Presidential Appointments to Full-Time
Positions in Independent and Other Agencies
During the 111th Congress
Maeve P. Carey
Analyst in Government Organization and Management
Michael W. Greene
Information Research Specialist
Maureen Bearden
Information Research Specialist
January 22, 2013
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R42932
CRS Report for Congress
Pr
epared for Members and Committees of Congress

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Summary
This report explains the process for filling positions to which the President makes appointments
with the advice and consent of the Senate (also referred to as PAS positions). It also identifies, for
the 111th Congress, all nominations to full-time positions requiring Senate confirmation in 40
organizations in the executive branch (27 independent agencies, 6 agencies in the Executive
Office of the President (EOP), and 7 multilateral organizations) and 4 agencies in the legislative
branch. It excludes appointments to executive departments and to regulatory and other boards and
commissions, which are covered in other reports.
The appointment process for advice and consent positions consists of three main stages. The first
stage is selection, clearance, and nomination by the President. This step includes preliminary
vetting, background checks, and ethics checks of potential nominees. At this stage, the President
may also consult with Senators who are from the same party if the position is located in a state.
The second stage of the process is consideration of the nomination in the Senate, most of which
takes place in committee. Finally, if a nomination is approved by the full Senate, the nominee is
given a commission signed by the President and sworn into office.
During the 111th Congress, President Barack Obama submitted to the Senate 106 nominations to
full-time positions in independent agencies, agencies in the Executive Office of the President
(EOP), multilateral agencies, and legislative branch agencies. Of these 106 nominations, 91 were
confirmed, 1 was withdrawn, and 14 were returned to him in accordance with Senate rules. For
those nominations that were confirmed, an average of 92.8 days elapsed between nomination and
confirmation.
The President made five recess appointments to full-time positions in independent agencies
during the 111th Congress.
Information for this report was compiled from data from the Senate nominations database of the
Legislative Information System at http://www.congress.gov/nomis/, the Congressional Record
(daily edition), the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, telephone discussions with
agency officials, agency websites, the United States Code, and the 2008 “Plum Book” (United
States Government Policy and Supporting Positions).
This report will not be updated.

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Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
The Appointments Process ........................................................................................................ 1
Recess Appointments ................................................................................................................. 5
Temporary Appointments .......................................................................................................... 7
Appointments During the 111th Congress .................................................................................. 7
Average Time to Confirm a Nomination ................................................................................... 8
Organization of this Report ....................................................................................................... 9
Nominations and Incumbents: Full-Time Positions in Independent Agencies .............................. 11
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) ............................................................................ 11
Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) ............................................................................... 11
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) .......................................................................................... 11
Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS) .................................................... 12
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency to the District of Columbia
(CSOSA) .............................................................................................................................. 13
Delta Regional Authority (DRA) ............................................................................................. 13
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ................................................................................ 14
Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) .............................................................................. 15
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) ............................................................. 16
General Services Administration (GSA) ................................................................................. 16
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) ............................................................................ 17
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)....................................................... 17
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) ....................................................... 18
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities (NFAH) ..................................................... 18
National Science Foundation (NSF) ........................................................................................ 19
Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) .......................................................... 19
Office of Government Ethics (OGE) ....................................................................................... 20
Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation (ONHIR) ......................................................... 20
Office of Personnel Management (OPM) ................................................................................ 21
Office of Special Counsel (OSC) ............................................................................................ 21
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) .................................................................. 22
Peace Corps (PC) ..................................................................................................................... 22
Selective Service System (SSS) .............................................................................................. 23
Small Business Administration (SBA) .................................................................................... 23
Social Security Administration (SSA) ..................................................................................... 24
Trade and Development Agency (TDA) .................................................................................. 25
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) ........................................................... 25
Nominations and Incumbents: Full-Time Positions in the Executive Office of the
President ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) .................................................................................... 27
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) .............................................................................. 27
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) ............................................................................. 28
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) ................................................................. 29
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) .................................................................. 30
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (OUSTR) ................................................................. 31
Nominations and Incumbents: Full-Time Positions in Multilateral Organizations ....................... 32
African Development Bank (AfDB) ........................................................................................ 32
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Asian Development Bank (AsDB) .......................................................................................... 32
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) .............................................. 33
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) ........................................................................... 33
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) (IBRD) ................... 34
International Joint Commission, U.S. and Canada (IJC) ......................................................... 34
International Monetary Fund (IMF) ........................................................................................ 35
Nominations and Incumbents: Full-Time Positions in Legislative Branch Agencies .................... 36
Architect of the Capitol (AOC) ............................................................................................... 36
Government Accountability Office (GAO) ............................................................................. 36
Government Printing Office (GPO)......................................................................................... 37
Library of Congress (LOC) ..................................................................................................... 37

Tables
Table 1. Appointment Action for Independent and Other Agencies During the 111th
Congress ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Appendixes
Appendix A. Summary of All Nominations and Appointments to Independent and Other
Agencies ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Appendix B. Nomination Action by Agency Type, 111th Congress ............................................... 42
Appendix C. Agency Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 43

Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 45
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 45

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Introduction
This report explains the process for filling positions to which the President makes appointments
with the advice and consent of the Senate (PAS positions).1 It also identifies, for the 111th
Congress, all nominations to full-time positions requiring Senate confirmation in 40 organizations
in the executive branch (27 independent agencies, 6 agencies in the Executive Office of the
President (EOP), and 7 multilateral organizations) and 4 agencies in the legislative branch. It
excludes appointments to executive departments and to regulatory and other boards and
commissions, which are covered in other reports.
A profile of each agency tracks the agency’s nominations, providing information on Senate
activity (confirmations, rejections, returns to the President, and elapsed time between nomination
and confirmation) as well as further related presidential activity (including withdrawals and
recess appointments). The profiles also identify, for each agency, positions requiring Senate
confirmation, the incumbents in those positions as of the end of the 111th Congress, and the pay
levels of those officials.
The Appointments Process
The Constitution (Article II, Section 2) empowers the President to nominate and, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint the principal officers of the United States, as well as
some subordinate officers.2 Officers of the United States are those individuals serving in high-
ranking positions that have been established by Congress and “exercising significant authority
pursuant to the laws of the United States” (emphasis added).3
Three distinct stages mark the appointment process: selection and nomination, confirmation, and
appointment.
Selection, Clearance, and Nomination4
In the first stage, the White House selects and clears a prospective appointee before sending a
formal nomination to the Senate. There are a number of steps in this stage of the process for most
Senate-confirmed positions. First, with the assistance of, and preliminary vetting by, the White
House Office of Presidential Personnel, the President selects a candidate for the position.

1 The acronym is defined as “Presidential Appointment with Senate Confirmation” in the 2008 “Plum Book” (U.S.
Congress, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Government Policy and
Supporting Positions, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., committee print, November 12, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008).
2 A historical and contemporary overview of the appointment power is found in Louis Fisher, “Appointment Powers,”
in his Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President, 4th ed. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas,
1997), pp. 22-48.
3 Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 126 (1976). For further information on the distinction between officers and employees
of the United States, as well as the distinction between principal and inferior officers, see CRS Report R40856, The
Debate Over Selected Presidential Assistants and Advisors: Appointment, Accountability, and Congressional
Oversight, by Barbara L. Schwemle et al., pp. 44-49.
4 The White House process for clearing individuals for nominations differs from the process that individuals undertake
to obtain a formal security clearance to be eligible for access to classified information.
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Members of Congress and interest groups sometimes recommend candidates for specific PAS
positions. They may offer their suggestions by letter, for example, or by contact with a White
House liaison.5 In general, the White House is under no obligation to follow such
recommendations. In the case of the Senate, however, it has been argued that Senators are
constitutionally entitled, by virtue of the advice and consent clause noted above, to provide advice
to the President regarding his selection; the extent of this entitlement is a matter of some debate.6
As a practical matter, in instances where Senators perceive insufficient pre-nomination
consultation has occurred, they have sometimes exercised their procedural prerogatives to delay
or even effectively block consideration of a nomination.7
During the clearance process, the candidate prepares and submits several forms, including the
“Public Financial Disclosure Report” (Standard Form (SF) 278), the “Questionnaire for National
Security Positions” (SF 86), and the White House “Personal Data Statement Questionnaire.” The
Office of the Counsel to the President oversees the clearance process, which often includes
background investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Office of
Government Ethics (OGE), and an ethics official for the agency to which the candidate is to be
appointed.8 If conflicts of interest are found during the background investigation, OGE and the
agency ethics officer may work with the candidate to mitigate the conflicts. Once the Office of
the Counsel to the President has cleared the candidate, the nomination is ready to be submitted to
the Senate.
The selection and clearance stage has often been the longest part of the appointment process.
There have been, at times, lengthy delays, particularly when many candidates have been
processed simultaneously, such as at the beginning of an Administration, or where conflicts
needed to be resolved. Candidates for higher-level positions have often been accorded priority in
this process. At the end of 2004, in an effort to reduce the elapsed time between a new President’s
inauguration and the appointment of his or her national security team, Congress enacted
amendments to the Presidential Transition Act of 1963.9 These amendments encourage a
President-elect to submit, for security clearance, potential nominees to high-level national
security positions as soon as possible after the election.10 A separate provision of law, enacted as
part of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, lengthens, during presidential transitions, the
potential duration of a temporary appointment by 90 days.11 Although this provision might give
some additional flexibility to an incoming President, it might also lengthen the appointment

5 The Council for Excellence in Government’s Presidential Appointee Initiative, A Survivor’s Guide for Presidential
Nominees, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., November 2000, pp. 31-32.
6 See, for example, Michael J. Gerhardt, The Federal Appointments Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis
(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 29-34.
7 See, for example, ibid., pp. 152-153.
8 Additional information about the selection and clearance process for nominees to executive branch positions can be
found in a November 2012 study which was conducted pursuant to the enactment of P.L. 112-166, the Presidential
Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act. See Working Group on Streamlining Paperwork for Executive
Nominations, Streamlining Paperwork for Executive Nominations: Report to the President and the Chairs and Ranking
Members of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs and the Senate Committee on Rules
and Administration, November 2012, at http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/report-of-working-group-on-
streamlining-paperwork-for-executive-nominations-final.
9 3 U.S.C. § 102 note.
10 P.L. 108-458, § 7601; 118 Stat. 3856.
11 5 U.S.C. § 3349a(b).
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process for some positions by, in effect, extending the deadline by which a permanent
appointment must be completed.
For positions located within a state (U.S. attorney, U.S. marshal, and U.S. district judge), the
President, by custom, normally nominates an individual recommended by one or both Senators (if
they are from the same party as the President) from that state. If neither Senator is from the
President’s party, he usually defers to the recommendations of party leaders from the state.
Occasionally, the President solicits recommendations from Senators of the opposition party
because of their positions in the Senate. Before making a nomination to a federal position at the
state or national level, the President would likely consider how it will fare in the confirmation
process.12
If circumstances permit and conditions are met, the President could give the nominee a recess
appointment to the position (see section entitled “Recess Appointments” below). Recess
appointments have sometimes had political consequences, however, particularly where Senators
perceived that such an appointment was an effort to circumvent their constitutional role. Some
Senate-confirmed positions may also be temporarily filled under the Vacancies Act.13
A nominee has no legal authority to assume the duties and responsibilities of the position; a
nominee who is hired by the agency as a consultant while awaiting confirmation may serve only
in an advisory capacity. Authority to act comes once there is Senate confirmation and presidential
appointment, or if another method of appointment, such as a recess appointment or a temporary
appointment, is utilized. (For further information on these methods, see section entitled “Recess
Appointments” and “Temporary Appointments” below.)
Senate Consideration
In the second stage, the Senate alone determines whether or not to confirm a nomination.14 The
Senate’s scrutiny of a nomination has depended largely on the importance of the position
involved, existing political circumstances, and policy implications. Generally, the Senate has
shown particular interest in the nominee’s views and how they are likely to affect public policy.15
Two other factors have sometimes affected the examination of a nominee’s personal and
professional qualities: whether the President’s party controlled the Senate, and the degree to
which the President became involved in supporting the nomination.

12 For more information on the role of home state senators in the nomination of individuals to fill U.S. district and
circuit court judgeships, see CRS Report RL34405, Role of Home State Senators in the Selection of Lower Federal
Court Judges, by Denis Steven Rutkus.
13 P.L. 105-277, Div. C, Title I, § 151; 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d. For more on the Vacancies Act, see CRS Report 98-
892, The New Vacancies Act: Congress Acts to Protect the Senate’s Confirmation Prerogative, by Morton Rosenberg.
Rosenberg has since retired from CRS; questions about the report’s content can be directed to Vivian Chu, Legislative
Attorney.
14 For further information on this stage of the appointment process, see CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of
Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure, by Elizabeth Rybicki; and CRS Report RL31948,
Evolution of the Senate’s Role in the Nomination and Confirmation Process: A Brief History, by Betsy Palmer. Palmer
has since retired from CRS; questions about the report’s content can be directed to Elizabeth Rybicki, Analyst on the
Congress and Legislative Process.
15 G. Calvin Mackenzie, The Politics of Presidential Appointments (New York: The Free Press, 1981), pp. 97-189.
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Much of the Senate confirmation process occurs at the committee level. Administratively,
nominations are received by the Senate executive clerk, who arranges for the referral of the
nominations to committee, according to the Senate rules and precedents.16 Committee nomination
activity has generally included investigation, hearing, and reporting stages. As part of
investigatory work, committees have drawn on information provided by the White House, as well
as information they themselves have collected. Some committees have held hearings on nearly all
nominations; others have held hearings for only some. Hearings provide a public forum to discuss
a nomination and any issues related to the program or agency for which the nominee would be
responsible. Even where confirmation has been thought by most to be a virtual certainty, hearings
have provided Senators and the nominee with opportunities to go on the record with particular
views or commitments. Senators have used hearings to explore nominees’ qualifications,
articulate policy perspectives, or raise related oversight issues.
A committee may decline to act on a nomination at any point—upon referral, after investigation,
or after a hearing. If the committee votes to report a nomination to the full Senate, it has three
options: it may report the nomination favorably, unfavorably, or without recommendation. A
failure to obtain a majority on the motion to report means the nomination will not be reported to
the Senate. If the committee declines to report a nomination, the Senate may, under certain
circumstances, discharge the committee from further consideration of the nomination in order to
bring it to the floor.17
The Senate historically has confirmed most, but not all, executive nominations. Rarely, however,
has a vote to confirm a nomination failed on the Senate floor. Usually, unsuccessful nominations
fail to be reported or discharged from committee. Failure of a nomination to make it out of
committee has occurred for a variety of reasons, including opposition to the nomination,
inadequate amount of time for consideration of the nomination, or factors that may not be directly
related to the merits of the nomination.
Senate rules provide that “[n]ominations neither confirmed nor rejected during the session at
which they are made shall not be acted upon at any succeeding session without being again made
to the Senate by the President.”18 In practice, such pending nominations have been returned to the
President at the end of the session or Congress. Pending nominations also may be returned
automatically to the President at the beginning of a recess of more than 30 days, but the Senate
rule providing for this return is often waived.19

16 Formally, the presiding officer of the Senate makes the referrals. For more information, see Floyd M. Riddick and
Alan S. Frumin, Riddick’s Senate Procedure: Precedents and Practices, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., S.Doc. 101-28
(Washington: GPO, 1992), pp. 1154-8; and CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations:
Committee and Floor Procedure, by Elizabeth Rybicki, pp. 2-3.
17 For more information, see CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and
Floor Procedure, by Elizabeth Rybicki, pp. 6-7.
18 The rule may be found in U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Manual, 110th
Cong., 2nd sess., S. Doc. 110-1 (Washington: GPO, 2008), p. 58, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the
Senate.
19 For an example of a waiver of the rule, see Sen. Harry Reid, “Nominations Status Quo,” Congressional Record, daily
edition, vol. 153, December 19, 2007, p. S16061.
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Appointment
In the final stage, the confirmed nominee is given a commission, which bears the Great Seal of
the United States and is signed by the President, and is sworn into office. The President may sign
the commission at any time after confirmation, at which point the appointment becomes official.
Once the appointee is given the commission and sworn in, he or she has full authority to carry out
the responsibilities of the office.
Recess Appointments
The Constitution also empowers the President to make a limited-term appointment without Senate
confirmation when the Senate is in recess, either during a session (intrasession recess
appointment) or between sessions (intersession recess appointment). Recess appointments expire
at the end of the following session of Congress.20
Presidents have occasionally used the recess appointment power to circumvent the confirmation
process. In response, Congress has enacted provisions that restrict the pay of recess appointees
under certain circumstances. Because most potential appointees to full-time positions cannot
serve without a salary, the President has an incentive to use his recess appointment authority in
ways that allow them to be paid. Under the provisions, if the position falls vacant while the
Senate is in session and the President fills it by recess appointment, the appointee may not be paid
from the Treasury until he or she is confirmed by the Senate. However, the salary prohibition
does not apply
(1) if the vacancy arose within 30 days before the end of the session of the Senate;
(2) if, at the end of the session, a nomination for the office, other than the nomination of an
individual appointed during the preceding recess of the Senate, was pending before the
Senate for its advice and consent; or
(3) if a nomination for the office was rejected by the Senate within 30 days before the end of
the session and an individual other than the one whose nomination was rejected thereafter
receives a recess appointment.21
A recess appointment falling under any one of these three exceptions must be followed by a
nomination to the position not later than 40 days after the beginning of the next session of the
Senate.22 For this reason, when a recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a
new nomination for the nominee even when an old nomination is pending.23 These provisions
have been interpreted by the Department of Justice to preclude payment of an appointee who is
given successive recess appointments to the same position.24

20 U.S. Constitution, Art. II, § 2, cl. 3.
21 5 U.S.C. § 5503(a).
22 5 U.S.C. § 5503(b).
23 For further information, see CRS Report RS21308, Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions, by Henry B.
Hogue; and CRS Report RL33009, Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview, by Vivian S. Chu.
24 15 Op. O.L.C. 93 (1991). See also 6 Op. O.L.C. 585 (1982); 41 Op. A.G. 463 (1960).
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Although recess appointees whose nominations to a full term are subsequently rejected by the
Senate may continue to serve until the end of their recess appointment, a provision of the FY2008
Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act that is still in effect today may
prevent them from being paid after their rejection. The provision reads, “Hereafter, no part of any
appropriation contained in this or any other Act shall be paid to any person for the filling of any
position for which he or she has been nominated after the Senate has voted not to approve the
nomination of said person.”25 Prior to this provision, similar wording was included in annual
funding measures for most or all of the previous 50 years.
Another recent congressional response to the President’s use of recess appointments was the
decision, during the latter part of the first session of the 110th Congress, to restructure the Senate’s
longer recesses into a series of shorter recesses divided by pro forma sessions.26 Premised on the
notion that the President can be restricted from making recess appointments during a recess that is
no more than three days, the Senate sought to prevent recess appointments by holding pro forma
sessions approximately every three days.27 Beginning in November 2007, the Senate agreed to
regularly scheduled pro forma sessions during periods that would have otherwise been recesses of
duration of a week or longer.28
The Senate did not use the pro forma session practices during the first session of the 111th
Congress. At the end of the second session, however, the Senate structured its 2010 pre-election
break as a series of shorter recesses separated by pro forma sessions. In this case, the use of the
practice reportedly stemmed from a lack of agreement between the Senate majority leader and the
Senate minority leader regarding the disposition of pending nominations over the break:
Under Senate rules, nominations must be returned to the White House if the Senate goes on
recess for more than 30 days, forcing the president to resubmit nominations and committees
to re-approve any nominees cleared for Senate confirmation.
The chamber sometimes waives those rules, but just before the August recess, it returned 16
controversial nominees to the White House—including five judicial nominations—amid an
ongoing tug-of-war between President Obama and Senate Republicans over confirmations.
Because the two sides this week could not agree on which nominees to return to the White
House and which to keep active, the Senate will instead officially avoid a lengthy recess by

25 P.L. 110-161, Div. D, Title VII, § 709; 121 Stat. 2021.
26 A pro forma session is a short meeting of the House or Senate during which little or no business is conducted.
27 The Constitution does not specify how long the Senate must be in recess for the President to have the ability to make
a recess appointment. Over time, the Department of Justice, through Attorneys General and Office of Legal Counsel
opinions, has offered differing views on this issue, and no settled understanding on these questions appears to exist.
One view, which was discussed by Attorney General Daugherty in a 1921 opinion, implied that a linkage might be
established between the meaning of “the Recess of the Senate,” for Recess Appointments Clause purposes, and the
meaning of “adjourn for more than three days” for purposes of the Adjournment Clause (see 33 Op. A.G. 20, at 24-25
(1921)). In 1993, a brief submitted by the Department of Justice in the case of Mackie v. Clinton articulated this
argument more fully (Mackie v. Clinton, Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendants’ Opposition
to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, at 24-26, Civ. Action No. 93-0032-LFO, (D.D.C. 1993)).
28 For further information, see CRS Report RS21308, Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions, by Henry B.
Hogue; CRS Report R42329, Recess Appointments Made by President Barack Obama, by Henry B. Hogue and
Maureen Bearden; and CRS Report RL33310, Recess Appointments Made by President George W. Bush, by Henry B.
Hogue and Maureen Bearden.
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having short pro-forma sessions ... every few days.... Those pro-forma sessions will keep the
White House’s nominations alive but also block any recess appointments.29
Temporary Appointments
Congress has provided limited statutory authority for the temporary filling of vacant positions
requiring Senate confirmation. Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998,30 when an
executive agency position requiring confirmation becomes vacant, it may be filled temporarily in
one of three ways: (1) the first assistant to such a position may automatically assume the
functions and duties of the office; (2) the President may direct an officer in any agency who is
occupying a position requiring Senate confirmation to perform those tasks; or (3) the President
may select any officer or employee of the subject agency who is occupying a position for which
the rate of pay is equal to or greater than the minimum rate of pay at the GS-15 level and who has
been with the agency for at least 90 of the preceding 365 days. The temporary appointment is for
210 days, but the time restriction is suspended if a first or second nomination for the position is
pending. In addition, during a presidential transition, the 210-day restriction period does not begin
until either 90 days after the President assumes office, or 90 days after the vacancy occurs, if it is
within the 90-day inauguration period. The act does not apply to positions on multi-headed
regulatory boards and commissions or to certain other specific positions which may be filled
temporarily under other statutory provisions.31
Appointments During the 111th Congress
During the 111th Congress, President Barack Obama submitted to the Senate 106 nominations to
full-time positions in independent agencies, agencies in the Executive Office of the President
(EOP), multilateral agencies, and legislative branch agencies. Of these nominations, 91 were
confirmed, 14 were returned to the President, and 1 was withdrawn. The President made five
recess appointments during this period to positions in organizations covered in this report. Table
1 summarizes the appointment activity.

29 Brian Friel, “Senate to Block Recess Appointments,” CQ Today Online News, September 29, 2010, available at
http://www.cq.com/doc/news-3743961?wr=bGFldXRDRDVoeG9ZMzFpS0g4Y3pRdw.
30 P.L. 105-277, Div. C, Title I, § 151; 112 Stat. 2681-611; 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d.
31 For more on the Vacancies Act, see CRS Report 98-892, The New Vacancies Act: Congress Acts to Protect the
Senate’s Confirmation Prerogative, by Morton Rosenberg.
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Table 1. Appointment Action for Independent and Other Agencies
During the 111th Congress
Number of positions at the independent and other agencies (total)
121

Positions to which nominations were made
98a
Individual
nominees
102a
Number of nominations submitted to the Senate (total)
106a

Disposition of nominations:



Confirmed by the Senate
91


Returned at the end of the 2nd session of the 111th Congress
14
Withdrawn
1
Recess Appointments (total)
5
Intrasession
4
Intersession

1
Source: Table developed by the Congressional Research Service using data presented in the appendices of this
report.
a. The figures shown here reveal that there is a distinction between the number of positions to which
nominations were made (98), the number of individual nominees (102), and the total number of
nominations submitted (106). This difference is the result of multiple nominations of the same individual to
the same or to different positions, or of nominations of more than one individual to a single position. For
example, the President nominated Islam A. Siddiqui to be the Chief Agricultural Negotiator at the Office of
the U.S. Trade Representative, then recess-appointed him, then submitted another nomination fol owing the
recess appointment. This was counted as one position to which a nomination was made, one individual
nominee, and two nominations submitted. This case and other similar cases caused these three numbers to
differ slightly.
Average Time to Confirm a Nomination
The length of time a given nomination may be pending in the Senate varies widely.32 Some
nominations are confirmed within a few days, others may not be confirmed for several months,
and some are never confirmed. This report provides, for each independent agency nomination
confirmed in the 111th Congress, the number of days between nomination and confirmation
(“days to confirm”). The mean (average) number of days taken by the Senate to confirm a

32 The methodology used in this report to count the length of time between nomination and confirmation differs from
that which was used in some earlier CRS reports prior to the 110th Congress. The statistics presented here include the
days during which the Senate was adjourned for its summer recesses and between sessions of Congress. The change
was instituted in the reports covering the 110th Congress, and it reduces the direct comparability of statistics in this
report with those of the earlier research. Reasons for the change include the conversion of traditionally long recesses
into a series of short recesses punctuated by pro forma sessions during the 110th Congress; the fact that although
committees may not be taking direct action on nominations in the form of hearings or votes, they are likely still
considering and processing nominations during recesses; and a desire to be consistent with the methodology used by
many political scientists, as well as CRS research on judicial nominations. In addition, an argument could be made that
the decision to extend Senate consideration of nominees over the course of a recess is intentional, and the choice to
extend this length of time is better represented by including all days, including long recesses. A more detailed
explanation of this methodological change is located in Appendix E of CRS Report R41776, Presidential Appointments
to Full-Time Positions in Independent and Other Agencies During the 110th Congress, by Maeve P. Carey and Henry
B. Hogue.
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nomination to a position covered by this report was 92.8.33 The median number of days taken by
the Senate to confirm a nominee was 65.34
Organization of this Report
Agency Profiles
The agency profiles provide data on presidential nominations and appointments to full-time
positions requiring Senate confirmation, and Senate action on the nominations. Data on
appointment actions during the 111th Congress appear in two tables for each agency, “Incumbents
in Full-time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress” and “Nomination Action During
the 111th Congress.”35 As noted, some agencies had no nomination activity during this period of
time.
The first of these two tables identifies, as of the end of the 111th Congress, each full-time PAS
position in the department, its incumbent, and its pay level.36 For most presidentially appointed
positions requiring Senate confirmation, the pay levels fall under the Executive Schedule, which,
as of January 2011, ranged from level I ($199,700) for Cabinet-level offices to level V ($145,700)
for the lowest-ranked positions. An incumbent’s name followed by “(A)” indicates an official
who was, at that time, serving in an acting capacity. Vacancies are also noted in the first table.
The nomination action table provides, in chronological order, information concerning each
nomination. It shows the name of the nominee, position involved, date of nomination, date of
confirmation, and number of days between receipt of a nomination and confirmation. The
numbers of days shown in the tables in this report include days during the longer recesses around
August and between sessions of Congress. Some nominees identified in this report were
nominated more than once for the same position. This was typically because the President
submitted a nomination following a recess appointment (recess appointments are also included in
the table). When a nominee is awaiting Senate action and he or she is given a recess appointment,
a follow-up nomination is usually submitted to comply with the requirements of 5 U.S.C. Section
5503(b) (see section entitled “Recess Appointments,” above).
The nomination tables that have more than one nominee to a position also give statistics on the
length of time between nomination and confirmation. Each nomination action table provides the
average “days to confirm” in two ways: mean and median. While the mean is a more familiar

33 See Appendix B for a further breakdown.
34 The median is the midpoint of the range of all the numbers when arranged numerically. The median is less sensitive
to outliers than the mean.
35 This report was compiled from data from the nominations file of the Senate Executive Files database of the
Legislative Information System (LIS), available at http://www.congress.gov/nomis/; the “Plum Book” (U.S. Congress,
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Government Policy and Supporting
Positions, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., committee print, November 12, 2008 (Washington: GPO, 2008) and telephone
discussions with agency officials. Information concerning position incumbents was also drawn from nomination and
confirmation data supplemented by information from the following two federal agency directories: The Leadership
Library on the Internet, Federal Yellow Book, at http://www.leadershipdirectories.com/fyb.htm (New York: Leadership
Directories, Inc); and CQ Press, 2008/Fall Federal Staff Directory, 46th ed. (Washington: CQ Press, 2008).
36 The data collected on incumbents at the end of the 111th Congress were collected as of the Senate’s last day of
business on December 22, 2010. Beginning on December 23, agency officials were contacted and the lists of
incumbents were finalized.
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measure, it may be influenced by outliers in the data, while the median does not tend to be
influenced by outliers. In other words, a nomination that took an extraordinarily long time might
cause a significant change in the mean, but the median would be unaffected. Presenting both
numbers is a better way to look at the central tendency of the data.
Additional Appointment Information
Appendix A presents a table of all nominations and recess appointments to positions in
independent and other agencies, organized alphabetically by last name and following a similar
format to that of the agency-by-agency nomination action tables. It identifies the agency involved
and the dates of nomination. The table indicates if and when a nomination was confirmed,
withdrawn, or returned. The mean and median numbers of days taken to confirm a nomination are
also provided.
Appendix B provides a table with summary information on appointments and nominations by
four agency categories: independent executive agencies, agencies in the Executive Office of the
President (EOP), multilateral organizations, and agencies in the legislative branch. For each of
these categories, the table provides the number of positions, nominations, individual nominees,
confirmations, nominations returned, and nominations withdrawn. The table also provides, for
each of the four categories, the mean and median number of days to confirm a nomination.
Appendix C provides a list of department abbreviations.


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Nominations and Incumbents: Full-Time Positions
in Independent Agencies
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
level
Federal Co-Chair
Earl F. Gohl
III
Alternate Federal Co-Chair
Vacant
V

ARC Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Earl F. Gohl
Federal Co-Chair
11/17/09
03/10/10
113

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
level
Director, International Broadcasting Bureau
Richard M. Lobo
IV

BBG Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Richard M. Lobo
Director
02/11/10
09/16/10
217

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
level
Director
Leon E. Panetta
II
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Position Incumbent
Pay
level
Inspector Generala
David B. Buckley
III + 3%b
General Counsel
Stephen W. Preston
IV
a. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of the CIA’s IG, however, the law provides that “The President shall
communicate in writing to the intelligence committees the reasons for any such removal not later than 30
days prior to the effective date of such removal” (50 USCS §403q(b)(6)).
b. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”
CIA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Leon E. Panetta
Director
01/30/09
02/12/09
13
Stephen W. Preston
General Counsel
05/11/09
06/25/09
45
David B. Buckley
Inspector General
08/05/10
09/29/10
55
Mean number of days to confirm


37.7
Median number of days to confirm


45.0

Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
President and Chief Executive Officer
Patrick A. Corvington
III
Inspector Generala
Kenneth Bach (A)
III + 3%b
Managing Directorc Vacant

IV
Managing Director
Vacant
IV
Note: P.L. 111-13, §1705, changed the status of the Chief Financial Officer at the CNCS from a PAS position to
a position appointed by the CNCS Chief Executive Officer.
a. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of an IG, however, the law provides that “[i]f an Inspector General
is removed from office or is transferred to another position or location within an establishment, the
President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of
Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer” (5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(b)).
b. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”
c. According to agency officials, no more than one of the two managing director positions has ever been filled.
The last managing director was Louis Caldera, who resigned in 1998.
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CNCS Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Patrick A. Corvington
Chief Executive Officer
10/05/09
02/11/10
129
Jonathan A. Hatfield
Inspector General
02/22/10
Returned 12/22/10a
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency to the District of
Columbia (CSOSA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Directora
Adrienne R. Poteat (A)
IV
a. The position shown has a six-year term; an incumbent may be removed from office prior to the expiration
of the term only for neglect of duty, malfeasance in office, or other good cause shown. (District of Columbia
Code 24-133(b)(I)). There is no provision regarding removal or continuing in office after a term expires.
No CSOSA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress

Delta Regional Authority (DRA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Federal Co-Chair
Christopher A. Masingill
III

DRA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Christopher A. Masingill
Federal Co-Chair
04/26/10
06/23/10
58


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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Administrator
Lisa P. Jackson
II
Deputy Administrator
Robert Perciasepe
III
Assistant Administrator—Inspector Generala
Arthur A. Elkins Jr.
III + 3%b
Assistant Administrator—Administration and Resource
Craig E. Hooks
IV
Management
Assistant Administrator—Air and Radiation
Regina McCarthy
IV
Assistant Administrator—Enforcement and Compliance
Cynthia J. Giles
IV
Assurance
Assistant Administrator—Environmental Information
Malcolm D. Jackson
IV
Assistant Administrator—International and Tribal Affairs
Michelle J. DePass
IV
Assistant Administrator—Chemical Safety and Pol ution
Stephen A. Owens
IV
Prevention
Assistant Administrator—Research and Development
Paul T. Anastas
IV
Assistant Administrator—Solid Waste and Emergency
Mathy Stanislaus
IV
Response
Assistant Administrator—Water
Peter S. Silva
IV
Chief Financial Officerc
Barbara J. Bennett
IV
General Counsel
C. Scott C. Fulton
IV
a. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of an IG, however, the law provides that “[i]f an Inspector General
is removed from office or is transferred to another position or location within an establishment, the
President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of
Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer” (5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(b)).
b. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”
c. The chief financial officer (CFO) may be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the
Senate, or designated by the President from among agency officials confirmed by the Senate for another
position (31 U.S.C. §901(a)(1)). Bennett was appointed to be CFO by the President with the advice and
consent of the Senate.

EPA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Lisa P. Jackson
Administrator
01/20/09
01/22/09
2
Jonathan Z. Cannon
Dep. Admin.
03/11/09
Withdrawn 3/31/09
Regina McCarthy
Asst. Admin.—Air and
03/16/09 06/02/09 78
Radiation
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Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Michelle DePass
Asst. Admin.—International
03/19/09 05/12/09 54
and Tribal Affairs
Cynthia J. Giles
Asst. Admin.—Enforcement
03/23/09 05/12/09 50
and Compliance Assurance
Mathy Stanislaus
Asst. Admin.—Solid Waste
04/20/09 05/12/09 22
and Emergency Response
Peter S. Silva
Asst. Admin.—Water
04/20/09
07/10/09
81
Stephen A. Owens
Asst. Admin.—Chemical
04/23/09 07/06/09 74
Safety and Pollution
Prevention
Colin S. C. Fulton
General Counsel
05/20/09
08/07/09
79
Paul T. Anastas
Asst. Admin.—Research and
05/21/09 12/24/09 217
Development
Robert Perciasepe
Dep. Admin.
06/18/09
12/24/09
189
Craig E. Hooks
Asst. Admin.—
06/19/09 08/07/09 49
Administration and Resource
Management
Barbara J. Bennett
Chief Financial Officer
09/14/09
11/06/09
53
Arthur A. Elkins Jr.
Inspector General
11/18/09
06/22/10
216
Malcolm D. Jackson
Asst. Admin.—
04/29/10 06/23/10 55
Environmental Information
Mean number of days to confirm


87.1
Median number of days to confirm


64.5

Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
Edward DeMarco (A)
II
Inspector General
Steve A. Linick
III + 3%a
Note: The Federal Housing Finance Agency was created by P.L. 110-289, the Housing and Economic Recovery
Act of 2008 (12 U.S.C. §4511).
a. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”
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FHFA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Steve A. Linick
Inspector General
04/12/10
09/29/10
170
Joseph A. Smith Jr.
Director
11/15/10
Returned 12/22/2010a
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.

Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
George H. Cohen
III

FMCS Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
George H. Cohen
Director
07/06/09
10/05/09
91

General Services Administration (GSA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Administrator Martha
N.
Johnson
III
Inspector Generala
Brian D. Miller
III + 3%b
a. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of an IG, however, the law provides that “[i]f an Inspector General
is removed from office or is transferred to another position or location within an establishment, the
President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of
Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer” (5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(b)).
b. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”

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GSA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Martha N. Johnson
Administrator
05/04/09
02/04/10
276
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Chief Executive Officer
Daniel W. Yohannes
II

MCC Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Daniel W. Yohannes
Chief Executive Officer
09/21/09
11/20/09
60

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Administrator
Charles Frank Bolden Jr.
II
Deputy Administrator
Lori B. Garver
III
Inspector Generala
Paul K. Martin
III+ 3%b
Chief Financial Officerc Elizabeth
Robinson
IV
a. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of an IG, however, the law provides that “[i]f an Inspector General
is removed from office or is transferred to another position or location within an establishment, the
President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of
Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer” (5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(b)).
b. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”
c. The chief financial officer (CFO) may be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the
Senate, or designated by the President from among agency officials confirmed by the Senate for another
position (31 U.S.C. §901(a)(1)). Robinson was appointed to be CFO by the President with the advice and
consent of the Senate.
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NASA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Charles F. Bolden Jr.
Administrator
06/22/09
07/15/09
23
Lori Garver
Deputy Administrator
06/22/09
07/15/09
23
Elizabeth M. Robinson
Chief Financial Officer
09/21/09 11/05/09 45
Paul K. Martin
Inspector General
10/01/09
11/20/09
50
Mean number of days to confirm


35.3
Median number of days to confirm


34.0

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Archivista
David S. Ferriero
III
a. The President may remove the Archivist at any time, but must communicate the reasons for such removal
to both houses of Congress (44 U.S.C. §2103(a)).
NARA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
David S. Ferriero
Archivist
07/28/09
11/06/09
101

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities (NFAH)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Chair—National Endowment for the Artsa Rocco
Landesman
III
Chair—National Endowment for the Humanitiesb
James A. Leach
III
Director—Institute of Museum and Library Servicesc
Marsha L. Semmel (A)
III
a. Term of office is four years; when term expires, incumbent may remain in office until a successor is
appointed (20 U.S.C. §954(b)(2)).
b. Term of office is four years; when term expires, incumbent may remain in office until a successor is
appointed (20 U.S.C. §956(b)(2)).
c. Term of office is four years (20 U.S.C. §9103(a)(2)).
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NFAH Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Rocco Landesman
Chair—National Endowment
06/11/09 08/07/09 57
for the Arts
James A. Leach
Chair—National Endowment
07/09/09 08/07/09 29
for the Humanities
Susan H. Hildreth
Director—Institute of
09/29/10 12/22/10 84
Museum and Library Services
Mean number of days to confirm


56.7
Median number of days to confirm


57.0

National Science Foundation (NSF)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Directora Subra
Suresh
II
Deputy Director
Cora B. Marrett (A)
III
a. Term of office is six years, but the President may remove the incumbent at any time. The incumbent must
leave office when term expires (42 U.S.C. §1864(a)).

NSF Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Subra Suresh
Director
06/08/10
09/29/10
113
Cora B. Marrett
Deputy Director
08/05/10
Returned 12/22/10a
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.

Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
James R. Clapper Jr.
I
Principal Deputy Director
Vacant
II
Director—National Counterterrorism Center
Michael E. Leiter
II
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Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
General Counsel
Robert S. Litt
IV
Chief Information Officera Vacant
IV
a. In the ODNI, the Chief Information Officer is also an Associate Director of National Intelligence.

ODNI Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Dennis C. Blair
Director
01/20/09
01/28/09
8
Priscilla E. Guthrie
Chief Information Officer
04/20/09
05/21/09
31
Robert S. Litt
General Counsel
04/28/09
06/25/09
58
David C. Gompert
Principal Deputy Director
08/06/09
11/09/09
95
James R. Clapper
Director
06/07/10
08/05/10
59
Stephanie O'Sullivan
Principal Deputy Director
12/13/10
Returned 12/22/10a
Mean number of days to confirm


50.2
Median number of days to confirm


58.0
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.

Office of Government Ethics (OGE)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Directora
Robert I. Cusick Jr.
III
a. Term of office is five years; the incumbent must leave office when the term expires (5 U.S.C. Appx.
§401(b)).
No OGE Nomination Action During the 111th Congress

Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation (ONHIR)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Commissionera Vacant
IV
a. There has not been a confirmed Commissioner for the Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation since
the resignation of Carl J. Kunasek on April 12, 1994.
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No ONHIR Nomination Action During the 111th Congress

Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Directora John
Berry
II
Deputy Director
Christine M. Griffin
III
Inspector Generalb
Patrick E. McFarland
III + 3%c
a. Term of office is four years, but the President may remove the incumbent at any time. The incumbent must
leave office when the term expires (5 U.S.C. §1102(a)).
b. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of an IG, however, the law provides that “[i]f an Inspector General
is removed from office or is transferred to another position or location within an establishment, the
President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of
Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer” (5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(b)).
c. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”

OPM Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
John Berry
Director
03/04/09
04/03/09
30
Christine M. Griffin
Deputy Director
05/12/09
07/31/09
80
Mean number of days to confirm


55.0
Median number of days to confirm


55.0

Office of Special Counsel (OSC)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Special Counsela
William E. Reukauf (A)
V
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a. Term of office is five years; incumbent may continue to serve for one year after his or her term expires.
The President may remove incumbent from office only for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in
office (5 U.S.C. §1211(b)).

OSC Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Carolyn N. Lerner
Special Counsel
12/17/10
Returned 12/22/10a
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.

Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
President
Elizabeth L. Littlefield
III
Executive Vice President
Mimi E. Alemayehou
IV

OPIC Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Elizabeth L. Littlefield
President
11/20/09
06/22/10
214
Mimi E. Alemayehou
Executive Vice President
03/10/10
09/16/10
190
Mean number of days to confirm


202.0
Median number of days to confirm


202.0

Peace Corps (PC)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
Aaron S. Williams
II
Deputy Director
Carolyn H. Radelet
IV

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

PC Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Aaron S. Williams
Director
07/14/09
08/07/09
24
Carolyn H. Radelet
Deputy Director
11/09/09
06/22/10
225
Mean number of days to confirm


124.5
Median number of days to confirm


124.5

Selective Service System (SSS)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
Lawrence G. Romo
IV

SSS Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Lawrence G. Romo
Director
10/28/09
12/03/09
36

Small Business Administration (SBA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Administrator
Karen G. Mills
III
Inspector Generala
Peggy E. Gustafson
III + 3%b
Deputy Administrator
Marie C. Johns
IV
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
Winslow L. Sargeant
IV
a. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of an IG, however, the law provides that “[i]f an Inspector General
is removed from office or is transferred to another position or location within an establishment, the
President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of
Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer” (5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(b)).
b. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

SBA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Karen G. Mills
Administrator
02/27/09
04/03/09
35
Winslow L. Sargeant
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
06/08/09
Returned 12/22/10a
Peggy E. Gustafson
Inspector General
07/06/09
09/24/09
80
Marie C. Johns
Deputy Administrator
12/17/09
06/22/10
187
Winslow L. Sargeant
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
Recess appointment 08/19/10b
Winslow L. Sargeant
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
09/13/10
Returned 12/22/10a
Mean number of days to confirm


100.7
Median number of days to confirm


80.0
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.
b. When the President makes a recess appointment, he general y submits a new nomination for the nominee,
even when an old nomination is pending, in compliance with 5 U.S.C. §5503. In this case, Sargeant was
nominated in June 2009 and recess-appointed in August 2010. The President then submitted another
nomination fol owing the recess appointment in September 2010.

Social Security Administration (SSA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Commissionera
Michael J. Astrue
I
Deputy Commissionerb
Carolyn W. Colvin
II
Inspector Generalc
Patrick P. O'Carrol
III + 3%d
a. Term of office is six years. When a term expires, the incumbent may continue in office until a successor is
appointed. The President may removed an incumbent only for neglect of duty or malfeasance in office (42
U.S.C. §902(a)).
b. Term of office is six years (42 U.S.C. §902(b)). When a term expires, the incumbent may continue in office
until a successor is appointed.
c. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of an IG, however, the law provides that “[i]f an Inspector General
is removed from office or is transferred to another position or location within an establishment, the
President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of
Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer” (5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(b)).
d. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

SSA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Carolyn W. Colvin
Deputy Commissioner
10/01/09
12/22/10
447

Trade and Development Agency (TDA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
Leocadia I. Zak
III

TDA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Leocadia I. Zak
Director
11/16/09
04/10/10
145

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Administrator
Rajiv J. Shah
II
Deputy Administrator
Donald K. Steinberg
III
Inspector Generala
Donald A. Gambatesa
III + 3%b
Assistant Administrator—Africa
Sharon Cromer (A)
IV
Assistant Administrator—Asia
Nisha D. Biswal
IV
Assistant Administrator—Latin America and Caribbean
Mark Feierstein
IV
Assistant Administrator—Europe and Eurasia
Paige E. Alexander
IV
Assistant Administrator—Global Health
Susan K. Brems (A)
IV
Assistant Administrator—Economic Growth, Agriculture,
Michael J. Yates (A)
IV
Trade
Assistant Administrator—Democracy, Conflict,
Nancy E. Lindborg
IV
Humanitarian Assistance
Assistant Administrator—Management
Drew W. Luten III (A)
IV
Assistant Administrator—Legislative and Public Affairs
Stephen Drieslar (A)
IV
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Note: USAID is an independent establishment as defined by 5 U.S.C. §104, with certain limitations (22 U.S.C.
§6563(a)). The USAID administrator “shal report to and be under the direct authority and foreign policy
guidance of the Secretary of State” (22 U.S.C. §6592).
a. The President may remove an inspector general (IG) from office, as he may remove most other appointed
officials in the departments. In the case of an IG, however, the law provides that “[i]f an Inspector General
is removed from office or is transferred to another position or location within an establishment, the
President shall communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal or transfer to both Houses of
Congress, not later than 30 days before the removal or transfer” (5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(b)).
b. Under the provisions of 5 U.S.C. Appx. §3(e), “The annual rate of basic pay for an inspector general (as
defined under section 12(3)) shal be the rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule under section
5314 of title 5, United States Code, plus 3 percent.”
USAID Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Rajiv J. Shah
Administrator
11/10/09
12/24/09
44
Mark Feierstein
Asst. Admin.—Latin America
05/13/10 09/16/10 126
and Caribbean
Nisha D. Biswal
Asst. Admin.—Asia
07/12/10
09/16/10
66
Nancy E. Lindborg
Asst. Admin.—Democracy,
08/05/10 09/29/10 55
Conflict, and Humanitarian
Assistance
Donald K. Steinberg
Deputy Administrator
08/05/10
09/29/10
55
Paige E. Alexander
Asst. Admin.—Europe and
09/27/10 12/22/10 86
Eurasia
Eric G. Postel
Asst. Admin.—Economic
11/15/10 Returned
12/22/10a
Growth, Agriculture and
Trade
Mean number of days to confirm


72.0
Median number of days to confirm


60.5
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Nominations and Incumbents: Full-Time Positions
in the Executive Office of the President
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Chaira
Austan D. Goolsbee
II
Member
Cecilia E. Rouse
IV
Member Vacant
IV
a. The chair and vice chair are designated by the President (15 U.S.C. §1023(a)). No vice-chair had been
designated since 2005.

CEA Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Christina D. Romer
Member
01/20/09
01/28/09
8
Austan D. Goolsbee
Member
01/20/09
03/10/09
49
Cecilia E. Rouse
Member
01/20/09
03/10/09
49
Mean number of days to confirm


35.3
Median number of days to confirm


49.0

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Chaira Nancy
H.
Sutley
II
Deputy Director—Office of Environmental Qualityb
Gary S. Guzy
c
a. The Council consists of one member who serves as chair. The chair also serves as director of the Office of
Environmental Quality (42 U.S.C. §4372(a)).
b. According to the United States Government Manual 2011, “[t]he Council and [Office of Environmental
Quality (OEQ)] are collectively referred to as the Council on Environmental Quality....”
c. “The compensation of the Deputy Director shall be fixed by the President at a rate not in excess of the
annual rate of compensation payable to the Deputy Director of the Bureau of the Budget [Deputy Director
of the Office of Management and Budget]” (42 U.S.C. §4372(b)).
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

CEQ Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Nancy H. Sutley
Member
01/20/09
01/22/09
2
Gary S. Guzy
Dep. Dir. —Office of
07/20/09 09/10/09 52
Environmental Quality
Mean number of days to confirm


27.0
Median number of days to confirm


27.0

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
Jacob J. Lew
I
Deputy Director
Robert L. Nabors II
II
Deputy Director—Management
Jeffrey D. Zients
II
Control er—Office of Federal Financial Management
Daniel I. Werfel
III
Administrator—Office of Federal Procurement Policy
Daniel I. Gordon
III
Administrator—Office of Information and Regulatory
Cass R. Sunstein
III
Affairs
Coordinator—U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcementa
Victoria A. Espinel
b
a. The position of Coordinator for U.S. Intel ectual Property Enforcement was created by P.L. 110-403, §301
(15 U.S.C. §8111(a)).
b. CRS attempted to contact OMB to verify the Coordinator for U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcement pay
level, which does not appear to be explicitly listed in statute, but did not receive a response. The position
may be covered under 5 U.S.C. §5316, which lists “Additional officers, Office of Management and Budget,”
within executive pay level V.
OMB Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Peter R. Orszag
Director
01/20/09
01/20/09
0
Robert L. Nabors II
Deputy Director
01/20/09
01/28/09
8
Jeffrey D. Zients
Dep. Dir.—Management
05/12/09
06/19/09
38
Cass R. Sunstein
Admin.—Office of
04/20/09 09/10/09 143
Information and Regulatory
Affairs
Daniel I. Werfel
Control er—Office of
08/03/09 10/13/09 71
Federal Financial
Management
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Victoria A. Espinel
Coordinator—U.S.
09/29/09 12/03/09 65
Intellectual Property
Enforcement
Daniel I. Gordon
Admin.—Office of Federal
10/05/09 11/29/09 55
Procurement Policy
Jacob J. Lew
Director
08/05/10
11/18/10
105
Mean number of days to confirm


60.6
Median number of days to confirm


60.0

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
R. Gil Kerlikowske
I
Deputy Director
Vacant
III
Deputy Director—Demand Reduction
David K. Mineta
III
Deputy Director—Supply Reduction
Patrick M. Ward
III
Deputy Director—State, Local, and Tribal Affairs
Benjamin B. Tucker
III

ONDCP Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
R. Gil Kerlikowske
Director
03/16/09
05/07/09
52
A. Thomas McLel an
Deputy Director
04/20/09
08/07/09
109
Benjamin B. Tucker
Dep. Dir.—State, Local, and
08/06/09 08/22/10 381
Tribal Affairs
David K. Mineta
Dep. Dir.—Demand
03/08/10 06/22/10 106
Reduction
Mean number of days to confirm


162.0
Median number of days to confirm


107.5

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Director
John P. Holdren
II
Associate Director—Energy and Environment
Sherburne B. Abbott
III
Associate Director—National Security and International
Philip E. Coyle III
III
Affairs
Associate Director—Science
Carl Wieman
III
Associate Director—Technology
Aneesh Chopra
III

OSTP Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
John P. Holdren
Director
01/20/09
03/19/09
58
Sherburne B. Abbott
Assoc. Dir.—Energy and
03/10/09 04/29/09 50
Environment
Aneesh Chopra
Assoc. Dir.—Technology
05/14/09
05/21/09
7
Philip E. Coyle III
Assoc. Dir.—National
10/28/09 Returned
12/22/10a
Security and Int’l Affairs
Carl Wieman
Assoc. Dir.—Science
03/24/10
09/16/10
176
Philip E. Coyle III
Assoc. Dir.—National
Recess appointment 07/07/10b
Security and Int’l Affairs
Philip E. Coyle III
Assoc. Dir.—National
07/19/10 Returned
12/22/10a
Security and Int’l Affairs
Mean number of days to confirm


72.8
Median number of days to confirm


54.0
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.
b. Coyle had not been confirmed as of the end of the 111th Congress. Coyle’s recess appointment expired at
the end of the first session of the 112th Congress. When the President makes a recess appointment, he
general y submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in
compliance with 5 U.S.C. §5503. In this case, Coyle was nominated in October 2009 and recess-appointed
in July 2010. The President then submitted another nomination following the recess appointment later in
July 2010.

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (OUSTR)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
U.S. Trade Representative
Ronald Kirk
I
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Miriam E. Sapiro
III
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Demetrios J. Marantis
III
Deputy U.S. Trade Representative
Michael W. Punke
III
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
Islam A Siddiqui
III

OUSTR Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Ronald Kirk
U.S. Trade Representative
01/20/09
03/18/09
57
Demetrios J. Marantis
Deputy U.S. Trade Rep.
03/17/09
05/06/09
50
Miriam E. Sapiro
Deputy U.S. Trade Rep.
04/20/09
12/24/09
248
Michael W. Punke
Deputy U.S. Trade Rep.
09/14/09
Returned 12/22/10a
Islam A. Siddiqui
Chief Agricultural
09/24/09 Returned
12/22/10a
Negotiator
Michael W. Punke
Deputy U.S. Trade Rep.
Recess appointment 03/27/10b
Islam A. Siddiqui
Chief Agricultural
Recess appointment 03/27/10c
Negotiator
Michael W. Punke
Deputy U.S. Trade Rep.
04/21/10
Returned 12/22/10a
Islam A. Siddiqui
Chief Agricultural
04/21/10 Returned
12/22/10a
Negotiator
Mean number of days to confirm


118.3
Median number of days to confirm


57.0
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.
b. Punke had not been confirmed as of the end of the 111th Congress. Punke’s recess appointment expired at
the end of the first session of the 112th Congress. When the President makes a recess appointment, he
general y submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in
compliance with 5 U.S.C. §5503. In this case, Punke was nominated in September 2009 and recess-
appointed in March 2010. The President then submitted another nomination fol owing the recess
appointment in April 2010.
c. Siddiqui had not been confirmed as of the end of the 111th Congress. Siddiqui’s recess appointment expired
at the end of the first session of the 112th Congress. When the President makes a recess appointment, he
general y submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in
compliance with 5 U.S.C. §5503. In this case, Siddiqui was nominated in September 2009 and recess-
appointed in March 2010. The President then submitted another nomination fol owing the recess
appointment in April 2010.
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Nominations and Incumbents: Full-Time Positions
in Multilateral Organizations
African Development Bank (AfDB)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
U.S. Executive Director
Walter C. Jones
a
a. “The Director … representing the United States, if [a citizen] of the United States, may, in the discretion of
the President, receive such compensation, allowances, and other benefits as, together with those received
from the Bank and from the African Development Fund, may not exceed those authorized for a chief of
mission under the Foreign Service Act of 1980” (22 U.S.C. §290i-2).

AfDB Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Walter C. Jones
U.S. Executive Director
11/16/09
03/10/10
114

Asian Development Bank (AsDB)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
U.S. Executive Director
Robert M. Orr
a
a. “The Director may, in the discretion of the President, receive such compensation, allowances, and other
benefits as, together with those received by him from the Bank, will equal those authorized for a chief of
mission under the Foreign Service Act of 1980” (22 U.S.C. §285a(b)).

AsDB Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Robert M. Orr
U.S. Executive Directora 03/24/10
09/16/10
176
a. The position of U.S. Director is the title of the position as written on the nomination sent by the Senate to
the President. In the Asian Development Bank, this position is known as the U.S. Executive Director.
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
U.S. Director
James L. Hudson
a
a. The statutory basis for this position, 22 U.S.C. §290l-1, makes no provision regarding the compensation of
the position holder.

EBRD Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
James L. Hudson
U.S. Director
06/24/09
11/20/09
149

Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
U.S. Executive Directora Gustavo
Arnavat
b
U.S Alternate Executive Directora Vacant
b
a. Term of office is three years; incumbent remains in office when a term expires until a successor is
appointed (22 U.S.C. §283a(b)).
b. “No person shall be entitled to receive any salary or other compensation from the United States for
services as … executive director” (22 U.S.C. §283a(c)).

IADB Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Gustavo Arnavat
U.S. Executive Director
09/21/09
11/20/09
60

Congressional Research Service
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World
Bank) (IBRD)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
U.S. Executive Directora
Ian H. Solomon
c
U.S Alternate Executive Directorb Vacant
c
a. Term of office is two years; the incumbent may remain in office when a term expires until a successor is
appointed (22 U.S.C. §286a(a)).
b. Term of office is two years; the incumbent may remain in office when a term expires until a successor is
appointed (22 U.S.C. §286a(b)).
c. “No person shall be entitled to receive any salary or other compensation from the United States for
services as … executive director … [or] alternate ...” (22 U.S.C. §286a(d)(1)).

IBRD Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Ian H. Solomon
U.S. Executive Director
11/16/09
03/10/10
114

International Joint Commission, U.S. and Canada (IJC)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Chair, U.S. Section
Lana Pollack
IV
Commissioner, U.S. Section
Irene B. Brooks
V
Commissioner, U.S. Section
Samuel W. Speck
V

IJC Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Lana Pol ack
Chair—U.S. Section
02/01/10
06/22/10
141

Congressional Research Service
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
U.S. Executive Directora Margrethe
Lundsager
b
U.S Alternate Executive Directora
Douglas A. Rediker
b
a. Term of office is two years; the incumbent may remain in office when a term expires until a successor is
appointed (22 U.S.C. §286a(a)).
b. “No person shall be entitled to receive any salary or other compensation from the United States for
services as … executive director … [or] alternate ...” (22 U.S.C. §286a(d)(1)).
IMF Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Douglas A. Rediker
U.S. Alternate Executive
12/02/09 03/10/10 98
Director

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Nominations and Incumbents: Full-Time Positions
in Legislative Branch Agencies
Architect of the Capitol (AOC)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Architect of the Capitola
Stephen T. Ayers
b
a. The architect is appointed to a 10-year term (2 U.S.C. §1801(a)(1)).
b. As provided in 2 U.S.C. §1802, the “compensation of the Architect of the Capitol shal be at an annual rate
which is equal to the lesser of the annual salary for the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives
or the annual salary for the Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper of the Senate.”
AOC Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Stephen T. Ayers
Architect
02/24/10
05/12/10
77

Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Comptrol er Generala
Eugene L. Dodaro
b
Deputy Comptrol er Generalc
d
b
a. The Comptroller General is appointed to a 15-year term, with no hold-over provision when the term
expires. He may be removed before the term expires by impeachment or by a joint resolution of Congress,
for permanent disability, inefficiency, neglect of duty, malfeasance, or a felony or conduct involving moral
turpitude (31 U.S.C. §703(e)(1)).
b. Under 31 U.S.C. §703(f), the “annual rate of basic pay of the – (1) Comptrol er General is equal to the rate
for level II of the Executive Schedule; and (2) Deputy Comptrol er General is equal to the rate for level III of
the Executive Schedule.”
c. The term of the Deputy Comptrol er General expires upon the appointment of a new Comptrol er
General, or when a successor is appointed.
d. No one has been nominated to this office for at least 30 years.

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

GAO Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Eugene L. Dodaro
Comptrol er General
09/23/10
12/22/10
90

Government Printing Office (GPO)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Public Printer
William J. Boarman
a
a. Under 44 U.S.C. §303, the “annual rate of pay for the Public Printer shal be a rate which is equal to the rate
for level II of the Executive Schedule under subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 5.”

GPO Nomination Action During the 111th Congress
Days to
Nominee Position
Nominated
Confirmed
Confirm
Wil iam J. Boarman
Public Printer
04/19/10
Returned 12/22/10a
William J. Boarman
Public Printer
Recess appointment 12/29/10b
a. Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of
the Senate.
b. Boarman had not been confirmed as of the end of the 111th Congress. He was given a recess appointment
to this position after the Senate adjourned sine die in December 2010.
Library of Congress (LOC)
Incumbents in Full-Time PAS Positions, as of the End of the 111th Congress
Position Incumbent
Pay
Level
Librarian of Congress
James H. Billington
a
a. Under 2 U.S.C. §136a-2(1), “the Librarian of Congress shal be compensated at an annual rate of pay which
is equal to the annual rate of basic pay payable for positions at level II of the Executive Schedule under
section 5313 of title 5.”
No LOC Nomination Action During the 111th Congress

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Appendix A. Summary of All Nominations and
Appointments to Independent and Other Agencies
Nomination
Confirmation
Days to
Nominee Position
Agency
Date
Date
Confirm
Sherburne B. Abbott
Assoc. Dir.—Energy and Environment
OSTP
03/10/09
04/29/09
50
Mimi E. Alemayehou
Executive Vice President
OPIC
03/10/10
09/16/10
190
Paige E. Alexander
Asst. Admin.—Europe and Eurasia
USAID
09/27/10
12/22/10
86
Paul T. Anastas
Asst. Admin.—Research and
EPA 05/21/09 12/24/09
217
Development
Gustavo Arnavat
U.S. Executive Director
IADB
09/21/09
11/20/09
60
Stephen T. Ayers
Architect
AOC
02/24/10
05/12/10
77
Barbara J. Bennett
Chief Financial Officer
EPA
09/14/09
11/06/09
53
John Berry
Director
OPM
03/04/09
04/03/09
30
Nisha D. Biswal
Asst. Admin.—Asia
USAID
07/12/10
09/16/10
66
Dennis C. Blair
Director
ODNI
01/20/09
01/28/09
8
Wil iam J. Boarman
Public Printer
GPO
04/19/10
Returned 12/22/10
William J. Boarman
Public Printer
GPO
Recess appointment 12/29/10
Charles F. Bolden Jr.
Administrator
NASA
06/22/09
07/15/09
23
David B. Buckley
Inspector General
CIA
08/05/10
09/29/10
55
Jonathan Z. Cannon
Dep. Admin.
EPA
03/11/09
Withdrawn 3/31/09
Aneesh Chopra
Assoc. Dir.—Technology
OSTP
05/14/09
05/21/09
7
James R. Clapper
Director
ODNI
06/07/10
08/05/10
59
George H. Cohen
Director
FMCS
07/06/09
10/05/09
91
Carolyn W. Colvin
Dep. Commissioner
SSA
10/01/09
12/22/10
447
Patrick A.
Chief Executive Officer
CNCS
10/05/09
02/11/10
129
Corvington
Philip E. Coyle III
Assoc. Dir.—National Security and Int’l
OSTP 10/28/09 Returned
12/22/10
Affairs
Philip E. Coyle III
Assoc. Dir.—National Security and Int’l
OSTP Recess
appointment
07/07/10
Affairs
Philip E. Coyle III
Assoc. Dir.—National Security and Int’l
OSTP 07/19/10 Returned
12/22/10
Affairs
Michel e DePass
Asst. Admin.—Int’l and Tribal Affairs
EPA
03/19/09
05/12/09
54
Eugene L. Dodaro
Comptrol er General
GAO
09/23/10
12/22/10
90
Arthur A. Elkins Jr.
Inspector General
EPA
11/18/09
06/22/10
216
Victoria A. Espinel
Coordinator—U.S. Intel ectual Property
OMB 09/29/09 12/03/09 65
Enforcement
Mark Feierstein
Asst. Admin.–Latin America and
USAID 05/13/10 09/16/10 126
Caribbean
David S. Ferriero
Archivist
NARA
07/28/09
11/06/09
101
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Nomination
Confirmation
Days to
Nominee Position
Agency
Date
Date
Confirm
Colin S. C. Fulton
General Counsel
EPA
05/20/09
08/07/09
79
Lori Garver
Dep. Admin.
NASA
06/22/09
07/15/09
23
Cynthia J. Giles
Asst. Admin.—Enforcement and
EPA 03/23/09 05/12/09 50
Compliance Assurance
Earl F. Gohl Jr.
Federal Cochairman
ARC
11/17/09
03/10/10
113
David C. Gompert
Principal Deputy Director
ODNI
08/06/09
11/09/09
95
Austan D. Goolsbee
Member
CEA
01/20/09
03/10/09
49
Daniel I. Gordon
Admin.—Office of Federal Procurement
OMB 10/05/09 11/29/09 55
Policy
Christine M. Griffin
Dep. Dir.
OPM
05/12/09
07/31/09
80
Peggy E. Gustafson
Inspector General
SBA
07/06/09
09/24/09
80
Priscilla E. Guthrie
Chief Information Officer
ODNI 04/20/09 05/21/09 31
Gary S. Guzy
Dep. Dir.—Office of Environmental
CEQ 07/20/09 09/10/09 52
Quality
Jonathan A. Hatfield
Inspector General
CNCS
02/22/10
Returned 12/22/10
Susan H. Hildreth
Director—Institute of Museum and
NFAH 09/29/10 12/22/10 84
Library Services
John P. Holdren
Director
OSTP
01/20/09
03/19/09
58
Craig E. Hooks
Asst. Admin.—Administration and
EPA 06/19/09 08/07/09 49
Resource Management
James L. Hudson
U.S. Director
EBRD
06/24/09
11/20/09
149
Lisa P. Jackson
Administrator
EPA
01/20/09
01/22/09
2
Malcolm D. Jackson
Asst. Admin.—Environmental
EPA 04/29/10 06/23/10 55
Information
Marie C. Johns
Dep. Admin.
SBA
12/17/09
06/22/10
187
Martha N. Johnson
Administrator
GSA
05/04/09
02/04/10
276
Walter C. Jones
U.S. Executive Director
AfDB
11/16/09
03/10/10
114
R. Gil Kerlikowske
Director
ONDCP
03/16/09
05/07/09
52
Ronald Kirk
U.S. Trade Representative
OUSTR
01/20/09
03/18/09
57
Rocco Landesman
Chair—National Endowment for the Arts NFAH
06/11/09
08/07/09
57
James A. Leach
Chair—National Endowment for the
NFAH 07/09/09 08/07/09 29
Humanities
Carolyn N. Lerner
Special Counsel
OSC
12/17/10
Returned 12/22/10
Jacob J. Lew
Director
OMB
08/05/10
11/18/10
105
Nancy E. Lindborg
Asst. Admin.—Democracy, Conflict, and
USAID 08/05/10 09/29/10 55
Humanitarian Assistance
Steve A. Linick
Inspector General
FHFA
04/12/10
09/29/10
170
Robert S. Litt
General Counsel
ODNI
04/28/09
06/25/09
58
Elizabeth L. Littlefield
President
OPIC
11/20/09
06/22/10
214
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Nomination
Confirmation
Days to
Nominee Position
Agency
Date
Date
Confirm
Richard M. Lobo
Director
BBG
02/11/10
09/16/10
217
Demetrios J.
Dep. U.S. Trade Rep.
OUSTR
03/17/09
05/06/09
50
Marantis
Cora B. Marrett
Dep. Dir.
NSF
08/05/10
12/22/10
139
Paul K. Martin
Inspector General
NASA
10/01/09
11/20/09
50
Christopher A.
Federal Cochairperson
DRA
04/26/10
06/23/10
58
Masingill
Regina McCarthy
Asst. Admin.—Air and Radiation
EPA
03/16/09
06/02/09
78
A. Thomas McLel an
Dep. Dir.
ONDCP
04/20/09
08/07/09
109
Karen G. Mills
Administrator
SBA
02/27/09
04/03/09
35
David K. Mineta
Dep. Dir.—Demand Reduction
ONDCP
03/08/10
06/22/10
106
Robert L. Nabors II
Dep. Dir.
OMB
01/20/09
01/28/09
8
Robert M. Orr
U.S. Executive Director
AsDB
03/24/10
09/16/10
176
Peter R. Orszag
Director
OMB
01/20/09
01/20/09
0
Stephanie O'Sullivan
Principal Deputy Director
ODNI
12/13/10
Returned 12/22/10
Stephen A. Owens
Asst. Admin.—Chemical Safety and
EPA 04/23/09 07/06/09 74
Pollution Prevention
Leon E. Panetta
Director
CIA
01/30/09
02/12/09
13
Robert Perciasepe
Dep. Admin.
EPA
06/18/09
12/24/09
189
Lana Pol ack
Chair—U.S. Section
IJC
02/01/10
06/22/10
141
Eric G. Postel
Asst. Admin.—Economic Growth,
USAID 11/15/10
Returned
12/22/10
Agriculture and Trade
Stephen W. Preston
General Counsel
CIA
05/11/09
06/25/09
45
Michael W. Punke
Dep. U.S. Trade Rep.
OUSTR
09/14/09
Returned 12/22/10
Michael W. Punke
Dep. U.S. Trade Rep.
OUSTR
Recess appointment 03/27/10
Michael W. Punke
Dep. U.S. Trade Rep.
OUSTR
04/21/10
Returned 12/22/10
Carolyn H. Radelet
Dep. Dir.
PC
11/09/09
06/22/10
225
Douglas A. Rediker
U.S. Alternate Executive Director
IMF
12/02/09
03/10/10
98
Elizabeth M.
Chief Financial Officer
NASA 09/21/09 11/05/09 45
Robinson
Christina D. Romer
Member
CEA
01/20/09
01/28/09
8
Lawrence G. Romo
Director
SSS
10/28/09
12/03/09
36
Cecilia E. Rouse
Member
CEA
01/20/09
03/10/09
49
Miriam E. Sapiro
Dep. U.S. Trade Rep.
OUSTR
04/20/09
12/24/09
248
Winslow L. Sargeant
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
SBA
06/08/09
Returned 12/22/10
Winslow L. Sargeant
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
SBA
Recess appointment 08/19/10
Winslow L. Sargeant
Chief Counsel for Advocacy
SBA
09/13/10
Returned 12/22/10
Rajiv J. Shah
Administrator
USAID
11/10/09
12/24/09
44
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Nomination
Confirmation
Days to
Nominee Position
Agency
Date
Date
Confirm
Islam A. Siddiqui
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
OUSTR
09/24/09
Returned 12/22/10
Islam A. Siddiqui
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
OUSTR
Recess appointment 03/27/10
Islam A. Siddiqui
Chief Agricultural Negotiator
OUSTR
04/21/10
Returned 12/22/10
Peter S. Silva
Asst. Admin.—Water
EPA
04/20/09
07/10/09
81
Joseph A. Smith Jr.
Director
FHFA
11/15/10
Returned 12/22/10
Ian H. Solomon
U.S. Executive Director
IBRD
11/16/09
03/10/10
114
Mathy Stanislaus
Asst. Admin.—Solid Waste and
EPA 04/20/09 05/12/09 22
Emergency Response
Donald K. Steinberg
Dep. Admin.
USAID
08/05/10
09/29/10
55
Cass R. Sunstein
Admin.—Office of Information and
OMB 04/20/09 09/10/09 143
Regulatory Affairs
Subra Suresh
Director
NSF
06/08/10
09/29/10
113
Nancy H. Sutley
Member
CEQ
01/20/09
01/22/09
2
Benjamin B. Tucker
Dep. Dir.—State, Local, and Tribal Affairs ONDCP
08/06/09
08/22/10
381
Daniel I. Werfel
Control er—Office of Federal Financial
OMB 08/03/09 10/13/09 71
Management
Carl Wieman
Assoc. Dir.—Science
OSTP
03/24/10
09/16/10
176
Aaron S. Williams
Director
PC
07/14/09
08/07/09
24
Daniel W. Yohannes
Chief Executive Officer
MCC
09/21/09
11/20/09
60
Leocadia I. Zak
Director
TDA
11/16/09
04/10/10
145
Jeffrey D. Zients
Dep. Dir.—Management
OMB
05/12/09
06/19/09
38
Mean number of days to confirm nomination

92.8
Median number of days to confirm nomination

65.0
Source: Table created by CRS using data found in the Senate nominations database of the Legislative
Information System at http://www.congress.gov/nomis.

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Appendix B. Nomination Action by Agency Type,
111th Congress

Mean/
Median
Agency
Individual
Nominations Nominations
Days to
Type Positions
Nominations
Nominees Confirmations Returned
Withdrawn
Confirm
Independent
77 66 65 55
11 0 94.6/63.0
agencies
Executive
27 30 27 27
2
1 80.8/53.5
Office of the
President
Multilateral
12 7 7 6
1 0
121.7/114.0
organizations
Legislative
5 3 3 2
1 0
83.5/83.5
agencies
Total 121
106 102 91
14 1 92.8/65.0
Source: Table created by the Congressional Research Service using the data compiled for this report.
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Appendix C. Agency Abbreviations
Independent Agencies
ARC—Appalachian Regional Commission
BBG—Broadcasting Board of Governors
CIA—Central Intelligence Agency
CNCS—Corporation for National and Community Service
CSOSA—Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia
DRA—Delta Regional Authority
EPA—Environmental Protection Agency
FHFA—Federal Housing Finance Agency
FMCS—Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
GSA—General Services Administration
MCC—Millennium Challenge Corporation
NARA—National Archives and Records Administration
NASA—National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NFAH—National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities
NSF—National Science Foundation
ODNI—Office of the Director of National Intelligence
OGE—Office of Government Ethics
ONHIR—Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation
OPIC—Overseas Private Investment Corporation
OPM—Office of Personnel Management
OSC—Office of Special Counsel
PC—Peace Corps
SBA—Small Business Administration
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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

SSA—Social Security Administration
SSS—Selective Service System
TDA—Trade Development Agency
USAID—United States Agency for International Development
Executive Office of the President (EOP)
CEA—Council of Economic Advisers
CEQ—Council on Environmental Quality
OMB—Office of Management and Budget
ONDCP—Office of National Drug Control Policy
OSTP—Office of Science and Technology Policy
OUSTR—Office of U.S. Trade Representative
Multilateral Banking Organizations
AfDB—African Development Bank
AsDB—Asian Development Bank
EBRD—European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IADB—Inter–American Development Bank
IBRD—International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IJC—International Joint Commission, U.S. and Canada
IMF—International Monetary Fund
Legislative Branch Agencies
AC—Architect of the Capitol
GAO—Government Accountability Office
GPO—Government Printing Office
LC—Library of Congress

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Presidential Appointments to Independent Agencies During the 111th Congress

Author Contact Information

Maeve P. Carey
Maureen Bearden
Analyst in Government Organization and
Information Research Specialist
Management
mbearden@crs.loc.gov, 7-8955
mcarey@crs.loc.gov, 7-7775
Michael W. Greene

Information Research Specialist
mgreene@crs.loc.gov, 7-8900

Acknowledgments
Terrence L. Lisbeth, Reference Assistant, assisted in the collection of data used in this report. Henry B.
Hogue, Analyst in American National Government, provided some of the information in this report.

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