War
Benavidez, Roy P.
Congress approved Private Law 96-81, December 18, 1980, removing the statutory time limit on
the award for Master Sergeant Benavidez.
Rank and organization: Master Sergeant, Detachment B-56, Fifth Special Forces Group, Republic
of Vietnam. Place and Date: West of Loc Ninh on 2 May 1968. Entered Service at: Houston,
Texas, June 1955. Born: 5 August 1935, DeWitt County, Cuero, Texas.
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Citation: Master Sergeant (then Staff Sergeant) Roy P. Benavidez, United States Army, who
distinguished himself by a series of daring and extremely valorous actions on 2 May 1968 while
assigned to Detachment B 56, Fifth Special Forces Group (Airborne), First Special Forces,
Republic of Vietnam.
On the morning of 2 May 1968, a 12-man Special Forces Reconnaissance Team was inserted by
helicopters in a dense jungle area west of Loc Ninh, Vietnam, to gather intelligence information
about confirmed large-scale enemy activity. This area was controlled and routinely patrolled by
the North Vietnamese Army. After a short period of time on the ground, the team met heavy
enemy resistance, and requested emergency extraction. Three helicopters attempted extraction,
but were unable to land due to intense enemy small arms and anti-aircraft fire. Sergeant
Benavidez was at the Forward Operating Base in Loc Ninh monitoring the operation by radio
when these helicopters returned to off-load wounded crew members and to assess aircraft
damage. Sergeant Benavidez voluntarily boarded a returning aircraft to assist in another
extraction attempt. Realizing that all the team members were either dead or wounded and unable
to move to the pickup zone, he directed the aircraft to a nearby clearing, where he jumped from
the hovering helicopter and ran approximately 75 meters under withering small arms fire to the
crippled team. Prior to reaching the team’s position he was wounded in his right leg, face, and
head. Despite these painful injuries, he took charge, repositioning the team members and
directing their fire to facilitate the landing of an extraction aircraft, and the loading of wounded
and dead team members. He then threw smoke canisters to direct the aircraft to the team’s
position. Despite his severe wounds and under intense enemy fire, he carried and dragged half of
the wounded team members to the awaiting aircraft. He then provided protective fire by running
alongside the aircraft as it moved to pick up the remaining team members. As the enemy’s fire
intensified, he hurried to recover the body and classified documents on the dead team leader.
When he reached the leader’s body, Sergeant Benavidez was severely wounded by small arms fire
in the abdomen and grenade fragments in his back. At nearly the same moment, the aircraft pilot
was mortally wounded, and his helicopter crashed. Although in extremely critical condition due
to his multiple wounds, Sergeant Benavidez secured the classified documents and made his way
back to the wreckage, where he aided the wounded out of the overturned aircraft, and gathered
the stunned survivors into a defensive perimeter. Under increasing enemy automatic weapons and
grenade fire, he moved around the perimeter distributing water and ammunition to his weary men,
re-instilling in them a will to live and fight. Facing a buildup of enemy opposition with a
beleaguered team, Sergeant Benavidez mustered his strength, began calling in tactical air strikes,
and directed the fire from supporting gunships to suppress the enemy’s fire and so permit another
extraction attempt. He was wounded again in his thigh by small arms fire while administering
first aid to a wounded team member just before another extraction helicopter was able to land.
His indomitable spirit kept him going as he began to ferry his comrades to the craft. On his
second trip with the wounded, he was clubbed from additional wounds to his head and arms6
before killing his adversary. He then continued under devastating fire to carry the wounded to the
helicopter. Upon reaching the aircraft, he spotted and killed two enemy soldiers who were rushing
the craft from an angle that prevented the aircraft door gunner from firing upon them. With little
strength remaining, he made one last trip to the perimeter to ensure that all classified material had
been collected or destroyed, and to bring in the remaining wounded. Only then, in extremely
serious condition from numerous wounds and loss of blood, did he allow himself to be pulled into
the extraction aircraft. Sergeant Benavidez’s gallant choice to join voluntarily his comrades who
6 Omission of words in this phrase occurred in the original official citation.
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were in critical straits, to expose himself constantly to withering enemy fire, and his refusal to be
stopped despite numerous severe wounds, saved the lives of at least eight men.
His fearless personal leadership, tenacious devotion to duty, and extremely valorous actions in the
face of overwhelming odds were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service, and
reflect the utmost credit on him and the United States Army.
Cook, Donald G.*
Colonel Cook received his MOH for his heroic behavior while being held as a POW in North
Vietnam. News of his deeds could not be obtained until POWs with whom he had served were
repatriated. The law provides that time limitations may be waived in such cases.7
Rank and organization: Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps. Place and date: Binh Gia, Phovc Tuy
Province, South Vietnam, 31 December 1964. Entered service at: Quantico, Virginia. Born: 9
August 1934, Brooklyn, New York.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty while interned as Prisoner of War by the Viet Cong in the Republic of Vietnam during the
period 31 December 1964 to 8 December 1967.
Despite the fact that by so doing he knew he would bring about harsher treatment for himself,
Colonel (then Captain) Cook established himself as the senior prisoner, even though in actuality
he was not. Repeatedly assuming more than his share of the manual labor in order that the
Prisoners of War could improve the state of their health, Colonel Cook willingly and unselfishly
put the interests of his comrades before that of his own well-being and, eventually, his life.
Giving more needy men his medicine and drug allowance while constantly nursing them, he
risked infection from contagious diseases while in a rapidly deteriorating state of health. This
unselfish and exemplary conduct, coupled with his refusal to stray even the slightest from the
Code of Conduct, earned him the deepest respect from not only his fellow prisoners, but his
captors as well. Rather than negotiate for his own release or better treatment, he steadfastly
frustrated attempts by the Viet Cong to break his indomitable spirit, and passed this same resolve
on to the men with whose well-being he so closely associated himself. Knowing his refusals
would prevent his release prior to the end of the war, and also knowing his chances for prolonged
survival would be small in the event of continued refusal, he chose nevertheless to adhere to a
Code of Conduct far above that which could be expected.
His personal valor and exceptional spirit of loyalty in the face of almost certain death reflected
the highest credit upon Colonel Cook, the Marine Corps, and the United States Naval Service.
Crandall, Bruce P.
Congress approved the FY1996 National Defense Authorization Act, P.L. 104-106, Section 522,
on February 10, 1996, waiving the statutory time limit on any award or decoration for an act of
valor performed while serving on active duty during the Vietnam era.
7 10 U.S.C. §3744, 6248, 8744.
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Rank and Organization: Major, Company A, 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion, 1st Cavalry
Division (Airmobile), U.S. Army. Place and date: Ia Drang Valley, Republic of Vietnam, 14
November 1965. Place and date of birth: Olympia, Washington, 1933.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the
call of duty: Major Bruce P. Crandall distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism as a Flight
Commander in the Republic of Vietnam, while serving with Company A, 229th Assault Helicopter
Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile).
On 14 November 1965, his flight of 16 helicopters was lifting troops for a search and destroy
mission from Plei Me, Vietnam, to Landing Zone X-Ray in the Ia Drang Valley. On the fourth
troop lift, the airlift began to take enemy fire, and by the time the aircraft had refueled and
returned for the next troop lift, the enemy had Landing Zone X-Ray targeted. As Major Crandall
and the first eight helicopters landed to discharge troops on his fifth troop lift, his unarmed
helicopter came under such intense enemy fire that the ground commander ordered the second
flight of eight aircraft to abort their mission. As Major Crandall flew back to Plei Me, his base of
operations, he determined that the ground commander of the besieged infantry battalion
desperately needed more ammunition. Major Crandall then decided to adjust his base of
operations to Artillery Firebase Falcon in order to shorten the flight distance to deliver
ammunition and evacuate wounded soldiers. While medical evacuation was not his mission, he
immediately sought volunteers and with complete disregard for his own personal safety, led the
two aircraft to Landing Zone X-Ray. Despite the fact that the landing zone was still under
relentless enemy fire, Major Crandall landed and proceeded to supervise the loading of seriously
wounded soldiers aboard his aircraft. Major Crandall’s voluntary decision to land under the most
extreme fire instilled in the other pilots the will and spirit to continue to land their own aircraft,
and in the ground forces the realization that they would be resupplied and that friendly wounded
would be promptly evacuated. This greatly enhanced morale and the will to fight at a critical
time. After his first medical evacuation, Major Crandall continued to fly into and out of the
landing zone throughout the day and into the evening. That day he completed a total of 22 flights,
most under intense enemy fire, retiring from the battlefield only after all possible service had
been rendered to the Infantry battalion. His actions provided critical resupply of ammunition and
evacuation of the wounded. Major Crandall’s daring acts of bravery and courage in the face of an
overwhelming and determined enemy are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military
service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Etchberger, Richard L.*
Rank and Organization: Chief Master Sergeant, Detachment 1, 1043rd Radar Evaluation
Squadron, U.S. Air Force. Place and Date: Phou Pha Thi, Laos, 11 March, 1968. Entered service
at: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Born: 5 March 1933. Place of birth: unknown.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and
beyond the call of duty.
Chief Etchberger and his team of technicians were manning a top secret defensive position at
Lima Site 85 when the base was overrun by an enemy ground force. Receiving sustained and
withering heavy artillery attacks directly upon his unit’s position, Chief Etchberger’s entire crew
lay dead or severely wounded. Despite having received little or no combat training, Chief
Etchberger single-handedly held off the enemy with an M-16, while simultaneously directing air
strikes into the area and calling for air rescue. Because of his fierce defense and heroic and
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selfless actions, he was able to deny the enemy access to his position and save the lives of his
remaining crew. With the arrival of the rescue aircraft, Chief Etchberger, without hesitation,
repeatedly and deliberately risked his own life, exposing himself to heavy enemy fire in order to
place three surviving wounded comrades into rescue slings hanging from the hovering helicopter
waiting to airlift them to safety. With his remaining crew safely aboard, Chief Etchberger finally
climbed into an evacuation sling himself, only to be fatally wounded by enemy ground fire as he
was being raised into the aircraft. Chief Etchberger’s bravery and determination in the face of
persistent enemy fire and overwhelming odds are in keeping with the highest standards of
performance and traditions of military service. Chief Etchberger’s gallantry, self-sacrifice, and
profound concern for his fellow men at risk of his life, above and beyond the call of duty, reflect
the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force.
Freeman, Ed W.
Congress approved P.L. 106-223 on June 20, 2000, removing the statutory time limit on the
award for Captain Freeman.
Rank and organization: Captain, 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division
(Airmobile), U.S. Army. Place and date: Ia Drang Valley, Republic of Vietnam. Entered service
at: Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 13 September 1948. Born: 20 November 1927, Neely, Mississippi.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Captain Ed W. Freeman, United States Army, distinguished himself by numerous acts of
conspicuous gallantry and extraordinary intrepidity on 14 November 1965 while serving with
Company A, 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). As a flight
leader and second in command of a 16-helicopter lift unit, he supported a heavily engaged
American infantry battalion at Landing Zone X-Ray in the Ia Drang Valley, Republic of Vietnam.
The unit was almost out of ammunition after taking some of the heaviest casualties of the war,
fighting off a relentless attack from a highly motivated, heavily armed enemy force. When the
infantry commander closed the helicopter landing zone due to intense direct enemy fire, Captain
Freeman risked his own life by flying his unarmed helicopter through a gauntlet of enemy fire
time after time, delivering critically needed ammunition, water and medical supplies to the
besieged battalion. His flights had a direct impact on the battle’s outcome by providing the
engaged units with timely supplies of ammunition critical to their survival, without which they
would almost surely have gone down, with much greater loss of life. After medical evacuation
helicopters refused to fly into the area due to intense enemy fire, Captain Freeman flew 14
separate rescue missions, providing life-saving evacuation of an estimated 30 seriously wounded
soldiers—some of whom would not have survived had he not acted. All flights were made into a
small emergency landing zone within 100 to 200 meters of the defensive perimeter where heavily
committed units were perilously holding off the attacking elements. Captain Freeman’s selfless
acts of great valor, extraordinary perseverance and intrepidity were far above and beyond the call
of duty or mission and set a superb example of leadership and courage for all of his peers.
Captain Freeman’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit and the United States
Army.
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Ingram, Robert R.
Congress approved P.L. 105-103, November 20, 1997, removing the statutory time limit on the
award for Petty Officer Ingram.
Rank and organization: Hospital Corpsman Third Class, U.S. Navy, serving with Company C,
First Battalion, Seventh Marines. Place and date: Ngai Province, Republic of Vietnam, 28 March
1966. Entered service at: Jacksonville, Florida, 30 September 1963. Born: 10 January 1945,
Clearwater, Florida.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty while serving as Corpsman with Company C, First Battalion, Seventh Marines, against
elements of a North Vietnam Aggressor (NVA) battalion in Quang Ngai Province, Republic of
Vietnam on March 28, 1966.
Petty Officer Ingram accompanied the point platoon as it aggressively engaged an outpost of an
NVA battalion. As the battle moved off a ridge line, down a tree-covered slope, to a small rice
paddy and a village beyond, a tree line suddenly exploded with an intense hail of automatic rifle
fire from approximately 100 North Vietnamese regulars. In moments, the platoon was decimated.
Oblivious to the danger, Petty Officer Ingram crawled across the battlefield to reach a downed
Marine. As he administered aid, a bullet went through the palm of his hand. Calls for “corpsmen”
echoed across the ridge. Bleeding, he edged across the fire-swept landscape, collecting
ammunition from the dead and administering aid to the wounded. Receiving two more wounds,
with the third wound being a life-threatening one, he looked for a way off the face of the ridge,
but again he heard the call for help and again he resolutely answered. He gathered magazines,
resupplied and encouraged those capable of returning fire, and rendered aid to the more severely
wounded until he finally reached the right flank of the platoon. While dressing the head wound of
another corpsman, he sustained his fourth bullet wound. From 1600 hours until almost sunset,
Petty Officer Ingram pushed, pulled, cajoled, and doctored his Marines. Enduring the pain from
his many wounds and disregarding the probability of his own death, Petty Officer Ingram’s
gallant actions saved many lives. By his indomitable fighting spirit, daring initiative, and
unfaltering dedication to duty, Petty Officer Ingram reflected great credit upon himself and
upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
Pitsenbarger, William H.*
Congress approved the FY2001 National Defense Authorization Act, P.L. 106-398, Section 548,
removing the statutory time limit on the award for Airman First Class Pitsenbarger.
Rank and organization: Airman First Class, Pararescue Crew Member, Detachment 6, 38th
Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron, U.S. Air Force. Place and date: Near Cam My,
Republic of Vietnam. Entered service at: Piqua, Ohio, 31 December 1962. Born: 8 July 1944,
Piqua, Ohio.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Airman First Class Pitsenbarger distinguished himself by extreme valor on 11 April 1966 near
Cam My, Republic of Vietnam, while assigned as a Pararescue Crew Member, Detachment 6, 38th
Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron. On that date, Airman Pitsenbarger was aboard a
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rescue helicopter responding to a call for evacuation of casualties incurred in an ongoing firefight
between elements of the United States Army’s 1st Infantry Division and a sizeable enemy force
approximately 35 miles east of Saigon. With complete disregard for personal safety, Airman
Pitsenbarger volunteered to ride a hoist more than one hundred feet through the jungle, to the
ground. On the ground, he organized and coordinated rescue efforts, cared for the wounded,
prepared casualties for evacuation, and insured that the recovery operation continued in a smooth
and orderly fashion. Through his personal efforts, the evacuation of the wounded was greatly
expedited. As each of the nine casualties evacuated that day was recovered, Airman Pitsenbarger
refused evacuation in order to get more wounded soldiers to safety. After several pick-ups, one of
the two rescue helicopters involved in the evacuation was struck by heavy enemy ground fire and
was forced to leave the scene for an emergency landing. Airman Pitsenbarger stayed behind on
the ground to perform medical duties. Shortly thereafter, the area came under sniper and mortar
fire. During a subsequent attempt to evacuate the site, American forces came under heavy assault
by a large Viet Cong force. When the enemy launched the assault, the evacuation was called off
and Airman Pitsenbarger took up arms with the besieged infantrymen. He courageously resisted
the enemy, braving intense gunfire to gather and distribute vital ammunition to American
defenders. As the battle raged on, he repeatedly exposed himself to enemy fire to care for the
wounded, pull them out of the line of fire, and return fire whenever he could, during which time
he was wounded three times. Despite his wounds, he valiantly fought on, simultaneously treating
as many wounded as possible. In the vicious fighting that followed, the American forces suffered
80 percent casualties as their perimeter was breached, and Airman Pitsenbarger was fatally
wounded. Airman Pitsenbarger exposed himself to almost certain death by staying on the ground,
and perished while saving the lives of wounded infantrymen.
His bravery and determination exemplify the highest professional standards and traditions of
military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Air Force.
Rascon, Alfred
Congress approved P.L. 106-65 on October 5, 1999, removing the statutory time limit on the
award for Specialist Four Rascon.
Rank and organization: Specialist Four, U.S. Army, Reconnaissance Platoon, Headquarters
Company, First Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry, 173rd Airborne Brigade (Separate). Place and
date: Long Khanh Province, Republic of Vietnam,16 March 1966. Entered Service at: Fort Ord,
California, August 1963. Born: 10 September 1945, Chihuahua, Mexico.
Citation: Specialist Four Alfred Rascon distinguished himself by a series of extraordinarily
courageous acts on 16 March 1966, while assigned as a medic to the Reconnaissance Platoon,
Headquarters Company First Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry, 173rd Airborne Brigade
(Separate).
While moving to reinforce its sister battalion under intense enemy attack, the reconnaissance
platoon came under heavy fire from a numerically superior enemy force. The intense fire from
crew-served weapons and grenades severely wounded several point squad soldiers. Specialist
Four Rascon, ignoring directions to stay behind shelter until cover fire could be provided, made
his way forward. He repeatedly tried to reach the severely wounded point machine-gunner lying
on an open enemy trail, but was driven back each time by withering fire. Finally, he jumped to his
feet and, with total disregard for his personal safety, he raced through heavy enemy fire and
exploding grenades to reach his wounded comrade. He then intentionally placed his body
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between the soldier and the enemy machine guns, sustaining numerous shrapnel injuries and a
serious wound to the hip. Ignoring his own wounds, he dragged the larger soldier from the fire-
raked trail. Hearing a second machine gunner yell that he was running out of ammunition,
Specialist Four Rascon, still under heavy enemy fire, crawled back to the wounded machine-
gunner, stripped him of his bandoleers of ammunition, and gave them to the machine gunner, who
continued his suppressive fire. Later, Specialist Four Rascon, fearing the abandoned machine gun,
its ammunition, and spare barrel should fall into enemy hands, made his way to retrieve them. On
his way, he was wounded in the face and torso by grenade fragments, but continued to recover the
abandoned machine gun, ammunition, and spare barrel items, enabling another soldier to provide
added suppressive fire to the pinned-downed squad. While searching for additional wounded, he
saw the point grenadier wounded by small arms fire and grenades. With complete disregard for
his own life, Specialist Four Rascon covered the wounded soldier with his body, thereby
absorbing the blasts from the exploding grenades and saving the soldier’s life. As grenades were
being thrown at the wounded point squad leader, Specialist Rascon again, in completed disregard
for his own life, covered the soldier with his body, absorbing the full force of the grenade
explosions. Once more, Specialist Four Rascon was critically wounded by shrapnel, but again he
continued to search for and aid the wounded. Although severely wounded, he remained on the
battlefield himself, and continued treating the wounded and directing their evacuation. Only after
being placed on the evacuation helicopter did he allow aid to be given to himself.
Specialist Four Rascon’s extraordinary valor in the face of deadly enemy fire, his heroism in
rescuing the wounded, and his gallantry by repeatedly risking his own life for his fellow soldiers
are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon
himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Sabo, Jr. Leslie H.*
Rank and organization: Specialist Fourth Class, Company B, 3rd Battalion, 506th Infantry, 101st
Airborne Division, U.S. Army. Place and date: Se San, Cambodia, May 10, 1970. Entered
service at: Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. Born: 23 February 1948, Austria.
Citation: Specialist-Four Leslie H. Sabo Jr. distinguished himself by conspicuous acts of gallantry
and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty at the cost of his own life while serving as a
rifleman in Company B, 3rd Battalion, 506th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division in Se San,
Cambodia, on May 10, 1970.
On that day, Specialist-Four Sabo and his platoon were conducting a reconnaissance patrol when
they were ambushed from all sides by a large enemy force. Without hesitation, Specialist-Four
Sabo charged an enemy position, killing several enemy soldiers. Immediately thereafter, he
assaulted an enemy flanking force, successfully drawing their fire away from friendly soldiers
and ultimately forcing the enemy to retreat. In order to re-supply ammunition, he sprinted across
an open field to a wounded comrade. As he began to reload, an enemy grenade landed nearby.
Specialist-Four Sabo picked it up, threw it, and shielded his comrade with his own body, thus
absorbing the brunt of the blast and saving his comrade’s life. Seriously wounded by the blast,
Specialist Four Sabo nonetheless retained the initiative and then single-handedly charged an
enemy bunker that had inflicted severe damage on the platoon, receiving several serious wounds
from automatic weapons fire in the process. Now mortally injured, he crawled towards the enemy
emplacement and, when in position, threw a grenade into the bunker. The resulting explosion
silenced the enemy fire, but also ended Specialist-Four Sabo’s life. His indomitable courage and
complete disregard for his own safety saved the lives of many of his platoon members. Specialist-
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Four Sabo’s extraordinary heroism and selflessness, above and beyond the call of duty, at the cost
of his life, are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit
upon himself, Company B, 3rd Battalion, 506th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division, and the United
States Army.
Swanson, Jon E.*
Congress approved the FY2002 National Defense Authorization Act, P.L. 107-107, Section 551,
on December 28, 2001, removing the statutory time limit on the award for Captain Swanson.
Rank and organization: Captain, Troop B, First Squadron, Ninth Cavalry, First Cavalry Division
(Airmobile), U.S. Army. Place and date: Kingdom of Cambodia, 26 February 1971. Entered
service at: Denver, Colorado. Born: 1 May 1942, San Antonio Texas.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Captain Jon E. Swanson distinguished himself by acts of bravery on February 26, 1971, while
flying an OH-6A aircraft in support of ARVN Task Force 333 in the Kingdom of Cambodia. With
two well-equipped enemy regiments known to be in the area, Captain Swanson was tasked with
pinpointing the enemy’s precise positions. Captain Swanson flew at treetop level at a slow
airspeed, making his aircraft a vulnerable target. The advancing ARVN unit came under heavy
automatic weapons fire from enemy bunkers 100 meters to their front. Exposing his aircraft to
enemy anti-aircraft fire, Captain Swanson immediately engaged the enemy bunkers with
concussion grenades and machine gun fire. After destroying five bunkers and evading intense
ground-to-air fire, he observed a .51 caliber machine gun position. With all his heavy ordnance
expended on the bunkers, he did not have sufficient explosives to destroy the position.
Consequently, he marked the position with a smoke grenade and directed a Cobra gun ship attack.
After completion of the attack, Captain Swanson found the weapon still intact and an enemy
soldier crawling over to man it. He immediately engaged the individual and killed him. During
this time, his aircraft sustained several hits from another .51 caliber machine gun. Captain
Swanson engaged the position with his aircraft’s weapons, marked the target, and directed a
second Cobra gun ship attack. He volunteered to continue the mission, despite the fact that he was
now critically low on ammunition and his aircraft was crippled by enemy fire. As Captain
Swanson attempted to fly toward another .51 caliber machine gun position, his aircraft exploded
in the air and crashed to the ground, causing his death. Captain Swanson’s courageous actions
resulted in at least eight enemy killed and the destruction of three enemy anti-aircraft weapons.
Captain Swanson’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest
traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States
Army.
The Unknown Soldier*
P.L. 98-301 authorized the President to award the Medal of Honor to the Unknown Soldier of the
Vietnam War. The Medal was bestowed during interment ceremonies on Memorial Day, May 28,
1984. In June 1998, the Department of Defense announced that the results of DNA tests on the
remains of the Vietnam Unknown confirmed his identity as Air Force First Lieutenant Michael J.
Blassie. His remains were returned to his family and reinterred in St. Louis. Members of Blassie’s
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family requested that he retain the Medal. The Pentagon denied this request, stating that the
Vietnam Unknown Medal of Honor will be kept on permanent display at Arlington National
Cemetery in symbolic tribute to all who lost their lives in the Vietnam War.
Versace, Humbert R.*
Congress approved the FY2002 National Defense Authorization Act, P.L. 107-107, Section 551,
on December 28, 2001, removing the statutory time limit on the award for Captain Versace.
Rank and organization: Captain, Detachment A, 5th Special Forces Group, Special Operations
Group, Military Assistance Command, U.S. Army. Place and date: Ca Mau, Republic of Vietnam.
Entered service at: West Point, New York, 3 June 1959. Born: 2 July 1937, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Captain Humbert R. Versace distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism during the period of
29 October 1963 to 26 September 1965, while serving as S-2 Advisor, Military Assistance
Advisory Group, Detachment 52, Ca Mau, Republic of Vietnam. While accompanying a Civilian
Irregular Defense Group patrol engaged in combat operations in Thoi Binh District, An Xuyen
Province, Captain Versace and the patrol came under sudden and intense mortar, automatic
weapons, and small arms fire from elements of a heavily armed enemy battalion. As the battle
raged, Captain Versace, although severely wounded in the knee and back by hostile fire, fought
valiantly and continued to engage enemy targets. Weakened by his wounds and fatigued by the
fierce firefight, Captain Versace stubbornly resisted capture by the over-powering Viet Cong force
with the last full measure of his strength and ammunition. Taken prisoner by the Viet Cong, he
exemplified the tenets of the Code of Conduct from the time he entered into Prisoner of War
status. Captain Versace assumed command of his fellow American soldiers, scorned the enemy’s
exhaustive interrogation and indoctrination efforts, and made three unsuccessful attempts to
escape, despite his weakened condition, which was brought about by his wounds and the extreme
privation and hardships he was forced to endure. During his captivity, Captain Versace was
segregated in an isolated prisoner of war cage, manacled in irons for prolonged periods of time,
and placed on extremely reduced ration. The enemy was unable to break his indomitable will, his
faith in God, and his trust in the United States of America. Captain Versace, an American fighting
man who epitomized the principles of his country and the Code of Conduct, was executed by the
Viet Cong on 26 September 1965.
Captain Versace’s gallant actions in close contact with an enemy force and unyielding courage
and bravery while a prisoner of war are in the highest traditions of the military service and reflect
the utmost credit upon himself and the United States Army.
Somalia
Gordon, Gary I.*
Rank and organization: Master Sergeant, U.S. Army. Place and date: 3 October 1993,
Mogadishu, Somalia. Entered service at: unknown. Born: 13 August 1968, Lincoln, Maine.
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Citation: Master Sergeant Gordon, United States Army, distinguished himself by actions above
and beyond the call of duty. On 3 October 1993, while serving as Sniper Team Leader, United
States Army Special Operations Command with Task Force Ranger in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Master Sergeant Gordon’s sniper team provided precision fire from the lead helicopter during an
assault and at two helicopter crash sites, while subjected to intense automatic weapons and rocket
propelled grenade fires. When Master Sergeant Gordon learned that ground forces were not
immediately available to secure the second crash site, he and another sniper unhesitatingly
volunteered to be inserted to protect four critically wounded personnel, despite being well aware
of the growing number of enemy personnel closing in on the site. After his third request to be
inserted, Master Sergeant Gordon received permission to perform his volunteer mission. When
debris and enemy ground fires at the site caused them to abort the first attempt, Master Sergeant
Gordon was inserted 100 meters south of the crash site. Equipped with only his sniper rifle and a
pistol, Master Sergeant Gordon and his fellow sniper, while under intense small arms fire from
the enemy, fought their way through a dense maze of shanties and shacks to reach the critically
injured crew members. Master Sergeant Gordon immediately pulled the pilot and the other crew
members from the aircraft, establishing a perimeter which placed him and his fellow sniper in the
most vulnerable position. Master Sergeant Gordon used his long range rifle and side arm to kill
an undetermined number of attackers until he depleted his ammunition. Master Sergeant Gordon
then went back to the wreckage, recovering some of the crew’s weapons and ammunition. Despite
the fact that he was critically low on ammunition, he provided some of it to the dazed pilot and
then radioed for help. Master Sergeant Gordon continued to travel the perimeter, protecting the
downed crew. After his team member was fatally wounded and his own rifle ammunition
exhausted, Master Sergeant Gordon returned to the wreckage, recovered a rifle with the last five
rounds of ammunition and gave it to the pilot with the words, “good luck.” Then, armed only with
his pistol, Master Sergeant Gordon continued to fight until he was fatally wounded. His actions
saved the pilot’s life.
Master Sergeant Gordon’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty were in keeping with the
highest standards of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Shughart, Randall D.*
Rank and organization: Sergeant First Class, U.S. Army. Place and date: 3 October 1993,
Mogadishu, Somalia. Entered service at: unknown. Born: 30 August 1960, Lincoln, Nebraska.
Citation: Sergeant First Class Shughart, United States Army, distinguished himself by actions
above and beyond the call of duty. On October 1993, while serving as a Sniper Team Member,
United States Army Special Operations Command with Task Force Ranger in Mogadishu,
Somalia.
Sergeant First Class Shughart provided precision sniper fire from the lead helicopter during an
assault on a building and at two helicopter crash sites, while subjected to intense automatic
weapons and rocket propelled grenade fire. While providing critical suppressive fire at the second
crash site, Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader learned that ground forces were not
immediately available to secure the site. Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader
unhesitatingly volunteered to be inserted to protect the four critically wounded personnel, despite
being well aware of the growing number of enemy personnel closing in on the site. After their
third request to be inserted, Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader received
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permission to perform this volunteer mission. When debris and enemy ground fires at the site
caused them to abort the first attempt, Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader were
inserted 100 meters south of the crash site. Equipped with only his sniper rifle and a pistol,
Sergeant First Class Shughart and his team leader, while under intense small arms fire from the
enemy, fought their way through a dense maze of shanties and shacks to reach the critically
injured crew members. Sergeant First Class Shughart pulled the pilot and the other crew members
from the aircraft, establishing a perimeter which placed him and his fellow sniper in the most
vulnerable position. Sergeant First Class Shughart used his long range rifle and side arm to kill an
undetermined number of attackers while traveling the perimeter, protecting the downed crew.
Sergeant First Class Shughart continued his protective fire until he depleted his ammunition and
was fatally wounded. His actions saved the pilot’s life.
Sergeant First Class Shughart’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty were in keeping with
the highest standards of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit, and the United
States Army.
Afghanistan
Giunta, Salvatore A.
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, Battle Company, Company B, 2nd Battalion (Airborne),
503rd Infantry Regiment, U.S. Army. Place and date: Korengal Valley, Afghanistan, 25 October
2007. Entered service at: Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Born: 21 January 1985, Clinton, Iowa.
Citation: Specialist Salvatore A. Giunta distinguished himself conspicuously by gallantry and
intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy
in the Korengal Valley, Afghanistan, on October 25, 2007.
While conducting a patrol as team leader with Company B, 2nd Battalion (Airborne), 503rd
Infantry Regiment, Specialist Giunta and his team were navigating through harsh terrain when
they were ambushed by a well-armed and well-coordinated insurgent force. While under heavy
enemy fire, Specialist Giunta immediately sprinted towards cover and engaged the enemy. Seeing
that his squad leader had fallen and believing that he had been injured, Specialist Giunta exposed
himself to withering enemy fire and raced towards his squad leader, helped him to cover, and
administered medical aid. While administering first aid, enemy fire struck Specialist Giunta’s
body armor and his secondary weapon. Without regard to the ongoing fire, Specialist Giunta
engaged the enemy before prepping and throwing grenades, using the explosions for cover in
order to conceal his position. Attempting to reach additional wounded fellow soldiers who were
separated from the squad, Specialist Giunta and his team encountered a barrage of enemy fire that
forced them to the ground. The team continued forward and upon reaching the wounded soldiers,
Specialist Giunta realized that another soldier was still separated from the element. Specialist
Giunta then advanced forward on his own initiative. As he crested the top of a hill, he observed
two insurgents carrying away an American soldier. He immediately engaged the enemy, killing
one and wounding the other. Upon reaching the wounded soldier, he began to provide medical
aid, as his squad caught up and provided security. Specialist Giunta’s unwavering courage,
selflessness, and decisive leadership while under extreme enemy fire were integral to his
platoon’s ability to defeat an enemy ambush and recover a fellow American soldier from the
enemy. Specialist Salvatore A. Giunta’s extraordinary heroism and selflessness above and beyond
the call of duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great
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credit upon himself, Company B, 2nd Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry Regiment, and the
United States Army.
Meyer, Dakota
Rank and organization: Sergeant, Embedded Training Team 2-8, Regional Corps Advisory
Command 3-7, U.S. Marine Corps. Place and date: Kunar Province, Afghanistan, 8 September
2009. Entered service at: Louisville, Kentucky. Born: 26 June 1988, Louisville, Kentucky.
Citation: Corporal Meyer maintained security at a patrol rally point while other members of his
team moved on foot with two platoons of Afghan National Army and Border Police into the
village of Ganjgal for a pre-dawn meeting with village elders.
Moving into the village, the patrol was ambushed by more than 50 enemy fighters firing rocket
propelled grenades, mortars, and machine guns from houses and fortified positions on the slopes
above. Hearing over the radio that four U.S. team members were cut off, Corporal Meyer seized
the initiative. With a fellow Marine driving, Corporal Meyer took the exposed gunner’s position
in a gun-truck as they drove down the steeply terraced terrain in a daring attempt to disrupt the
enemy attack and locate the trapped U.S. team. Disregarding intense enemy fire now concentrated
on their lone vehicle, Corporal Meyer killed a number of enemy fighters with the mounted
machine guns and his rifle, some at near point blank range, as he and his driver made three solo
trips into the ambush area. During the first two trips, he and his driver evacuated two dozen
Afghan soldiers, many of whom were wounded. When one machine gun became inoperable, he
directed a return to the rally point to switch to another gun-truck for a third trip into the ambush
area where his accurate fire directly supported the remaining U.S. personnel and Afghan soldiers
fighting their way out of the ambush. Despite a shrapnel wound to his arm, Corporal Meyer made
two more trips into the ambush area in a third gun-truck accompanied by four other Afghan
vehicles to recover more wounded Afghan soldiers and search for the missing U.S. team
members. Still under heavy enemy fire, he dismounted the vehicle on the fifth trip and moved on
foot to locate and recover the bodies of his team members. Corporal Meyer’s daring initiative and
bold fighting spirit throughout the 6-hour battle significantly disrupted the enemy’s attack and
inspired the members of the combined force to fight on. His unwavering courage and steadfast
devotion to his U.S. and Afghan comrades in the face of almost certain death reflected great credit
upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval
Service.
Miller, Robert J.*
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, Special Forces Operational Detachment Alpha 3312,
Special Operations Task Force 33, U.S. Army. Place and date: Gowardesh Valley, Konar
Province, Afghanistan, 25 January, 2008. Entered service at: Oviedo, Florida. Born: 14 October
1983. Place of Birth: unknown.
Citation: Robert J. Miller distinguished himself by extraordinary acts of heroism while serving as
the Weapons Sergeant in Special Forces Operational Detachment Alpha 3312, Special Operations
Task Force-33, Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Afghanistan during combat
operations against an armed enemy in Konar Province, Afghanistan on January 25, 2008.
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While conducting a combat reconnaissance patrol through the Gowardesh Valley, Staff Sergeant
Miller and his small element of U.S. and Afghan National Army soldiers engaged a force of 15 to
20 insurgents occupying prepared fighting positions. Staff Sergeant Miller initiated the assault by
engaging the enemy positions with his vehicle’s turret-mounted Mark-19 40 millimeter automatic
grenade launcher while simultaneously providing detailed descriptions of the enemy positions to
his command, enabling effective, accurate close air support. Following the engagement, Staff
Sergeant Miller led a small squad forward to conduct a battle damage assessment. As the group
neared the small, steep, narrow valley that the enemy had inhabited, a large, well-coordinated
insurgent force initiated a near ambush, assaulting from elevated positions with ample cover.
Exposed and with little available cover, the patrol was totally vulnerable to enemy rocket
propelled grenades and automatic weapon fire. As point man, Staff Sergeant Miller was at the
front of the patrol, cut off from supporting elements, and less than 20 meters from enemy forces.
Nonetheless, with total disregard for his own safety, he called for his men to quickly move back
to covered positions as he charged the enemy over exposed ground and under overwhelming
enemy fire in order to provide protective fire for his team. While maneuvering to engage the
enemy, Staff Sergeant Miller was shot in his upper torso. Ignoring the wound, he continued to
push the fight, moving to draw fire from over one hundred enemy fighters upon himself. He then
again charged forward through an open area in order to allow his teammates to safely reach cover.
After killing at least 10 insurgents, wounding dozens more, and repeatedly exposing himself to
withering enemy fire while moving from position to position, Staff Sergeant Miller was mortally
wounded by enemy fire. His extraordinary valor ultimately saved the lives of seven members of
his own team and 15 Afghanistan National Army soldiers. Staff Sergeant Miller’s heroism and
selflessness above and beyond the call of duty, and at the cost of his own life, are in keeping with
the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself and the United
States Army.
Monti, Jared C.*
Rank and organization: Sergeant First Class, U.S. Army, Headquarters Company, 10th Mountain
Division U.S. Army. Place and date: Nuristan Province, Afghanistan, 21 June 2006. Entered
service at: Rayntham, Massachusetts. Born: 20 September, 1975, Abington, Massachusetts.
Citation: Staff Sergeant Jared C. Monti distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity
above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a team leader with Headquarters and
Headquarters Troop, 3rd Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th
Mountain Division, in connection with combat operations against an armed enemy in Nuristan
Province, Afghanistan, on June 21, 2006.
While Staff Sergeant Monti was leading a mission aimed at gathering intelligence and directing
fire against the enemy, his 16-man patrol was attacked by as many as 50 enemy fighters. On the
verge of being overrun, Staff Sergeant Monti quickly directed his men to set up a defensive
position behind a rock formation. He then called for indirect fire support, accurately targeting the
rounds upon the enemy who had closed to within 50 meters of his position. While still directing
fire, Staff Sergeant Monti personally engaged the enemy with his rifle and a grenade, successfully
disrupting an attempt to flank his patrol. Staff Sergeant Monti then realized that one of his
Soldiers was lying wounded in the open ground between the advancing enemy and the patrol’s
position. With complete disregard for his own safety, Staff Sergeant Monti twice attempted to
move from behind the cover of the rocks into the face of relentless enemy fire to rescue his fallen
comrade. Determined not to leave his Soldier, Staff Sergeant Monti made a third attempt to cross
open terrain through intense enemy fire. On this final attempt, he was mortally wounded,
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sacrificing his own life in an effort to save his fellow Soldier. Staff Sergeant Monti’s selfless acts
of heroism inspired his patrol to fight off the larger enemy force. Staff Sergeant Monti’s
immeasurable courage and uncommon valor are in keeping with the highest traditions of military
service and reflect great credit upon himself, Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 3rd Squadron,
71st Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, and the United States
Army.
Murphy, Michael P.*
Rank and organization: Lieutenant, U.S. Navy SEAL. Place and date: Asadabad, Konar
Province, Afghanistan, 28 June 2005. Entered service at: Pensacola, Florida. Born: 7 May 1976,
Smithtown, New York.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty as the leader of a special reconnaissance element with naval special warfare task unit
Afghanistan on 27 and 28 June 2005.
While leading a mission to locate a high-level anti-coalition militia leader, Lieutenant Murphy
demonstrated extraordinary heroism in the face of grave danger in the vicinity of Asadabad,
Konar province, Afghanistan. On 28 June 2005, operating in an extremely rugged enemy-
controlled area, Lieutenant Murphy’s team was discovered by anti-coalition militia sympathizers,
who revealed their position to Taliban fighters. As a result, between 30 and 40 enemy fighters
besieged his four member team. Demonstrating exceptional resolve, Lieutenant Murphy valiantly
led his men in engaging the large enemy force. The ensuing fierce firefight resulted in numerous
enemy casualties, as well as the wounding of all four members of the team. Ignoring his own
wounds and demonstrating exceptional composure, Lieutenant Murphy continued to lead and
encourage his men. When the primary communicator fell mortally wounded, Lieutenant Murphy
repeatedly attempted to call for assistance for his beleaguered teammates. Realizing the
impossibility of communicating in the extreme terrain, and in the face of almost certain death, he
fought his way into open terrain to gain a better position to transmit a call. This deliberate, heroic
act deprived him of cover, exposing him to direct enemy fire. Finally achieving contact with his
headquarters, Lieutenant Murphy maintained his exposed position while he provided his location
and requested immediate support for his team. In his final act of bravery, he continued to engage
the enemy until he was mortally wounded, gallantly giving his life for his country and for the
cause of freedom. By his selfless leadership, courageous actions, and extraordinary devotion to
duty, Lieutenant Murphy reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of
the United States Naval Service.
Petry, Leroy A.
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, Company D, 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, U.S.
Army. Place and date: Paktya Province, Afghanistan, 26 May 2008. Entered service at: New
Mexico. Born: 29 July 1979, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Staff Sergeant Leroy A. Petry distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity at the risk
of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy in the vicinity of
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Paktya Province, Afghanistan, on May 26, 2008. As a Weapons Squad Leader with D Company,
2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, Staff Sergeant Petry moved to clear the courtyard of a house
that potentially contained high-value combatants. While crossing the courtyard, Staff Sergeant
Petry and another Ranger were engaged and wounded by automatic weapons fire from enemy
fighters. Still under enemy fire, and wounded in both legs, Staff Sergeant Petry led the other
Ranger to cover. He then reported the situation and engaged the enemy with a hand grenade,
providing suppression as another Ranger moved to his position. The enemy quickly responded by
maneuvering closer and throwing grenades. The first grenade explosion knocked his two fellow
Rangers to the ground and wounded both with shrapnel. A second grenade then landed only a few
feet away from them. Instantly realizing the danger, Staff Sergeant Petry, unhesitatingly and with
complete disregard for his safety, deliberately and selflessly moved forward, picked up the
grenade, and in an effort to clear the immediate threat, threw the grenade away from his fellow
Rangers. As he was releasing the grenade it detonated, amputating his right hand at the wrist and
further injuring him with multiple shrapnel wounds. Although picking up and throwing the live
grenade grievously wounded Staff Sergeant Petry, his gallant act undeniably saved his fellow
Rangers from being severely wounded or killed. Despite the severity of his wounds, Staff
Sergeant Petry continued to maintain the presence of mind to place a tourniquet on his right wrist
before communicating the situation by radio in order to coordinate support for himself and his
fellow wounded Rangers. Staff Sergeant Petry’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in
keeping with the highest traditions of military service, and reflect great credit upon himself, 75th
Ranger Regiment, and the United States Army.
Romesha, Clinton
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, 3rd Squadron, 61st Cavalry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat
Team, 4th Infantry Division, U.S. Army. Place and date: Kamdesh District, Nuristan Province,
Afghanistan, 3 October 2009. Entered service in: California. Born: 17 August, 1981, Lake City,
California.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and
beyond the call of duty while serving as a Section Leader with Bravo Troop, 3rd Squadron, 61st
Cavalry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division, during combat operations
against an armed enemy at Combat Outpost Keating, Kamdesh District, Nuristan Province,
Afghanistan on 3 October 2009.
On that morning, Staff Sergeant Romesha and his comrades awakened to an attack by an
estimated 300 enemy fighters occupying the high ground on all four sides of the complex,
employing concentrated fire from recoilless rifles, rocket propelled grenades, anti-aircraft
machine guns, mortars and small arms fire. Staff Sergeant Romesha moved uncovered under
intense enemy fire to conduct a reconnaissance of the battlefield and seek reinforcements from
the barracks before returning to action with the support of an assistant gunner. Staff Sergeant
Romesha took out an enemy machine gun team and, while engaging a second, the generator he
was using for cover was struck by a rocket-propelled grenade, inflicting him with shrapnel
wounds. Undeterred by his injuries, Staff Sergeant Romesha continued to fight and upon the
arrival of another soldier to aid him and the assistant gunner, he again rushed through the exposed
avenue to assemble additional soldiers. Staff Sergeant Romesha then mobilized a five-man team
and returned to the fight equipped with a sniper rifle. With complete disregard for his own safety,
Staff Sergeant Romesha continually exposed himself to heavy enemy fire, as he moved
confidently about the battlefield engaging and destroying multiple enemy targets, including three
Taliban fighters who had breached the combat outpost’s perimeter. While orchestrating a
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successful plan to secure and reinforce key points of the battlefield, Staff Sergeant Romesha
maintained radio communication with the tactical operations center. As the enemy forces attacked
with even greater ferocity, unleashing a barrage of rocket-propelled grenades and recoilless rifle
rounds, Staff Sergeant Romesha identified the point of attack and directed air support to destroy
over 30 enemy fighters. After receiving reports that seriously injured soldiers were at a distant
battle position, Staff Sergeant Romesha and his team provided covering fire to allow the injured
soldiers to safely reach the aid station. Upon receipt of orders to proceed to the next objective, his
team pushed forward 100 meters under overwhelming enemy fire to recover and prevent the
enemy fighters from taking the bodies of the fallen comrades. Staff Sergeant Romesha’s heroic
actions throughout the day-long battle were critical in suppressing an enemy that had far greater
numbers. His extraordinary efforts gave Bravo Troop the opportunity to regroup, reorganize and
prepare for the counterattack that allowed the Troop to account for its personnel and secure
Combat Post Keating. Staff Sergeant Romesha’s discipline and extraordinary heroism above and
beyond the call of duty reflect great credit upon himself, Bravo Troop, 3rd Squadron, 61st Cavalry
Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division and the United States Army.
Iraq
Dunham, Jason L.*
Rank and organization: Corporal, 4th Platoon, Co. K, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines (Reinforced),
Regimental Combat Team 7, 1st Marine Division (Reinforced), U.S. Marine Corps. Place and
date: Karabilah, Iraq, 14 April 2004. Entered service at: Scio, NY. Born: 10 November 1981,
Scio, New York.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the
call of duty while serving as a Rifle Squad Leader, 4th Platoon, Company K, 3rd Battalion, 7th
Marines (Reinforced), Regimental Combat Team 7, 1st Marine Division (Reinforced), on 14 April
2004.
Corporal Dunham’s squad was conducting a reconnaissance mission in the town of Karabilah,
Iraq, when they heard rocket-propelled grenade and small arms fire erupt approximately two
kilometers to the west. Corporal Dunham led his Combined Anti-Armor Team towards the
engagement to provide fire support to their Battalion Commander’s convoy, which had been
ambushed as it was traveling to Camp Husaybah. As Corporal Dunham and his Marines
advanced, they quickly began to receive enemy fire. Corporal Dunham ordered his squad to
dismount their vehicles and led one of his fire teams on foot several blocks south of the ambushed
convoy. Discovering seven Iraqi vehicles in a column attempting to depart, Corporal Dunham and
his team stopped the vehicles to search them for weapons. As they approached the vehicles, an
insurgent leaped out and attacked Corporal Dunham. Corporal Dunham wrestled the insurgent to
the ground and in the ensuing struggle saw the insurgent release a grenade. Corporal Dunham
immediately alerted his fellow Marines to the threat. Aware of the imminent danger and without
hesitation, Corporal Dunham covered the grenade with his helmet and body, bearing the brunt of
the explosion and shielding his Marines from the blast. In an ultimate and selfless act of bravery
in which he was mortally wounded, he saved the lives of at least two fellow Marines. By his
undaunted courage, intrepid fighting spirit, and unwavering devotion to duty, Corporal Dunham
gallantly gave his life for his country, thereby reflecting great credit upon himself and upholding
the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service.
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McGinnis, Ross A.*
Rank and Organization: Private First Class, Company C, 1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Division, U.S.
Army. Place and date: Adhamiya, Northeast Baghdad, Iraq, 4 December 2006. Entered service
at: Pittsburgh, PA. Born: 14 June 1987, Meadville, PA.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Private First Class Ross A. McGinnis distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity
above and beyond the call of duty while serving as an M2 .50-caliber Machine Gunner, 1st
Platoon, C Company, 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, in connection with combat operations
against an armed enemy in Adhamiyah, Northeast Baghdad, Iraq, on 4 December 2006. That
afternoon his platoon was conducting combat control operations in an effort to reduce and control
sectarian violence in the area. While Private McGinnis was manning the M2 .50-caliber Machine
Gun, a fragmentation grenade thrown by an insurgent fell through the gunner’s hatch into the
vehicle. Reacting quickly, he yelled “grenade,” allowing all four members of his crew to prepare
for the grenade’s blast. Then, rather than leaping from the gunner’s hatch to safety, Private
McGinnis made the courageous decision to protect his crew. In a selfless act of bravery, in which
he was mortally wounded, Private McGinnis covered the live grenade, pinning it between his
body and the vehicle and absorbing most of the explosion. Private McGinnis’ gallant action
directly saved four men from certain serious injury or death. Private First Class McGinnis’
extraordinary heroism and selflessness at the cost of his own life, above and beyond the call of
duty, are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon
himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Monsoor, Michael A.*
Rank and Organization: Petty Officer Second Class, SEAL Team 3, U.S. Navy. Place and date:
Ar Ramadi, Iraq on 29 September 2006. Entered service at: Garden Grove, CA. Born: 5 April
1981, Long Beach, CA.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty as automatic weapons gunner for Naval Special Warfare Task Group Arabian Peninsula,
in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom on 29 September 2006.
As a member of a combined SEAL and Iraqi Army Sniper Overwatch Element, tasked with
providing early warning and stand-off protection from a rooftop in an insurgent held sector of Ar
Ramadi, Iraq, Petty Officer Monsoor distinguished himself by his exceptional bravery in the face
of grave danger. In the early morning, insurgents prepared to execute a coordinated attack by
reconnoitering the area around the element’s position. Element snipers thwarted the enemy’s
initial attempt by eliminating two insurgents. The enemy continued to assault the element,
engaging them with a rocket-propelled grenade and small arms fire. As enemy activity increased,
Petty Officer Monsoor took position with his machine gun between two teammates on an
outcropping of the roof. While the SEALs vigilantly watched for enemy activity, an insurgent
threw a hand grenade from an unseen location, which bounced off Petty Officer Monsoor’s chest
and landed in front of him. Although only he could have escaped the blast, Petty Officer Monsoor
chose instead to protect his teammates. Instantly and without regard for his own safety, he threw
himself onto the grenade to absorb the force of the explosion with his body, saving the lives of his
two teammates. By his undaunted courage, fighting spirit, and unwavering devotion to duty in the
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face of certain death, Petty Officer Monsoor gallantly gave his life for his country, thereby
reflecting great credit upon himself and upholding the highest traditions of the United States
Naval Service.
Smith, Paul Ray*
Rank and Organization: Sergeant First Class, B. Company, 11th Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry,
U.S. Army. Place and date: Baghdad, Iraq, 4 April 2003. Entered service at: Fort Leonard Wood,
Missouri, October 1989. Born: 24 September 1969, El Paso, Texas.
Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call
of duty.
Sergeant First Class Paul Ray Smith distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity
above and beyond the call of duty in action with an armed enemy near Baghdad International
Airport, Baghdad, Iraq on 4 April 2003. On that day, Sergeant First Class Smith was engaged in
the construction of a prisoner of war holding area when his Task Force was violently attacked by
a company-sized enemy force. Realizing the vulnerability of over 100 fellow soldiers, Sergeant
First Class Smith quickly organized a hasty defense consisting of two platoons of soldiers, one
Bradley Fighting Vehicle and three armored personnel carriers. As the fight developed, Sergeant
First Class Smith braved hostile enemy fire to personally engage the enemy with hand grenades
and anti-tank weapons, and organized the evacuation of three wounded soldiers from an armored
personnel carrier struck by a rocket propelled grenade and a 60mm mortar round. Fearing the
enemy would overrun their defenses, Sergeant First Class Smith moved under withering enemy
fire to man a .50 caliber machine gun mounted on a damaged armored personnel carrier. In total
disregard for his own life, he maintained his exposed position in order to engage the attacking
enemy force. During this action, he was mortally wounded. His courageous actions helped defeat
the enemy attack, and resulted in as many as 50 enemy soldiers killed, while allowing the safe
withdrawal of numerous wounded soldiers. Sergeant First Class Smith’s extraordinary heroism
and uncommon valor are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect
great credit upon himself, the Third Infantry Division “Rock of the Marne,” and the United States
Army.
Restoration of Award
In 1916, the War Department convened a panel to review the records of each Medal of Honor
recipient. Upon review, 911 of these medals were canceled. In 1989, the U.S. Army Board of
Correction of Records restored the medal to the following recipients.
Chapman, Amos
Rank: Civilian Scout. Born: 15 May 1839, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Organization: Sixth U.S.
Cavalry. Place: Washita River, Texas. Action Date: 12 September 1874. Issue date: 4 November
1874.
Citation: Gallantry in action.
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Cody, William F.
Rank: Civilian Scout. Born: Scott County, Iowa. Organization: Third Cavalry, U.S. Army. Action
date: 26 April 1872. Place: Platte River, Nebraska.
Citation: Gallantry in action.
Dixon, William
Rank: Scout. Born: 25 October 1850, Ohio County, West Virginia. War: Indian Campaigns.
Organization: Sixth U.S. Cavalry. Place: Wichita River, Texas. Action date: 12 September 1874.
Issue date: 4 November 1874.
Citation: Gallantry in action.
Doshier, James D.
Rank: Post Guide during Indian Wars. Born: Warren County, Tennessee, 2 May 1820. Entered
service at: Fort Richardson, Texas. Place: Holliday Creek Texas, Little Wichita River. Action
date: 5 October 1870. Issue date: 19 November 1879.
Citation: Gallantry in action and on the march.
Woodall, William H.
Rank: Civilian scout, U.S. Army, Major General Philip H. Sheridan’s Headquarters, during Civil
War. Birth date: unknown. Entered service at: Winchester, Virginia. Place and date: Virginia,
Appomattox campaign, Sailors Creek, March 29 to April 9, 1865. Date of issue: 25 April 1865.
Place: Washington, DC, 3 May 1865. Note: Was chief civilian scout for Major General Philip H.
Sheridan’s Cavalry Corps, which consisted of VI and XIX Corps.
Citation: Captured flag of Brigadier General Rufus Barringer’s headquarter brigade.
Renunciation of Award
Liteky, Charles
On July 29, 1986, Charles Liteky became the only known recipient to renounce his Medal of
Honor. Liteky, a former Army chaplain, renounced his MoH in protest over U.S. policies in
Central America.
For Additional Reading
CRS Report 95-519, Medal of Honor: History and Issues, by David F. Burrelli.
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Medal of Honor Recipients: 1979-2013
U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs. Medal of Honor Recipients 1863-1978.
Senate Committee Print No. 3. February 14, 1979. Washington, GPO. 1113 p.
——. Vietnam Era Medal of Honor Recipients 1964-1972. Senate Committee Print No. 8. April
15, 1973. Washington, GPO, 236 p.
United States of America’s Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients and Their Official
Citations. Columbia Heights, MN, Highland House II, 1996, 1119 p.
Contacts for Additional Information
Congressional Medal of Honor Society
Congressional Medal of Honor Society
40 Patriots Point Road
Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464
Telephone: (843) 884-8862
http://www.cmohs.org; medalhq@earthlink.net
U.S. Army Center of Military History
Medal of Honor Citations
http://www.army.mil/cmh/moh.html
U.S. Army Total Personnel Command
Attn: TAPC PDA
Hoffman Building II
200 Stovall Street
Alexandria, VA 22332-0471
Telephone: (703) 325-8700
http://www.army.mil/medalofhonor/
U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV09B33)
Navy Awards NO9B33
2000 Navy Pentagon
Washington, DC 20350-2000
Telephone: (202) 685-1770
U.S. Navy History and Heritage Command
Medal of Honor Recipients, Chronological Listing
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/awd/us-indiv/moh-10.htm
U.S. Air Force Personnel Center
Attn: Awards and Decorations Branch
550 C Street West, Suite 12
Randolph AFB, TX 78150-4714
Telephone: (210) 565-2516
Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps
Attn: Military Awards Branch (MMMA)
Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
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Medal of Honor Recipients: 1979-2013
3280 Russell Road
Quantico, VA 22134-5100
Telephone: (703) 784-9206
Author Contact Information
Anne Leland
Information Research Specialist
aleland@crs.loc.gov, 7-4704
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