New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
Donald J. Marples
Section Research Manager
December 20, 2012
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL34402
CRS Report for Congress
Pr
epared for Members and Committees of Congress
New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
Summary
The New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) is a non-refundable tax credit intended to encourage
private capital investment in eligible, impoverished, low-income communities. NMTCs are
allocated by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (CDFI), a bureau within
the United States Department of the Treasury, under a competitive application process. Investors
who make qualified equity investments reduce their federal income tax liability by claiming the
credit. The NMTC program, enacted in 2000, is currently authorized to allocate $33 billion
through the end of 2011. To date, the CDFI has exhausted 664 awards totaling $33 billion in
NMTC allocation authority. In spite of this, demand for allocations remains strong. For the 2012
NMTC round, requests of nearly $22 billion were made, though any awards are subject to
congressional action extending or reauthorizing the program.
The most recent program extensions were made in the 111th Congress. The American Recovery
and Reinvestment Tax Act of 2009, P.L. 111-5, increased the NMTC allocation for 2008 and 2009
to $5 billion from $3.5 billion. Further, the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization,
and Job Creation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-312) extended the NMTC authorization through 2011 at
$3.5 billion per year.
In the 112th Congress H.R. 2655 and H.R. 3224 would both extend the NMTC through 2016 with
allocation authority of $5 billion and $10 billion, respectively, while S. 3521 would extend the
NMTC for two years with allocation authority of $3.5 billion per year.
This report will be updated as warranted by legislative changes.
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New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
Contents
Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 1
Program Components ...................................................................................................................... 1
Community Development Entities (CDE) ................................................................................. 2
Qualifying Low-Income Communities ...................................................................................... 3
Qualified Investors and Investments ......................................................................................... 3
NMTC Allocation Process and Compliance .............................................................................. 4
NMTC Investment Activity ............................................................................................................. 4
Legislative Developments................................................................................................................ 5
Policy Considerations ...................................................................................................................... 6
Figures
Figure 1. Key Components of the NMTC Process .......................................................................... 2
Tables
Table 1. NMTC Qualified Equity Investment, by Allocation Round .............................................. 5
Contacts
Author Contact Information............................................................................................................. 8
Congressional Research Service
New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
Overview
The New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) was enacted by the Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of
2000 (P.L. 106-554) to provide an incentive to stimulate investment in low-income communities
(LIC). The original allocation authority eligible for the NMTC program was $15 billion from
2001 to 2007.1 Congress, subsequently, has increased the total allocation authority to $33 billion
and extended the program through 2011.2 Qualified investment groups apply to the U.S.
Department of the Treasury’s Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (CDFI) for an
allocation of the New Markets Tax Credit. The investment group, known as a Community
Development Entity (CDE), seeks taxpayers to make qualifying equity investments in the CDE.
The CDE then makes equity investments in low-income communities and low-income
community businesses, all of which must be qualified. After the CDE is awarded a tax credit
allocation, the CDE is authorized to offer the tax credits to private equity investors in the CDE.
The tax credit value is 39% of the cost of the qualified equity investment and is claimed over a
seven-year credit allowance period.3 In each of the first three years of the investment, the investor
receives a credit equal to 5% of the total amount paid for the stock or capital interest at the time
of purchase. For the final four years, the value of the credit is 6% annually. Investors must retain
their interest in a qualified equity investment throughout the seven-year period.
The 111th Congress extended and modified the NMTC program authorization. The American
Recovery and Reinvestment Tax Act of 2009, P.L. 111-5, increased the NMTC allocation for
2008 and 2009 to $5 billion from $3.5 billion. Further, the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance
Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-312) extended the NMTC authorization
through 2011 at $3.5 billion per year.
The 112th Congress may choose to reinstate the NMTC. Both H.R. 2655 and H.R. 3224 would
extend the NMTC through 2016 with allocation authority of $5 billion and $10 billion,
respectively, while S. 3521 would extend the NMTC for two years with allocation authority of
$3.5 billion per year.
Program Components
The process by which the NMTC affects eligible low-income communities involves multiple
agents and steps. Figure 1 illustrates the key agents in the NMTC process.
1 Congress provided a schedule limiting the NMTC allocation authority for calendar years 2001 through 2007. The
schedule allowed for $1.0 billion in allocation authority in 2001, $1.5 billion in 2002 and 2003, $2.0 billion in 2004 and
2005, and $3.5 billion in 2006 and 2007.
2 The Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-135) authorized an additional $1 billion of NMTC equity for
qualified investments in areas affected by Hurricane Katrina, the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-
432) extended the NMTC for an additional year (through 2008) with an additional $3.5 billion of NMTC allocation
authority, and the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-343) extended the NMTC for an additional
year (through 2009) with an additional $3.5 billion of NMTC allocation authority. In the 111th Congress, the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Tax Act of 2009, P.L. 111-5, increased the NMTC allocation for 2008 and 2009, to $5
billion from $3.5 billion and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010
(P.L. 111-312) extended the NMTC authorization through 2011 at $3.5 billion per year.
3 In present value terms, the credit is equal to approximately 30% of the eligible investment at a 6.7% discount rate.
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New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
Figure 1. Key Components of the NMTC Process
Source: CRS analysis of NMTC program components.
The multiple steps and agents are designed to ensure that the tax credit achieves its primary goal:
encouraging investment in low-income communities. For example, the Treasury Department’s
CDFI reviews NMTC applicants submitted by CDEs, issues tax credit authority to those CDEs
deemed most qualified, and plays a significant role in program compliance.
Community Development Entities (CDE)
A CDE is a domestic corporation or partnership that is an intermediary vehicle for the provision
of loans, investment funding, or financial counseling in low-income communities (LICs). To
become certified as a CDE, an organization must submit an application to the CDFI that
demonstrates that it meets three criteria: (1) it is a domestic corporation or partnership duly
organized under the laws of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated, (2) it has a primary
mission of serving low-income communities, and (3) it maintains accountability to residents of
these low-income communities. A CDE may demonstrate meeting the third criterion by filling at
least 20% of either its advisory or its governing board positions with representatives of low-
income communities.4
Only CDEs may apply for the NMTC. Upon receipt of NMTC allocation, CDEs attract investors
using the credits. While both for-profit and nonprofit CDEs may apply for the NMTC, only for-
profit CDEs may pass the NMTC on to investors. To ensure that projects are selected on
economic merit, nonprofit CDEs awarded NMTCs must transfer their allocations to for-profit
subsidiaries prior to offering NMTCs to investors.
4 In addition, all Community Development Financial Institutions or Specialized Small Business Investment Companies
automatically qualify as CDEs. To be recognized as CDEs, these entities are required to register through the CDFI
Fund website.
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New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
As Figure 1 illustrates, CDEs play a critical role in a properly functioning NMTC process. CDEs
are the intermediaries between the potential low-income community investments and the CDFI
during the application process. CDEs also present investors with investment opportunities and
provide the CDFI the majority of its compliance data.
Qualifying Low-Income Communities
Under the tax code’s NMTC provisions, only eligible investments in qualifying low-income
communities are eligible for the NMTC. Qualifying low-income communities include census
tracts that have at least one of the following criteria: (1) a poverty rate of at least 20%; (2) is
located in a metropolitan area, a median family income below 80% of the greater of the statewide
or metropolitan area median family income; or (3) is located outside a metropolitan area, a
median family income below 80% of the median statewide family income. As defined by the
criterion above, about 39% of the nation’s census tracts covering nearly 36% of the U.S.
population are eligible for the NMTC. Additionally, designated targeted populations may be
treated as low-income communities.5 Further, the definition of a low-income community includes
census tracts with low populations and census tracts within high migration rural counties. As a
result of the definition of qualified low-income communities, virtually all of the country’s census
tracts are potentially eligible for the NMTC.
Qualified Investors and Investments
All taxable investors are eligible to receive the NMTC. As noted above, investors receiving the
credit can claim the NMTC over a seven-year period, starting on the date of the investment and
on each anniversary, at a rate of 5% for each of the first three years and a rate of 6% for each of
the next four years, for a total of 39%. Once the investor begins claiming the NMTC, the credit
can be recaptured if the CDE (1) ceases to be a CDE, (2) fails to use substantially all of the
proceeds for eligible purposes, or (3) redeems the investment principal.6
Almost all qualified equity investments (QEI) in low-income communities or serving low-income
populations could be eligible to receive the NMTC. These eligible investments are referred to as
qualified low-income community investments (QLICIs). QLICIs are categorized in four ways: (1)
loans or investments to qualified active low-income community businesses (QALICB), (2) the
provision of financial counseling, (3) loans or investments in other CDEs, and (4) the purchase of
loans from other CDEs.7 All QLICIs, including QALICBs, are explicitly prohibited from
investing in residential rental property and certain types of businesses, such as golf courses and
casinos.
5 See Internal Revenue Bulletin 2006-29, Notice 2006-60, issued July 17, 2006, for a more complete description of the
definition of designated targeted populations.
6 According to IRS regulations, the “substantially all” requirement is met if at least 85% of investor proceeds are used
to make eligible investments in the first six years of the NMTC period and at least 75% in year seven of the investment.
7 For a business to be a QALICB, it must be located in a qualifying census tract, derive at least 50% of gross income
from activity conducted in a LIC, have at least 40% of both the use of tangible property and services provided located
or performed in the LIC, and have less than 5% of the aggregate unadjusted bases of the property attributable to
collectibles or non-qualified financial property.
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New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
NMTC Allocation Process and Compliance
To receive an allocation, a CDE must submit an application to the CDFI, which asks a series of
standardized questions about the track record of the CDE, the amount of NMTC allocation
authority being requested, and the CDE’s plans for any allocation authority granted.
The application covers four areas: (1) the CDE’s business strategy to invest in low-income
communities, (2) capitalization strategy to raise equity from investors, (3) management capacity,
and (4) expected impact on jobs and economic growth in low-income communities where
investments are to be made. In addition, priority points are available for addressing the statutory
priorities of investing in unrelated entities and having demonstrated a track record of serving
disadvantaged businesses or communities. The application is reviewed and scored to identify
those applicants most likely to have the greatest community development impact and ranked in
descending order of aggregate score.
Tax credit allocations are then awarded based upon the aggregate ranking, until all of the
allocation authority is exhausted. In each of the completed NMTC rounds, significantly more
CDEs applied for allocations than were able to receive allocations. For example, in the most
recent completed allocation round (2011) only 22% of applicants received allocations.
Additionally, allocation authority of $26.7 billion was requested, compared with the $3.6 billion
in allocation authority available.8
Prior to receiving the authority to offer tax credits to investors, every CDE allocatee must sign an
allocation agreement. The allocation agreement clarifies the terms and conditions of the allocation
authority, such as the total tax credit authority, service areas, authorized uses of the allocation,
and CDE reporting requirements. Failing to meet the terms of the allocation agreement subjects
the CDE to the potential revocation of allocation authority.
Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) monitors compliance with the tax consequences
of NMTC allocations, focusing on the “substantially all” requirement.
As specified in the IRS regulations, CDE allocatees must issue tax credits to investors within five
years of signing their allocation agreements and invest the QEIs in QLICIs within 12 months of
signing their allocation agreements. If these requirements are not satisfied, the CDE loses the
authority to allocate the unused NMTC. In addition, CDEs that receive principal payments from
their QLICIs have 12 months to reinvest those funds in QLICIs to avoid recapture.
NMTC Investment Activity
Once an allocatee signs its allocation agreement and receives its NMTC allocation authority, it
may begin soliciting capital from investors. Column 2 of Table 1 lists the total allocation awarded
to date by the NMTC, by funding round. Investors receive the right to claim NMTCs on a portion
of their investment, by acquiring stock or a capital interest in a CDE with an allocation. The CDE,
in turn, must invest the proceeds in qualified low-income community investments. Investors have,
to date, invested roughly $30.4 billion in CDEs. Columns 3 and 4 list the remaining available
8 Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, 2011 New Markets Tax Credit Program Allocations,
Washington, DC, 2012, http://www.cdfifund.gov/docs/2011/nmtc/2011%20NMTC%20Award%20Book.pdf.
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New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
NMTC allocation, in dollars and as a percentage, that have not yet been allocated to an investor,
by round.
Table 1. NMTC Qualified Equity Investment, by Allocation Round
Allocation Round
Remaining Available
(Year) Total
Allocation Allocation Percent
Remaining
Round 1 (2001-2002)
$2,485,699,042.00
$0.13
0.00%
Round 2 (2003-2004)
$3,493,786,205.00
$0.71
0.00%
Round 3 (2005)
$1,964,830,000.00
$141,144.40
0.01%
Round 4 (2006)
$4,099,765,000.00
$0.00
0.00%
Round 5 (2007)
$3,893,000,000.00
$36,750,979.52
0.94%
Round 6 (2008)
$4,965,000,000.00
$173,127,744.05
3.49%
Round 7 (2009)
$5,000,000,000.00
$405,846,901.83
8.12%
Round 8 (2010)
$3,475,000,000.00
$507,368,132.17
14.60%
Round 9 (2011)
$3,622,919,753.00
$1,501,590,047.32
41.45%
Totala
$33,000,000,000.00 $2,624,824,950.13
7.95%
Source: CRS analysis of NMTC Qualified Equity Investment Report (December 3, 2012).
a. Columns may not sum to total due to rounding.
Legislative Developments
Modifications to the NMTC program have been made in each Congress since the NMTC was
created.
In the 108th Congress, the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-357, 118 Stat. 1418)
included provisions expanding the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury to treat certain other
tracts and targeted populations as low-income communities.9
During the 109th Congress, the Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-135, 119 Stat. 2577)
was enacted to provide tax relief to businesses and individuals affected by Hurricanes Katrina,
Wilma, and Rita. The bill, which created the Gulf Opportunity Zone (or GO Zone), provided an
additional $1 billion in allocation authority to CDEs with a significant mission in the recovery
and redevelopment of low-income communities in the Katrina GO Zone.10
Also during the 109th Congress, the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-432, 120
Stat. 2922) extended the NMTC for one year, through 2008, with an additional allocation of $3.5
9The term “targeted population,” as defined in 12 U.S.C. 4702(20), means individuals, or an identifiable group of
individuals, including an Indian tribe, who (1) are low-income persons (low-income targeted population) or (2)
otherwise lack adequate access to loans or equity investments.
10 The Gulf Opportunity Zone (GO ZONE) is defined as those areas in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana that have
been designated by the federal government as warranting assistance due to Hurricane Katrina. Disaster areas associated
with hurricanes Rita and Wilma are not eligible for the additional allocation.
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New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
billion and mandated Treasury to promulgate regulations to ensure that non-metropolitan counties
receive a proportional allocation of investments under the NMTC.
In the 110th Congress, legislative attention focused primarily on extending the NMTC program
authorization. This attention came to fruition with the enactment of P.L. 110-343, which extended
the NMTC program authorization one year, through the end of 2009. This one-year extension was
also proposed in H.R. 6049, S. 2886, S. 3098, and H.R. 7060. In addition, H.R. 2075 and S. 1239
proposed to extend the NMTC through 2013 and would have authorized allocations of $3.5
billion, indexed for inflation, for each of the years. Also introduced during the 110th Congress,
H.R. 3907 proposed to make the NMTC permanent.
In the 111th Congress, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Tax Act of 2009, P.L. 111-5,
which was signed into law on February 17, 2009, increased the NMTC allocation for 2008 and
2009, to $5 billion from $3.5 billion. For the additional 2008 allocation, the CDFI Fund
distributes the additional $1.5 billion in NMTCs to applicants of the original 2008 allocation
round.
Also in the 111th Congress, the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job
Creation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-312) extended the NMTC authorization through 2011 at $3.5
billion per year.
In the 112th Congress H.R. 2655 and H.R. 3224 would both extend the NMTC through 2016 with
allocation authority of $5 billion and $10 billion, respectively, while S. 3521would extend the
NMTC for two years with allocation authority of $3.5 billion per year.
Policy Considerations
The New Markets Tax Credit Program expired at the end of 2011. As Congress debates
reauthorization of the NMTC, the following policy considerations could be pertinent to any
consideration of these bills.
The NMTC is primarily intended to encourage private capital investment in eligible low-income
communities. However, the source of the investment funds has implications for the effectiveness
of the program in achieving its objective. From an economic perspective, the impact of the
NMTC would be greatest in the case where the investment represents new investment in the U.S.
economy that would not have occurred in the absence of the program. Conversely, the impact of
the NMTC is diminished to the extent the tax credit is applied to investment that would have
otherwise occurred or been funded by a shift in investment from more productive alternatives.11
To date, only one study has empirically assessed the question of whether NMTC investment is
funded through shifted investment or whether it represents new investment.12 The findings of the
study suggest that corporate investment represented a shift in investment location. In contrast, the
11 However, from a policy perspective, the desire to minimize the distortion of investment choice caused by the NMTC
is usually balanced against other objectives, such as equity.
12 Tami Gurley-Calvez et al., “Do tax incentives affect investment? An analysis of the New Markets Tax Credit,”
Public Finance Review, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 371-398.
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New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
authors concluded that a portion of individual NMTC investment, roughly $641 million,
represented new investment.
Although important, understanding the source of NMTC investments alone is not sufficient to
determine the effectiveness of the NMTC. A comprehensive review of the program would require
an accounting of both the social and economic costs and benefits of the NMTC, an undertaking
which may pose considerable challenges. For example, this would include examining the
efficiency and opportunity costs of the NMTC investments, while a comprehensive accounting of
the NMTC benefits would need to identify and value “spillovers” such as its effect on
neighboring businesses and communities. The CDFI Fund is working with a contractor on a
comprehensive review of the NMTC, which may include an assessment of the effectiveness of
the NMTC.
Others, notably GAO, have recommended that the NMTC be simplified by converting the NMTC
into a grant program.13 This option may be able to deliver the same level of incentive with lower
cost to the government, as investors do not generally “buy” tax credits at face value─allowing a
smaller grant to provide a similar level of incentive. Specifically, tax credit markets historically
set a price of 70 to 80 cents per dollar of tax credit, with lower valuations in recent years due to
tight credit markets and decreased corporate profits.
A grant option, however, likely provides a lesser incentive for investors to invest in NMTC
projects, as they may not be the beneficiary of the incentive.14 If this occurs, improving the access
to capital in low-income communities (an NMTC program goal) would be more difficult. Further,
a grant program may complicate existing mechanisms designed to ensure the NMTC is used for
intended purposes, as CDEs are likely less capitalized than investors and the possible removal of
IRS authority to recapture benefits (as the NMTC would no longer be a tax program).
An additional issue is the geographic distribution of NMTC activity. Initial concerns focused on
distinctions between urban and rural NMTC activity and have been addressed through legislation.
Further, NMTC activity has occurred in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
However, the distribution of NMTC activity appears concentrated in a few states──with the nine
states with the highest activity accounting for over 50% of all NMTC activity.15 In contrast, the
25 states with the least NMTC activity account for less than 10% of all NMTC activity. The
current distribution of activity is not likely to reflect the distribution of low-income populations
and may raise questions concerning the equity of the NMTC.
Finally, the NMTC is one of several programs designed to improve conditions in low-income
communities. In a 2004 assessment of the NMTC, the Office of Management and Budget noted
that the goal of the NMTC overlaps that of several other tax credits and numerous programs
administered by the Departments of Housing and Urban Development and Commerce.16 Given
this overlap and the desire to target federal funds to their most productive uses, it follows that
13 U.S. Government Accountability Office, New Markets Tax Credit: The Credit Helps Fund a Variety of Projects on
Low-Income Communities, but Could be Simplified, GAO-10-334, January 29, 2011, http://www.gao.gov/products/
GAO-10-334.
14 Allowing CDEs to assign the grants to specific investors is an option to mitigate this problem.
15 These figures are based upon CRS analysis of CDFI Fund data on investments though FY2010. The data are
available at http://www.cdfifund.gov/docs/2011/nmtc/NMTC%20Projects%20Through%202010%20REVISED-2.xls.
16 See U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Detailed Information on the New Markets Tax Credit Assessment,
updated January 29, 2008, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/detail/10002230.2004.html.
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New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction
information on the performance of the NMTC relative to other programs with a similar goal
would be of use. To date, however, no comparative, empirical study of this nature has been
undertaken.
Author Contact Information
Donald J. Marples
Section Research Manager
dmarples@crs.loc.gov, 7-3739
Congressional Research Service
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