Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi
Civilians, Police, and Security Forces
Hannah Fischer
Information Research Specialist
June 11, 2010
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R40824
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress
Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and Security Forces
Summary
This report presents U.S. military casualties as well as governmental and nongovernmental
estimates of Iraqi civilian, police, and security forces casualties.
For several years, there were few estimates from any national or international government source
regarding Iraqi civilian, police, and security forces casualties. Now, however, several Iraqi
ministries have released monthly or total casualty statistics. The U.S. Department of Defense
(DOD) releases the monthly trend of Iraqi civilian, police, and security forces deaths. In addition,
the United Nations Office for the Coordination for Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has charted the
trend of civilian casualties from August 2007 to April 2009, and the United Nations Assistance
Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) reported on the number of deaths by suicide bombers in 2008.
Nongovernmental sources also have released various estimates of Iraqi civilian, police, and
security forces casualties. This report includes estimates from the Associated Press, the Brookings
Institution, Iraq Body Count, the Iraq Coalition Casualty Count, Iraq Family Health Survey, the
most recent study published in the Lancet, and the British survey firm, Opinion Research
Business.
Because the estimates of Iraqi casualties contained in this report are based on varying time
periods and have been created using differing methodologies, readers should exercise caution
when using them and should look to them as guideposts rather than as statements of fact. This
report will be updated as needed.
Congressional Research Service
Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and Security Forces
Contents
U.S. Military Casualties .............................................................................................................. 1
Iraqi Casualties ........................................................................................................................... 2
Iraq Ministries’ Data ............................................................................................................. 2
U.S. Department of Defense Data.......................................................................................... 5
Nongovernmental Data ......................................................................................................... 7
Figures
Figure 1. Iraq Ministries: Civilian and Police/Security Forces Deaths,
January 2008 - May 2010......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2. Department of Defense: Iraqi Civilian Deaths, January 2006 - February 2010............... 6
Figure 3. Department of Defense: Iraq Security Forces Deaths,
January 2006 - February 2010 .................................................................................................. 7
Tables
Table 1. Operation Iraqi Freedom, U.S. Fatalities and Wounded .................................................. 1
Table 2. Iraq Ministries: Civilian and Police/Security Forces Deaths,
January 2008 - May 2010......................................................................................................... 2
Table 3. Nongovernmental Iraqi Civilian and Police/Security Forces Casualty Estimates ............. 9
Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 10
Congressional Research Service
Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and Security Forces
U.S. Military Casualties
The following casualty data were compiled by the Department of Defense (DOD) as tallied from
the agency’s press releases. Table 1 provides statistics on fatalities during Operation Iraqi
Freedom, which began on March 19, 2003, and is ongoing, as well as on the number of fatalities
since May 1, 2003, plus statistics on those wounded but not killed, since March 19, 2003.1
Statistics may be revised as circumstances are investigated and as all records are processed
through the U.S. military’s casualty system. More frequent updates are available at DOD’s
website at http://www.defenselink.mil/news/ under “Casualty Update.”
A detailed casualty summary that includes data on deaths by cause, as well as statistics on
soldiers wounded in action, is available at DOD’s website at http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/
personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm.
Table 1. Operation Iraqi Freedom, U.S. Fatalities and Wounded
(as of June 11, 2010, 10 am EST)
Fatalities
March 19, 2003,
May 1, 2003, to
March 19, 2003,
to the Present
the Present
Wounded
to the Present
Hostilea
3,477
3,368
Returned to Duty
17,890
within 72 Hours
Nonhostileb
917
887
Not Returned to Duty
13,954
within 72 Hours
U.S. DOD Civilian
13
Casualties, both
hostile and
nonhostile
Total 4,407
4,255
Total
31,844
Source: http://www.defense.gov/news/casualty.pdf
Notes: President George W. Bush’s statement that combat operations in Iraq had ended can be found in the
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, May 1, 2003, p. 516.
a. According to the Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, as amended through 31
August 2005, a “hostile casualty” is a victim of a terrorist activity or a casualty as the result of combat or
attack by any force against U.S. forces, available at http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA43918.
b. The above-named reference defines a “nonhostile casualty” as a casualty that is not directly attributable to
hostile action or terrorist activity, such as casualties due to the elements, self-inflicted wounds, or combat
fatigue.
1 Operation Iraqi Freedom will be called “Operation New Dawn” as of September 1, 2010.
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Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and Security Forces
Iraqi Casualties
Iraq Ministries’ Data
In October 2009, the Iraq Ministry of Human Rights published a new report with a tally of 51,675
“martyred victims,” or civilians who have died and been identified, and 34,019 “bodies found,” or
civilians who have died but who were not identified, for a total of 85,694 civilian deaths from
2004 through 2008.2 This total includes only those deaths due to terrorist attacks, defined as
“direct bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and forced displacement of the population.”3 In
other words, the Iraq Ministry of Human Rights does not include in its total any civilian deaths
that may have been due to coalition occupation or fighting between militias within Iraq.
Some media sources misrepresented the data by seeming to confuse the “bodies found” category
and adding it to the total of civilian deaths, which already included the “bodies found” number.
In addition to the report by the Iraq Ministry of Human Rights, the Ministry of Defense, Ministry
of the Interior, and Ministry of Health have, on an irregular and incomplete schedule, reported
monthly death statistics for Iraqi civilians, police, and security forces. The process of collecting
and distributing such data on the deaths of civilians, police, and security forces seems now to
have become more standardized, and over the past year, all three ministries have regularly
released similar information to the news media, though not in the form of official press releases.4
These Ministries have not, however, provided estimates of the total number of civilian deaths.
The Ministries’ statistics are provided in Table 2 and, in chart form, in Figure 1, below.
Table 2. Iraq Ministries: Civilian and Police/Security Forces Deaths,
January 2008 - May 2010
Date Civilian
Police/Security
Forces
January 2008a 463
78
February 2008b 633 85
March 2008c 923
156
April 2008
N/A
N/A
May 2008d 504
59
June 2008
N/A
N/A
July 2008e 387
78
August 2008f 383
48
September 2008g 359 81
October 2008h 278 40
November 2008i 297 43
2 Rebecca Santana, “85,000 Iraqis killed in almost 5 years of war,” Associated Press, October 15, 2009.
3 Iraq Ministry of Human Rights, “The Mechanism of a Comprehensive Periodic Review/Iraq,” October 2009.
4 News reports continue to differ slightly. For instance, August 2009 articles differed on whether there were 223 or 224
Iraqi civilian deaths in July 2009. Also, data from April and June 2008 are missing.
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Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and Security Forces
Date Civilian
Police/Security
Forces
December 2008j 240 76
January 2009k 140
51
February 2009l 211
47
March 2009m 185
67
April 2009n 290
65
May 2009o 134
31
June 2009p 370
68
July 2009q 223
52
August 2009r 393
63
September 2009s 125 78
October 2009t 343
67
November 2009u 88 24
December 2009v 306 61
January 2009w 135
N/A
February 2010x 211
141
March 2010y 216
151
April 2010z 274
54
May 2010aa 275
35
Totals 8,386
1,799
Source: Prepared by CRS using noted sources below.
Notes: N/A = not available. Table does not include data from the Iraq Ministry of Human Rights report.
a. “Iraqi civilian deaths down in Jan to 23 month low,” Dow Jones International News, February 1, 2008.
b. Paul Tait, “Iraq Wrapup 3 -Iraq casualties rise again after Qaeda bombs,” Reuters, March 1, 2008.
c. “Iraqi casualties at highest level since mid-2007,” Reuters, April 1, 2008.
d. “Iraq violence dips as U.S. records lowest monthly toll,” Agence France Presse, June 1, 2008.
e. “Iraq monthly toll down,” Agence France Presse, September 1, 2008.
f.
Ibid.
g. “Iraq violence kills 440 in September,” Agence France Presse, October 1, 2008.
h. Tina Susman, “World; U.S., Iraqi deaths dip in October,” Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2008.
i.
“Iraq death toll rises in November,” Agence France Presse, December 1, 2008.
j.
Salam Faraj, “Iraq hails lowest monthly death toll in nearly three years,” Agence France Presse, January 1,
2009.
k. “Iraq death toll ‘lowest since invasion,’” Agence France Presse, February 1, 2009.
l.
Ammar Karim, “Iraq death tol rises to 258 in February: ministries,” Agence France Presse, March 1, 2009.
m. “March violence claims claims 252 Iraqi lives,” Agence France Presse, April 1, 2009.
n. “April toll in Iraq the deadliest for seven months,” Agence France Presse, May 1, 2009.
o. Sameer N. Yacoub, “May sees dramatic drop in Iraq deaths following bloodiest month of the year; Bombing
kills four in Baghdad Monday, signaling capital is far from secure,” Associated Press, June 2, 2009.
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Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and Security Forces
p. Liz Sly, ”June death toll of Iraqis is highest in 11 months; The sharp increase in fatalities could be tied to the
U.S. troop withdrawal from cities,” The Los Angeles Times, July 2, 2009, p. A-24.
q. “Iraqi death toll down in July: ministries,” Agence France Presse, August 1, 2009.
r. “Iraq death toll in August highest in 13 months,” Agence France Presse, September 1, 2009.
s. “Iraq death toll falls by half in September: officials,” Agence France Presse, October 1, 20009.
t. “Iraq death toll doubles in October: officials” Agence France Presse, November 2, 2009.
u. Ammar Karin, “Iraq November death toll lowest since US invasion,” Agence France Presse, December 1,
2009.
v. “Iraq death tol in 2009 lowest since the invasion,” Agence France Presse, January 1, 2010.
w. “Iraqi civilian deaths drop sharply in January,” Reuters, February 1, 2010. This report did not distinguish
between civilian and security forces deaths; we have put the total deaths, 135, in the casualties column.
x. Rao, Prashant, “Iraq death toll spikes ahead of election,” Agence France Presse, March 1, 2010.
y. “Iraq says March deadliest month so far this year,” Agence France Presse, April 1, 2010.
z. “Iraq civilian death toll rises sharply in April,” Reuters, May 1, 2010.
aa. “Iraqi civilian toll in May highest this year,” Agence France Presse, June 1, 2010.
Figure 1. Iraq Ministries: Civilian and Police/Security Forces Deaths,
January 2008 - May 2010
1000
900
800
700
600
s
th
Civilian
a
500
Police/Security Forces
De
400
300
200
100
0
08
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
0
0
-0
-0
09
10 -1 -1
ar
p-0
ar-0
p-0
ar
Jan-
ay
ov-0
ay-0
ov-0
ay
M
M
Jul-08
Se N
Jan- M
M
Jul-09
Se N
Jan- M
M
Date
Source: Iraqi government figures as reported in various news stories; see Source for Table 2, above.
Note: Does not include data from the Iraq Ministry of Human Rights report.
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U.S. Department of Defense Data
DOD also tracks Iraqi civilian, police, and security forces deaths though they only release trends
and not the statistics themselves. Readers should therefore note that DOD has not released the
specific numbers associated with either Figure 2, on Iraqi civilian deaths, or Figure 3, on Iraqi
security forces deaths, and that instead these charts are estimated renditions of DOD’s original
charts. DOD’s tracking has shown an overall decline in war-related deaths from 2008 through
2009.
Until the September 2009 quarterly DOD report, Measuring Security and Stability in Iraq, two
civilian casualty estimates were given: one, a combination of coalition and Iraqi estimates, and
the other (much lower) estimate from coalition sources alone. Now, however,
As a consequence of the movement of U.S. forces out of Iraqi cities on June 30, 2009, the
U.S. has experienced reduced visibility and ability to verify Iraqi reports. Without a robust
U.S. presence, Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I) has begun reporting metrics that include
host nation reports that it may not be able to independently verify. The overall trends
between Coalition force data and host nation data are very close, but some values may
change. Current charts show a combination of Coalition and Host-Nation reported data. The
combination of these reports causes baseline numbers to increase, making it difficult to
compare these charts with those presented in previous publications of this [DOD] report.5
In practical terms, this has meant that, in addition to getting rid of the lower coalition casualty-
only estimate for civilians, DOD has also revised all of the security forces casualty estimates
upward. For instance, in a previous update of this report and using DOD’s charts, it was estimated
that there had been 30 Iraqi security forces deaths in May 2009. However, in a later version of the
Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq report using DOD’s revised figures, it was estimated that
there were 90 Iraqi security forces deaths in the same month.
5 Department of Defense, Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq, September 2009, http://www.defense.gov/pubs/
pdfs/9010_Report_to_Congress_Nov_09.pdf, p. iii.
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Figure 2. Department of Defense: Iraqi Civilian Deaths,
January 2006 - February 2010
4000
3500
3000
2500
s
h 2000
eat
D
1500
1000
500
0
06
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
0
-06
-07
-07
-08
pr
t-0
pr
t-0
pr-08
ct
pr-09
t-09
Jan-
A
Jul-0 Oc
Jan-0 A
Jul
Oc
Jan-0 A
Jul-0 O
Jan-0 A
Jul-0 Oc
Jan-1
Date
Source: CRS rendition of DOD graph, as derived from Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq, March 2010, p. 30,
at http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/Measuring_Stability_and_Security_in_Iraq_March_2009.pdf.
Notes: This graph uses “USF-I J5 Assessments SIGACTS III Database (U.S. and Iraqi Reports) as of February 28,
2010. Does not include civilian deaths due to accidents unrelated to friendly or enemy actions.”
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Iraq Casualties: U.S. Military Forces and Iraqi Civilians, Police, and Security Forces
Figure 3. Department of Defense: Iraq Security Forces Deaths,
January 2006 - February 2010
700
600
500
s
400
h
eat
D
300
200
100
0
6
06
7
7
07
8
8
09
9
9
0
y-
-06
ct
y-
t-07
y-08
t-08
l-09
t-0
Jan-0 pril-06
pril-0
pril-0
pril-0 Ju
A
Jul
O
Jan-0 A
Jul
Oc
Jan-0 A
Jul
Oc
Jan- A
Oc
Jan-1
Date
Source: CRS rendition of DOD graph, as derived from Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq, March 2010, p. 29,
at http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/Measuring_Stability_and_Security_in_Iraq_March_2009.pdf.
Notes: According to Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq, “As a result of the June 30, 2009 withdrawal from
cities, USF-I now relies on host nation reporting as the primary data source. Current charts show a combination
of U.S. and host nation reported data. The combination of these reports causes baseline numbers to increase,
making it difficult to directly compare these charts with those presented [in these reports] prior to June 2009.”
Nongovernmental Data
In 2006, researchers from Johns Hopkins University and Baghdad’s Al-Mustansiriya University
published their most recent cluster study on Iraqi civilian casualties, commonly referred to in the
press as “the Lancet study” because it was published in the British medical journal of that name.
The study surveyed 47 clusters and reported an estimate of between 426,369 and 793,663 Iraqi
civilian deaths from violent causes since the beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom to July 2006.6
In a more recent cluster study, a team of investigators from the Federal Ministry of Health in
Baghdad, the Kurdistan Ministry of Planning, the Kurdistan Ministry of Health, the Central
Organization for Statistics and Information Technology in Baghdad, and the World Health
Organization formed the Iraq Family Health Survey (IFHS) Study Group to research violence-
related mortality in Iraq.7 In their nationally representative cluster study, interviewers visited
89.4% of 1,086 household clusters; the household response rate was 96.2%. They concluded that
6 Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy et al., “Mortality After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A Cross-Sectional
Cluster Sample Survey,” The Lancet, October 21, 2006, 368 (9545), pp. 1421-1429.
7 Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group, “Violence-Related Mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006,” The New England
Journal of Medicine, January 31, 2008, pp. 484-492.
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there had been an estimated 151,000 violence-related deaths from March 2003 through June 2006
and that violence was the main cause of death for men between the ages of 15 and 59 years
during the first three years after the 2003 invasion. This study seems to be widely cited for
violence-related mortality rates in Iraq. Neither the Lancet study nor the IFHS study distinguish
between different victims of violence, such as civilians versus police or security force members.
The studies do not reflect trends that occurred during the period of the most intense civil violence
from early 2006 through the end of 2008.
In 2007, a British firm, Opinion Business Research (OBR), conducted a survey in Iraq in which
they asked 2,411 Iraqis, “How many members of your household, if any, have died as a result of
the conflict in Iraq since 2003 (i.e., as a result of violence rather than a natural death such as old
age)? Please note that I mean those who were actually living under your roof?” Extrapolating
from their results, OBR estimated “that over 1,000,000 Iraqi citizens have died as a result of the
conflict which started in 2003.”8
The Iraq Body Count (IBC) website bases its online casualty estimates on media reports of
casualties, some of which may involve security forces as well as civilians.9 Using media reports
as a base for casualty estimates can entail errors: some deaths may not be reported in the media,
while other deaths may be reported more than once. The IBC documents each of the civilian
casualties it records with a media source and provides a minimum and a maximum estimate. As
of June 11, 2010, the IBC estimated that between 96,663 and 105,408 civilians had died as a
result of military action. In a separate analysis of its data, the IBC also estimated that, between
January 2006 and November 2008, 4,884 Iraqi police had been killed.10
Finally, the Iraq Coalition Casualty Count (ICCC) is another nonprofit group that tracks Iraqi
civilian and Iraqi security forces deaths using an IBC-like method of posting media reports of
deaths. ICCC, like IBC, is prone to the kind of errors likely when using media reports for data:
some deaths may not be reported in the media, whereas other deaths may be reported more than
once. The ICCC estimates that there were 47,777 civilian deaths from March 2005 through June
11, 2010, and 8,204 security forces were killed from January 2005 to June 11, 2010.11
The Associated Press has kept a database of Iraqi civilian, police, and security forces dead and
wounded since April 2005. According to its database, between April 28, 2005, and December 4,
2009, 39,036 Iraqi civilians and 7,551 Iraqi police and security forces have died.12
Finally, the Brookings Institution has used modified numbers from the U.N. Human Rights
Report, the Iraq Body Count, the U.S. Central Command’s General David Petraeus’s
8 The Opinion Business Research, “New analysis ‘confirms’ 1 million+ Iraq casualties,” January 28, 2008, at
http://www.opinion.co.uk.
9 Iraq Body Count at http://www.iraqbodycount.net. IBC is a nongovernmental organization managed by researchers
and volunteers.
10 Iraq Body Count at http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/surge-2008/.
11 Iraq Coalition Casualty Count at http://icasualties.org/Iraq/IraqiDeaths.aspx. ICCC is a nongovernmental
organization managed by researchers and volunteers.
12 CRS discussion with the Associated Press, December 4, 2009. The AP noted that “[t]hese numbers are considered a
minimum, based on AP reporting. The actual number is likely higher, as many killings go unreported or uncounted. We
tally civilian, Iraqi military and Iraqi police deaths each day as reported by police, hospital officials, morgue workers
and verifiable witness accounts. The security personnel include Iraqi military, police and police recruits, and
bodyguards. Insurgent deaths are not included.”
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congressional testimony given on September 10-11, 2007,13 and other sources to develop its own
composite estimate for Iraqi civilians, police, and security forces who have died by violence. By
combining all of these sources by date, the Brookings Institution estimates that between May
2003 and March 2010, 112,390 Iraqi civilians died and between June 2003 and May 24, 2010,
9,490 Iraqi police and security forces died.14
Table 3 provides Iraqi civilian, security forces and police officers casualty estimates from
nongovernmental sources, as well as an estimate of deaths using the charts in Figure 2 and
Figure 3. These estimates are based on varying time periods and have been created using
differing methodologies, and therefore readers should exercise caution when using and comparing
these statistics.
Table 3. Nongovernmental Iraqi Civilian and
Police/Security Forces Casualty Estimates
Source Civilians
Police/Security
Forces
Iraq Body Count
96,663 - 105,408a
4,884b (Police only)
March 19, 2003 - June 11, 2010
January 1, 2006 - November 30, 2008
Iraq Coalition Casualty Countc
47,777
8,204 (Security Forces only)
March, 2005 - June 11, 2010
January 2005 - June 11, 2010
Associated Pressd
39,036 killed
7,551 killed
58,596 wounded
8,535 wounded
April 28, 2005 - December 4, 2009
April 28, 2005 - December 4, 2009
Brookings Iraq Index 112,390e
9,490f
May 2003 - March 2010
June 2003 -May 24, 2010
Estimate using the Multi-National
57,915 (Coalition and Iraqi Reports)g
11,885h
Corps - Iraq report, Measuring
Stability and Security in Iraq, March
January 2006 – February 2010
(Security Forces only)
2009
January 2006 - February 2010
Opinion Business Researchi “Over
1,000,000”
March 2003 - September 2007
The Iraq Family Health Survey
151,000
(the “WHO study”)j
(May include police and/or security
forces)
March 2003 - June 2006
The Lancet, “Mortality after the
426,369 - 793,663
2003 Invasion of Iraq” k
(May include police and/or security
forces)
March 19, 2003 - July 31, 2006
13 Reproduced in the Department of State Iraq Weekly Status Report, September 12, 2007, at http://2001-
2009.state.gov/documents/organization/92176.pdf.
14 Brookings Institution, Iraq Index: Tracking Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq, May 25, 2010, at
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Centers/Saban/Iraq%20Index/index.pdf.
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Sources: Prepared by CRS using noted sources below.
a. Iraq Body Count, June 11, 2010, at http://www.iraqbodycount.org/.
b. Iraq Body Count, June 11, 2010 at http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/surge-2008/.
c. Iraq Coalition Casualties Count, June 11, 2010, at http://icasualties.org/Iraq/IraqiDeaths.aspx.
d. CRS discussion with Associated Press, December 4, 2009. The Associated Press notes: “These numbers are
considered a minimum, based on AP reporting. The actual number is likely higher, as many killings go
unreported or uncounted. We tally civilian, Iraqi military and Iraqi police deaths each day as reported by
police, hospital officials, morgue workers and verifiable witness accounts. The security personnel include
Iraqi military, police and police recruits, and bodyguards. Insurgent deaths are not included.”
e. Brookings Institution, Iraq Index: Tracking Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq, May 25, 2010, p. 3,
at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Centers/Saban/Iraq%20Index/index.pdf.
f.
Ibid., p. 5.
g. Derived from Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq, March 2010, p .30. http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/
Measuring_Stability_and_Security_in_Iraq_March_2009.pdf.
h. Ibid., p. 29.
i.
The Opinion Business Research, “New analysis ‘confirms’ 1 million+ Iraq casualties,” January 28, 2008, at
http://www.opinion.co.uk.
j.
Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group, “Violence-Related Mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006,” The New
England Journal of Medicine, January 31, 2008, pp. 484-492.
k. Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy et al., “Mortality After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A Cross-
Sectional Cluster Sample Survey,” The Lancet, October 21, 2006, 368 (9545), pp. 1421-1429.
Author Contact Information
Hannah Fischer
Information Research Specialist
hfischer@crs.loc.gov, 7-8989
Congressional Research Service
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