Cybersecurity:
Authoritative Reports and Resources

Rita Tehan
Information Research Specialist
January 17, 2013
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R42507
CRS Report for Congress
Pr
epared for Members and Committees of Congress

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Summary
Cybersecurity vulnerabilities challenge governments, businesses, and individuals worldwide.
Attacks have been initiated by individuals, as well as countries. Targets have included
government networks, military defenses, companies, or political organizations, depending upon
whether the attacker was seeking military intelligence, conducting diplomatic or industrial
espionage, or intimidating political activists. In addition, national borders mean little or nothing to
cyberattackers, and attributing an attack to a specific location can be difficult, which also makes a
response problematic.
Congress has been actively involved in cybersecurity issues, holding hearings every year since
2001. There is no shortage of data on this topic: government agencies, academic institutions,
think tanks, security consultants, and trade associations have issued hundreds of reports, studies,
analyses, and statistics.
This report provides links to selected authoritative resources related to cybersecurity issues. This
report includes information on
• “Legislation”
• “Hearings in the 112th Congress”
• “Executive Orders and Presidential Directives”
• “Data and Statistics”
• “Cybersecurity Glossaries”
• “Reports by Topic”
• Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports
• White House/Office of Management and Budget reports
• Military/DOD
• Cloud Computing
• Critical Infrastructure
• National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC)
• Cybercrime/Cyberwar
• International
• Education/Training/Workforce
• Research and Development (R&D)
• “Related Resources: Other Websites”
The report will be updated as needed.

Congressional Research Service

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Legislation ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Hearings in the 112th Congress ........................................................................................................ 3
Executive Orders and Presidential Directives ................................................................................ 13
Data and Statistics .......................................................................................................................... 16
Cybersecurity Glossaries ............................................................................................................... 22
Reports by Topic ............................................................................................................................ 24
CRS Reports Overview: Cybersecurity Policy Framework .................................................... 24
CRS Reports: Critical Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 47
CRS Reports: Cybercrime and National Security ................................................................... 54
Related Resources: Other Websites ............................................................................................... 71

Tables
Table 1. Major Legislation: Senate (112th Congress) ....................................................................... 2
Table 2. Senate Floor Debate: S. 3414 (112th Congress) ................................................................. 2
Table 3. Major Legislation: House (112th Congress) ....................................................................... 3
Table 4. House Hearings (112th Congress), by Date ........................................................................ 4
Table 5. House Hearings (112th Congress), by Committee .............................................................. 6
Table 6. House Markups (112th Congress), by Date ........................................................................ 9
Table 7. Senate Hearings (112th Congress), by Date ...................................................................... 10
Table 8. Senate Hearings (112th Congress), by Committee............................................................ 11
Table 9. Congressional Committee Investigative Reports ............................................................. 12
Table 10. Executive Orders and Presidential Directives ................................................................ 14
Table 11. Data and Statistics: Cyber Incidents, Data Breaches, Cyber Crime ............................... 17
Table 12. Glossaries of Cybersecurity Terms ................................................................................ 23
Table 13. Selected Reports: Cybersecurity Overview ................................................................... 25
Table 14. Selected Government Reports: Government Accountability Office (GAO) .................. 29
Table 15. Selected Government Reports: White House/Office of Management and Budget ........ 35
Table 16. Selected Government Reports: Department of Defense (DOD) .................................... 38
Table 17. Selected Government Reports: National Strategy for Trusted Identities in
Cyberspace (NSTIC) .................................................................................................................. 42
Table 18. Selected Reports: Cloud Computing .............................................................................. 43
Table 19. Selected Reports: Critical Infrastructure ........................................................................ 48
Table 20. Selected Reports: Cybercrime/Cyberwar ....................................................................... 55
Table 21. Selected Reports: International Efforts .......................................................................... 59
Congressional Research Service

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Table 22. Selected Reports: Education/Training/Workforce .......................................................... 66
Table 23. Selected Reports: Research & Development (R&D) ..................................................... 69
Table 24. Related Resources: Congressional/Government ............................................................ 71
Table 25. Related Resources: International Organizations ............................................................ 72
Table 26. Related Resources: News ............................................................................................... 73
Table 27. Related Resources: Other Associations and Institutions ................................................ 74

Contacts
Author Contact Information........................................................................................................... 75
Key Policy Staff ............................................................................................................................. 75

Congressional Research Service

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Introduction
Cybersecurity is a sprawling topic that includes national, international, government, and private
industry dimensions. More than 40 bills and resolutions with provisions related to cybersecurity
have been introduced in the first session of the 112th Congress, including several proposing
revisions to current laws. In the 111th Congress, the total was more than 60. Several of those bills
received committee or floor action, but none have become law. In fact, no comprehensive
cybersecurity legislation has been enacted since 2002.
This report provides links to cybersecurity hearings and legislation under consideration in the
112th Congress, as well as executive orders and presidential directives, data and statistics,
glossaries, and authoritative reports.
For CRS analysis, please see the collection of CRS reports found on the Issues in Focus:
Cybersecurity site.
Legislation
No major legislative provisions relating to cybersecurity have been enacted since 2002, despite
many recommendations made over the past decade. The Obama Administration sent Congress a
package of legislative proposals in May 20111 to give the federal government new authority to
ensure that corporations that own the assets most critical to the nation’s security and economic
prosperity are adequately addressing the risks posed by cybersecurity threats.
Cybersecurity legislation is advancing in both chambers in the 112th Congress. The House
introduced a series of bills that address a variety of issues—from toughening law enforcement of
cybercrimes to giving the Department of Homeland Security oversight of federal information
technology and critical infrastructure security to lessening liability for private companies that
adopt cybersecurity best practices. The Senate is pursuing a comprehensive cybersecurity bill
with several committees working to create a single vehicle for passage.
Table 1 and Table 3 provide lists of major Senate and House legislation under current
consideration in the 112th Congress, in order by date introduced. When viewed in HTML, the bill
numbers are active links to the Bill Summary and Status page in the Legislative Information
Service (LIS). The tables include bills with committee action, floor action, or significant
legislative interest. Table 2 provides Congressional Record links to Senate floor debate of S.
3414, the Cybersecurity Act of 2012.

1 White House, International Strategy for Cyberspace: Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World, May
2011, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf.
Congressional Research Service
1

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Table 1. Major Legislation: Senate (112th Congress)
Bill No.
Title
Committee(s)
Date Introduced
S. 413
Cybersecurity and Internet Freedom Act Homeland Security and
February 17, 2011
of 2011
Governmental Affairs
S. 1151
Personal Data Privacy and Security Act
Judiciary June
7,
2011
of 2011
S. 1342
Grid Cyber Security Act
Energy and Natural Resources
July 11, 2011
S. 1535
Personal Data Protection and Breach
Judiciary
September 22, 2011
Accountability Act of 2011
S. 2102
Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act
Homeland Security and
February 13, 2012
of 2012
Governmental Affairs
S. 2105
Cybersecurity Act of 2012
Homeland Security and
February 14, 2012
Governmental Affairs
S. 2151
SECURE IT Act
Commerce, Science, and
March 1, 2012
Transportation
S. 3333
Data Security and Breach Notification
Commerce, Science, and
June 21. 2012
Act of 2012
Transportation
S. 3342
SECURE IT
N/A (Placed on Senate Legislative
June 28, 2012
Calendar under General Orders.
Calendar No. 438)
S. 3414
Cybersecurity Act of 2012
N/A (Placed on Senate Legislative
July 19, 2012
Calendar under Read the First
Time)
Source: Legislative Information System (LIS).
Table 2. Senate Floor Debate: S. 3414 (112th Congress)
Title Date
Congressional Record Pages
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Motion to Proceed
November 14,
S6774-S6784
2012
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-11-
14/pdf/CREC-2012-11-14-pt1-
PgS6774.pdf#page=1
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Motion to Proceed
July 26, 2012
S5419 – S5449
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-07-
26/pdf/CREC-2012-07-26-pt1-PgS5419-
6.pdf#page=1
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Motion to Proceed -
July 26, 2012
S5450 – S5467
Continued
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-07-
26/pdf/CREC-2012-07-26-pt1-PgS5450-
2.pdf#page=1
Cybersecurity Act of 2012
July 31, 2012
S5694 – S5705
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-07-
31/pdf/CREC-2012-07-31-pt1-
PgS5694.pdf#page=1
Congressional Research Service
2

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Title Date
Congressional Record Pages
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Continued
July 31, 2012
S5705 – S5724
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-07-
31/pdf/CREC-2012-07-31-pt1-PgS5705-
2.pdf#page=1
Cybersecurity Act of 2012: Debate and Cloture
August 2, 2012
S5907 – S5919
Vote
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2012-08-
02/pdf/CREC-2012-08-02-pt1-PgS5904-
2.pdf#page=4
Source: Congressional Record (GPO)
Table 3. Major Legislation: House (112th Congress)
Bill No.
Title
Committee(s)
Date Introduced
H.R. 76
Cybersecurity Education Enhancement
Homeland Security; House
January 5, 2011
Act of 2011
Oversight and Government Reform
H.R. 174
Homeland Security Cyber and Physical
Technology; Education and the
January 5, 2011
Infrastructure Protection Act of 2011
Workforce; Homeland Security
H.R. 2096
Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2011
Science, Space, and Technology
June 2, 2011
H.R. 3523
Cyber Intelligence Sharing and
Committee on Intelligence
November 30, 2011
Protection Act
(Permanent Select)
H.R. 3674
PRECISE Act of 2011
Homeland Security; Oversight and
December 15, 2011
Government Reform; Science,
Space, and Technology; Judiciary;
Intelligence (Permanent Select)
H.R. 4263
SECURE IT Act of 2012 Strengthening
Oversight and Government
March 27, 2012
and Enhancing Cybersecurity by Using
Reform, the Judiciary, Armed
Research, Education, Information, and
Services, and Intelligence
(Permanent Select)
H.R. 3834
Advancing America’s Networking and
Science, Space, and Technology
January 27, 2012
Information Technology Research and
Development Act of 2012
H.R. 4257
Federal Information Security
Oversight and Government Reform
April 18, 2012
Amendments Act of 2012
Source: LIS.
Hearings in the 112th Congress
The following tables list cybersecurity hearings in the 112th Congress. Table 4 and Table 5
contain identical content but organized differently. Table 4 lists House hearings arranged by date
(most recent first), and Table 5 lists House hearings arranged by committee. Table 6 lists House
markups by date; Table 7 and Table 8 contain identical content. Table 7 lists Senate hearings
arranged by date, and Table 8 lists Senate hearings arranged by committee. When viewed in
HTML, the document titles are active links.

Congressional Research Service
3


Table 4. House Hearings (112th Congress), by Date
Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Investigation of the Security Threat Posed by Chinese
September 13, 2012
Permanent Select Committee on

Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE
Intelligence
Resilient Communications: Current Challenges and
September 12, 2012
Homeland Security
Emergency Preparedness, Response and
Future Advancements
Communications
Cloud Computing: An Overview of the Technology and July 25, 2012
Judiciary
Intellectual Property, Competition, and the
the Issues facing American Innovators
Internet
Digital Warriors: Improving Military Capabilities for
July 25, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Cyber Operations
Cyber Threats to Capital Markets and Corporate
June 1, 2012
Financial Services
Capital Markets and Government
Accounts
Sponsored Enterprises
Iranian Cyber Threat to U.S. Homeland
April 26, 2012
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
and Security Technologies and
Counterterrorism and Intelligence
America is Under Cyber Attack: Why Urgent Action is
April 24, 2012
Homeland Security
Oversight, Investigations and Management
Needed
The DHS and DOE National Labs: Finding Efficiencies
April 19, 2012
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
and Optimizing Outputs in Homeland Security
and Security Technologies
Research and Development
Cybersecurity: Threats to Communications Networks
March 28, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Communications and Technology
and Public-Sector Responses
IT Supply Chain Security: Review of Government and
March 27, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
Industry Efforts
Fiscal 2013 Defense Authorization: IT and Cyber
March 20, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Operations
Cybersecurity: The Pivotal Role of Communications
March 7, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Communications and Technology
Networks
NASA Cybersecurity: An Examination of the Agency’s
February 29, 2012
Science, Space, and Technology
Investigations and Oversight
Information Security
Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity: Assessments of
February 28, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
Smart Grid Security
CRS-4


Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Hearing on Draft Legislative Proposal on Cybersecurity
December 6, 2011
Homeland Security and
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Governmental Affairs
and Security Technologies
Cyber Security: Protecting Your Smal Business
December 1, 2011
Smal Business
Healthcare and Technology
Cyber Security: Protecting Your Smal Business
November 30, 2011
Smal Business
Healthcare and Technology
Combating Online Piracy (H.R. 3261, Stop the Online
November 16, 2011
Judiciary

Piracy Act)
Cybersecurity: Protecting America’s New Frontier
November 15, 2011
Judiciary
Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security
Institutionalizing Irregular Warfare Capabilities
November 3, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Cloud Computing: What are the Security Implications?
October6, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
and Security Technologies
Cyber Threats and Ongoing Efforts to Protect the
October 4, 2011
Permanent Select Intelligence

Nation
The Cloud Computing Outlook
September 21, 2011
Science, Space, and Technology
Technology and Innovation
Combating Cybercriminals
September 14, 2011
Financial Services
Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
Cybersecurity: An Overview of Risks to Critical
July 26, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
Infrastructure
Cybersecurity: Assessing the Nation’s Ability to
July 7, 2011
Oversight and Government Reform

Address the Growing Cyber Threat
Field Hearing: Hacked Off: Helping Law Enforcement
June 29, 2011
Financial Services (field hearing in

Protect Private Financial Information
Hoover, AL)
Examining the Homeland Security Impact of the Obama June 24, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Administration’s Cybersecurity Proposal
and Security Technologies
Sony and Epsilon: Lessons for Data Security Legislation
June 2, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade
Protecting the Electric Grid: the Grid Reliability and
May 31, 2011
Energy and Commerce

Infrastructure Defense Act
Unlocking the SAFETY Act’s [Support Anti-terrorism
May 26, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection,
by Fostering Effective Technologies - P.L. 107-296]
and Security Technologies
Potential to Promote Technology and Combat
Terrorism
Protecting Information in the Digital Age: Federal
May 25, 2011
Science, Space and Technology
Research and Science Education
Cybersecurity Research and Development Efforts
CRS-5


Title Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Cybersecurity: Innovative Solutions to Challenging
May 25, 2011
Judiciary
Intellectual Property, Competition and the
Problems
Internet
Cybersecurity: Assessing the Immediate Threat to the
May 25, 2011
Oversight and Government Reform
National Security, Homeland Defense and
United States
Foreign Operations
DHS Cybersecurity Mission: Promoting Innovation and
April 15, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
Securing Critical Infrastructure
and Security Technologies
Communist Chinese Cyber-Attacks, Cyber-Espionage
April 15, 2011
Foreign Affairs
Oversight and Investigations
and Theft of American Technology
Budget Hearing - National Protection and Programs
March 31, 2011
Appropriations (closed/classified)
Energy and Power
Directorate, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure
Protection Programs
Examining the Cyber Threat to Critical Infrastructure
March 16, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
and the American Economy
and Security Technologies
2012 Budget Request from U.S. Cyber Command
March 16, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
What Should the Department of Defense’s Role in
February 11, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Cyber Be?
Preventing Chemical Terrorism: Building a Foundation
February 11, 2011
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection
of Security at Our Nation’s Chemical Facilities
and Security Technologies
World Wide Threats
February 10, 2011
Permanent Select Intelligence

Source: Compiled by the Congressional Research Service (CRS).
Table 5. House Hearings (112th Congress), by Committee
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Appropriations

Budget Hearing - National Protection and Programs Directorate,
March 31, 2011
(closed/classified)
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection Programs
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Digital Warriors: Improving Military Capabilities for Cyber Operations
July 25, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Fiscal 2013 Defense Authorization: IT and Cyber Operations
March 20, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Institutionalizing Irregular Warfare Capabilities
November 3, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
2012 Budget Request for U.S. Cyber Command
March 16, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and Capabilities
What Should the Department of Defense’s Role in Cyber Be?
February 11, 2011
CRS-6


Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Energy and Commerce
Communications and Technology
Cybersecurity: Threats to Communications Networks and Public-Sector
March 28, 2012
Responses
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
IT Supply Chain Security: Review of Government and Industry Efforts
March 27, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Communications and Technology
Cybersecurity: The Pivotal Role of Communications Networks
March 7, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity: Assessments of Smart Grid Security
February 28, 2012
Energy and Commerce
Oversight and Investigations
Cybersecurity: An Overview of Risks to Critical Infrastructure
July 26, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade
Sony and Epsilon: Lessons for Data Security Legislation
June 2, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Energy and Power
Protecting the Electric Grid: the Grid Reliability and Infrastructure Defense
May 31, 2011
Act
Financial Services
Capital Markets and Government Sponsored
Cyber Threats to Capital Markets and Corporate Account
June 1, 2012
Enterprises
Financial Services
Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
Combating Cybercriminals
September 14, 2011
Financial Services
Field hearing in Hoover, AL
Field Hearing: “Hacked Off: Helping Law Enforcement Protect Private
June 29, 2011
Financial Information
Foreign Affairs
Oversight and Investigations
Communist Chinese Cyber-Attacks, Cyber-Espionage and Theft of
April 15, 2011
American Technology
Homeland Security
Emergency Preparedness, Response and
Resilient Communications: Current Challenges and Future Advancement
September 12, 2012
Communications
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Iranian Cyber Threat to U.S. Homeland
April 26, 2012
Security Technologies and Counterterrorism
and Intelligence
Homeland Security
Oversight, Investigations and Management
America is Under Cyber Attack: Why Urgent Action is Needed
April 24, 2012
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
The DHS and DOE National Labs: Finding Efficiencies and Optimizing
April 19, 2012
Security Technologies
Outputs in Homeland Security Research and Development
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Hearing on Draft Legislative Proposal on Cybersecurity
December 6, 2011
Security Technologies
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Cloud Computing: What are the Security Implications?
October 6, 2011
Security Technologies
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Examining the Homeland Security Impact of the Obama Administration’s
June 24, 2011
Security Technologies
Cybersecurity Proposal
CRS-7


Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Homeland Security

Unlocking the SAFETY Act’s [Support Anti-terrorism by Fostering Effective May 26, 2011
Technologies - P.L. 107-296] Potential to Promote Technology and
Combat Terrorism
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
DHS Cybersecurity Mission: Promoting Innovation and Securing Critical
April 15, 2011
Security Technologies
Infrastructure
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Examining the Cyber Threat to Critical Infrastructure and the American
March 16, 2011
Security Technologies
Economy
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and
Preventing Chemical Terrorism: Building a Foundation of Security at Our
February 11, 2011
Security Technologies
Nation’s Chemical Facilities
Judiciary
Intellectual Property, Competition and the
Cloud Computing: An Overview of the Technology and the Issues facing
July 25, 2012
Internet
American Innovators
Judiciary

Combating Online Piracy (H.R. 3261, Stop the Online Piracy Act)
November 16, 2011
Judiciary
Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security
Cybersecurity: Protecting America’s New Frontier
November 15, 2011
Judiciary
Intellectual Property, Competition and the
Cybersecurity: Innovative Solutions to Challenging Problems
May 25, 2011
Internet
Oversight and

Cybersecurity: Assessing the Nation’s Ability to Address the Growing
July 7, 2011
Government Reform
Cyber Threat
Oversight and
Subcommittee on National Security,
Cybersecurity: Assessing the Immediate Threat to the United States
May 25, 2011
Government Reform
Homeland Defense and Foreign Operations
Permanent Select

Investigation of the Security Threat Posed by Chinese Telecommunications
September 13, 2012
Intelligence
Companies Huawei and ZTE
Permanent Select

Cyber Threats and Ongoing Efforts to Protect the Nation
October 4, 2011
Intelligence
Permanent Select

World Wide Threats
February 10, 2011
Intelligence
Science, Space and
Investigations and Oversight
NASA Cybersecurity: An Examination of the Agency’s Information Security
February 29, 2012
Technology
Science, Space and
Technology and Innovation
The Cloud Computing Outlook
September 21, 2011
Technology
Science, Space and
Research and Science Education
Protecting Information in the Digital Age: Federal Cybersecurity Research
May 25, 2011
Technology
and Development Efforts
Smal Business
Healthcare and Technology
Cyber Security: Protecting Your Smal Business
November 30, 2011
Source: Compiled by CRS.
CRS-8


Table 6. House Markups (112th Congress), by Date
Title
Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Consideration and Markup of H.R. 3674
February 1, 2012
Homeland Security
Cybersecurity, Infrastructure
Protection and Security Technologies
Markup: Draft Bill: Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act of 2011
December 1, 2011
Permanent Select Intelligence

Markup on H.R. 2096, Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2011
July 21, 2011
Science, Space and Technology

Discussion Draft of H.R. 2577, a bill to require greater protection for sensitive June 15, 2011
Energy and Commerce
Commerce, Manufacturing, and
consumer data and timely notification in case of breach
Trade
Source: Compiled by CRS.
CRS-9


Table 7. Senate Hearings (112th Congress), by Date
Title
Date
Committee
Subcommittee
State of Federal Privacy and Data Security Law: Lagging Behind the Times?
July 31, 2012
Homeland Security and Governmental
Oversight of
Affairs
Government
Management, the Federal
Workforce and the
District of Columbia
Protecting Electric Grid From Cyber Attacks
July 17, 2012
Energy and Natural Resources Committee

To receive testimony on U.S. Strategic Command and U.S. Cyber Command in
March 27, 2012
Armed Services

review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2013 and the
Future Years Defense Program.
To receive testimony on cybersecurity research and development in review of
March 20, 2012
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and
the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2013 and the Future Years
Capabilities
Defense Program
The Freedom of Information Act: Safeguarding Critical Infrastructure
March 13, 2012
Judiciary

Information and the Public’s Right to Know
Securing America’s Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012
February 16, 2012
Homeland Security and Governmental

Affairs
Cybercrime: Updating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to Protect
September 7, 2011
Judiciary

Cyberspace and Combat Emerging Threats
Role of Small Business in Strengthening Cybersecurity Efforts in the United
July 25, 2011
Smal Business and Entrepreneurship

States
Privacy and Data Security: Protecting Consumers in the Modern World
June 29, 2011
Commerce, Science and Transportation

Cybersecurity: Evaluating the Administration’s Proposals
June 21, 2011
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Cybersecurity and Data Protection in the Financial Sector
June 21, 2011
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs

Protecting Cyberspace: Assessing the White House Proposal
May 23, 2011
Homeland Security and Governmental

Affairs
Cybersecurity of the Bulk-Power System and Electric Infrastructure
May 5, 2011
Energy and Natural Resources

To receive testimony on the health and status of the defense industrial base
May 3, 2011
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and
and its science and technology-related elements
Capabilities
Cyber Security: Responding to the Threat of Cyber Crime and Terrorism
April 12, 2011
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
March 30, 2011
Judiciary

Cybersecurity and Critical Electric Infrastructurea
March 15, 2011
Energy and Natural Resources

CRS-10


Title
Date
Committee
Subcommittee
Information Sharing in the Era of WikiLeaks: Balancing Security and
March 10, 2011
Homeland Security and Governmental

Collaboration
Affairs
Homeland Security Department’s Budget Submission for Fiscal Year 2012
February 17, 2011
Homeland Security and Governmental

Affairs
Source: Compiled by CRS.
a. The March 15, 2011, hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources was closed. The hearing notice was removed from the committee’s website.
Table 8. Senate Hearings (112th Congress), by Committee
Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and
To receive testimony on cybersecurity research and development in
March 20, 2012
Capabilities
review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2013 and the
Future Years Defense Program
Armed Services
Emerging Threats and
To receive testimony on the health and status of the defense industrial
May 3, 2011
Capabilities
base and its science and technology-related elements
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs

Cybersecurity and Data Protection in the Financial Sector
June 21, 2011
Commerce, Science and Transportation

Privacy and Data Security: Protecting Consumers in the Modern World
June 29, 2011
Energy and Natural Resources

Protecting the Electric Grid from Cyber Attacks
July 17, 2012
Energy and Natural Resources

Cybersecurity of the Bulk-Power System and Electric Infrastructure
May 5, 2011
Energy and Natural Resources (closed)

Cybersecurity and Critical Electric Infrastructurea
March 15, 2011
Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs
Oversight of Government
State of Federal Privacy and Data Security Law: Lagging Behind the Times?
July 31, 2012
Management, the Federal
Workforce and the
District of Columbia
Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs

Securing America’s Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012
February 16, 2012
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs

Protecting Cyberspace: Assessing the White House Proposal
May 23, 2011
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Information Sharing in the Era of WikiLeaks: Balancing Security and
March 10, 2011
Collaboration
CRS-11


Committee Subcommittee
Title
Date
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Homeland Security Department’s Budget Submission for Fiscal Year 2012
February 17, 2011
Judiciary

The Freedom of Information Act: Safeguarding Critical Infrastructure
March 13, 2012
Information and the Public’s Right to Know
Judiciary

Cybercrime: Updating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to Protect
September 7, 2011
Cyberspace and Combat Emerging Threats
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Cybersecurity: Evaluating the Administration’s Proposals
June 21, 2011
Judiciary
Crime and Terrorism
Cyber Security: Responding to the Threat of Cyber Crime and Terrorism
April 12, 2011
Judiciary

Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
March 30, 2011
Small Business and Entrepreneurship

Role of Small Business in Strengthening Cybersecurity Efforts in the United
July 25, 2011
States
Source: Compiled by CRS.
a. The March 15, 2011, hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources was closed. The hearing notice was removed from the committee’s website.
Table 9. Congressional Committee Investigative Reports
Title Committee
Date

Notes
Investigative Report on the U.S.
House Permanent
October
60
The committee initiated this investigation in November 2011 to inquire into the
National Security Issues Posed by
Select Committee on 8, 2012
counterintelligence and security threat posed by Chinese telecommunications companies
Chinese Telecommunications
Intelligence
doing business in the United States.
Companies Huawei and ZTE

Federal Support for and Involvement
U. S. Senate
October
141 A two-year bipartisan investigation found that U.S. Department of Homeland Security
in State and Local Fusion Centers
Permanent
3, 2012
efforts to engage state and local intelligence “fusion centers” has not yielded significant
Subcommittee on
useful information to support federal counterterrorism intelligence efforts. In Section VI,

Investigations
“Fusion Centers Have Been Unable to Meaningfully Contribute to Federal
Counterterrorism Efforts,” Part G, “Fusion Centers May Have Hindered, Not Aided,
Federal Counterterrorism Efforts,” the report discusses the Russian “Cyberattack” in
Illinois.
Source: Compiled by CRS.

CRS-12

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Executive Orders and Presidential Directives
Executive orders are official documents through which the President of the United States
manages the operations of the federal government. Presidential directives pertain to all aspects of
U.S. national security policy and are signed or authorized by the President.
The following reports provide additional information on executive orders and presidential
directives:
• CRS Report RS20846, Executive Orders: Issuance, Modification, and
Revocation, by Todd Garvey and Vivian S. Chu, and
• CRS Report 98-611, Presidential Directives: Background and Overview, by L.
Elaine Halchin.
Table 10 provides a list of executive orders and presidential directives pertaining to information
and computer security.

Congressional Research Service
13


Table 10. Executive Orders and Presidential Directives
(by date of issuance)
Title Date
Source
Notes
E.O. 13587, Structural Reforms to Improve the Security of
October 7, 2011
White House
This order directs structural reforms to ensure responsible
Classified Networks and the Responsible
sharing and safeguarding of classified information on
computer networks that shal be consistent with appropriate
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-10-13/pdf/2011-
protections for privacy and civil liberties. Agencies bear the
26729.pdf
primary responsibility for meeting these twin goals. These
policies and minimum standards will address all agencies that
operate or access classified computer networks, all users of
classified computer networks (including contractors and
others who operate or access classified computer networks
controlled by the Federal Government), and all classified
information on those networks.
E.O. 13407, Public Alert and Warning System
June 26, 2006
White House
Assigns the Secretary of Homeland Security the
responsibility to establish or adopt, as appropriate, common
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2006-07-03/pdf/WCPD-
alerting and warning protocols, standards, terminology, and
2006-07-03-Pg1226.pdf
operating procedures for the public alert and warning system
to enable interoperability and the secure delivery of
coordinated messages to the American people through as
many communication pathways as practicable, taking account
of Federal Communications Commission rules as provided
by law.
HSPD-7, Homeland Security Presidential Directive No. 7:
December 17, 2003
White House
Assigns the Secretary of Homeland Security the
Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and
responsibility of coordinating the nation’s overall efforts in
Protection
critical infrastructure protection across all sectors. HSPD-7
also designates the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/laws/gc_1214597989952.shtm
as lead agency for the nation’s information and
telecommunications sectors.
E.O. 13286, Amendment of Executive Orders, and Other
February 28, 2003
White House
Designates the Secretary of Homeland Security the Executive
Actions, in Connection With the Transfer of Certain Functions
Agent of the National Communication System Committee of
to the Secretary of Homeland Security
Principals, which are the agencies, designated by the
President, that own or lease telecommunication assets
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-5343.pdf
identified as part of the National Communication System, or
which bear policy, regulatory, or enforcement responsibilities
of importance to national security and emergency
preparedness telecommunications.
CRS-14


Title Date
Source
Notes
Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-63
May 22, 1998
White House
Sets as a national goal the ability to protect the nation’s
critical infrastructure from intentional attacks (both physical
http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd/pdd-63.htm
and cyber) by the year 2003. According to the PDD, any
interruptions in the ability of these infrastructures to provide
their goods and services must be “brief, infrequent,
manageable, geographically isolated, and minimally
detrimental to the welfare of the United States."
NSD-42, National Security Directive 42 - National Policy for
July 5, 1990
White House
Establishes the National Security Telecommunications and
the Security of National Security Telecommunications and
Information Systems Security Committee, now called the
Information Systems
Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS). CNSS is
an interagency committee, chaired by the Department of
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/nsd/nsd42.pdf
Defense. Among other assignments, NSD-42 directs the
CNSS to provide system security guidance for national
security systems to executive departments and agencies; and
submit annually to the Executive Agent an evaluation of the
security status of national security systems. NSD-42 also
directs the Committee to interact, as necessary, with the
National Communications System Committee of Principals.
E.O. 12472, Assignment of National Security and Emergency
April 3, 1984
National
Established a national communication system as those
Preparedness Telecommunications Functions (amended by E.O.
Communications
telecommunication assets owned or leased by the federal
13286 of February 28, 2003, and changes made by E.O. 13407,
System (NCS)
government that can meet the national security and
June 26, 2006)
emergency preparedness needs of the federal government,
together with an administrative structure that could ensure
http://www.ncs.gov/library/policy_docs/eo_12472.html
that a national telecommunications infrastructure is
developed that is responsive to national security and
emergency preparedness needs.
Note: Descriptions compiled by CRS from government websites.

CRS-15

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Data and Statistics
This section identifies data and statistics from government, industry, and IT security firms
regarding the current state of cybersecurity threats in the United States and internationally. These
include incident estimates, costs, and annual reports on data security breaches, identity theft,
cyber crime, malware, and network security.

Congressional Research Service
16


Table 11. Data and Statistics: Cyber Incidents, Data Breaches, Cyber Crime
Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
Blurring the Lines: 2013 TMT Global Security Study
January 8, 2013
Deloitte
24
Report states that 88% of companies do not
believe that they are vulnerable to an
http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedKingdom/
external cyber threat, while more than half
Local%20Assets/Documents/Services/Audit/uk-ers-
of those surveyed have experienced a
blurring-line-2013-tmt-studyv2.pdf.pdf
security incident in the last year...
Companies rated mistakes by their
employees as a top threat, with
70%vhighlighting a lack of security awareness
as a vulnerability. Despite this, less than half
of companies (48%) offer even general
security-related training, with 49% saying
that a lack of budget was making it hard to
improve security.
State Governments at Risk: a Call for Collaboration and
October 23, 2012
National
40
Assesses the state of cybersecurity across
Compliance
Association of
the nation found that only 24 percent of
State Chief
chief information security officers (CISOs)
http://www.nascio.org/publications/documents/Deloitte-
Information
are very confident in their states’ ability to
NASCIOCybersecurityStudy2012.pdf
Officers and
guard data against external threats.
Deloitte
Cybercrime Costs Rise Nearly 40 Percent, Attack
October 8, 2012
HP and the
N/A
The 2012 Cost of Cyber Crime Study found
Frequency Doubles
Ponemon Institute
that the average annualized cost of
cybercrime incurred by a benchmark sample
http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2012/
of U.S. organizations was $8.9 million. This
121008a.html
represents a 6 percent increase over the
average cost reported in 2011, and a 38
percent increase over 2010. The 2012 study
also revealed a 42 percent increase in the
number of cyberattacks, with organizations
experiencing an average of 102 successful
attacks per week, compared to 72 attacks
per week in 2011 and 50 attacks per week in
2010
CRS-17


Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
2012 NCSA/Symantec National Smal Business Study
October 2012
National Cyber
18
The NCSA surveyed more than 1,000 small
Security Alliance
and midsize businesses. The survey found
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&
that 83% of respondents said they don’t have
source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCkQFjAB&url=
a written plan for protecting their companies
http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staysafeonline.org%2Fdownload%2F
against cyberattacks, while 76% think they
datasets%2F4389%2F2012_ncsa_symantec_smal _business
are safe from hackers, viruses, malware and
_study.pdf&ei=OTqIUOKdG8PA0QGr14Ew&usg=
cybersecurity breaches
AFQjCNG7duTiSMNLIhnb9LzccHz3fJXRAg&cad=rjahttp://
www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=
web&cd=2&ved=0CCkQFjAB&url=
http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staysafeonline.org%2Fdownload%2F
datasets%2F4389%2F2012_ncsa_symantec_smal _business
_study.pdf&ei=OTqIUOKdG8PA0QGr14Ew&usg=
AFQjCNG7duTiSMNLIhnb9LzccHz3fJXRAg&cad=rja
McAfee Explains The Dubious Math Behind Its
August 3, 2012
Forbes.com
N/A
No, the statistic was not simply made up.
‘Unscientific' $1 Trillion Data Loss Claim
Yes, it’s just a “ballpark figure” and an
“unscientific” one, the company admits. But
http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/08/03/
despite Pro Publica’s criticisms and its own
mcafee-explains-the-dubious-math-behind-its-unscientific-
rather fuzzy math, the company stands by its
1-trillion-data-loss-claim/
trillion-dollar conclusion as a (very) rough
estimate.
Does Cybercrime Really Cost $1 Trillion?
August 1, 2012
ProPublica
N/A
In a news release from computer security
firm McAfee announcing its 2009 report,
http://www.propublica.org/article/does-cybercrime-really-
“Unsecured Economies: Protecting Vital
cost-1-trillion
Information,” the company estimated a
trillion dollar global cost for cybercrime.
That number does not appear in the report
itself. McAfee’s trillion-dollar estimate is
questioned by the three independent
researchers from Purdue University whom
McAfee credits with analyzing the raw data
from which the estimate was derived. An
examination of their origins by ProPublica
has found new grounds to question the data
and methods used to generate these
numbers, which McAfee and Symantec say
they stand behind.
CRS-18


Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
ICS-CERT Incident Response Summary Report
June 28, 2012
U.S. Industrial
17
The number of reported cyberattacks on
Control System
U.S. critical infrastructure increased
http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/pdf/ICS-
Cyber Emergency
sharply—from 9 incidents in 2009 to 198 in
CERT_Incident_Response_Summary_Report_09_11.pdf
Response Team
2011; water sector-specific incidents, when
(ICS-CERT)
added to the incidents that affected several
sectors, accounted for more than half of the
incidents; in more than half of the most
serious cases, implementing best practices,
such as login limitation or properly
configured firewall, would have deterred the
attack, reduced the time it would have taken
to detect an attack, and minimized its
impact.
Measuring the Cost of Cybercrime
11th Annual
June 25, 2012
N/A
“For each of the main categories of
Workshop on the
cybercrime we set out what is and is not
http://weis2012.econinfosec.org/papers/
Economics of
known of the direct costs, indirect costs and
Anderson_WEIS2012.pdf
Information
defence costs - both to the UK and to the
Security
world as a whole.”
Worldwide Threat Assessment: Infection Rates and Threat ongoing Microsoft
Security
N/A
Data on infection rates, malicious websites,
Trends by Location
Intelligence Report
and threat trends by regional location,
(SIR)
worldwide.
http://www.microsoft.com/security/sir/threat/
default.aspx#!introduction
McAfee Research & Reports (multiple)
2009-2012
McAfee
N/A
Links to reports on cybersecurity threats,
malware, cybercrime, and spam.
http://www.mcafee.com/us/about/newsroom/research-
reports.aspx
Significant Cyber Incidents Since 2006
January 19, 2012
Center for
9
A list of significant cyber events since 2006.
Strategic and
From the report, “Significance is in the eye
http://csis.org/publication/cyber-events-2006
International
of the beholder, but we focus on successful
Studies (CSIS)
attacks on government agencies, defense and
high tech companies, or economic crimes
with losses of more than a million dollars.”
CRS-19


Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
2011 ITRC Breach Report Key Findings
December 10,
Identity Theft
N/A
According to the report, hacking attacks
2011
Resource Center
were responsible for more than one-quarter
http://www.idtheftcenter.org/artman2/publish/headlines/
(ITRC)
(25.8%) of the data breaches recorded in the
Breaches_2011.shtml
Identity Theft Resource Center’s 2011
Breach Report
, hitting a five-year all time high.
This was followed by “Data on the Move”
(when an electronic storage device, laptop,
or paper folders leave the office where they
are normally stored) and “Insider Theft,” at
18.1% and 13.4% respectively.
The Risk of Social Engineering on Information Security: A
September 2011
Check Point
7
[The] report reveals 48% of large companies
Survey of IT Professionals
and 32% of companies of all sizes surveyed
have been victims of social engineering,
http://www.checkpoint.com/press/downloads/social-
experiencing 25 or more attacks in the past
engineering-survey.pdf
two years, costing businesses anywhere
from $25,000 to over $100,000 per security
incident. [P]hishing and social networking
tools are the most common sources of
socially engineered threats.
Second Annual Cost of Cyber Crime Study
August 2011
Ponemon Institute
30
[T]he median annualized cost for 50
benchmarked organizations is $5.9 million
http://www.arcsight.com/col ateral/whitepapers/
per year, with a range from $1.5 million to
2011_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_Study_August.pdf
$36.5 million each year per company. This
represents an increase in median cost of
56% from [Ponemon’s] first cyber cost study
published last year.
Revealed: Operation Shady RAT: an Investigation of
August 2, 2011
McAfee Research
14
A comprehensive analysis of victim profiles
Targeted Intrusions into 70+ Global Companies,
Labs
from a five-year targeted operation which
Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations During the
penetrated 72 government and other
Last 5 Years
organizations, most of them in the United
States, and copied everything from military
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/white-papers/wp-
secrets to industrial designs. See page 4 for
operation-shady-rat.pdf
types of compromised parties, page 5 for
geographic distribution of victim’s country of
origin, pages 7-9 for types of victims, and
pages 10-13 for the number of intrusions for
2007-2010.
CRS-20


Title Date
Source
Pages
Notes
2010 Annual Study: U.S. Cost of a Data Breach
March 2011
Ponemon
39
The average organizational cost of a data
Institute/Symantec
breach increased to $7.2 million and cost
http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/about/media/pdfs/
companies an average of $214 per
symantec_ponemon_data_breach_costs_report.pdf?
compromised record.
om_ext_cid=
biz_socmed_twitter_facebook_marketwire_linkedin_2011
Mar_worldwide_costofdatabreach
FY2010 Report to Congress on the Implementation of the
March 2011
White House/
48
The number of attacks against federal
Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002
Office of
networks increased nearly 40% last year,
Management and
while the number of incidents targeting U.S.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/
Budget
computers overall was down roughly 1% for
egov_docs/FY10_FISMA.pdf
the same period. (See pp. 12-13).
A Good Decade for Cybercrime: McAfee’s Look Back at
December 29,
McAfee
11
A review of the most publicized, pervasive,
Ten Years of Cybercrime
2010
and costly cybercrime exploits from 2000-
2010.
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-good-
decade-for-cybercrime.pdf
Note: Statistics are from the source publication and have not been independently verified by CRS.

CRS-21

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Cybersecurity Glossaries
Table 12 includes links to glossaries of useful cybersecurity terms, including those related to
cloud computing and cyberwarfare.

Congressional Research Service
22


Table 12. Glossaries of Cybersecurity Terms
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
National Institute of
September 2011
35
Provides guidance to specific communities of practitioners
Standards and
and researchers.
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-cloud-computing/pub/
Technology (NIST)
CloudComputing/ReferenceArchitectureTaxonomy/
NIST_SP_500-292_-_090611.pdf
Glossary of Key Information Security Terms
NIST
February 2011
211
The glossary provides a central resource of terms and
definitions most commonly used in NIST information
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/ir7298-rev1/nistir-
security publications and in Committee for National Security
7298-revision1.pdf
Systems (CNSS) information assurance publications.
CIS Consensus Information Security Metrics
Center for Internet
November 2010
175
Provides definitions for security professionals to measure
Security
some of the most important aspects of the information
http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/en-us/?route=
security status. The goal is to give an organization the ability
downloads.show.single.metrics.110
to repeatedly evaluate security in a standardized way,
allowing it to identify trends, understand the impact of
activities and make responses to improve the security
status. (Free registration required.)
Joint Terminology for Cyberspace Operations
Chairman of the
November 1,
16
This lexicon is the starting point for normalizing terms in all
Joint Chiefs of Staff
2010
cyber-related documents, instructions, CONOPS, and
http://www.projectcyw-d.org/resources/items/show/51
publications as they come up for review.
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and
Chairman of the
November 8,
547
Provides joint policy and guidance for Information
Associated Terms
Joint Chiefs of Staff
2010 (as
Assurance (IA) and Computer Network Operations (CNO)
amended
activities.
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf
through January
15, 2012)
DHS Risk Lexicon
Department of
September 2010
72
The lexicon promulgates a common language, facilitates the
Homeland Security
clear exchange of structured and unstructured data, and
http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs-risk-lexicon-
(DHS) Risk Steering
provides consistency and clear understanding with regard to
2010.pdf
Committee
the usage of terms by the risk community across the DHS.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.

CRS-23

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Reports by Topic
This section gives references to analytical reports on cybersecurity from CRS, other
governmental agencies, and trade organizations. The reports are grouped under the following
cybersecurity topics: policy framework overview, critical infrastructure, and cybercrime and
national security.
For each topic, CRS reports are listed first and then followed by tables with reports from other
organizations. The overview reports provide an analysis of a broad range of cybersecurity issues
(Table 13 to Table 18). The critical infrastructure reports (Table 19) analyze cybersecurity issues
related to telecom infrastructure, the electricity grid, and industrial control systems. The
cybercrime and national security reports (Table 20) analyze a wide range of cybersecurity issues,
including identify theft and government policies for dealing with cyberwar scenarios. In addition,
tables with selected reports on international efforts to address cybersecurity problems, training for
cybersecurity professionals, and research and development efforts in other areas are also provided
(Table 21 to Table 23).
CRS Reports Overview: Cybersecurity Policy Framework
• CRS Report R42114, Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of
Proposed Revisions, by Eric A. Fischer
• CRS Report R41941, The Obama Administration’s Cybersecurity Proposal:
Criminal Provisions, by Gina Stevens
• CRS Report R40150, A Federal Chief Technology Officer in the Obama
Administration: Options and Issues for Consideration, by John F. Sargent Jr.
• CRS Report R42409, Cybersecurity: Selected Legal Issues, by Edward C. Liu
et al.

Congressional Research Service
24


Table 13. Selected Reports: Cybersecurity Overview
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
The National Cyber Security Framework Manual
NATO Cooperative December 253
Provides detailed background information and
Cyber Defense
11, 2012
in-depth theoretical frameworks to help the
http://www.ccdcoe.org/publications/books/
Center of
reader understand the various facets of
NationalCyberSecurityFrameworkManual.pdf
Excel ence
National Cyber Security, according to different
levels of public policy formulation. The four
levels of government—political, strategic,
operational and tactical/technical—each have
their own perspectives on National Cyber
Security, and each is addressed in individual
sections within the Manual.
Cyber Security Task Force: Public-Private Information Sharing
Bipartisan Policy
July 2012
24
Outlines a series of proposals that would
Center
enhance information sharing. The
http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Public-
recommendations have two major
Private%20Information%20Sharing.pdf
components: (1) mitigation of perceived legal
impediments to information sharing, and (2)
incentivizing private sector information sharing
by alleviating statutory and regulatory
obstacles.
Cyber-security: The Vexed Question of Global Rules: An Independent Report
McAfee and the
February
108
The report examines the current state of
on Cyber-Preparedness Around the World
Security Defense
2012
cyber-preparedness around the world, and is
Agenda
based on survey results from 80 policy-makers
http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs-risk-lexicon-2010.pdf
and cybersecurity experts in the government,

business, and academic sectors from 27
countries. The countries were ranked on their
state of cyber-preparedness.
Mission Critical: A Public-Private Strategy for Effective Cybersecurity
Business
October
28
According to the report, “[p]ublic policy
Roundtable
11, 2011
solutions must recognize the absolute
http://businessroundtable.org/uploads/studies-reports/downloads/
importance of leveraging policy foundations
2011_10_Mission_Critical_A_Public-
that support effective global risk management,
Private_Strategy_for_Effective_Cybersecurity_4_20_12.pdf
in contrast to “check-the-box” compliance
approaches that can undermine security and
cooperation. The document concludes with
specific policy proposals and activity
commitments.
CRS-25


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Twenty Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense: Consensus
SANS October
77
The 20 critical security control measures are
Audit Guidelines (CAG)
3, 2011
intended to focus agencies and large
enterprises’’ limited resources by plugging the
http://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/
most common attack vectors.

World Cybersecurity Technology Research Summit (Belfast 2011)
Centre for Secure
September 14
The Belfast 2011 event attracted international
Information
12, 2011
cyber security experts from leading research
http://www.csit.qub.ac.uk/InnovationatCSIT/Reports/Filetoupload,295594,en.pdf Technologies (CSIT)
institutes, government bodies, and industry
who gathered to discuss current cyber security
threats, predict future threats and the
necessary mitigation techniques, and to
develop a collective strategy for next research.
A Review of Frequently Used Cyber Analogies
National Security
July 22,
7
The current cybersecurity crisis can be
Cyberspace
2011
described several ways with numerous
http://www.nsci-va.org/WhitePapers/2011-07-22-Cyber-Analogies-Whitepaper-
Institute
metaphors. Many compare the current crisis
K-McKee.pdf
with the lawlessness to that of the Wild West
and the out-dated tactics and race to security
with the Cold War. When treated as a
distressed ecosystem, the work of both
national and international agencies to eradicate
many infectious diseases serves as a model as
how poor health can be corrected with proper
resources and execution. Before these issues
are discussed, what cyberspace actually is must
be identified.
America’s Cyber Future: Security and Prosperity in the Information Age
Center for a New
June 1,
296
To help U.S. policymakers address the growing
American Security
2011
danger of cyber insecurity, this two-volume
http://www.cnas.org/node/6405
report features chapters on cyber security
strategy, policy, and technology by some of the
world’s leading experts on international
relations, national security, and information
technology.
CRS-26


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Resilience of the Internet Interconnection Ecosystem
European Network
April 11,
238
Part I: Summary and Recommendations; Part II:
http://www.enisa.europa.eu/act/res/other-areas/inter-x/report/interx-report
and Information
2011
State of the Art Review (a detailed description
Security Agency
of the Internet’s routing mechanisms and
(ENISA)
analysis of their robustness at the technical,
economic and policy levels.); Part III: Report
on the Consultation (a broad range of
stakeholders were consulted. This part reports
on the consultation and summarizes the
results). Part IV: Bibliography and Appendices.
Improving our Nation’s Cybersecurity through the Public-Private Partnership:
Business Software
March 8,
26
This paper proposes expanding the existing
A White Paper
Alliance, Center for
2011
partnership within the framework of the
Democracy &
National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
http://www.cdt.org/files/pdfs/20110308_cbyersec_paper.pdf
Technology, U.S.
Specifically, it makes a series of
Chamber of
recommendations that build upon the
Commerce,
conclusions of President Obama’s Cyberspace
Internet Security
Policy Review.
Alliance, Tech
America
Cybersecurity Two Years Later
CSIS Commission
January
22
From the report: “We thought then [in 2008]
on Cybersecurity
2011
that securing cyberspace had become a critical
http://csis.org/files/publication/
for the 44th
challenge for national security, which our
110128_Lewis_CybersecurityTwoYearsLater_Web.pdf
Presidency, Center
nation was not prepared to meet. . In our
for Strategic and
view, we are still not prepared.”
International Studies
Toward Better Usability, Security, and Privacy of Information Technology:
National Research
September 70
Discusses computer system security and
Report of a Workshop
Council
21, 2010
privacy, their relationship to usability, and
research at their intersection. This is drawn
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12998
from remarks made at the National Research
Council’s July 2009 Workshop on Usability,
Security and Privacy of Computer Systems
as well
as recent reports from the NRC's Computer
Science and Telecommunications Board on
security and privacy.
CRS-27


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
National Security Threats in Cyberspace
Joint Workshop of
September 37
The two-day workshop brought together
the National
15, 2009
more than two dozen experts with diverse
http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/documents/
Security Threats in
backgrounds: physicists; telecommunications
National%20Security%20Threats%20in%20Cyberspace.pdf
Cyberspace and the
executives; Silicon Valley entrepreneurs;
National Strategy
federal law enforcement, military, homeland
Forum
security, and intelligence officials; congressional
staffers; and civil liberties advocates. For two
days they engaged in an open-ended discussion
of cyber policy as it relates to national security,
under Chatham House Rules: their comments
were for the public record, but they were not
for attribution.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-28


Table 14. Selected Government Reports: Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Title Date
Pages Notes
Cybersecurity: Challenges in Securing the Electricity Grid
July 17, 2012
25
In a prior report, GAO has made recommendations related to electricity grid
modernization efforts, including developing an approach to monitor
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-926T
compliance with voluntary standards. These recommendations have not yet
been implemented.
Information Technology Reform: Progress Made but
July 11, 2012
43
To help ensure the success of agencies’ implementation of cloud-based
Future Cloud Computing Efforts Should be Better Planned
solutions, the Secretaries of Agriculture, Health and Human Services,
Homeland Security, State, and the Treasury, and the Administrators of the
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-756
General Services Administration and Small Business Administration should
direct their respective chief information officer (CIOs) to establish estimated
costs, performance goals, and plans to retire associated legacy systems for
each cloud-based service discussed in this report, as applicable.
DOD Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and
July 9, 2012
46
DOD’s oversight of electronic warfare capabilities may be further complicated
Oversight
by its evolving relationship with computer network operations, which is also
an information operations-related capability. Without clearly defined roles and
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-479?source=ra
responsibilities and updated guidance regarding oversight responsibilities,
DOD does not have reasonable assurance that its management structures will
provide effective department-wide leadership for electronic warfare activities
and capabilities development and ensure effective and efficient use of its
resources.
Information Security: Cyber Threats Facilitate Ability to
June 28, 2012
20
This statement discusses (1) cyber threats facing the nation’s systems, (2)
Commit Economic Espionage
reported cyber incidents and their impacts, (3) security controls and other
techniques available for reducing risk, and (4) the responsibilities of key federal
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-876T
entities in support of protecting IP.
Cybersecurity: Chal enges to Securing the Modernized
February 28, 2012
19
As GAO reported in January 2011, securing smart grid systems and networks
Electricity Grid
presented a number of key challenges that required attention by government
and industry. GAO made several recommendations to the Federal Energy
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-507T
Regulatory Commission (FERC) aimed at addressing these challenges. The
commission agreed with these recommendations and described steps it is
taking to implement them.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Cybersecurity Guidance
December 9, 2011
77
Given the plethora of guidance available, individual entities within the sectors
Is Available, but More Can Be Done to Promote Its Use
may be challenged in identifying the guidance that is most applicable and
effective in improving their security posture. Improved knowledge of the
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-92
guidance that is available could help both federal and private sector decision
makers better coordinate their efforts to protect critical cyber-reliant assets.
CRS-29


Title Date
Pages Notes
Cybersecurity Human Capital: Initiatives Need Better
November 29, 2011
86
All the agencies GAO reviewed faced challenges determining the size of their
Planning and Coordination
cybersecurity workforce because of variations in how work is defined and the
lack of an occupational series specific to cybersecurity. With respect to other
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-8
workforce planning practices, all agencies had defined roles and responsibilities
for their cybersecurity workforce, but these roles did not always align with
guidelines issued by the federal Chief Information Officers Council and
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Federal Chief Information Officers: Opportunities Exist to
October 17, 2011
72
GAO is recommending that OMB update its guidance to establish measures of
Improve Role in Information Technology Management
accountability for ensuring that CIOs’ responsibilities are fully implemented
and require agencies to establish internal processes for documenting lessons
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-634
learned.
Information Security: Additional Guidance Needed to
October 5, 2011
17
Twenty-two of 24 major federal agencies reported that they were either
Address Cloud Computing Concerns
concerned or very concerned about the potential information security risks
associated with cloud computing. GAO recommended that the NIST issue
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-130T
guidance specific to cloud computing security.
Information Security: Weaknesses Continue Amid New
October 3, 2011
49
Weaknesses in information security policies and practices at 24 major federal
Federal Efforts to Implement Requirements
agencies continue to place the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
sensitive information and information systems at risk. Consistent with this
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-137
risk, reports of security incidents from federal agencies are on the rise,
increasing over 650% over the past 5 years. Each of the 24 agencies reviewed
had weaknesses in information security controls.
Federal Chief Information Officers: Opportunities Exist to
October 17, 2011
72
GAO is recommending that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Improve Role in Information Technology Management
update its guidance to establish measures of accountability for ensuring that
CIOs’ responsibilities are fully implemented and require agencies to establish
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-634
internal processes for documenting lessons learned.
Defense Department Cyber Efforts: Definitions, Focal
July 29, 2011
33
This letter discusses the Department of Defense’s cyber and information
Point, and Methodology Needed for DoD to Develop Full-
assurance budget for fiscal year 2012 and future years defense spending. The
Spectrum Cyberspace Budget Estimates
objectives of this review were to (1) assess the extent to which DOD has
prepared an overarching budget estimate for ful -spectrum cyberspace
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-695R
operations across the department; and (2) identify the challenges DOD has
faced in providing such estimates.
CRS-30


Title Date
Pages Notes
Continued Attention Needed to Protect Our Nation’s
July 26, 2011
20
A number of significant challenges remain to enhancing the security of cyber-
Critical Infrastructure
reliant critical infrastructures, such as (1) implementing actions recommended
by the President's cybersecurity policy review; (2) updating the national
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-463T
strategy for securing the information and communications infrastructure;
(3) reassessing DHS's planning approach to critical infrastructure protection;
(4) strengthening public-private partnerships, particularly for information
sharing; (5) enhancing the national capability for cyber warning and analysis;
(6) addressing global aspects of cybersecurity and governance; and (7) securing
the modernized electricity grid.
Defense Department Cyber Efforts: DoD Faces Chal enges
July 25, 2011
79
GAO recommends that DOD evaluate how it is organized to address
in Its Cyber Activities
cybersecurity threats; assess the extent to which it has developed joint
doctrine that addresses cyberspace operations; examine how it assigned
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-75
command and control responsibilities; and determine how it identifies and acts
to mitigate key capability gaps involving cyberspace operations.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Key Private and Public
August 16, 2010
38
The Special Assistant to the President and Cybersecurity Coordinator and the
Cyber Expectations Need to Be Consistently Addressed
Secretary of Homeland Security, should take two actions: (1) use the results
of this report to focus their information-sharing efforts, including their
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-628
relevant pilot projects, on the most desired services, including providing timely
and actionable threat and alert information, access to sensitive or classified
information, a secure mechanism for sharing information, and providing
security clearance and (2) bolster the efforts to build out the National
Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center as the central focal
point for leveraging and integrating the capabilities of the private sector,
civilian government, law enforcement, the military, and the intelligence
community.
Information Security: State Has Taken Steps to Implement
July 8, 2011
63
The Department of State implemented a custom application called iPost and a
a Continuous Monitoring Application, but Key Chal enges
risk scoring program that is intended to provide continuous monitoring
Remain
capabilities of information security risk to elements of its information
technology (IT) infrastructure. To improve implementation of iPost at State,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-149
the Secretary of State should direct the Chief Information Officer to develop,
document, and maintain an iPost configuration management and test process.
Cybersecurity: Continued Attention Needed to Protect
March 16, 2011
16
Executive branch agencies have made progress instituting several
Our Nation’s Critical Infrastructure and Federal
governmentwide initiatives that are aimed at bolstering aspects of federal
Information Systems
cybersecurity, such as reducing the number of federal access points to the
Internet, establishing security configurations for desktop computers, and
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-463T
enhancing situational awareness of cyber events. Despite these efforts, the
federal government continues to face significant challenges in protecting the
nation's cyber-reliant critical infrastructure and federal information systems.
CRS-31


Title Date
Pages Notes
Electricity Grid Modernization: Progress Being Made on
January 12, 2011
50
GAO identified the following six key challenges: (1) Aspects of the regulatory
Cybersecurity Guidelines, but Key Challenges Remain to
environment may make it difficult to ensure smart grid systems’ cybersecurity.
be Addressed
(2) Utilities are focusing on regulatory compliance instead of comprehensive
security. (3) The electric industry does not have an effective mechanism for
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-117
sharing information on cybersecurity. (4) Consumers are not adequately
informed about the benefits, costs, and risks associated with smart grid
systems. (5) There is a lack of security features being built into certain smart
grid systems. (6) The electricity industry does not have metrics for evaluating
cybersecurity.
Information Security: Federal Agencies Have Taken Steps
November 30, 2010
50
Existing governmentwide guidelines and oversight efforts do not fully address
to Secure Wireless Networks, but Further Actions Can
agency implementation of leading wireless security practices. Until agencies
Mitigate Risk
take steps to better implement these leading practices, and OMB takes steps
to improve governmentwide oversight, wireless networks will remain at an
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-43
increased vulnerability to attack.
Cyberspace Policy: Executive Branch Is Making Progress
October 6, 2010
66
Of the 24 recommendations in the President’s May 2009 cyber policy review
Implementing 2009 Policy Review Recommendations, but
report, 2 have been fully implemented, and 22 have been partial y
Sustained Leadership Is Needed
implemented. While these efforts appear to be steps forward, agencies were
largely not able to provide milestones and plans that showed when and how
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-24
implementation of the recommendations was to occur.
DHS Efforts to Assess and Promote Resiliency Are
September 23, 2010
46
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has not developed an effective
Evolving but Program Management Could Be Strengthened
way to ensure that critical national infrastructure, such as electrical grids and
telecommunications networks, can bounce back from a disaster. DHS has
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-772
conducted surveys and vulnerability assessments of critical infrastructure to
identify gaps, but has not developed a way to measure whether owners and
operators of that infrastructure adopt measures to reduce risks.
Information Security: Progress Made on Harmonizing
September 15, 2010
38
OMB and NIST established policies and guidance for civilian non-national
Policies and Guidance for National Security and Non-
security systems, while other organizations, including the Committee on
National Security Systems
National Security Systems (CNSS), DOD, and the U.S. intelligence community,
have developed policies and guidance for national security systems. GAO was
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-916
asked to assess the progress of federal efforts to harmonize policies and
guidance for these two types of systems.
United States Faces Challenges in Addressing Global
August 2, 2010
53
GAO recommends that the Special Assistant to the President and
Cybersecurity and Governance
Cybersecurity Coordinator should make recommendations to appropriate
agencies and interagency coordination committees regarding any necessary
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-606
changes to more effectively coordinate and forge a coherent national
approach to cyberspace policy.
CRS-32


Title Date
Pages Notes
Federal Guidance Needed to Address Control Issues With
July 1, 2010
53
To assist federal agencies in identifying uses for cloud computing and
Implementing Cloud Computing
information security measures to use in implementing cloud computing, the
Director of OMB should establish milestones for completing a strategy for
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-513
implementing the federal cloud computing initiative.
Continued Attention Is Needed to Protect Federal
June 16, 2010
15
Multiple opportunities exist to improve federal cybersecurity. To address
Information Systems from Evolving Threats
identified deficiencies in agencies’ security controls and shortfalls in their
information security programs, GAO and agency inspectors general have
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-834t
made hundreds of recommendations over the past several years, many of
which agencies are implementing. In addition, the White House, the Office of
Management and Budget, and certain federal agencies have undertaken several
government-wide initiatives intended to enhance information security at
federal agencies. While progress has been made on these initiatives, they all
face chal enges that require sustained attention, and GAO has made several
recommendations for improving the implementation and effectiveness of these
initiatives.
Information Security: Concerted Response Needed to
March 24, 2010
21
Without proper safeguards, federal computer systems are vulnerable to
Resolve Persistent Weaknesses
intrusions by individuals who have malicious intentions and can obtain
sensitive information. The need for a vigilant approach to information security
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-536t
has been demonstrated by the pervasive and sustained cyber attacks against
the United States; these attacks continue to pose a potential y devastating
impact to systems as well as the operations and critical infrastructures that
they support.
Cybersecurity: Continued Attention Is Needed to Protect
March 16, 2010
15
The White House, the Office of Management and Budget, and certain federal
Federal Information Systems from Evolving Threats
agencies have undertaken several government-wide initiatives intended to
enhance information security at federal agencies. While progress has been
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-463T
made on these initiatives, they all face challenges that require sustained
attention, and GAO has made several recommendations for improving the
implementation and effectiveness of these initiatives.
Concerted Effort Needed to Consolidate and Secure
April 12, 2010
40
To reduce the threat to federal systems and operations posed by cyber
Internet Connections at Federal Agencies
attacks on the United States, OMB launched, in November 2007, the Trusted
Internet Connections (TIC) initiative, and later, in 2008, the Department of
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-237
Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) National Cybersecurity Protection System
(NCPS), operational y known as Einstein, which became mandatory for federal
agencies as part of TIC. In order to further ensure that federal agencies have
adequate, sufficient, and timely information to successful y meet the goals and
objectives of the TIC and Einstein programs, the Secretary of Homeland
Security should, to better understand whether Einstein alerts are valid,
develop additional performance measures that indicate how agencies respond
to alerts.
CRS-33


Title Date
Pages Notes
Cybersecurity: Progress Made But Challenges Remain in
March 5, 2010
64
To address strategic challenges in areas that are not the subject of existing
Defining and Coordinating the Comprehensive National
projects within CNCI but remain key to achieving the initiative’s overall goal
Initiative
of securing federal information systems, the Director of OMB should continue
development of a strategic approach to identity management and
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-338
authentication, linked to HSPD-12 implementation, as initially described in the
Chief Information Officers Council's plan for implementing federal identity,
credential, and access management, so as to provide greater assurance that
only authorized individuals and entities can gain access to federal information
systems.
Continued Efforts Are Needed to Protect Information
November 17, 2009
24
GAO has identified weaknesses in all major categories of information security
Systems from Evolving Threats
controls at federal agencies. For example, in fiscal year 2008, weaknesses were
reported in such controls at 23 of 24 major agencies. Specifically, agencies did
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-230t
not consistently authenticate users to prevent unauthorized access to systems;
apply encryption to protect sensitive data; and log, audit, and monitor
security-relevant events, among other actions.
Efforts to Improve Information sharing Need to Be
August 27, 2003
59
Information on threats, methods, and techniques of terrorists is not routinely
Strengthened
shared; and the information that is shared is not perceived as timely, accurate,
or relevant.
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-760
Source: GAO.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-34


Table 15. Selected Government Reports: White House/Office of Management and Budget
Title Date
Pages Notes
National Strategy for Information Sharing and Safeguarding
December 2012
24
Provides guidance for effective development, integration, and
implementation of policies, processes, standards, and technologies to
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/
promote secure and responsible information sharing.
2012sharingstrategy_1.pdf
Can the President Deal with Cybersecurity Issues via Executive
October 19,
N/A
When it comes to executive orders and emerging areas of law, the initial
Order?
2012
question that is always raised is whether the President has the authority to
issue the executive order in the specified area—in this instance,

cybersecurity. Not surprisingly, the answer is “it depends.”
Source: CRS Legal Sidebar.
Collaborative and Cross-Cutting Approaches to Cybersecurity
August 1, 2012
N/A
Michael Daniel, White House Cybersecurity Coordinator, highlights a few
recent initiatives where voluntary, cooperative actions are helping to
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/08/01/col aborative-and-
improve the nation’s overall cybersecurity
cross-cutting-approaches-cybersecurity
Trustworthy Cyberspace: Strategic Plan for the Federal
December 6,
36
As a research and development strategy, this plan defines four strategic
Cybersecurity Research and Development Program
2011
thrusts: Inducing Change; Developing Scientific Foundations; Maximizing
Research Impact; and Accelerating Transition to Practice.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/
fed_cybersecurity_rd_strategic_plan_2011.pdf
Structural Reforms to Improve the Security of Classified
October 7, 2011
N/A
President Obama signed an executive order outlining data security
Networks and the Responsible Sharing and Safeguarding of
measures and rules for government agencies to fol ow to prevent further
Classified Information
data leaks by insiders. The order included the creation of a senior steering
committee that will oversee the safeguarding and sharing of information.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/07/
executive-order-structural-reforms-improve-security-classified-
networks-
FY 2012 Reporting Instructions for the Federal Information
September 14,
29
Rather than enforcing a static, three-year reauthorization process, agencies
Security Management Act and Agency Privacy Managementa
2011
are expected to conduct ongoing authorizations of information systems
through the implementation of continuous monitoring programs.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/
Continuous monitoring programs thus fulfill the three year security
2011/m11-33.pdf
reauthorization requirement, so a separate re-authorization process is not
necessary.
International Strategy for Cyberspace
May 16, 2011
30
The strategy marks the first time any administration has attempted to set
forth in one document the U.S. government’s vision for cyberspace,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/
including goals for defense, diplomacy, and international development.
international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf
CRS-35


Title Date
Pages Notes
Cybersecurity Legislative Proposal (Fact Sheet)
May 12, 2011
N/A
The Administration’s proposal ensures the protection of individuals'
privacy and civil liberties through a framework designed expressly to
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/12/fact-
address the challenges of cybersecurity. The Administration's legislative
sheet-cybersecurity-legislative-proposal
proposal includes: Management, Personnel, Intrusion Prevention Systems,
and Data Centers.
Federal Cloud Computing Strategy
February 13,
43
The strategy outlines how the federal government can accelerate the safe,
2011
secure adoption of cloud computing, and provides agencies with a
http://www.cio.gov/documents/Federal-Cloud-Computing-
framework for migrating to the cloud. It also examines how agencies can
Strategy.pdf
address challenges related to the adoption of cloud computing, such as
privacy, procurement, standards, and governance.
25 Point Implementation Plan to Reform Federal Information
December 9,
40
The plan’s goals are to reduce the number of federal y run data centers
Technology Management
2010
from 2,100 to approximately 1,300, rectify or cancel one-third of troubled
IT projects, and require federal agencies to adopt a “cloud first” strategy in
http://www.cio.gov/documents/25-Point-Implementation-Plan-to-
which they will move at least one system to a hosted environment within a
Reform-Federal%20IT.pdf
year.
Clarifying Cybersecurity Responsibilities
July 6, 2010
39
This memorandum outlines and clarifies the respective responsibilities and
activities of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/
Cybersecurity Coordinator, and DHS, in particular with respect to the
memoranda_2010/m10-28.pdf
Federal Government’s implementation of the Federal Information Security
Management Act of 2002 (FISMA).
The National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace:
June 25, 2010
39
The NSTIC, which is in response to one of the near term action items in
Creating Options for Enhanced Online Security and Privacy
the President’s Cyberspace Policy Review, calls for the creation of an
online environment, or an Identity Ecosystem, where individuals and
http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/ns_tic.pdf
organizations can complete online transactions with confidence, trusting
the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure where
transaction occur.
Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI)
March 2, 2010
5
The CNCI establishes a multi-pronged approach the federal government is
to take in identifying current and emerging cyber threats, shoring up
http://www.whitehouse.gov/cybersecurity/comprehensive-
current and future telecommunications and cyber vulnerabilities, and
national-cybersecurity-initiative
responding to or proactively addressing entities that wish to steal or
manipulate protected data on secure federal systems.
CRS-36


Title Date
Pages Notes
Cyberspace Policy Review: Assuring a Trusted and Resilient
May 29, 2009
76
The President directed a 60-day, comprehensive, “clean-slate” review to
Communications Infrastructure
assess U.S. policies and structures for cybersecurity. The review team of
government cybersecurity experts engaged and received input from a
http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/
broad cross-section of industry, academia, the civil liberties and privacy
Cyberspace_Policy_Review_final.pdf
communities, state governments, international partners, and the legislative
and executive branches. This paper summarizes the review team’s
conclusions and outlines the beginning of the way forward toward a
reliable, resilient, trustworthy digital infrastructure for the future.
Source: Highlights compiled by CRS from the White House reports.
a. White House and Office of Management and Budget.
CRS-37


Table 16. Selected Government Reports: Department of Defense (DOD)
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
FY 2012 Annual Report
Department of
January 2013
372
Annual report to Congress by J. Michael Gilmore,
Defense
director of Operational Test and Evaluation. Assesses
http://www.dote.osd.mil/pub/reports/FY2012/pdf/other/
the operational effectiveness of systems being developed
2012DOTEAnnualReport.pdf
for combat. See “Information Assurance (I/A) and
Interoperability (IOP)” chapter, pages 305-312, for
information on network exploitation and compromise
exercises.
Basic Safeguarding of Contractor Information Systems
Federal Register
August 24,
4
This regulation authored by the Department of Defense
(Proposed Rule)
2012
(DOD), General Services Administration (GSA), and
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-08-24/pdf/2012-
“would add a contract clause to address requirements
20881.pdf
for the basic safeguarding of contractor information
systems that contain or process information provided by
or generated for the government (other than public
information).”
DOD Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and
GAO
July 9, 2012
46
DOD’s oversight of electronic warfare capabilities may
Oversight
be further complicated by its evolving relationship with
computer network operations, which is also an
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-479?source=ra
information operations-related capability. Without
clearly defined roles and responsibilities and updated
guidance regarding oversight responsibilities, DOD does
not have reasonable assurance that its management
structures will provide effective department-wide
leadership for electronic warfare activities and
capabilities development and ensure effective and
efficient use of its resources.
Cloud Computing Strategy
DOD, Chief
July 2012
44
The DOD Cloud Computing Strategy introduces an
Information Officer
approach to move the department from the current
http://www.defense.gov/news/DoDCloudComputingStrategy.pdf
state of a duplicative, cumbersome, and costly set of
application silos to an end state, which is an agile, secure,
and cost effective service environment that can rapidly
respond to changing mission needs.
CRS-38


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
DoD Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Voluntary Cyber Security
Federal Register
May 11, 2012

DoD interim final rule to establish a voluntary cyber
and Information Assurance Activities
security information sharing program between DoD and
eligible DIB companies. The program enhances and
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-11/pdf/2012-
supplements DIB participants’ capabilities to safeguard
10651.pdf
DoD information that resides on, or transits, DIB
unclassified information.
DOD Information Security Program: Overview, Classification,
DOD February
16,
84
Describes the DOD Information Security Program, and
and Declassification
2012
provides guidance for classification and declassification of
DOD information that requires protection in the
http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/dod/5200_01v1.pdf
interest of the national security.
Cyber Sentries: Preparing Defenders to Win in a Contested
Air War Col ege
February 7,
38
This paper examines the current impediments to
Domain
2012
effective cybersecurity workforce preparation and offers
new concepts to create Cyber Sentries through realistic
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561779&
training, network authorities tied to certification, and
Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
ethical training. These actions present an opportunity to
significantly enhance workforce quality and allow the
Department to operate effectively in the contested cyber
domain in accordance with the vision established in its
Strategy for Cyberspace Operations
Defense Department Cyber Efforts: Definitions, Focal Point,
General
July 29, 2011
33
This letter discusses DOD’s cyber and information
and Methodology Needed for DOD to Develop Ful -Spectrum
Accountability
assurance budget for fiscal year 2012 and future years
Cyberspace Budget Estimates
Office (GAO)
defense spending. The objectives of this review were to
(1) assess the extent to which DOD has prepared an
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-695R
overarching budget estimate for ful -spectrum cyberspace
operations across the department; and (2) identify the
challenges DOD has faced in providing such estimates.
Legal Reviews of Weapons and Cyber Capabilities
Secretary of the Air July 27, 2011
7
States the Air Force must subject cyber capabilities to
Force
legal review for compliance with the Law of Armed
http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/AFI51-
Conflict and other international and domestic laws. The
402.pdf
Air Force judge advocate general must ensure that all
cyber capabilities “being developed, bought, built,
modified or otherwise acquired by the Air Force" must
undergo legal review—except for cyber capabilities
within a Special Access Program, which must undergo
review by the Air Force general counsel.
Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace
DOD
July 14, 2011
19
This is an unclassified summary of DOD’s cyber-security
strategy.
http://www.defense.gov/news/d20110714cyber.pdf
CRS-39


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyber Operations Personnel Report (DOD)
DOD
April, 2011
84
This report focuses on FY2009 Department of Defense
Cyber Operations personnel, with duties and
http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=488076
responsibilities as defined in Section 934 of the Fiscal
Year 2010 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).
Appendix A—Cyber Operations-related Military
Occupations
Appendix B—Commercial Certifications Supporting the
DOD Information Assurance Workforce Improvement
Program
Appendix C—Military Services Training and
Development
Appendix D—Geographic Location of National Centers
of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance
Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales (ADAMS)
Defense Advanced
November 9,
74
The design document was produced by Al ure Security
Research Projects
2011
and sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research
http://info.publicintelligence.net/DARPA-ADAMS.pdf
Agency (DARPA)
Projects Agency (DARPA). It describes a system for
preventing leaks by seeding believable disinformation in
military information systems to help identify individuals
attempting to access and disseminate classified
information.
Critical Code: Software Producibility for Defense
National Research
October 20,
161
Assesses the nature of the national investment in
Council,
2010
software research and, in particular, considers ways to
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12979
Committee for
revitalize the knowledge base needed to design, produce,
Advancing
and employ software-intensive systems for tomorrow’s
Software-Intensive
defense needs.
Systems
Producibility
Defending a New Domain
U.S. Deputy
September
N/A
In 2008, the U.S. Department of Defense suffered a
Secretary of
2010
significant compromise of its classified military computer
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66552/william-j-lynn-iii/
Defense, William J.
networks. It began when an infected flash drive was
defending-a-new-domain
Lynn (Foreign
inserted into a U.S. military laptop at a base in the Middle
Affairs)
East. This previously classified incident was the most
significant breach of U.S. military computers ever, and
served as an important wake-up call.
The QDR in Perspective: Meeting America’s National Security
Quadrennial
July 30, 2010
159
From the report: “The expanding cyber mission also
Needs In the 21st Century (QDR Final Report)
Defense Review
needs to be examined. The Department of Defense
should be prepared to assist civil authorities in defending
http://www.usip.org/quadrennial-defense-review-independent-
cyberspace – beyond the Department’s current role."
panel-/view-the-report
CRS-40


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyberspace Operations: Air Force Doctrine Document 3-12
U.S. Air Force
July 15, 2010
62
This Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) establishes
doctrinal guidance for the employment of U.S. Air Force
http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/afdd3-12.pdf
forces in, through, and from cyberspace. It is the
keystone of Air Force operational-level doctrine for
cyberspace operations.
DON (Department of the Navy) Cybersecurity/Information
U.S. Navy
June 17, 2010
14
To establish policy and assign responsibilities for the
Assurance Workforce Management, Oversight and Compliance
administration of the Department of the Navy (DON)
Cybersecurity (CS)/Information Assurance Workforce
http://www.doncio.navy.mil/PolicyView.aspx?ID=1804
(IAWF) Management Oversight and Compliance
Program.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-41


Table 17. Selected Government Reports: National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC)
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Five Pilot Projects Receive Grants to Promote Online Security
NIST September
20,
N/A
NIST announced more than $9 million in grant
and Privacy
2012
awards to support the National Strategy for Trusted
Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC). Five U.S.
http://www.nist.gov/itl/nstic-092012.cfm
organizations wil pilot identity solutions that increase
confidence in online transactions, prevent identity
theft, and provide individuals with more control over
how they share their personal information.
Recommendations for Establishing an Identity Ecosystem
NIST February
17,
51
NIST responds to comments received in response to
Governance Structure for the National Strategy for Trusted
2012
the related Notice of Inquiry published in the Federal
Identities in Cyberspace
Register on June 14, 2011.
http://www.nist.gov/nstic/2012-nstic-governance-recs.pdf
Models for a Governance Structure for the National Strategy for
Department of
June 14, 2011
4
The department seeks public comment from all
Trusted Identities in Cyberspace
Commerce
stakeholders, including the commercial, academic and
civil society sectors, and consumer and privacy
http://www.nist.gov/nstic/nstic-frn-noi.pdf
advocates on potential models, in the form of
recommendations and key assumptions in the
formation and structure of the steering group.
Administration Releases Strategy to Protect Online Consumers
White House
April 15, 2011
52
Press release on a proposal to administer the
and Support Innovation and Fact Sheet on National Strategy for
processes for policy and standards adoption for the
Trusted Identities in Cyberspace
Identity Ecosystem Framework in accordance with
the National Strategy for Trusted Identities in
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/15/
Cyberspace (NSTIC).
administration-releases-strategy-protect-online-consumers-and-
support-in
National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace
White House
April 15, 2011
52
The NSTIC aims to make online transactions more
trustworthy, thereby giving businesses and consumers
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/06/25/national-strategy-trust
more confidence in conducting business online.
cyberspace
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-42


Table 18. Selected Reports: Cloud Computing
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Delivering on the Promise of Big Data and the Cloud
Booz, Allen,
January 9,
7
Reference architecture does away with
Hamilton
2013
conventional data and analytics silos,
http://www.boozallen.com/media/file/BigDataInTheCloud.pdf
consolidating all information into a single
medium designed to foster connections
called a “data lake," which reduces
complexity and creates efficiencies that
improve data visualization to allow for
easier insights by analysts.
Cloud Computing: An Overview of the Technology and the Issues
House
July 25,
156
Overview and discussion of cloud
facing American Innovators
Judiciary
2012
computing issues.
Comm.,
http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/Hearings%202012/
Subcom. on
hear_07252012_2.html
Intellectual
Property,
Competition,
and the
Interenet
Information Technology Reform: Progress Made but Future Cloud
GAO July
11,
43
To help ensure the success of agencies’
Computing Efforts Should be Better Planned
2012
implementation of cloud-based solutions,
the Secretaries of Agriculture, Health and
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-756
Human Services, Homeland Security, State,

and the Treasury, and the Administrators
of the General Services Administration and
Small Business Administration should
direct their respective chief information
officer (CIOs) to establish estimated costs,
performance goals, and plans to retire
associated legacy systems for each cloud-
based service discussed in this report, as
applicable.
CRS-43


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cloud Computing Strategy
DOD, Chief
July 2012
44
The DOD Cloud Computing Strategy
Information
introduces an approach to move the
http://www.defense.gov/news/DoDCloudComputingStrategy.pdf
Officer
department from the current state of a
duplicative, cumbersome, and costly set of
application silos to an end state, which is
an agile, secure, and cost effective service
environment that can rapidly respond to
changing mission needs.
A Global Reality: Governmental Access to Data in the Cloud - A
Hogan Lovells
May 23,
13
This White Paper compares the nature
Comparative Analysis of Ten International Jurisdictions
2012
and extent of governmental access to data
in the cloud in many jurisdictions around
http://www.hldataprotection.com/uploads/file/
the world.
Hogan%20Lovells%20White%20Paper%20Government%20Access%
20to%20Cloud%20Data%20Paper%20%281%29.pdf
Policy Challenges of Cross-Border Cloud Computing
U.S.
May 1,
38
Examine the main policy chal enges
International
2012
associated with cross-border cloud
http://www.usitc.gov/journals/Policy_Challenges_of_Cross-
Trade
computing—data privacy, security, and
border_Cloud_Computing_rev.pdf
Commission
ensuring the free flow of information—and

the ways that countries are addressing
them through domestic policymaking,
international agreements, and other
cooperative arrangements.
Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations
NIST
May 2012
81
The National Institute of Standards and
Technology has unveiled a guide that
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-146/sp800-146.pdf
explains cloud technologies in “plain
terms” to federal agencies and provides
recommendations for IT decision makers.
Global Cloud Computing Scorecard a Blueprint for Economic
Business
February
24
This report notes that while many
Opportunity
Software
2, 2012
developed countries have adjusted their
Alliance
laws and regulations to address cloud
http://portal.bsa.org/cloudscorecard2012/
computing, the wide differences in those
rules make it difficult for companies to
invest in the technology.
CRS-44


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Concept of Operations: FedRAMP
General
February
47
Implementation of FedRAMP will be in
Services
7, 2012
phases. This document describes all the
http://www.gsa.gov/graphics/staffoffices/FedRAMP_CONOPS.pdf
Administratio
services that will be available at initial
n (GSA)
operating capability—targeted for June
2012. The Concept of Operations will be
updated as the program evolves toward
sustained operations.
Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP)
Federal CIO
January 4,
N/A
The Federal Risk and Authorization
Council
2012
Management Program or FedRAMP has
http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/102371
been established to provide a standard
approach to Assessing and Authorizing
(A&A) cloud computing services and
products.
Security Authorization of Information Systems in Cloud Computing White
December
7
The Federal Risk and Authorization
Environments (FedRAMP)
House/Office
8, 2011
Management Program (FedRAMP) will now
of
be required for al agencies purchasing
http://www.cio.gov/fedrampmemo.pdf
Management
storage, applications and other remote
and Budget
services from vendors. The Obama
(OMB)
Administration has championed cloud
computing as a means to save money and
accelerate the government’s adoption of
new technologies.
U.S. Government Cloud Computing Technology Roadmap, Volume NIST December
32
Volume I is aimed at interested parties
I, Release 1.0 (Draft). High-Priority Requirements to Further USG
1, 2011
who wish to gain a general understanding
Agency Cloud Computing Adoption
and overview of the background, purpose,
context, work, results, and next steps of
http://www.nist.gov/itl/cloud/upload/SP_500_293_volumeI-2.pdf
the U.S. Government Cloud Computing
Technology Roadmap initiative.
U.S. Government Cloud Computing Technology Roadmap, Release NIST December
85
Volume II is designed to be a technical
1.0 (Draft), Volume II Useful Information for Cloud Adopters
1, 2011
reference for those actively working on
strategic and tactical cloud computing
http://www.nist.gov/itl/cloud/upload/SP_500_293_volumeII.pdf
initiatives, including, but not limited to,
U.S. government cloud adopters. Volume II
integrates and summarizes the work
completed to date, and explains how these
findings support the roadmap introduced
in Volume I.
CRS-45


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Information Security: Additional Guidance Needed to Address
GAO October
17
Twenty-two of 24 major federal agencies
Cloud Computing Concerns
5, 2011
reported that they were either concerned
or very concerned about the potential
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-130T
information security risks associated with
cloud computing. GAO recommended that
the NIST issue guidance specific to cloud
computing security. NIST has issued
multiple publications which address such
guidance; however, one publication
remains in draft, and is not to be finalized
until the first quarter of fiscal year 2012.
Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
NIST Septembe
35
This “Special Publication," which is not an
r 1, 2011
official U.S. government standard, is
http://www.nist.gov/customcf/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=909505
designed to provide guidance to specific
communities of practitioners and
researchers.
Guide to Cloud Computing for Policy Makers
Software and
July 26,
27
The SAII concludes “that there is no need
Information
2011
for cloud-specific legislation or regulations
http://www.siia.net/index.php?option=com_docman&task=
Industry
to provide for the safe and rapid growth of
doc_download&gid=3040&Itemid=318
Association
cloud computing, and in fact, such actions
(SAII)
could impede the great potential of cloud
computing."
Federal Cloud Computing Strategy
White House
February
43
The strategy outlines how the federal
13, 2011
government can accelerate the safe, secure
http://www.cio.gov/documents/Federal-Cloud-Computing-
adoption of cloud computing, and provides
Strategy.pdf
agencies with a framework for migrating to
the cloud. It also examines how agencies
can address challenges related to the
adoption of cloud computing, such as
privacy, procurement, standards, and
governance
Notes: These reports analyze cybersecurity issues related to the federal government’s adoption of cloud computing storage options. Highlights compiled by CRS from
the reports.

CRS-46

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

CRS Reports: Critical Infrastructure
• CRS Report R42683, Critical Infrastructure Resilience: The Evolution of Policy
and Programs and Issues for Congress, by John D. Moteff
• CRS Report RL30153, Critical Infrastructures: Background, Policy, and
Implementation, by John D. Moteff
• CRS Report R42660, Pipeline Cybersecurity: Federal Policy, by Paul W.
Parfomak
• CRS Report R41886, The Smart Grid and Cybersecurity—Regulatory Policy and
Issues, by Richard J. Campbell
• CRS Report R42338, Smart Meter Data: Privacy and Cybersecurity, by Brandon
J. Murrill, Edward C. Liu, and Richard M. Thompson II
• CRS Report RL33586, The Federal Networking and Information Technology
Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities, by
Patricia Moloney Figliola
• CRS Report 97-868, Internet Domain Names: Background and Policy Issues, by
Lennard G. Kruger
• CRS Report R42351, Internet Governance and the Domain Name System: Issues
for Congress, by Lennard G. Kruger

Congressional Research Service
47


Table 19. Selected Reports: Critical Infrastructure
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Fol ow-up Audit of the Department’s Cyber Security
U.S. Department
December 1,
25
In 2008, we reported in The Department's Cyber Security
Incident Management Program
of Energy
2012
Incident Management Program (DOE/IG-0787, January 2008)
Inspector
that the Department and NNSA established and maintained a
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=728459
General’s Office
number of independent, at least partially duplicative, cyber
security incident management capabilities. Although certain
actions had been taken in response to our prior report, we
identified several issues that limited the efficiency and
effectiveness of the Department's cyber security incident
management program and adversely impacted the ability of law
enforcement to investigate incidents. In response to our finding,
management concurred with the recommendations and
indicated that it had initiated actions to address the issues
identified.
Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System
National
November 2012
146
Focuses on measures that could make the power delivery
Academies of
system less vulnerable to attacks, restore power faster after an
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12050
Science
attack, and make critical services less vulnerable while the
delivery of conventional electric power has been disrupted.
New FERC Office to Focus on Cyber Security
U.S. Department
September 20,
N/A
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission announced the
of Energy
2012
creation of the agency’s new Office of Energy Infrastructure
http://www.ferc.gov/media/news-releases/2012/2012-3/09-
Security, which will work to reduce threats to the electric grid
20-12.asp
and other energy facilities. The goal is for the office to help
FERC, as well as other agencies and private companies, better
identify potential dangers and solutions.
Canvassing the Targeting of Energy Infrastructure: The
Journal of Energy
August 7, 2012
8
The Energy Infrastructure Attack Database (EIAD), is a non-
Energy Infrastructure Attack Database
Security
commercial dataset that structures information on reported
(criminal and political) attacks to EI (worldwide) since 1980, by
http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&
non-state actors. In building this resource, the objective was to
view=article&id=379:canvassing-the-targeting-of-energy-
develop a product that could be broadly accessible and also
infrastructure-the-energy-infrastructure-attack-database&
connect to existing available resources
catid=128:issue-content&Itemid=402
Smart-Grid Security
Center for
August 1, 2012
26
Highlights the significance of and the chal enges with securing the
Infrastructure
smart grid.
http://cip.gmu.edu/archive/
Protection and
CIPHS_TheCIPReport_August2012_SmartGridSecurity.p
Homeland
df#page=2
Security, George
Mason School of
Law
CRS-48


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cybersecurity: Challenges in Securing the Electricity Grid GAO
July 17, 2012
25
In a prior report, GAO has made recommendations related to
electricity grid modernization efforts, including developing an
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-926T
approach to monitor compliance with voluntary standards.
These recommendations have not yet been implemented.
ICS-CERT Incident Response Summary Report
U.S. Industrial
June 28, 2012
17
The number of reported cyberattacks on U.S. critical
Control System
infrastructure increased sharply—from 9 incidents in 2009 to
http://www.us-cert.gov/control_systems/pdf/ICS-
Cyber Emergency
198 in 2011; water sector-specific incidents, when added to the
CERT_Incident_Response_Summary_Report_09_11.pdf
Response Team
incidents that affected several sectors, accounted for more than
(ICS-CERT)
half of the incidents; in more than half of the most serious cases,
implementing best practices such as login limitation or properly
configured firewall, would have deterred the attack, reduced the
time it would have taken to detect an attack, and minimize its
impact.
Energy Department Develops Tool with Industry to Help
U.S. Department
June 28, 2012
N/A
The Cybersecurity Self-Evaluation Tool utilizes best practices
Utilities Strengthen Their Cybersecurity Capabilities
of Energy
that were developed for the Electricity Subsector Cybersecurity
Capability Maturity Model Initiative, which involved a series of
http://energy.gov/articles/energy-department-develops-
workshops with the private sector to draft a maturity model
tool-industry-help-utilities-strengthen-their-cybersecurity
that can be used throughout the electric sector to better
protect the grid.
Electricity Subsector Cybersecurity Risk Management
Department of
May 2012
96
The guideline describes a risk management process that is
Process
Energy, Office of
targeted to the specific needs of electricity sector organizations.
Electricity
The objective of the guideline is to build upon existing guidance
http://energy.gov/oe/downloads/cybersecurity-risk-
Delivery &
and requirements to develop a flexible risk management process
management-process-rmp-guideline-final-may-2012
Energy Reliability
tuned to the diverse missions, equipment, and business needs of
the electric power industry.
Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems Program
Department of
ongoing
N/A
The program assists the energy sector asset owners (electric,
Energy, Office of
oil, and gas) by developing cybersecurity solutions for energy
http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/energy-
Electricity
delivery systems through integrated planning and a focused
delivery-systems-cybersecurity
Delivery &
research and development effort. CEDS co-funds projects with
Energy Reliability
industry partners to make advances in cybersecurity capabilities
for energy delivery systems.
ICT Applications for the Smart Grid: Opportunities and
Organization for
January 10, 2012
44
This report discusses “smart” applications of information and
Policy Implications
Economic Co-
communication technologies (ICTs) for more sustainable energy
operation and
production, management and consumption. The report outlines
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/ful text/
Development
policy implications for government ministries dealing with
5k9h2q8v9bln.pdf?expires=1341594602&id=id&accname=
(OECD)
telecommunications regulation, ICT sector and innovation
guest&checksum=
promotion, and consumer and competition issues.
0BF921941D8F00E7521044D5B56FE32E
CRS-49


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
The Department’s Management of the Smart Grid
Department of
January 1, 2012
21
According to the Inspector General, DOE's rush to award
Investment Grant Program
Energy (DOE)
stimulus grants for projects under the next generation of the
Inspector
power grid, known as the Smart grid, resulted in some firms
http://energy.gov/ig/downloads/departments-management-
General
receiving funds without submitting complete plans for how to
smart-grid-investment-grant-program-oas-ra-12-04
safeguard the grid from cyber attacks.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Cybersecurity
General
December 9,
77
Given the plethora of guidance available, individual entities
Guidance Is Available, but More Can Be Done to
Accountability
2011
within the sectors may be challenged in identifying the guidance
Promote Its Use
Office (GAO)
that is most applicable and effective in improving their security
posture. Improved knowledge of the guidance that is available
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-92
could help both federal and private sector decision makers
better coordinate their efforts to protect critical cyber-reliant
assets.
The Future of the Electric Grid
Massachusetts
December 5,
39
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the status of the grid, the
Institute of
2011
challenges and opportunities it will face, and major
http://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/studies/the-electric-grid-
Technology (MIT)
recommendations. To facilitate selective reading, detailed
2011.shtml
descriptions of the contents of each section in Chapters 2–9 are
provided in each chapter’s introduction, and recommendations
are collected and briefly discussed in each chapter's final section.
(See: Chapter 9, Data Communications, Cybersecurity, and
Information Privacy, pages 208-234).
FCC‘s Plan for Ensuring the Security of
Federal
June 3, 2011
1
FCC Chairman Genachowski's response to letter from Rep.
Telecommunications Networks
Communications
Anna Eshoo dated November 2, 2010, re: concerns about the
Commission
implications of foreign-controlled telecommunications
ftp://ftp.fcc.gov/pub/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2011/
(FCC)
infrastructure companies providing equipment to the U.S.
db0610/DOC-307454A1.txt
market.
Cyber Infrastructure Protection
U.S. Army War
May 9, 2011
324
Part 1 deals with strategy and policy issues related to cyber
College
security and provides discussions covering the theory of
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/
cyberpower, Internet survivability, large scale data breaches, and
display.cfm?pubid=1067
the role of cyberpower in humanitarian assistance. Part 2 covers
social and legal aspects of cyber infrastructure protection and
discusses the attack dynamics of political and religiously
motivated hackers. Part 3 discusses the technical aspects of
cyber infrastructure protection including the resilience of data
centers, intrusion detection, and a strong emphasis on Internet
protocol (IP) networks.
CRS-50


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
In the Dark: Crucial Industries Confront Cyberattacks
McAfee and
April 21, 2011
28
The study reveals an increase in cyber attacks on critical
Center for
infrastructure such as power grids, oil, gas, and water; the study
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-critical-
Strategic and
also shows that that many of the world’s critical infrastructures
infrastructure-protection.pdf
International
lacked protection of their computer networks, and reveals the
Studies (CSIS)
cost and impact of cyberattacks
Cybersecurity: Continued Attention Needed to Protect
General
March 16, 2011
16
According to GAO, executive branch agencies have also made
Our Nation’s Critical Infrastructure and Federal
Accountability
progress instituting several government-wide initiatives that are
Information Systems
Office (GAO)
aimed at bolstering aspects of federal cybersecurity, such as
reducing the number of federal access points to the Internet,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-463T
establishing security configurations for desktop computers, and
enhancing situational awareness of cyber events. Despite these
efforts, the federal government continues to face significant
challenges in protecting the nation's cyber-reliant critical
infrastructure and federal information systems.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s Monitoring of
North American
January 26, 2011
30
NERC developed Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) cyber
Power Grid Cyber Security
Electric Reliability
security reliability standards which were approved by the FERC
Corp. (NERC)
in January 2008. Although the Commission had taken steps to
http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2011/02/
ensure CIP cyber security standards were developed and
DoE-IG-Report-on-Grid-Security.pdf
approved, NERC’s testing revealed that such standards did not
always include controls commonly recommended for protecting
critical information systems. In addition, the CIP standards
implementation approach and schedule approved by the
Commission were not adequate to ensure that systems-related
risks to the nation's power grid were mitigated or addressed in
a timely manner.
Electricity Grid Modernization: Progress Being Made on
General
January 12, 2011
50
To reduce the risk that NIST’s smart grid cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Guidelines, but Key Challenges Remain to
Accountability
guidelines will not be as effective as intended, the Secretary of
be Addressed
Office (GAO)
Commerce should direct the Director of NIST to finalize the
agency's plan for updating and maintaining the cybersecurity
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-117
guidelines, including ensuring it incorporates (1) missing key
elements identified in this report, and (2) specific milestones for
when efforts are to be completed. Also, as a part of finalizing the
plan, the Secretary of Commerce should direct the Director of
NIST should assess whether any cybersecurity challenges
identified in this report should be addressed in the guidelines.
CRS-51


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Partnership for Cybersecurity Innovation
White House
December 6,
4
The Obama Administration released a Memorandum of
(Office of Science
2010
Understanding signed by the National Institute of Standards and
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/06/partnership-
& Technology
Technology (NIST) of the Department of Commerce, the
cybersecurity-innovation
Policy)
Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS/S&T), and the Financial Services Sector
Coordinating Council (FSSCC). The goal of the agreement is to
speed the commercialization of cybersecurity research
innovations that support the nation’s critical infrastructures.
WIB Security Standard Released
International
November 10,

The Netherlands-based International Instrument Users
Instrument Users
2010
Association (WIB), an international organization that represents
http://www.isssource.com/wib/
Association
global manufacturers in the industrial automation industry,
(WIB)
announced the second version of the Process Control Domain
Security Requirements For Vendors document—the first
international standard that outlines a set of specific
requirements focusing on cyber security best practices for
suppliers of industrial automation and control systems.
Information Security Management System for Microsoft
Microsoft
November 2010
15
This study describes the standards Microsoft fol ows to address
Cloud Infrastructure
current and evolving cloud security threats. It also depicts the
internal structures within Microsoft that handle cloud security
http://cdn.globalfoundationservices.com/documents/
and risk management issues.
InformationSecurityMangSysforMSCloudInfrastructure.pdf
NIST Finalizes Initial Set of Smart Grid Cyber Security
National Institute
September 2,
N/A
NIST released a 3-volume set of recommendations on all things
Guidelines
of Standards and
2010
relevant to securing the Smart Grid. The guidelines address a
Technology
variety of topics, including high-level security requirements, a
http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/nist-finalizes-
(NIST)
risk assessment framework, an evaluation of privacy issues in
initial-set-of-smart-grid-cyber-security-guidelines.cfm
residences and recommendations for protecting the evolving
grid from attacks, malicious code, cascading errors, and other
threats.
Critical Infrastructure Protection: Key Private and Public
General
July 15, 2010
38
Private sector stakeholders reported that they expect their
Cyber Expectations Need to Be Consistently Addressed
Accountability
federal partners to provide usable, timely, and actionable cyber
Office (GAO)
threat information and alerts; access to sensitive or classified
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-628
information; a secure mechanism for sharing information;
security clearances; and a single centralized government
cybersecurity organization to coordinate government efforts.
However, according to private sector stakeholders, federal
partners are not consistently meeting these expectations.
CRS-52


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
The future of cloud computing
Pew Research
June 11, 2010
26
Technology experts and stakeholders say they expect they will
Center’s Internet
“live mostly in the cloud” in 2020 and not on the desktop,
http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/The-future-of-cloud-
& American Life
working mostly through cyberspace-based applications accessed
computing.aspx
Project
through networked devices.
The Reliability of Global Undersea Communications Cable IEEE/EastWest
May 26, 2010
186
This study submits 12 major recommendations to the private
Infrastructure (The ROGUCCI Report)
Institute
sector, governments and other stakeholders—especial y the
financial sector—for the purpose of improving the reliability,
http://www.ieee-rogucci.org/files/
robustness, resilience, and security of the world’s undersea
The%20ROGUCCI%20Report.pdf
communications cable infrastructure.
NSTB Assessments Summary Report: Common Industrial
Department of
May 1, 2010
123
Computer networks controlling the electric grid are plagued
Control System Cyber Security Weaknesses
Energy, Idaho
with security holes that could allow intruders to redirect power
National
delivery and steal data. Many of the security vulnerabilities are
http://www.fas.org/sgp/eprint/nstb.pdf
Laboratory
strikingly basic and fixable problems.
Explore the reliability and resiliency of commercial
Federal
April 21, 2010
N/A
The Federal Communications Commission launched an inquiry
broadband communications networks
Communications
on the ability of existing broadband networks to withstand
Commission
significant damage or severe overloads as a result of natural
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-
(FCC)
disasters, terrorist attacks, pandemics or other major public
305618A1.doc
emergencies, as recommended in the National Broadband Plan.
Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud
Cloud Security
December 2009
76
“Through our focus on the central issues of cloud computing
Computing V2.1
Alliance
security, we have attempted to bring greater clarity to an
otherwise complicated landscape, which is often filled with
http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/csaguide.pdf
incomplete and oversimplified information. Our focus ... serves
to bring context and specificity to the cloud computing security
discussion: enabling us to go beyond gross generalizations to
deliver more insightful and targeted recommendations.”
21 Steps to Improve Cyber Security of SCADA Networks U.S. Department
January 1, 2007
10
The President’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Board and the
of Energy,
Department of Energy have developed steps to help any
http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/prepare/
Infrastructure
organization improve the security of its SCADA networks. The
21stepsbooklet.pdf
Security and
steps are divided into two categories: specific actions to improve
Energy
implementation, and actions to establish essential underlying
Restoration
management processes and policies.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.

CRS-53

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

CRS Reports: Cybercrime and National Security
• CRS Report 97-1025, Cybercrime: An Overview of the Federal Computer Fraud
and Abuse Statute and Related Federal Criminal Laws, by Charles Doyle
• CRS Report 94-166, Extraterritorial Application of American Criminal Law, by
Charles Doyle
• CRS Report 98-326, Privacy: An Overview of Federal Statutes Governing
Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping, by Gina Stevens and Charles Doyle
• CRS Report RL32706, Spyware: Background and Policy Issues for Congress, by
Patricia Moloney Figliola
• CRS Report CRS Report R41975, Illegal Internet Streaming of Copyrighted
Content: Legislation in the 112th Congress, by Brian T. Yeh
• CRS Report R42112, Online Copyright Infringement and Counterfeiting:
Legislation in the 112th Congress, by Brian T. Yeh
• CRS Report R40599, Identity Theft: Trends and Issues, by Kristin M. Finklea
• CRS Report R41927, The Interplay of Borders, Turf, Cyberspace, and
Jurisdiction: Issues Confronting U.S. Law Enforcement, by Kristin M. Finklea
• CRS Report RL34651, Protection of Children Online: Federal and State Laws
Addressing Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment, and Cyberbullying, by Alison M.
Smith

Congressional Research Service
54


Table 20. Selected Reports: Cybercrime/Cyberwar
Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Nodes and Codes: The Reality of Cyber Warfare




Safeguarding Cyber-Security, Fighting in Cyberspace
International
October 22,
N/A
Looks at the Militarisation of Cyber Security as a Source of Global
Relations and
2012
Tension, and makes the case that cyber-warfare is already an
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Editorial-Plan/Dossiers/Detail/?
Security
essential feature of many leading states’ strategic calculations,
lng=en&id=154059&contextid782=154059
Network (ISN)
followed by its opposite – i.e., one that believes the threat posed
by cyber-warfare capabilities is woefully overstated.

Before We Knew It: An Empirical Study of Zero-Day
Symantec
October 16,
12
The paper describes a method for automatical y identifying zero-
Attacks In The Real World
Research Labs
2012
day attacks from field-gathered data that records when benign and
malicious binaries are downloaded on 11 million real hosts around
http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~tdumitra/public_documents/
the world. Searching this data set for malicious files that exploit
bilge12_zero_day.pdf
known vulnerabilities indicates which files appeared on the
Internet before the corresponding vulnerabilities were disclosed
ZeroAccess: We’re Gonna Need a Bigger Planet
F-Secure and
October 15,
N/A
The idea of a network of malware-infected zombie computers
Google Maps
2012
rigged to do the bidding of criminals conjures up a frightening
http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002428.html
image on its own. A new visualization of the so-called ZeroAcess
botnet shows how widespread such schemes can become.
Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues
House
October 8,
60
The committee initiated this investigation in November 2011 to
Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies
Permanent
2012
inquire into the counterintelligence and security threat posed by
Huawei and ZTE
Select
Chinese telecommunications companies doing business in the
Committee on
United States.
http://intelligence.house.gov/press-release/investigative-
Intelligence
report-us-national-security-issues-posed-chinese-
telecommunications
Federal Support for and Involvement in State and Local
U. S. Senate
October 3,
141
A two-year bipartisan investigation found that U.S. Department of
Fusion Centers
Permanent
2012
Homeland Security efforts to engage state and local intelligence
Subcommittee
“fusion centers” has not yielded significant useful information to
http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/?id=49139e81-
on Investigations
support federal counterterrorism intelligence efforts. In Section
1dd7-4788-a3bb-d6e7d97dde04
VI, “Fusion Centers Have Been Unable to Meaningfully Contribute
to Federal Counterterrorism Efforts,” Part G, “Fusion Centers
May Have Hindered, Not Aided, Federal Counterterrorism
Efforts,” the report discusses the Russian “Cyberattack” in Illinois.
HoneyMap - Visualizing Worldwide Attacks in Real-Time
The Honeynet
October 1,
N/A
The HoneyMap shows a real-time visualization of attacks against
Project
2012
the Honeynet Project’s sensors deployed around the world.
http://www.honeynet.org/node/960
CRS-55


Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare
NATO
August 2012
N/A
The Tallinn Manual is a nonbinding yet authoritative restatement
(“The Tal inn Manual”)
Cooperative
of the law of armed conflict as it relates to cyberwar. It offers
Cyber Defence
attackers, defenders, and legal experts guidance on how
http://www.ccdcoe.org/249.html
Centre of
cyberattacks can be classified as actions covered under the law,
Excel ence,
such as armed attacks.
Tal inn, Estonia
Does Cybercrime Really Cost $1 Trillion?
ProPublica August
1, N/A
In a news release from computer security firm McAfee to
2012
announce its 2009 report, “Unsecured Economies: Protecting Vital
http://www.propublica.org/article/does-cybercrime-really-
Information,” the company estimated a trillion dollar global cost
cost-1-trillion
for cybercrime. The number does not appear in the report itself.
McAfee’s trillion-dollar estimate is questioned even by the three
independent researchers from Purdue University whom McAfee
credits with analyzing the raw data from which the estimate was
derived. An examination of their origins by ProPublica has found
new grounds to question the data and methods used to generate
these numbers, which McAfee and Symantec say they stand
behind.
Putting the “war” in cyberwar: Metaphor, analogy, and
First Monday
July 2, 2012
N/A
This essay argues that current contradictory tendencies are
cybersecurity discourse in the United States
unproductive and even potential y dangerous. It argues that the
war metaphor and nuclear deterrence analogy are neither natural
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/
nor inevitable and that abandoning them would open up new
article/view/3848/3270
possibilities for thinking more productively about the full spectrum
of cyber security challenges, including the as-yet unrealized
possibility of cyber war.
Information Security: Cyber Threats Facilitate Ability to
GAO June
28,
20
This statement discusses (1) cyber threats facing the nation’s
Commit Economic Espionage
2012
systems, (2) reported cyber incidents and their impacts, (3)
security controls and other techniques available for reducing risk,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-876T
and (4) the responsibilities of key federal entities in support of
protecting IP.
Measuring the Cost of Cybercrime
11th Annual
June 25,
N/A
“For each of the main categories of cybercrime we set out what is
Workshop on
2012
and is not known of the direct costs, indirect costs and defence
http://weis2012.econinfosec.org/papers/
the Economics of
costs - both to the UK and to the world as a whole.”
Anderson_WEIS2012.pdf
Information
Security
Nodes and Codes: The Reality of Cyber Warfare
US Army School
May 17, 2012
62
Explores the reality of cyber warfare through the story of
of Advanced
Stuxnet. Three case studies evaluate cyber policy, discourse, and
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA567190&
Military Studies,
procurement in the US, Russia, and China before and after
Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
Command and
Stuxnet to illustrate their similar, yet unique, realities of cyber
General Staff
warfare.
CRS-56


Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
The Impact of Cybercrime on Businesses
Ponemon
May 2012
21
The study found that targeted attacks on businesses cost
Institute
enterprises an average of $214,000. The expenses are associated
http://www.checkpoint.com/products/downloads/
with forensic investigations, investments in technology, and brand
whitepapers/ponemon-cybercrime-2012.pdf
recovery costs.
Proactive Policy Measures by Internet Service Providers
Organisation for
May 7, 2012
25
This report analyzes initiatives in a number of countries through
against Botnets
Economic Co-
which end-users are notified by ISPs when their computer is
operation and
identified as being compromised by malicious software and
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/
Development
encouraged to take action to mitigate the problem.
proactive-policy-measures-by-internet-service-providers-
against-botnets_5k98tq42t18w-en
Developing State Solutions to Business Identity Theft:
National
January 2012
23
This white paper is the result of efforts by the 19-member NASS
Assistance, Prevention and Detection Efforts by Secretary
Association of
Business Identity Theft Task Force to develop policy guidelines
of State Offices
Secretaries of
and recommendations for state leaders dealing with identity fraud
State
cases involving public business records.
http://www.nass.org/index.php?option=com_docman&
task=doc_download&gid=1257
A Cyberworm that Knows No Boundaries
RAND December
55
Stuxnet-like worms pose a serious threat even to infrastructure
21, 2011
and computer systems that are not connected to the Internet.
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/
However, defending against such attacks is an increasingly
occasional_papers/2011/RAND_OP342.pdf
complex prospect.
Department of Defense Cyberspace Policy Report : A
DOD November
14
From the report: “When warranted, we will respond to hostile
Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense
15, 2011
attacks in cyberspace as we would to any other threat to our
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011, Section 934
country. We reserve the right to use all necessary means -
diplomatic, informational, military and economic - to defend our
http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2011/
nation, our allies, our partners and our interests.”
0411_cyberstrategy/docs/
NDAA%20Section%20934%20Report_For%20webpage.pdf
W32.Duqu: The Precursor to the Next Stuxnet
Symantec October
24,
N/A
On October 14, 2011, a research lab with strong international
2011
connections alerted Symantec to a sample that appeared to be
http://www.symantec.com/connect/
very similar to Stuxnet, the malware which wreaked havoc in
w32_duqu_precursor_next_stuxnet
Iran’s nuclear centrifuge farms last summer. The lab named the
threat “Duqu” because it creates files with the file name prefix
“~DQ”. The research lab provided Symantec with samples
recovered from computer systems located in Europe, as well as a
detailed report with their initial findings, including analysis
comparing the threat to Stuxnet.
Cyber War Will Not Take Place
Journal of
October 5,
29
The paper argues that cyber warfare has never taken place, is not
Strategic Studies
2011
currently taking place, and is unlikely to take place in the future.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/
01402390.2011.608939
CRS-57


Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Twenty Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber
SANS October
3,
77
The 20 measures are intended to focus agencies’ limited resources
Defense: Consensus Audit Guidelines (CAG)
2011
on plugging the most common attack vectors.
http://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/
Revealed: Operation Shady RAT: an Investigation Of
McAfee August
2,
14
A cyber-espionage operation lasting many years penetrated 72
Targeted Intrusions Into 70+ Global Companies,
2011
government and other organizations, most of them in the United
Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations During the
States, and has copied everything from military secrets to
Last 5 Years
industrial designs, according to technology security company
McAfee. See page 4 for the types of compromised parties), page 5
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/white-papers/wp-
for the geographic distribution of victim’s country of origin, pages
operation-shady-rat.pdf
7-9 for the types of victims, and pages 10-13 for the number of
intrusions for 2007-2010.
USCYBERCOM and Cyber Security: Is a Comprehensive
Army War
May 12,
32
Examine five aspects of USCYBERCOM: organization, command
Strategy Possible?
College
20122
and control, computer network operations (CNO),
synchronization, and resourcing. Identifies areas that currently
present significant risk to USCYBERCOM’s ability to create a
strategy that can achieve success in its cyberspace operations.
Recommends potential solutions that can increase the
effectiveness of the USCYBERCOM strategy.
A Four-Day Dive Into Stuxnet’s Heart
Threat Level
December
N/A
From the article, “It is a mark of the extreme oddity of the
Blog (Wired)
27, 2010
Stuxnet computer worm that Microsoft’s Windows vulnerability
http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/a-four-day-
team learned of it first from an obscure Belarusian security
dive-into-stuxnets-heart/
company that even they had never heard of.”
Did Stuxnet Take Out 1,000 Centrifuges at the Natanz
Institute for
December
10
This report indicates that commands in the Stuxnet code intended
Enrichment Plant? Preliminary Assessment
Science and
22, 2010
to increase the frequency of devices targeted by the malware
International
exactly match several frequencies at which rotors in centrifuges at
http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/did-stuxnet-take-
Security
Iran’s Natanz enrichment plant are designed to operate optimally
out-1000-centrifuges-at-the-natanz-enrichment-plant/
or are at risk of breaking down and flying apart.
The Role of Internet Service Providers in Botnet
Organisation for
November
68
This working paper considers whether ISPs can be critical control
Mitigation: an Empirical Analysis Bases on Spam Data
Economic Co-
12, 2010
points for botnet mitigation, how the number of infected machines
operation and
varies across ISPs, and why.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=
Development
10.1.1.165.2211&rep=rep1&type=pdf
(OECD)
Stuxnet Analysis
European
October 7,
N/A
EU cybersecurity agency warns that the Stuxnet malware is a
Network and
2010
game changer for critical information infrastructure protection;
http://www.enisa.europa.eu/media/press-releases/stuxnet-
Information
PLC control ers of SCADA systems infected with the worm might
analysis
Security Agency
be programmed to establish destructive over/under pressure
conditions by running pumps at different frequencies.
CRS-58


Title Source
Date
Pages Notes
Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks:
National
October 5,
400
At the request of the Office of the Director of National
Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S.
Research
2010
Intelligence, the National Research Council undertook a two-
Policy
Council
phase project aimed to foster a broad, multidisciplinary
examination of strategies for deterring cyberattacks on the United
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=
States and of the possible utility of these strategies for the U.S.
12997#description
government.
Untangling Attribution: Moving to Accountability in
Council on
July 15, 2010
14
Robert K. Knake’s testimony before the House Committee on
Cyberspace [Testimony]
Foreign Relations
Science and Technology on the role of attack attribution in
preventing cyber attacks and how attribution technologies can
http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/
affect the anonymity and the privacy of Internet users.
Knake%20-Testimony%20071510.pdf
Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S.
National
January 1,
368
This report explores important characteristics of cyberattack. It
Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities
Research
2009
describes the current international and domestic legal structure as
Council
it might apply to cyberattack, and considers analogies to other
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12651&
domains of conflict to develop relevant insights.
utm_medium=etmail&utm_source=
National%20Academies%20Press&utm_campaign=
NAP+mail+eblast+10.27.09+-
+Cyberattack+Preorder+sp&utm_content=Downloader&
utm_term=#description
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
Table 21. Selected Reports: International Efforts
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Defence and Cyber-Security, vol. 1 - Report, together with formal
House of Commons Defence
December 18, 2012
51 (vol. 1) Given the inevitable inadequacy of
minutes, oral and written evidence
Committee (UK)
the measures available to protect
37 (vol. 2) against a constantly changing and
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/
evolving threat, and given the
cmdfence/106/106.pdf
Minister for the Cabinet Office’s
Defence and Cyber-Security, vol. 2 - Additional Written Evidence
comment, it is not enough for the
Armed Forces to do their best to
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/
prevent an effective attack. In its
cmdfence/106/106vw.pdf
response to this report the
Government should set out details
of the contingency plans it has in
place should such an attack occur.
If it has none, it should say so –
and urgently create some.
CRS-59


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cybersecurity: Managing risks for greater opportunities
Organization for Economic Co-
November 29, 2012
N/A
The OECD launched a broad
operation and Development
consultation of all stakeholders
http://oecdinsights.org/2012/11/29/cybersecurity-managing-risks-
from member and non-member
for-greater-opportunities/
countries to review its Security
Guidelines. The review will take
into account newly emerging risks,
technologies and policy trends
around such areas as cloud
computing, digital mobility, the
Internet of things, social
networking, etc.

Cybersecurity Policy Making at a Turning Point: Analysing a New
Organization for Economic Co-
November 16, 2012
57
This report analyses the latest
Generation of National Cybersecurity Strategies for the Internet
operation and Development
generation of national
Economy
cybersecurity strategies in ten
OECD countries and identifies
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/cybersecurity-policy-making-at-a-
commonalities and differences.
turning-point_5k8zq92vdgtl.pdf?contentType=/ns/WorkingPaper&
itemId=/content/workingpaper/5k8zq92vdgtl-en&containerItemId=
/content/workingpaperseries/20716826&accessItemIds=&
mimeType=application/pdfhttp://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/
cybersecurity-policy-making-at-a-turning-point_5k8zq92vdgtl.pdf?
contentType=/ns/WorkingPaper&itemId=/content/workingpaper/
5k8zq92vdgtl-en&containerItemId=/content/workingpaperseries/
20716826&accessItemIds=&mimeType=application/pdf
2012 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and
U.S.-China Economic and
November 2012
509
This report responds to the
Security Review Commission, One Hundred Twelfth Congress,
Security Review Commission
mandate for the Commission ‘to
Second Session, November 2012
monitor, investigate, and report to
Congress on the national security
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=725530
implications of the bilateral trade
and economic relationship
between the United States and the
People’s Republic of China. See
“China's Cyber Activities,"
Chapter 2, section 2, pp 147-169.
CRS-60


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
More Than Meets the Eye: Clandestine Funding, Cutting-Edge
Lawrence Livermore National
October 23, 2012
17
Analyzes how the Chinese
Technology and China’s Cyber Research & Development Program Laboratory
leadership views information
technology research and
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/1055833/
development (R&D), as well as the
role cyber R&D plays in China’s
various strategic development
plans. Explores the organizational
structure of China’s cyber R&D
base. Concludes with a projection
of how China might field new
cyber capabilities for intelligence
platforms, advanced weapons
systems, and systems designed to
support asymmetric warfare
operations.
Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by
House Permanent Select
October 8, 2012
60
The committee initiated this
Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE
Committee on Intelligence
investigation in November 2011 to
inquire into the
http://intelligence.house.gov/press-release/investigative-report-us-
counterintelligence and security
national-security-issues-posed-chinese-telecommunications
threat posed by Chinese
telecommunications companies
doing business in the United
States.
Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (“The
NATO Cooperative Cyber
August 2012
N/A
The Tallinn Manual is a nonbinding
Tallinn Manual”)
Defence Centre of Excel ence,
yet authoritative restatement of
Tal inn, Estonia
the law of armed conflict as it
http://www.ccdcoe.org/249.html
relates to cyberwar. It offers
attackers, defenders, and legal
experts guidance on how
cyberattacks can be classified as
actions covered under the law,
such as armed attacks.
CRS-61


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Bilateral Discussions on Cooperation in Cybersecurity
China Institute of
June 2012
N/A
(Scrol down for English). Since
Contemporary International
2009, CSIS and CICIR have held
http://www.cicir.ac.cn/chinese/newsView.aspx?nid=3878
Relations and the Center for
six formal meetings on
Strategic and International
cybersecurity (accompanied by
Studies (CSIS)
several informal discussions),
called “Sino-U.S. Cybersecurity

Dialogue.” The meetings have
been attended by a broad range of
U.S. and Chinese officials and
scholars responsible for
cybersecurity issues. The goals of
the discussions have been to
reduce misperceptions and to
increase transparency of both
countries’ authorities and
understanding on how each
country approaches cybersecurity,
and to identify areas of potential
cooperation
Five Years after Estonia’s Cyber Attacks: Lessons Learned for
NATO
May 2012
8
In April 2007 a series of cyber
NATO?
attacks targeted Estonian
information systems and
http://www.ndc.nato.int/download/downloads.php?icode=334
telecommunication networks.
Lasting 22 days, the attacks were
directed at a range of servers
(web, email, DNS) and routers.
The 2007 attacks did not damage
much of the Estonian information
technology infrastructure.
However, the attacks were a true
wake-up call for NATO, offering a
practical demonstration that cyber
attacks could now cripple an
entire nation dependent on IT
networks.
CRS-62


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyber-security: The Vexed Question of Global Rules: An
McAfee
February 1, 2012
108
Forty-five percent of legislators
Independent Report on Cyber-Preparedness Around the World
and cybersecurity experts
representing 27 countries think
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-sda-cyber-
cybersecurity is just as important
security.pdf?cid=WBB048
as border security. The authors
surveyed 80 professionals from
business, academia and
government to gauge worldwide
opinions of cybersecurity.
Cyber Power Index
Booz Allen Hamilton and the
January 15, 2012
N/A
The index of developing countries’
Economist Intelligence Unit
ability to withstand cyber attacks
http://www.cyberhub.com/CyberPowerIndex
and build strong digital economies,
rates the countries on their legal
and regulatory frameworks;
economic and social issues;
technology infrastructure; and
industry. The index puts the
United States in the No. 2 spot,
and the UK in No. 1.
Foreign Spies Stealing US Economic Secrets in Cyberspace
Office of the National
November 3, 2011
31
According to the report,
Counterintelligence Executive
espionage and theft through
http://www.ncix.gov/publications/reports/fecie_al /
cyberspace are growing threats to
Foreign_Economic_Collection_2011.pdf
the United States’ security and
economic prosperity, and the
world’s most persistent
perpetrators happen to also be
U.S. allies.
The UK Cyber Security Strategy: Protecting and promoting the
Cabinet Office (United
November 2011
43
Chapter 1 describes the
UK in a digital world
Kingdom)
background to the growth of the
networked world and the
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/uk-
immense social and economic
cyber-security-strategy-final.pdf
benefits it is unlocking. Chapter 2
describes these threats. The
impacts are already being felt and
will grow as our reliance on
cyberspace grows. Chapter 3 sets
out where we want to end up—
with the government’s vision for
UK cyber security in 2015.
CRS-63


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyber Dawn: Libya
Cyber Security Forum Initiative
May 9, 2011
70
Project Cyber Dawn: Libya uses
open source material to provide
http://www.unveillance.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/
an in-depth view of Libyan
Project_Cyber_Dawn_Public.pdf
cyberwarfare capabilities and
defenses.
China’s Cyber Power and America’s National Security
U.S. Army War College,
March 24, 2011
86
This report examines the growth
Strategy Research Project
of Chinese cyber power; their
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/ful text/u2/a552990.pdf
known and demonstrated
capabilities for offensive, defensive
and exploitive computer network
operations; China‘s national
security objectives; and the
possible application of Chinese
cyber power in support of those
objectives.
Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence
James Clapper, Director of
February 10, 2011
34
Provides an assessment of global
Community (Testimony)
National Intelligence
threats: convergence, malware,
the “Chinese" connection, foreign
http://www.dni.gov/testimonies/20110210_testimony_clapper.pdf
military capabilities in cyberspace,
counterfeit computer hardware
and intellectual property theft, and
identity theft/finding vulnerable
government operatives.
Working Towards Rules for Governing Cyber Conflict: Rendering EastWest Institute
February 3, 2011
60
[The authors] led the cyber and
the Geneva and Hague Conventions in Cyberspace
traditional security experts
through a point-by-point analysis
http://vialardi.org/nastrazzuro/pdf/US-Russia.pdf
of the Geneva and Hague
Conventions. Ultimately, the
group made five immediate
recommendations for Russian and
U.S.-led joint assessments, each
exploring how to apply a key
convention principle to
cyberspace.
CRS-64


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
The Reliability of Global Undersea Communications Cable
IEEE/EastWest Institute
May 26, 2010
186
This study submits 12 major
Infrastructure (The Rogucci Report)
recommendations to the private
sector, governments and other
http://www.ieee-rogucci.org/files/
stakeholders—especial y the
The%20ROGUCCI%20Report.pdf
financial sector—for the purpose
of improving the reliability,
robustness, resilience, and security
of the world’s undersea
communications cable
infrastructure.
ITU Toolkit for Cybercrime Legislation
International
February 2010
N/A
This document aims to provide
Telecommunications Union
countries with sample legislative
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-toolkit-
language and reference material
cybercrime-legislation.pdf
that can assist in the establishment
of harmonized cybercrime laws
and procedural rules.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-65


Table 22. Selected Reports: Education/Training/Workforce
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Michigan Cyber Range
Partnership
November 12, 2012
N/A
Enables individuals and organizations to develop
between the state
detection and reaction skills through simulations and
http://www.merit.edu/cyberrange/
of Michigan, Merit
exercises.
Network, federal
and local
governments,
colleges and
universities, and
the private sector
CyberSkills Task Force Report
U.S. Department of October 1, 2012
41
DHS’s Task Force on CyberSkills proposes far-reaching
Homeland Security
improvements to enable DHS to recruit and retain the
https://www.hsdl.org/hslog/?q=node/7934
cybersecurity talent it needs
Cyber Security Test Bed: Summary and Evaluation Results
Institute for
October 2012
89
The Cyber Test Bed project was a case study analysis of
Homeland Security
how a set of interventions, including threat analysis, best
http://sites.duke.edu/ihss/files/2011/12/Cyber-Security-
Solutions
practices sharing, and executive and staff training events,
Test-Bed_Final-Report_Rowe.pdf
over the course of one year, would impact a group of
nine small and mid-size businesses in North Carolina.
Pre- and post-Test Bed interviews were conducted with
company officials to establish a baseline and evaluate the
impact of the Test Bed experience. After the Cyber Test
Bed experience, decision makers at these companies
indicated an increase in their perceptions of the risk of
cyber attacks and an increase in their knowledge of
possible solution.
Information Assurance Scholarship Program
U.S Navy
August 28, 2012
N/A
The Information Assurance Scholarship Program is
designed to increase the number of qualified personnel
http://www.doncio.navy.mil/ContentView.aspx?id=535
entering the information assurance and information
technology fields within the department, Defense officials
said last week. The scholarships also are an attempt to
effectively retain military and civilian cybersecurity and IT
personnel.
CRS-66


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
National Centers of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Cyber
National Security
May 29, 2012
N/A
The NSA has launched National Centers of Academic
Operations Program
Agency (NSA)
Excellence (CAE) in Cyber Operations Program; the
program is intended to be a deeply technical, inter-
http://www.nsa.gov/academia/nat_cae_cyber_ops/
disciplinary, higher education program grounded in the
index.shtml
computer science (CS), computer engineering (CE), or
electrical engineering (EE) disciplines, with extensive
opportunities for hands-on applications via labs and
exercises.
Cybersecurity Human Capital: Initiatives Need Better
General
November 29, 2011
86
To ensure that government-wide cybersecurity
Planning and Coordination
Accountability
workforce initiatives are better coordinated and planned,
Office (GAO)
and to better assist federal agencies in defining roles,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-8
responsibilities, skills, and competencies for their
workforce, the Secretary of Commerce, Director of the
Office of Management and Budget, Director of the Office
of Personnel Management, and Secretary of Homeland
Security should col aborate through the NICE initiative to
develop and finalize detailed plans allowing agency
accountability, measurement of progress, and
determination of resources to accomplish agreed-upon
activities.
NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework
National Initiative
November 21, 2011
35
The adoption of cloud computing into the Federal
for Cybersecurity
Government and its implementation depend upon a
http://www.nist.gov/manuscript-publication-search.cfm?
Education (NICE)
variety of technical and non-technical factors. A
pub_id=909505
fundamental reference point, based on the NIST
definition of cloud computing, is needed to describe an
overall framework that can be used government-wide.
This document presents the NIST Cloud Computing
Reference Architecture (RA) and Taxonomy (Tax) that
will accurately communicate the components and
offerings of cloud computing.
2011 State of Cyberethics, Cybersafety and Cybersecurity
National Cyber
May 13, 2011
16
This year’s survey further explores the perceptions and
Curriculum in the U.S. Survey
Security Alliance
practices of U.S. teachers, school administrators and
and Microsoft
technology coordinators in regards to cyberethics,
http://www.staysafeonline.org/sites/default/files/
cybersafety, and cybersecurity education. This year's
resource_documents/2011%20National%20K-
survey finds that young people still are not receiving
12%20Study%20Final_0.pdf
adequate training and that teachers are ill-prepared to
teach the subjects due, in large part, to lack of
professional development.
CRS-67


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
Cyber Operations Personnel Report (DOD)
Department of
April 2011
84
This report is focused on FY09 Department of Defense
Defense
Cyber Operations personnel, with duties and
http://www.nsci-va.org/CyberReferenceLib/2011-04-
responsibilities as defined in Section 934 of the Fiscal
Cyber%20Ops%20Personnel.pdf
Year (FY) 2010 National Defense Authorization Act
(NDAA).
Appendix A - Cyber Operations-related Military
Occupations
Appendix B – Commercial Certifications Supporting the
DoD Information Assurance Workforce Improvement
Program
Appendix C – Military Services Training and
Development
Appendix D - Geographic Location of National Centers
of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance
Design of the DETER Security Testbed
University of
January 13, 2011
N/A
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) will invest
Southern California
$16 million over the next five years to expand a
http://www.isi.edu/deter/news/news.php?story=20
(USC) Information
cybersecurity testbed at the University of Southern
Sciences Institute,
California (USC). The Deterlab testbed provides an
University of
isolated 400-node mini-Internet, in which researchers can
California Berkeley
investigate malware and other security threats without
(UCB), McAfee
danger of infecting the real Internet. It also supports
Research
classroom exercises in computer security for nearly 400
students at 10 universities and col eges.
The Power of People: Building an Integrated National
Project on National November 2010
326
This study was conducted in fulfillment of Section 1054 of
Security Professional System for the 21st Century
Security Reform
the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010,
(PNSR)
which required the commissioning of a study by “an
http://www.pnsr.org/data/images/
appropriate independent, nonprofit organization, of a
pnsr_the_power_of_people_report.pdf
system for career development and management of
interagency national security professionals.”
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-68


Table 23. Selected Reports: Research & Development (R&D)
Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
The International Cyber-Security Ecosystem (video
Anthony M.
November 6, 2012
N/A
Overview of the various forums/communities and
lecture)
Rutkowski,
methodologies that comprise the security assurance
Distinguished
ecosystem – often also referred to as the Information
http://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/45450
Senior Research
Assurance.
Fellow at the
Georgia
Institute of
Technology,
Nunn School
Center for
International
Strategy
Technology and
Policy (CISTP)
20 Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense:
Center for
November 2012
89
The Top 20 security controls were agreed upon by a
Consensus Audit Guidelines - version 4.0
Strategic &
consortium. Members of the Consortium include NSA,
International
US CERT, DoD JTF-GNO, the Department of Energy
http://www.sans.org/critical-security-controls/
Studies
Nuclear Laboratories, Department of State, DoD Cyber
Crime Center plus commercial forensics experts in the
banking and critical infrastructure communities.
National Cybersecurity Center of Excel ence
National
June 29, 2012
N/A
The National Cybersecurity Center of Excel ence
Institute of
(NCCoE)is a new public-private collaboration to bring
http://csrc.nist.gov/nccoe/
Standards and
together experts from industry, government and
Technology
academia to design, implement, test and demonstrate
(NIST)
integrated cybersecurity solutions and promote their
widespread adoption.
Information Security Risk Taking
National
January 17, 2012
N/A
The NSF is funding research on giving organizations
Science
information-security risk ratings, similar to credit ratings
http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?
Foundation
for individuals
AwardNumber=1127185
(NSF)
Anomaly Detection at Multiple Scales (ADAMS)
Defense
November 9, 2011
74
The design document was produced by Allure Security
Advanced
and sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research
http://info.publicintelligence.net/DARPA-ADAMS.pdf
Research
Projects Agency (DARPA). It describes a system for
Projects Agency
preventing leaks by seeding believable disinformation in
(DARPA)
military information systems to help identify individuals
attempting to access and disseminate classified
information.
CRS-69


Title Source
Date
Pages
Notes
At the Forefront of Cyber Security Research
NSF
August 11, 2011
N/A
TRUST is a university and industry consortium that
examines cyber security issues related to health care,
http://www.livescience.com/15423-forefront-cyber-
national infrastructures, law and other issues facing the
security-research-nsf-bts.html
general public.
Designing A Digital Future: Federally Funded Research And White House
December 16, 2010
148
The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and
Development In Networking And Information Technology
Technology (PCAST) has made several recommendations
in a report about the state of the government’s
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/
Networking and Information Technology Research and
ostp/pcast-nitrd-report-2010.pdf
Development (NITRD) Program.
Partnership for Cybersecurity Innovation
White House
December 6, 2010
10
The Obama Administration released a Memorandum of
Office of
Understanding signed by the National Institute of
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/06/partnership-
Science and
Standards and Technology (NIST) of the Department of
cybersecurity-innovation
Technology
Commerce, the Science and Technology Directorate of
Policy
the Department of Homeland Security (DHS/S&T), and
the Financial Services Sector Coordinating Council
(FSSCC). The goal of the agreement is to speed the
commercialization of cybersecurity research innovations
that support our nation’s critical infrastructures.
Science of Cyber-Security
Mitre Corp
November 2010
86
JASON was requested by DOD to examine the theory
(JASON
and practice of cyber-security, and evaluate whether
http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/cyber.pdf
Program Office)
there are underlying fundamental principles that would
make it possible to adopt a more scientific approach,
identify what is needed in creating a science of cyber-
security, and recommend specific ways in which scientific
methods can be applied.
American Security Challenge
National
October 18, 2010
N/A
The objective of the Challenge is to increase the visibility
Security
of innovative technology and help the commercialization
http://www.americansecuritychallenge.com/
Initiative
process so that such technology can reach either the
public or commercial marketplace faster to protect our
citizens and critical assets.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-70


Related Resources: Other Websites
This section contains other cybersecurity resources, including U.S. government, international, news sources, and other associations and
institutions.
Table 24. Related Resources: Congressional/Government
Name Source
Notes
Computer Security Resource Center
National Institute of Standards and
Links to NIST resources, publications, and computer security
Technology (NIST)
groups.
http://csrc.nist.gov/

Congressional Cybersecurity Caucus
Led by Representatives Jim Langevin.,
Provides statistics, news on congressional cyberspace actions,
and Mike McCaul.
and links to other informational websites.
http://housecybersecuritycaucus.langevin.house.gov/index.shtml
Cybersecurity and Trustworthiness Projects and Reports
Computer Science and
A list of independent and informed reports on cybersecurity
Telecommunications Board, National
and public policy.
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/CSTB/CSTB_059144
Academy of Sciences
Cybersecurity
White House National Security
Links to White House policy statements, key documents,
Council
videos, and blog posts.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/cybersecurity
Cybersecurity and Information System Trustworthiness
National Academy of Sciences,
A list of independent and informed reports on cybersecurity
Computer Science and
and public policy.
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/CSTB/CSTB_045327#Cybersecurity Telecommunications Board

Office of Cybersecurity and Communications (CS&C)
U.S. Department of Homeland
As the sector-specific agency for the communications and
Security
information technology (IT) sectors, CS&C coordinates
http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/gc_1185202475883.shtm
national level reporting that is consistent with the National
Response Framework (NRF).
U.S. Cyber Command
U.S. Department of Defense
Links to press releases, fact sheets, speeches,
announcements, and videos.
http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2010/0410_cybersec/
U.S. Cyber-Consequences Unit
U.S. Cyber-Consequences Unit (US-
U.S.-CCU, a nonprofit 501c(3) research institute, provides
CCU)
assessments of the strategic and economic consequences of
http://www.usccu.us/
possible cyber-attacks and cyber-assisted physical attacks. It
also investigates the likelihood of such attacks and examines
the cost-effectiveness of possible counter-measures.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.
CRS-71


Table 25. Related Resources: International Organizations
Name Source Notes
Australian Internet Security Initiative
Australian Communications and Media
The Australian Internet Security Initiative (AISI) is an antibotnet
Authority
initiative that collects data on botnets in collaboration with Internet
http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/pc=PC_310317
Service Providers (ISPs), and two industry codes of practice.
Cybercrime
Council of Europe
Links to the Convention on Cybercrime treaty, standards, news,
and related information.
http://www.coe.int/t/DGHL/cooperation/economiccrime/
cybercrime/default_en.asp
Cybersecurity Gateway
International Telecommunications
ITU’s Global Cybersecurity Agenda (GCA) is the framework for
Union (ITU)
international cooperation with the objective of building synergies
http://groups.itu.int/Default.aspx?alias=groups.itu.int/
and engaging all relevant stakeholders in our collective efforts to
cybersecurity-gateway
build a more secure and safer information society for all.
Cybercrime Legislation - Country Profiles
Council of Europe
These profiles have been prepared within the framework of the
Council of Europe’s Project on Cybercrime in view of sharing
http://www.coe.int/t/dg1/legalcooperation/economiccrime/
information on cybercrime legislation and assessing the current
cybercrime/Documents/CountryProfiles/default_en.asp
state of implementation of the Convention on Cybercrime under
national legislation.
ENISA: Securing Europe’s Information Society
European Network and Information
ENISA inform businesses and citizens in the European Union on
Security Agency (ENISA)
cybersecurity threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks. (Requires free
http://www.enisa.europa.eu/
registration to access.)
German Anti-Botnet Initiative
Organisation for Economic Co-
This is a private industry initiative which aims to ensure that
operation and Development (OECD)
customers whose personal computers have become part of a
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/50/45509383.pdf
(English-language summary)
botnet without them being aware of it are informed by their
Internet Service Providers about this situation and at the same time
are given competent support in removing the malware.
International Cyber Security Protection Alliance (ICSPA)
International Cyber Security
A global not-for-profit organization that aims to channel funding,
Protection Alliance (ICSPA)
expertise, and help directly to law enforcement cyber crime units
https://www.icspa.org/about-us/
around the world.
NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excel ence
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The Center is an international effort that currently includes Estonia,
(CCD COE)
(NATO)
Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Slovak Republic, and
Spain as sponsoring nations, to enhance NATO’s cyber defence
http://www.ccdcoe.org/
capability.
Note: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports.

CRS-72

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Table 26. Related Resources: News
Name Source
Computer Security (Cybersecurity)
New York Times
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/
computer_security/index.html
Cybersecurity
NextGov.com
http://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/?oref=ng-nav
Cyberwarfare and Cybersecurity
Benton Foundation
http://benton.org/taxonomy/term/1193
Homeland Security
Congressional Quarterly (CQ)
http://homeland.cq.com/hs/news.do;jsessionid=
20B0A2F676BA73C13DDC30A877479F46
Cybersecurity
Homeland Security News Wire
http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/topics/cybersecurity
Congressional Research Service
73

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Table 27. Related Resources: Other Associations and Institutions
Name Notes
Cybersecurity from the Center for Strategic &
Links to experts, programs, publications, and multimedia.
International Studies (CSIS)
CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization whose affiliated
scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy
http://csis.org/category/topics/technology/
initiatives that look to the future and anticipate change.
cybersecurity
Cyberconflict and Cybersecurity Initiative from the
Focuses on the relationship between cyberwar and the
Council on Foreign Relations
existing laws of war and conflict; how the United States
should engage other states and international actors in
http://www.cfr.org/projects/world/cyberconflict-and-
pursuit of its interests in cyberspace; how the promotion of
cybersecurity-initiative/pr1497
the free flow of information interacts with the pursuit of
cybersecurity; and the private sector’s role in defense,
deterrence, and resilience.
Federal Cyber Service from the Scholarship For
Scholarship For Service (SFS) is designed to increase and
Service (SFS)
strengthen the cadre of federal information assurance
professionals that protect the government’s critical
https://www.sfs.opm.gov/
information infrastructure. This program provides
scholarships that ful y fund the typical costs that students
pay for books, tuition, and room and board while attending
an approved institution of higher learning.
Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection
I3P is a consortium of leading universities, national
(I3P)
laboratories and nonprofit institutions dedicated to
strengthening the cyber infrastructure of the United States.
http://www.thei3p.org/
Internet Security Alliance (ISA)
ISAalliance is a nonprofit collaboration between the
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), a federation of trade
https://netforum.avectra.com/eWeb/StartPage.aspx?
associations, and Carnegie Mellon University’s CyLab.
Site=ISA
National Association of State Chief Information
NASCIO’s cybersecurity awareness website. The Resource
Offices (NASCIO)
Guide provides examples of state awareness programs and
initiatives.
http://www.nascio.org/advocacy/cybersecurity
National Board of Information Security Examiners
The National Board of Information Security Examiners
(NBISE)
(NBISE) mission is to increase the security of information
networks, computing systems, and industrial and military
http://www.nbise.org/certifications.php
technology by improving the potential and performance of
the cyber security workforce.
National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) NICE Attempts to forge a common set of definitions for the
cybersecurity workforce.
http://csrc.nist.gov/nice/
National Security Cyberspace Institute (NSCI)
NSCI provides education, research and analysis services to
government, industry, and academic clients aiming to
http://www.nsci-va.org/whitepapers.htm
increase cyberspace awareness, interest, knowledge, and/or
capabilities.
U.S. Cyber Challenge (USCC)
USCC’s goal is to find 10,000 of America's best and
brightest to fill the ranks of cybersecurity professionals
http://www.uscyberchal enge.org/
where their skills can be of the greatest value to the nation.
Source: Highlights compiled by CRS from the reports of related associations and institutions.

Congressional Research Service
74

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Author Contact Information

Rita Tehan

Information Research Specialist
rtehan@crs.loc.gov, 7-6739


Key Policy Staff
The following table provides names and contact information for CRS experts on policy issues related to
cybersecurity bills currently being debated in the 112th Congress.

Legislative Issues
Name/Title
Phone
E-mail
Legislation in the 112th Congress
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Critical infrastructure protection
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Chemical industry
Dana Shea
7-6844
dshea@crs.loc.gov
Defense industrial base
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Electricity grid
Richard J. Campbell
7-7905
rcampbell@crs.loc.gov
Financial institutions
N. Eric Weiss
7-6209
eweiss@crs.loc.gov
Industrial control systems
Dana Shea
7-6844
dshea@crs.loc.gov
Cybercrime



Federal laws
Charles Doyle
7-6968
cdoyle@crs.loc.gov
Law enforcement
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
Cybersecurity workforce
Wendy Ginsberg
7-3933
wginsberg@crs.loc.gov,
Cyberterrorism
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Cyberwar
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Data breach notification
Gina Stevens
7-2581
gstevens@crs.loc.gov
Economic issues
N. Eric Weiss
7-6209
eweiss@crs.loc.gov
Espionage



Advanced persistent threat
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Economic and industrial
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
Legal issues
Brian T. Yeh
7-5182
byeh@crs.loc.gov
State-sponsored
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Federal agency roles
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Chief Information Officers (CIOs)
Patricia Maloney Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
Commerce
John F. Sargent, Jr.
7-9147
jsargent@crs.loc.gov
Defense (DOD)
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Executive Office of the President (EOP)
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Homeland Security (DHS)
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Congressional Research Service
75

Cybersecurity: Authoritative Reports and Resources

Legislative Issues
Name/Title
Phone
E-mail
Intelligence Community (IC)
John Rollins
7-5529
jrollins@crs.loc.gov
Justice (DOJ)
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
National Security Agency (NSA)
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Science agencies (NIST, NSF, OSTP)
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Treasury and financial agencies
Rena S. Miller
7-0826
rsmiller@crs.loc.gov
Federal Information Security
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Management Act (FISMA)
Federal Internet monitoring
Richard M. Thompson II
7-8449
rthompson@crs.loc.gov
Hacktivism
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
Information sharing
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Antitrust laws
Kathleen Ann Ruane
7-9135
kruane@crs.loc.gov
Civil liability
Edward C. Liu
7-9166
eliu@crs.loc.gov
Classified information
John Rollins
7-5529
jrollins@crs.loc.gov
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Gina Stevens
7-2581
gstevens@crs.loc.gov
Privacy and civil liberties
Gina Stevens
7-2581
gstevens@crs.loc.gov
International cooperation



Defense and diplomatic
Catherine A. Theohary
7-0844
ctheohary@crs.loc.gov
Law enforcement
Kristin M. Finklea
7-6259
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov
National strategy and policy
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
National security
John Rollins
7-5529
jrollins@crs.loc.gov
Public/private partnerships
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Supply chain
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Technological issues
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Botnets
Eric A. Fischer
7-7071
efischer@crs.loc.gov
Cloud computing
Patricia Maloney Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
Mobile devices
Patricia Maloney Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
Research and development (R&D)
Patricia Maloney Figliola
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov


Congressional Research Service
76