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The National Telecommunications and
Information Administration (NTIA):
Policies, Programs, and Funding
Linda K. Moore
Specialist in Telecommunications Policy
December 14, 2011
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R42052
CRS Report for Congress
Pr
epared for Members and Committees of Congress
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NTIA: Policies, Programs, and Funding

Summary
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), an agency of
the Department of Commerce, is the executive branch’s principal advisory office on
domestic and international telecommunications and information policies. Its mandate is
to provide greater access for all Americans to telecommunications services, support U.S.
attempts to open foreign markets, advise on international telecommunications
negotiations, and fund research for new technologies and their applications. NTIA also
manages the distribution of funds for several key grant programs. Its role in federal
spectrum management includes acting as a facilitator and mediator in negotiations among
the various federal agencies regarding usage, priority access, causes of interference, and
other radio spectrum questions.

During the 112th Congress, programs and issues of particular importance and interest to
policy makers might include administration of the Broadband Technology Opportunities
Program (BTOP)—authorized as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
(ARRA)—plans to improve the efficiency of radio frequency spectrum, and preparations
for the next World Radio Conference, scheduled to begin in January 2012.

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NTIA: Policies, Programs, and Funding

Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 1
Programs .......................................................................................................................................... 1
Funding............................................................................................................................................ 2
Issues for the 112th Congress ........................................................................................................... 3
Spectrum Policy......................................................................................................................... 3
World Radio Conference ........................................................................................................... 4

Tables
Table 1. NTIA: Fiscal Year Funding 2007-2012.............................................................................. 3

Contacts
Author Contact Information............................................................................................................. 5

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NTIA: Policies, Programs, and Funding

Introduction
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) is an agency in the
U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) that serves as the executive branch’s principal advisory
office on domestic and international telecommunications and information technology policies.
NTIA frequently works with other executive branch agencies to develop and present the
Administration’s position on key policy matters. It represents the executive branch in both
domestic and international telecommunications and information policy activities. Policy areas in
which NTIA acts as the representative of the Administration include international negotiations
regarding global agreements on spectrum management and domestic use of spectrum resources
by federal agencies. In recent years, one of the responsibilities of NTIA has been to oversee the
transfer of some radio frequencies from the federal domain to the commercial domain. Many of
these frequencies have subsequently been auctioned to the commercial sector and the proceeds
paid into the U.S. Treasury. NTIA also administers some grants programs, including—at
present—the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP)1 and the Public Safety
Interoperable Communications (PSIC) grant program.2
Programs
NTIA fulfills many responsibilities for different constituencies. Its role in federal spectrum
management includes acting as a facilitator and mediator in negotiations among the various
federal agencies regarding usage, priority access, causes of interference, and other radio spectrum
questions. NTIA, as the agency responsible for managing spectrum used by federal agencies,
often works in consultation with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on matters
concerning spectrum access, technology, and policy. The FCC regulates private sector, state,
local, and tribal spectrum use. Because many spectrum issues are international in scope and
negotiated through treaty-making, NTIA and the FCC collaborate with the Department of State in
representing American interests. NTIA leads and participates in interagency efforts to develop
Internet policy. It plays a lead role in the DOC’s Internet Policy Task Force.3 NTIA and the
National Institute of Standards (NIST) have adjoining facilities on the Department of Commerce
campus in Boulder, CO, where they collaborate on projects with each other and with other federal
agencies, such as the FCC. NTIA works with the Rural Utilities Service in coordinating loans and
grants made through BTOP and with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in overseeing
grants made through the PSIC grants program. NTIA collaborates with NIST, DHS, and the FCC
in providing expertise and guidance to public safety agencies who are using PSIC or BTOP funds
to build new wireless networks for broadband communications.

1 For a discussion of BTOP grants, see CRS Report R41775, Background and Issues for Congressional Oversight of
ARRA Broadband Awards, by Lennard G. Kruger.
2 Federal grants for emergency communications is discussed in CRS Report R41842, Funding Emergency
Communications: Technology and Policy Considerations, by Linda K. Moore.
3 For background information on NTIA’s role in U.S. Internet policy, see CRS Report 97-868, Internet Domain Names:
Background and Policy Issues, by Lennard G. Kruger.
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NTIA: Policies, Programs, and Funding

NTIA policies and programs are administered through
• The Office of Spectrum Management (OSM), which formulates and establishes
plans and policies that ensure the effective, efficient, and equitable use of the
spectrum both nationally and internationally. Through the development of long
range spectrum plans, the OSM works to address future federal government
spectrum requirements, including public safety operations and the coordination
and registration of federal government satellite networks. The OSM also handles
the frequency assignment needs of the federal agencies and provides spectrum
certification for new federal agency radio communication systems.
• The Office of Policy Analysis and Development (OPAD), which is the domestic
policy division of NTIA. OPAD supports NTIA’s role as principal adviser to the
Executive Branch and the Secretary of Commerce on telecommunications and
information policies by conducting research and analysis and preparing policy
recommendations.
• The Office of International Affairs (OIA), which develops and implements
policies to enhance U.S. companies’ ability to compete globally in the
information technology and communications (ICT) sectors. In consultation with
other U.S. agencies and the U.S. private sector, OIA participates in international
and regional fora to promote policies that open ICT markets and encourage
competition.
• The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS), which is the research and
engineering laboratory of NTIA. ITS provides technical support to NTIA in
advancing telecommunications and information infrastructure development,
enhancing domestic competition, improving U.S. telecommunications trade
opportunities, and promoting more efficient and effective use of the radio
spectrum.
• The Office of Telecommunications and Information Applications (OTIA), which
administers grant programs that further the deployment and use of technology in
America, and the advancement of other national priorities.
OTIA previously awarded grants from the Public Telecommunications Facilities Program (PTFP),
which was terminated by Congress in FY2011. This program has helped public broadcasting
stations and other organizations construct facilities to bring educational and cultural programs to
the American public.
Funding
Enacted legislation for FY2012 has provided $45.6 million to the NTIA for salaries and expenses,
an increase over the previous year of 9.6% but 18.4% less than requested by the Administration.
The Administration had requested $55.8 million for Salaries and Expenses for FY2012, an
increase of $14.3 million over FY2011-enacted appropriations of $41.6 million. The
Administration request of $55.8 million represented a significant increase over the $21.8 million
requested for FY2011 and the $19.999 million appropriated for that category in FY2010 for
Salaries and Expenses. The increase is largely attributable to the costs of administration and
oversight of the $4.4 billion Recovery Act program for broadband technologies and deployment
mapping, as required by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5). Total
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NTIA: Policies, Programs, and Funding

requests for all oversight programs administered by the NTIA totaled $32.3 million for FY2012.
In addition, the Administration requested new funding for the NTIA of $1.7 million to support
efforts to foster new wireless broadband technologies and of $1.0 million for its Internet
Innovation initiative to address Internet-based privacy principles.
For FY2012, the House Committee on Appropriations recommended $40.6 million for Salaries
and Expenses, 27.4% less than the Administration’s request and 2.5% less than the funding level
for FY2011. The Senate Committee on Appropriations had recommended $45.6 million, the
amount enacted; this is 12.4% greater than the amount approved by the House committee.
The House committee made no provision for Public Telecommunications Facilities, Planning and
Construction (PTFPC) in FY2012. Expenditures for PTFPC was omitted from the
Administration’s 2012 request. The enacted funding level for PTFPC in FY2011 was zero.
Table 1. NTIA: Fiscal Year Funding 2007-2012
(in millions of dollars)
Funding FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012
NTIA
Total $39.8 $36.3 $39.2 $40.0 $40.6 $45.6
Administration,






salaries and
expenses
$19.8
$17.5
$19.2
$20.0
$40.6
$45.6
PTFPC $20.0
$18.8
$20.0
$20.0
0 0
Source: Annual Reports, Department of Commerce and Congressional Appropriations, as Enacted.
Appropriations for grant programs are not included.
Issues for the 112th Congress
Expenditures through the BTOP and PSIC programs will likely be of ongoing interest to the 112th
Congress. Also of likely interest are NTIA’s responsibilities and activities related to spectrum
policy. Although federal spectrum policy has always been a core mission of the agency, its work
on spectrum issues has taken on new importance as “spectrum is fast becoming a pillar of
America’s digital infrastructure.”4 The international dimension of spectrum policy may also be in
the forefront as new treaties regarding spectrum allocation and use are to be negotiated at the
2012 World Radio Conference.
Spectrum Policy
NTIA supports the Administration’s policy goal of increasing spectrum capacity for mobile
broadband by 500 MHz.5 To this purpose, NTIA, with input from the Policy and Plans Steering

4 NTIA Newsroom, “Remarks of NTIA Chief of Staff Thomas Power at the 12th Annual ISART Conference,” July 28,
2011, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/speechtestimony/2011/remarks-ntia-chief-staff-thomas-power-12th-annual-isart-
conference.
5 Spectrum is segmented into bands of radio frequencies and typically measured in cycles per second, or hertz. Standard
abbreviations for measuring frequencies include kHz—kilohertz or thousands of hertz; MHz—megahertz, or millions
of hertz; and GHz—gigahertz, or billions of hertz.
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NTIA: Policies, Programs, and Funding

Group,6 has produced a 10-year plan and timetable that identifies bands of spectrum that might be
available for commercial wireless broadband service. As part of its planning efforts, NTIA
prepared a “Fast Track Evaluation” of spectrum that might be made available in the near future.
Specific recommendations were to make available 15 MHz of spectrum from frequencies
between 1695MHz and 1710 MHz and 100 MHz of spectrum within bands from 3550MHz to
3650 MHz. The fast track evaluation also recommended studying two 20 MHz bands to be
identified within 4200-4400 MHz for possible repurposing, and placement for consideration on
the agenda of the World Radio Conference scheduled for 2016.
Using federal spectrum to provide mobile broadband services can be accomplished in many
ways:
• Clearing federal users from designated frequencies for transfer to the commercial
sector through a competitive bidding system.
• Sharing federal frequencies with specific commercial users.
• Improving the efficiency of federal spectrum use and management.7
• Using emerging technologies for network management to allow multiple users to
share spectrum as needed.
Many decisions regarding the use of federal spectrum are made through the Interdepartmental
Radio Access Committee, IRAC.8 IRAC membership comprises representatives of all branches of
the U.S. military and a number of federal department agencies affected by spectrum management
decisions.9
World Radio Conference
Spectrum allocation and assignment is not uniquely domestic. Some spectrum allocations are
governed by international treaty. Additionally, there is a trend to harmonize spectrum allocations
for commercial use across countries through international agreements. Harmonization of radio
frequencies is achieved by designating specific bands for the same category of use worldwide.
With harmonization, consumers and businesses are able to benefit from the convenience and
efficiency of having common frequencies for similar uses, thus promoting development of a
seamless, global communications market. Spectrum allocation at the national level, therefore, is
sometimes coordinated with international spectrum allocation agreements. The Advanced
Wireless Services (AWS) auction in the United States, completed in 2006,10 was the conclusion of
a process initiated by an agreement for international harmonization of spectrum bands.11

6 Created in response to Department of Commerce recommendations to improve spectrum efficiency through better
management, see http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/reports/specpolini/factsheetspecpolini_06242004.htm.
7 The Government Accountability Office has prepared a report: Spectrum Management: NTIA Planning and Processes
Need Strengthening to Promote the Efficient Us Use of Spectrum by Federal Agencies, April 2011, GAO-11-352.
8 See http://www.ntia.doc.gov/category/irac.
9 Members are listed at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/page/irac-functions-and-responsibilities.
10 FCC News, “FCC’s Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) Spectrum Auction Concludes,” September 18, 2006.
11 The WRC-2000 agreed on spectrum bands to be harmonized for advanced wireless services, referred to as IMT 2000.
See FCC News, “International Bureau Reports on Success of the 2000 World Radio Communications Conference,”
June 8, 2000, http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/International/News_Releases/2000/nrin0009.html.
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NTIA: Policies, Programs, and Funding

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the lead United Nations agency for
information and communication technologies, has been vested with responsibility to ensure
interference-free operations of wireless communication through implementation of international
agreements.12 The ITU adopts an international table of frequency allocations that shows agreed
spectrum uses worldwide, and includes—directly or indirectly—conditions for the use of the
allocated spectrum.13 There are 39 internationally defined wireless services that include
broadcasting, meteorological satellite, and mobile services. There is also a domestic table for each
country. The United States Table of Allocations is maintained by NTIA.
The World Radio Conference (WRC), held approximately every four years, is the primary forum
for negotiating international treaties on spectrum use. Each WRC provides an opportunity to
revise the International Radio Regulations and International Table of Frequency Allocations in
response to changes in technology and other factors. Modifications to rules from one WRC to the
next are part of an ongoing process of technical review and negotiations.
A separate track of preparation, to develop the U.S. positions on WRC agenda items, is handled
by the FCC and NTIA. The Office of Spectrum Management of NTIA, in consultation with
federal agencies, reviews the WRC agenda and prepares its comments for the U.S. position. NTIA
and the FCC solicit input from the private sector and create working groups to address specific
agenda items. NTIA and the FCC submit recommendations to the Department of State.
The Department of State coordinates and mediates the development of the U. S. position for each
WRC and leads the U.S. delegation at each conference. The FCC and NTIA play major roles in
preparing for and participating in each WRC. All three agencies use committees and other means
to interact with the private sector. Preparation for each WRC is a collaborative process that
includes opportunities for affected parties to comment on and participate in the formation of U.S.
policy. The U.S. delegation to each WRC includes representatives from the federal government
and the private sector. Each WRC delegation is led by an Ambassador appointed for that purpose
by the President. The next WRC is scheduled to begin on January 23, 2012.14

Author Contact Information

Linda K. Moore

Specialist in Telecommunications Policy
lmoore@crs.loc.gov, 7-5853



12 The GAO notes that “The federal government considers ITU the principal, competent, and appropriate international
organization for the purpose of formulating international treaties and understandings regarding certain
telecommunications matters.” Better Coordination and Enhanced Accountability Needed to Improve Spectrum
Management, GAO-02-906, September 2003, p. 19, fn. 26.
13 Description of ITU-R functions are at http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=information&rlink=rhome&
lang=en.
14 Documentation of preparations is available at each agency’s website. NTIA site is http://www.ntia.doc.gov/page/
2011/ntia-preparation-world-radiocommunication-conferences.
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