The U.S. Postal Service’s Use of Contractors to
Deliver Mail: Background and Recent
Developments
Kevin R. Kosar
Analyst in American National Government
May 29, 2012
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R42549
CRS Report for Congress
Pr
epared for Members and Committees of Congress
The U.S. Postal Service’s Use of Contractors to Deliver Mail
Summary
Currently, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) is collectively bargaining with the National Association
of Letter Carriers (NALC) and National Rural Letter Carriers Association (NRLCA). One issue
that may or may not be settled is the Postal Service’s use of non-USPS employees (i.e.,
contractors) to deliver mail. If the parties cannot come to a satisfactory arrangement, Congress
may be approached to consider the matter.
Contractors have delivered mail to homes and businesses since 1900. Controversy over this
practice arose in 2007 when the NALC alleged that the USPS had expanded the use of contractors
into city areas at the expense of unionized membership. Congress held hearings on the matter, and
legislation was introduced in both houses. The USPS and NALC came to a memorandum of
understanding (MOU) in October 2008 to govern the practice, which appeared to quell the
controversy.
The expiration of the USPS-NRLCA and USPS-NALC collective bargaining agreements and
contracting MOU may reopen the issue. The USPS and the two unions have been unable to come
to agreement through negotiations and mediation. The USPS has entered binding arbitration with
the NRLCA and soon will do the same with the NALC. Whether a mutually agreeable solution to
the use of private contractors to deliver mail will be found remains to be seen.
By law, the USPS is obliged to provide for an “efficient” system of mail delivery. Federal statute
provides the USPS with considerable freedom to enter into contracts with private parties. Wage-
earning contractors cost less to employ than wage- and benefits-earning USPS employees.
However, federal law also requires the USPS to collectively bargain its employees’ compensation.
Thus, a conflict arises between these competing legal imperatives when the USPS employs a
contractor to perform work that was or could be performed by a postal employee.
The USPS has increased its use of contractors in recent years, but USPS employees continue to
serve 98% of all U.S. homes and businesses.
This report will be updated as developments warrant.
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The U.S. Postal Service’s Use of Contractors to Deliver Mail
Contents
Background...................................................................................................................................... 1
The 2007 Mail Delivery Contracting Controversy.................................................................... 1
Congressional Action................................................................................................................. 2
Recent Developments ...................................................................................................................... 4
The USPS’s Authority to Contract vs. Employee Compensation .................................................... 4
The Extent of the USPS’s Use of Contractors to Deliver Mail........................................................ 5
Concluding Observations................................................................................................................. 8
Tables
Table 1. Postal Carrier Routes: Who Delivers? ............................................................................... 6
Table 2. Postal Carrier Routes: Who Delivers? (%) ........................................................................ 6
Table 3. Delivery Points: Who Delivers?......................................................................................... 7
Table 4. Delivery Points: Who Delivers? (%).................................................................................. 7
Contacts
Author Contact Information............................................................................................................. 9
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The U.S. Postal Service’s Use of Contractors to Deliver Mail
Background
Private individuals and firms, often called “contractors” and “subcontractors,” have transported
mail between postal facilities since at least 1792 (1 Stat. 233), and according to the U.S. Postal
Service (USPS), contractors have delivered mail to homes and businesses since 1900.1 Today,
contractors transport mail between postal facilities via land, air, water, and rail.2
One type of land (i.e., “surface”) mail transportation contract is the “highway contract route”
(HCR).3 HCR contracts come in three subtypes.
• “Transportation” contracts have private “suppliers”4 transport mail between
postal facilities.
• “Combination” contracts require suppliers to make a small number of mail
deliveries in the course of transporting mail between the USPS’s facilities.
• “Contract delivery service” (CDS) contracts compensate suppliers for collecting
and delivering mail in rural areas.5
This latter subtype of contract became the focus of controversy in 2007.6
The 2007 Mail Delivery Contracting Controversy
The National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC), the union for mail delivery persons, and the
USPS signed a collective bargaining agreement in autumn 2006.7 The agreement covered a wide
range of compensation and workplace matters. It included two memoranda of understanding
(MOUs) concerning contracting letter carrier work.8 The MOUs established a six-month
moratorium on any new contracting of mail carrier work in post offices employing city carriers.9
They also pledged the NALC and USPS to create a joint USPS-NALC committee to review
1 U.S. Postal Service, “Contracting by the U.S. Postal Service—Not New!,” press release, April 2007.
2 U.S. Postal Service, Mail Transportation Contracting Guide (Washington: USPS, 2004).
3 HCR contractors are sometimes called “star contractors.” In 1845, Congress first mandated that the Postmaster
General openly bid mail transportation contracts and award them to the lowest bidders who tendered “sufficient
guarantees for faithful performance, without other reference to the mode of such transportation than may be necessary
to provide for the due celerity, certainty, and security of such transportation” (5 Stat. 738). To save time and effort,
postal clerks often substituted asterisks for the words “celerity, certainty, and security” when they recorded these postal
contracts in ledgers; hence, the terms “star contracts” and “star contractors.” National Postal Museum, “What Is a Star
Route?” at http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/starroute/sr_02.html.
4 Here, a “supplier” refers to a person or private firm that has a contract with USPS.
5 USPS, Highway Contract Routes—Box Delivery Service, Handbook P-5 (Washington: USPS, 2004).
6 The NALC had expressed concerns regarding the use of contractors to deliver mail in 2006. National Association of
Letter Carriers, “Young Warns That Contracting Out Mail Delivery Could Weaken Nation’s Defense Against
Terrorism,” press release, August 14, 2006, at http://www.nalc.org/news/release/pr081406.html.
7 National Association of Letter Carriers, “2006-2011 National Agreement between the National Association of Letter
Carriers and the U.S. Postal Service,” September 2011.
8 Ibid., pp. 191-193.
9 Ibid., p. 192.
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The U.S. Postal Service’s Use of Contractors to Deliver Mail
existing policies and practices concerning the contracting out of mail delivery. The
Committee shall seek to develop a meaningful evolutionary approach to the issue of
subcontracting, taking into account the legitimate interests of the parties and relevant public
policy considerations.10
The National Rural Letter Carriers Association (NRLCA), which represents rural delivery
persons, also reached a collective bargaining agreement with the USPS in 2006.11 Its Article 32
carries the following language on the use of contractors to deliver mail:
The Employer will give advance notification to the Union at the national level when
subcontracting which will have a significant impact on bargaining unit work is being
considered and will meet to consider the Union’s views on minimizing such impact. No final
decision on whether or not such work will be contracted out will be made until the matter is
discussed with the Union [....]No expansion of the Employer’s current national policy on the
use of contract service in lieu of rural carriers will be made except through the provisions of
this Article, which are intended to be controlling. The parties recognize that individual
problems in this area may be made the subject of a grievance.12
In 2007, representatives of both NALC and NRLCA alleged that the USPS was expanding its use
of CDS carriers. William Young, then-president of the NALC, called upon Congress to “stop the
cancer of contracting out before it spreads.”13 Members of the NALC picketed the USPS’s
national headquarters and post offices in Florida and New Jersey.14
The USPS denied the unions’ accusation, and argued that contract mail delivery was “not new.”15
The USPS also stated that its contracts with the postal unions recognize the USPS’s authority to
use contractors.16 Nevertheless, the USPS further noted that “cost pressures, competition, and a
changing marketplace demand cost-effective options from the Postal Service.”17
Subsequently, a 2008 Government Accountability Office (GAO) study found that the average
annual cost of delivery by a city carrier was nearly twice that of a CDS carrier.18
Congressional Action
Some Members of the 110th Congress expressed concern about the USPS’s practice of hiring
contractors to collect and deliver mail.
10 Ibid., p. 191.
11 National Rural Letter Carriers Association, “Agreement between the United States Postal Service and the National
Rural Letter Carriers’ Association 2006–2010,” December 2006.
12 Ibid., pp. 128-129.
13 National Association of Letter Carriers, “Young Urges Congress to Block USPS Policy of ‘Contracting Out,’” NALC
Bulletin, April 20, 2007, p.1.
14 National Association of Letters Carriers, press releases from 2007, at http://www.nalc.org/news/release/index.html.
15 USPS, “Contracting by the U.S. Postal Service—Not New!,” press release, April 2007, p. 1.
16 For example, see National Association of Letter Carriers, “2006-2011 National Agreement between the National
Association of Letter Carriers and the U.S. Postal Service,” pp. 191-193.
17 U.S. Postal Service, “Contracting by the U.S. Postal Service—Not New!” pp. 1-2.
18 U.S. Government Accountability Office, U.S. Postal Service: Data Needed to Assess the Effectiveness of
Outsourcing, GAO-08-787, July 24, 2008, p. 10.
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On March 28, 2007, Representative Albio Sires introduced H.Res. 282, which expressed “the
sense of the House of Representatives that the United States Postal Service should discontinue the
practice of contracting out mail delivery services.” H.Res. 282 was referred to the House
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (HCOGR) and was cosponsored by 256
Members. Not quite two months later, Senator Tom Harkin introduced S. 1457 on May 23, 2007.
The bill would have forbidden the USPS from entering “into any contract ... with any motor
carrier or other person for the delivery of mail on any route with 1 or more families per mile.”
The bill would have permitted all existing CDS contracts to remain in effect and to be renewed.
S. 1457 was referred to the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
and had 38 cosponsors.19
The HCOGR’s Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, Postal Service, and the District of Columbia
considered the issue at April and July hearings.20 Both the NALC and the NRLCA said that
contractors should not be trusted to deliver the mail.21 Three Members present at the July hearing
spoke of contractors delivering mail in suburban and city locations, including the Bronx of New
York.22 The NALC stated that private employers—unlike the USPS—are not required to give
preference to veterans in hiring.23 The USPS testified that it was not replacing career carriers with
contractors, and that it assigned only new delivery routes to contractors.24 John Potter, then-
Postmaster General, declared that the USPS had “made a commitment for the life of this
agreement [with the NALC] not to contract out any city delivery in big cities” and to work with
both unions on the use of contractors in suburban and rural areas.25 The use of contractors to
deliver mail also was discussed at a Senate hearing.26
After lengthy negotiations, the NALC and the USPS signed an MOU in October 2008.27 This
agreement extended through the life of the collective bargaining agreement the moratorium
19 Ultimately, none of these bills were reported by their committees.
20 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Federal Workforce,
Postal Service, and the District of Columbia, The U.S. Postal Service: 101, hearing, 110th Cong., 1st sess., April 17,
2007 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2008); and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform,
Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, Postal Service, and the District of Columbia, Inquiring Minds Want to Know:
What Is the Postal Service Contracting Out? hearing, 110th Cong., 1st sess., July 19, 2007, (Washington: GPO, 2009).
21 See Statement of Donnie Pitts, President, National Rural Letter Carriers Association, U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, Postal Service, and the
District of Columbia, The U.S. Postal Service 101, p. 160. CRS has not located data to substantiate this claim. On the
USPS’s screening and oversight of its employees and contractors, see U.S. Government Accountability Office, U.S.
Postal Service: Data Needed to Assess the Effectiveness of Outsourcing, GAO-08-787 (Washington: GAO, July 2008),
pp. 24-30.
22 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Federal Workforce,
Postal Service, and the District of Columbia, Inquiring Minds Want to Know: What Is the Postal Service Contracting
Out? pp. 1-2, 8, and 10.
23 Statement of William H. Young, President, National Association of Letter Carriers, in U.S. Congress, House
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, Postal Service, and the
District of Columbia, Inquiring Minds Want to Know: What Is the Postal Service Contracting Out? p. 161.
24 Statement of Alan Kessler, Vice Chairman, Board of Governors, U.S. Postal Service, in ibid., p. 49.
25 Statement of John G. Potter, Postmaster General, U.S. Postal Service, in ibid., p. 45.
26 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Sub-Committee on Federal
Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services, and International Security, Views from the Postal
Workforce On Implementing Postal Reform, hearing, 110th Cong., 1st sess., July 25, 2007, S.Hrg. 110-320 (Washington,
DC: GPO, 2008).
27 National Association of Letter Carriers and U.S. Postal Service, “Memorandum of Understanding re: Assignment of
City Delivery,” M01694, October 22, 2008.
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against new CDS contracts in post offices employing city carriers. Additionally, the MOU
required any new deliveries to be assigned according to geographic boundaries agreed upon by
the NALC, NRLCA, and USPS.28 That same year, the NRLCA and the USPS worked out their
differences over the use of private mail delivery contractors via the grievance process set forth in
the NRLCA-USPS collective bargaining agreement.29
Recent Developments
In November 2010, the NRLCA-USPS collective bargaining agreement expired. A year later, the
NALC-USPS contract expired. The USPS and the two unions had negotiations and entered
mediation, but were unable to settle their differences. At the time of the writing of this report, the
USPS and the NRLCA had entered binding arbitration, and the USPS and the NALC were
expected to soon do the same.30
Although the USPS and the two unions have pledged to honor the expired collective bargaining
agreements, it is unclear whether the mail contracting MOU’s remain in force.31 Arbitration for
both the NRLCA and the NALC contracts likely will be completed in the coming months.32
Should arbitration fail to address the hiring of CDS carriers to deliver mail in a mutually
agreeable way, Congress again may be approached to consider the matter.
The USPS’s Authority to Contract vs. Employee
Compensation
The Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 (PRA; P.L. 91-375; 84 Stat. 725) replaced the U.S. Post
Office Department with the USPS, an independent establishment of the executive branch (39
U.S.C. 201). The PRA requires the USPS to “maintain an efficient system of collection, sorting,
and delivery of the mail nationwide” (39 U.S.C. 403(b)(1)). To this end, the PRA provides the
USPS with considerable discretion over its operations. 39 U.S.C. 5005 authorizes the USPS to
“obtain mail transportation service ... by contract from any person or carrier for surface and water
transportation under such terms and conditions as it deems appropriate.” Additionally, Congress
provided the USPS with the authorities to (1) “enter into and perform contracts” (39 U.S.C. 401);
(2) “provide for the collection, handling, transportation, delivery, forwarding, returning, and
holding of mail” (39 U.S.C. 404(a)(1)); and (3) “establish mail routes and authorize mail
transportation service thereon” (39 U.S.C. 5203(a)).33
28 Ibid., p. 2.
29 National Rural Letter Carriers Association, “Agreement between the United States Postal Service and the National
Rural Letter Carriers’ Association 2006–2010,” Article 15. An example of a grievance over the use of CDS is
grievance COOR-4C-C03150754, class action, Maineville, OH 45039-9998, July 11, 2008.
30 39 U.S.C 1207 sets this three-step collective bargaining process between the USPS and its employee unions.
31 The NALC claims the USPS does not believe the MOUs remain in force. Jim Sauber, Chief of Staff, National
Association of Letter Carriers, e-mail to CRS, May 16, 2012.
32 39 U.S.C. 1207 requires an arbitration board, once impaneled, to render its decision within 45 days. The impaneling
of an arbitration board, however, can take considerable time.
33 On USPS’s power to contract with private carriers for the transportation of mail, see 39 U.S.C. 5001 et seq. and 39
(continued...)
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However, the PRA also carries provisions relating to USPS employee compensation. For one, the
PRA sets a compensation and benefits floor:
It shall be the policy of the Postal Service to maintain compensation and benefits for all
officers and employees on a standard of comparability to the compensation and benefits paid
for comparable levels of work in the private sector of the economy (39 U.S.C. 1003(a)).
Additionally, letter carriers are civil servants and, under the PRA, are entitled to wages
established through contracts collectively bargained by the USPS and postal unions (39 U.S.C.
1001(b) and 39 U.S.C. 1201 et seq.). The NALC has contended that the USPS’s use of CDS
carriers instead of USPS mail carriers “violates the spirit of the nation’s basic postal law.”34 Using
contractors, the union has said, circumvents the collective bargaining process and opens the door
for the USPS to replace all career mail carriers with contractors.
Hence, the PRA’s provisions regarding the USPS’s authority to contract and operate an “efficient”
system of mail may be at tension with the statute’s provision on USPS employee compensation.
The Extent of the USPS’s Use of Contractors to
Deliver Mail
Between 1998 and 2012, the number of carrier routes35 served by CDS carriers increased from
5,424 to 9,991, or 84.2% (Table 1). Similarly, over the past 15 years the number of delivery
points served by CDS carriers has increased from 1,828,257 to 2,680,140, or 46.6% (Table 3).
However, throughout this period, the USPS career city and rural carriers delivered mail on the
vast majority of postal carrier routes—not less than 95.6% (Table 2). City and rural carriers also
have served at least 98% of the nation’s delivery points (Table 4).
Thus, although the USPS has increased its use of CDS carriers to deliver mail, these contractors
serve on 4.4% of all routes and deliver mail at 2% of all delivery points.36
Additionally, the data show a shift between the portions of the total routes and deliveries handled
by city and rural letter carriers. The percentage of routes served by rural carriers has grown from
26.5% to 32.4%, while the percentage of routes served by city carriers has declined from 71.2%
to 63.2%. Additionally, the percentage of delivery points served by rural carriers has increased
from 25.4% to 30.7%; whereas the percentage of delivery points served by city carriers has
decreased from 73.0% to 67.3%.
(...continued)
U.S.C. 5201 et seq.
34 NALC, “Contracting Out, Collective Bargaining and the NALC Contract,” press release, April 18, 2007.
35 A “carrier route” refers to a set of addresses to which a letter carrier delivers mail.
36 The figures comport with GAO’s analysis. See U.S. Government Accountability Office, U.S. Postal Service: Data
Needed to Assess the Effectiveness of Outsourcing, pp. 22-23. A “delivery point” is the address or location of a
dwelling or place of business to which mail is delivered.
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Table 1. Postal Carrier Routes: Who Delivers?
Fiscal Year
City Carriers
Rural Carriers
CDS Carriers
Total Routes
1998 167,262 62,338
5,424 235,024
1999 166,455 64,706
5,500 236,661
2000 167,470 67,372
5,648 240,490
2001 167,762 69,066
5,760 242,588
2002 165,816 69,361
5,857 241,034
2003 164,652 69,697
5,953 240,302
2004 164,412 70,792
6,026 241,230
2005 164,419 72,658
6,127 243,204
2006 163,412 74,937
6,346 244,695
2007 163,530 76,008
6,531 246,069
2008 163,389 76,597
6,676 246,662
2009 150,808 76,938 10,538 238,284
2010 149,920 74,822 10,385 235,127
2011 143,521 74,277 10,096 227,894
2012a 143,692 73,596
9,991 227,279
Source: Data provided by the USPS.
a. FY2012 data are from the end of the second quarter of FY2012.
Table 2. Postal Carrier Routes: Who Delivers? (%)
Fiscal Year
City Carriers
Rural Carriers
CDS Carriers
Total
1998 71.2% 26.5%
2.3%
100%
1999 70.3% 27.3%
2.3%
100%
2000 69.6% 28.0%
2.3%
100%
2001 69.2% 28.5%
2.4%
100%
2002 68.8% 28.8%
2.4%
100%
2003 68.5% 29.0%
2.5%
100%
2004 68.2% 29.3%
2.5%
100%
2005 67.6% 29.9%
2.5%
100%
2006 66.8% 30.6%
2.6%
100%
2007 66.5% 30.9%
2.7%
100%
2008 66.2% 31.1%
2.7%
100%
2009 63.3% 32.3%
4.4%
100%
2010 63.8% 31.8%
4.4%
100%
2011 63.0% 32.6%
4.4%
100%
2012a 63.2% 32.4%
4.4%
100%
Source: Data provided by the USPS.
a. FY2012 data are from the end of the second quarter of FY2012.
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Table 3. Delivery Points: Who Delivers?
Fiscal Year
City Carriers
Rural Carriers
CDS Carriers
Total Delivery Points
1998 82,253,861 28,584,565 1,828,257
112,666,683
1999 82,751,573 29,710,113 1,903,926
114,365,612
2000 83,329,025 30,928,654 1,987,629
116,245,308
2001 83,761,600 32,075,719 2,057,084
117,894,403
2002 84,211,501 33,273,630 2,128,507
119,613,638
2003 84,698,811 34,516,943 2,211,395
121,427,149
2004 85,152,346 34,990,114 2,220,856
122,363,316
2005 85,804,626 36,189,631 2,304,748
124,299,005
2006 86,292,173 37,365,860 2,410,317
126,068,350
2007 86,882,476 38,382,966 2,588,321
127,853,763
2008 87,285,388 39,092,100 2,542,627
128,920,115
2009 87,578,790 39,445,518 2,621,690
129,645,998
2010 87,958,109 39,605,344 2,642,875
130,206,328
2011 88,252,912 40,026,528 2,666,417
130,945,857
2012a 88,399,246 40,277,649 2,680,140
131,357,035
Source: Data provided by the USPS.
a. FY2012 data are from the end of the second quarter of FY2012.
Table 4. Delivery Points: Who Delivers? (%)
Fiscal Year
City Carriers
Rural Carriers
CDS Carriers
Total
1998 73.0% 25.4%
1.6%
100%
1999 72.4% 26.0%
1.7%
100%
2000 71.7% 26.6%
1.7%
100%
2001 71.0% 27.2%
1.7%
100%
2002 70.4% 27.8%
1.8%
100%
2003 69.8% 28.4%
1.8%
100%
2004 69.6% 28.6%
1.8%
100%
2005 69.0% 29.1%
1.9%
100%
2006 68.4% 29.6%
1.9%
100%
2007 68.0% 30.0%
2.0%
100%
2008 67.7% 30.3%
2.0%
100%
2009 67.6% 30.4%
2.0%
100%
2010 67.6% 30.4%
2.0%
100%
2011 67.4% 30.6%
2.0%
100%
2012a 67.3% 30.7%
2.0%
100%
Source: Data provided by USPS.
a. FY2012 data are from the end of the second quarter of FY2012.
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Concluding Observations
Current postal law requires the USPS to operate an “efficient” system of mail and provides the
USPS with various authorities to achieve this objective. However, the law also sets a pay and
compensation floor for USPS employees and requires the USPS to collectively bargain with its
employees.
These aspects of postal law come into conflict in the matter of the USPS using private persons or
firms to deliver mail. The data above indicate that the USPS has increased its use of contractors
over the past 15 years. Yet, the data also indicate that contractors serve only a very small
percentage of carrier routes and deliver to very few homes and businesses.
Whether the use of private persons and firms to deliver mail will arise as an issue of interest to
Congress is unclear. The USPS, NALC, and NRLCA may settle the matter through arbitration
and any ensuing agreements.
In the event that the use of contractors cannot be settled through the parties themselves, there are
at least two broad perspectives that might be taken on the situation.
First, it might be argued that Congress should take no action. Historically, Congress has not
enacted specific policies concerning the extent of the USPS’s use of contractors to deliver mail. It
has left the matter to be decided by the Postal Service and its letter carrier unions through
collective bargaining and the grievance process. Congress may continue this practice, reasoning
that the USPS has legitimate grounds to pursue cost-savings via the use of contractors. Indeed, it
might be further contended that the use of contractors to deliver mail is in keeping with long-time
USPS practices. Contractors have been used to collect, transport, sort, and deliver mail; and
machines built by private firms do much of the mail sorting work once performed by USPS
employees. Letter carriage would not appear to be an inherently governmental function under
current procurement policy, so the USPS should be free to outsource this work as it deems
proper.37
Second and alternately, Congress may choose to intervene, viewing the issue as involving an
unintended conflict arising out of two national policies—USPS operational efficiency and the
rights of unionized, federal employees. From this perspective, it could be argued that the USPS is
supposed to be a self-supporting agency; but that does not necessitate that the USPS should be
permitted to outsource however much postal work it chooses. It might be further argued that there
is a positive societal benefit in the federal government hiring individuals (often minorities and
veterans) and compensating them well.38 Thus, Congress might either ban the practice of using
contractors to deliver mail (or perform other mail-movement activities); or it could limit the
amount of mail delivery work performed by contractors—perhaps by capping the percentage of
routes served by non-USPS employees. Were Congress either to ban or limit the use of
contractors, it might wish to consider helping the USPS recoup any lost savings by providing it
with additional authorities to increase its revenues or decrease its operating costs.
37 On inherently governmental activities, see CRS Report R42039, Performance of Inherently Governmental and
Critical Functions: The Obama Administration’s Final Policy Letter, by Kate M. Manuel, L. Elaine Halchin, and Erika
K. Lunder.
38 According to the USPS, 21% of USPS career employees are veterans and 41% are minorities. Polly J. Gibbs
Government Relations, U.S. Postal Service, “Requested Figures,” e-mail, April 25, 2012.
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Author Contact Information
Kevin R. Kosar
Analyst in American National Government
kkosar@crs.loc.gov, 7-3968
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