Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton
Program
Randy Schnepf
Specialist in Agricultural Policy
January 4, 2010
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL32571
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress

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Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program

Summary
On December 21, 2009, Brazil announced that it was authorized by the WTO to impose trade
retaliation against up to $829.3 million in U.S. goods in 2010 in a long-running dispute over U.S.
cotton subsidies. Brazil states that it may levy duties of up to 100% on a preliminary list of 222
goods of U.S. origin valued at $561 million, then apply the remaining value of $268.3 million in
cross-retaliation (i.e., retaliatory countermeasures in sectors outside of the trade in goods, most
notably in the area of U.S. copyrights and patents). Brazil has not yet finalized its decision to
actually impose retaliatory measures; however, Brazil has said that it would announce a final list
of potential retaliatory products in February 2010, when U.S. trade data becomes available.
Case DS267 has its origins in 2002. In that year, U.S. cotton exports had expanded to account for
nearly 39% of world trade—making the United States the world’s largest cotton exporter. U.S.
cotton subsidies averaged $3.8 billion per year during the 1999 to 2002 period. In late 2002,
Brazil—a major cotton export competitor—expressed its growing concerns about U.S. cotton
subsidies by initiating a WTO dispute settlement case (DS267) against specific provisions of the
U.S. cotton program. On September 8, 2004, a WTO dispute settlement panel ruled against the
United States on several key issues. This ruling was appealed by the United States, and on March
3, 2005, a WTO Appellate Body upheld the panel’s ruling and provided specific deadlines for
removal or modification of the offending U.S. subsidies.
Key findings included (1) U.S. domestic cotton subsidies exceeded WTO commitments of the
1992 benchmark year, thereby losing the protection afforded by the “Peace Clause,” which had
previously shielded them from substantive challenges; (2) the two major types of direct payments
made under U.S. farm programs—production flexibility contract payments of the 1996 farm act
and the direct payments of the 2002 farm act—do not qualify for WTO exemptions from
reduction commitments as fully decoupled income support and should therefore count against the
“Peace Clause” limits; (3) Step 2 program payments are prohibited subsidies; (4) U.S. export
credit guarantees are effectively export subsidies, making them subject to previously notified
export subsidy commitments; and (5) U.S. domestic support measures that are “contingent on
market prices” have resulted in excess cotton production and exports that, in turn, caused low
international prices and resulted in adverse effects (i.e., “serious prejudice”) to Brazil.
Brazil argued for the authority to impose countermeasures against the United States valued at
nearly $3 billion. The United States requested arbitration of Brazil’s retaliation proposal. The
WTO Dispute Settlement Body referred the matter to arbitration in July 2005; however, Brazil
and the United States mutually agreed to suspend the arbitration. Since the March 2005 ruling,
the United States has made several changes to its cotton programs to bring them into compliance
with the WTO recommendations. However, Brazil argued that the U.S. response has been both
slow and inadequate, and requested the establishment of a WTO compliance panel in August
2006 to review whether the United States had fully complied with the previous rulings. The
compliance panel ruled against the United States in December 2007, and the ruling was upheld on
appeal in June 2008. Shortly thereafter, on August 25, 2008, Brazil requested that the arbitrations
on its retaliation proposals be resumed. Nearly a year later, on August 31, 2009, the WTO
arbitration panel released its decision, generally finding in favor of Brazil’s retaliation requests
but at levels substantially reduced from those requested by Brazil. However, in a key decision, the
panel ruled that Brazil would be entitled to cross-retaliation if the overall retaliation amount
exceeds a formula-based variable annual threshold. If the threshold is surpassed, then Brazil
would be entitled to cross-retaliation in the amount in excess of the threshold.
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Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program

Contents
Overview .................................................................................................................................... 1
Phase I: Background on the U.S. Cotton Sector ........................................................................... 2
Phase II: Brazil’s WTO Dispute Settlement Case Against The U.S. Cotton Program .................... 4
Brazil’s Six Principal Claims Against U.S. Cotton Programs ................................................. 4
Claim 1: Peace Clause Violation...................................................................................... 4
Claim 2: U.S. Direct Payments Do Not Qualify for Exemption from Reduction
Commitments as Decoupled Income Support ............................................................... 6
Claim 3: The Step 2 Program Functions as an Export Subsidy ......................................... 6
Claim 4: U.S. Export Credit Guarantees Function as Export Subsidies............................. 7
Claim 5: U.S. Subsidies Have Caused “Serious Prejudice” .............................................. 8
Claim 6: FSC-ETI Act of 2000 Acts as an Export Subsidy to Upland Cotton ................. 11
Panel and Appellate Body Recommendations ...................................................................... 12
Prohibited Subsidies...................................................................................................... 12
Actionable Subsidies..................................................................................................... 12
Implementation of Panel/Appellate Body Recommendations ............................................... 13
Prohibited Subsidies Potential Time Track..................................................................... 13
Actionable Subsidies Potential Time Track.................................................................... 14
U.S. Compliance Actions .................................................................................................... 14
Phase III: WTO Compliance Panel Review and Ruling.............................................................. 15
Arbitration Requested, Then Suspended, Over Brazil’s Proposed Retaliation Amounts ........ 15
WTO Compliance Panel Rules Against the United States .................................................... 17
Phase IV: WTO Arbitration of Brazil’s Proposed Countermeasures............................................ 17
Brazil Requests Resumption of Arbitration.......................................................................... 17
Brazil Alters Its Countermeasure Request............................................................................ 18
Arbitration Panel Ruling ..................................................................................................... 19
First Finding ................................................................................................................. 19
Second Finding ............................................................................................................. 19
Third Finding................................................................................................................ 20
Fourth Finding .............................................................................................................. 20
Brazil’s Reaction........................................................................................................... 21
U.S. Reaction................................................................................................................ 21
Phase V: Retaliation .................................................................................................................. 22
Phase VI: Potential Policy Implications of WTO Panel Ruling .................................................. 23
Direct Payments Classification............................................................................................ 24
Other Cotton-Related Trade Issues ...................................................................................... 25
Role of Congress....................................................................................................................... 26

Figures
Figure 1. U.S. Cotton Production, Use, and Exports .................................................................... 2
Figure 2. USDA Cotton Support, 1992 to 2010.......................................................................... 10
Figure 3. U.S. Cotton Exports and International Cotton Price Index........................................... 10
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Figure 4. China Cotton Imports and International Cotton Price Index ........................................ 11
Figure 5. U.S. AMS Outlays, as Notified Without Direct Payments versus With Addition
of Direct Payments................................................................................................................. 25

Tables
Table 1. U.S. Upland Cotton Program Outlays and Harvest-Time Value of Production,
FY1991-FY2010...................................................................................................................... 3
Table 2. Comparison of U.S. Domestic Cotton Support in Accordance with
Article 13(b)(ii)........................................................................................................................ 5
Table 3. Timeline: U.S.-Brazil WTO Dispute Settlement Case 267 ............................................ 27

Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 30

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Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program

Overview
This report provides a description and status report on Brazil’s challenge of certain aspects of the
U.S. cotton program under the rules of the WTO Dispute Settlement process in case DS267.1 The
“Brazil cotton case” had its WTO origins in 2002 and has since evolved into a sprawling legal
enterprise that is still ongoing as of late 2009.
The latest event in the case’s chronology occurred on November 19, 2009, when the WTO’s
Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) granted authorization to Brazil to impose countermeasures
against the United States. On December 21, 2009, Brazil announced that it was authorized by the
WTO to impose trade retaliation against up to $829.3 million in U.S. goods in 2010 (based on
2008 data). Brazil states that it may levy duties of up to 100% on a list of 222 goods of U.S.
origin valued at $561 million, then apply the remaining value of $268.3 million in cross-
retaliation—that is, retaliatory countermeasures in sectors outside of the trade in goods, most
notably in the area of U.S. copyrights and patents. The United States claims that changes made to
the U.S. cotton program since the initial adverse appeals ruling in this case (March 3, 2005) have
now brought U.S. cotton provisions into full compliance. However, Brazil argues that U.S.
program changes are still insufficient. Brazil has not yet finalized its decision to actually impose
retaliatory measures, but appears on the verge of initiating retaliation in 2010.
Along the way, this case appears to have touched on many aspects of WTO legal procedure,
including an initial WTO panel and appeal phase, a compliance dispute phase, and the ongoing
retaliation phase. Because of the case’s longevity and complicated legal twists and turns, this
report seeks to keep the timeline clear and to footnote official reference documents. The report is
broken into six separate components, each representing a different (and somewhat independent)
phase of the case. These phases are followed by a summary of the potential role of Congress with
respect to the WTO case rulings and their implications for U.S. cotton programs.
1. Phase I: Pre-case background on the U.S. cotton sector and its global context.
2. Phase II: Brazil’s WTO dispute settlement case against U.S. cotton programs.
a. Brazil’s specific charges and the WTO panel’s findings.
b. WTO panel and Appellate Body (AB) recommendations.
c. Implementation timeline for panel and AB recommendations.
3. Phase III: WTO compliance panel and AB review of U.S. compliance with
dispute settlement panel’s and AB’s recommendations.
4. Phase IV: WTO arbitration of Brazil’s request for retaliatory countermeasures.
5. Phase V: Retaliation.
6. Phase VI: Discussion of the potential policy implications of this WTO case for
the U.S. cotton sector.
7. Role of Congress.

1 Official WTO documents as cited in Table 3 and throughout this report are available at http://docsonline.wto.org/
under a simple search using the specific “document symbol” cited, e.g., WT/DS267/1.
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The report also provides a timetable (Table 3 at the end of the report) of the WTO dispute
settlement process to facilitate the reader’s understanding of and access to the multifaceted legal
procedures involved in the case’s slow progression. However, the main thrust of this report is to
provide an economic and policy perspective on the case’s developments. For information on the
legal aspects of WTO dispute settlement cases in general, and the cotton case in particular, see
CRS Report RL32014, WTO Dispute Settlement: Status of U.S. Compliance in Pending Cases, by
Jeanne J. Grimmett.
Phase I: Background on the U.S. Cotton Sector
The cotton industry is a major component of the U.S. agricultural sector. From 1991 to 2008 U.S.
cash receipts from cotton production averaged $4.9 billion per year, while export sales averaged
nearly $2.9 billion. Cotton is grown across the southern tier of states stretching from Virginia
down through the Carolinas and into Georgia, then westward through a belt of contiguous states
to California. Texas is the largest cotton-producing state, accounting for an average of 26% of
U.S. production since 1990. In 2002, when Brazil first originated its WTO dispute settlement case
against U.S. cotton programs, 17 states reported cotton production valued at over $20 million.
The United States is the third-largest producer of cotton in the world, behind China and India, and
the world’s largest cotton exporter. In the 1990s, U.S. exports accounted for 25% of world trade
in cotton. However, since 2000 the United States has accounted for an increasing share of world
trade (averaging 37%). U.S. exports as a share of domestic production have averaged nearly 70%
since 2001, up from a 40% average during the early 1990s, due in large part to a decline in
domestic mill use. (See Figure 1.) U.S. prominence in global markets coupled with large U.S.
subsidy levels have directed international attention to U.S. cotton program outlays in recent years.
Figure 1. U.S. Cotton Production, Use, and Exports
25
1999-2002
Production
s 20
le
ba
15
-pound
0
Domestic Use
8
10
illion 4
M
5
Exports
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Source: USDA, PSD database, August 12, 2009.
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Cotton is one of the principal U.S. program crops, along with wheat, rice, feed grains, soybeans,
and peanuts. Traditionally, qualifying U.S. cotton producers were eligible for direct payments,
counter-cyclical payments, loan deficiency payments, Step 2 payments, and other program
benefits.2 Since 2000, U.S. farm subsidies for cotton production have averaged $3.5 billion per
year, while the harvest-time value of production has averaged $4.3 billion (Table 1).
Table 1. U.S. Upland Cotton Program Outlays and Harvest-Time Value
of Production, FY1991-FY2010
($ millions)
Outlays
Value of
Fiscal yeara
Cashc Non-Cashd Total productionb
1991 382
13
395
5,076
1992 1,443
373
1,816
4,912
1993 2,239
572
2,810
4,274
1994 1,539
292
1,831
4,523
1995 99
3
101
6,795
1996 685
0
685
6,573
1997 561
0
561
6,410
1998 1,132
25
1,157
5,972
1999 1,882
230
2,112
4,122
2000 3,809
862
4,671
3,812
2001 1,868
381
2,249
4,257
2002 3,307
1,818
5,125
2,904
2003 2,889
689
3,578
3,676
2004 1,372
169
1,541
5,415
2005 4,245
1,458
5,703
4,643
2006 3,982
939
4,921
5,470
2007 2,592
973
3,565
4,819
2008e 1,604
398
2,002
5,468
2009e 3,191
na
3,191
3,014
2010e 2,472
na
2,472
3,424
Sum: 1991-2010
41,292
9,194
50,486
95,559
Average: 1991-1999
1,107
167
1,274
5,406
Average: 2000-2010
2,852
854
3,547
4,264
Source: USDA, Farm Service Agency (FSA), Budget Division, History of Budgetary Expenditures of the
Commodity Credit Corporation, Books 3 (April 9, 2001) and 4 (July 15, 2003); and FSA Budget Table No. 35,
Aug. 25, 2009, available at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=about&subject=landing&topic=bap-bu-cc.
Note: na = not available. Data are for program outlays within the reported fiscal year. Payments may be specific
to cotton from several different crop or marketing year.
a. The fiscal year starts Oct. 1 and ends Sept. 30 of the following year. Fiscal year identification is with the
second year. For example, FY1993 starts Oct. 1, 1992, and runs through Sept. 30, 1993.

2 The Step 2 cotton-user payments program was ended on August 1, 2006, by P.L. 109-171.
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b. Production is valued at harvest-time prices. Each production value is for the crop harvested during the crop
year preceding the designated fiscal year.
c. Includes deficiency payments, production flexibility contract payments, loan deficiency payments, user
market payments (Step 2), marketing loss payments, outlays from general loan operations, and other
miscellaneous payments.
d. Includes loan repayment write-offs (otherwise referred to as producer marketing loan gains) and certificate
sales proceeds/losses, both of which are treated as non-cash transactions.
e. USDA estimate, Table 35, “CCC Net Outlays by Commodity and Function,” August 25, 2008, available at
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/dam/bud/bud1.htm; and USDA FY2010 Mid-Session Review, Commodity Estimates
Book, August 25, 2009.
Phase II: Brazil’s WTO Dispute Settlement Case
Against The U.S. Cotton Program
In 2002, Brazil—a major cotton export competitor—expressed its growing concerns about U.S.
cotton subsidies by initiating a WTO dispute settlement case (DS267) against certain features of
the U.S. cotton program. Once initiated, a dispute settlement case follows a sequence of events
designed to produce resolution of the dispute within a 12-15 month time frame. However, the
WTO dispute settlement (DS) process that reviewed Brazil’s charges against the U.S. cotton
program has extended well beyond the hypothetical 15-month time frame. In this particular case,
the initial WTO panel review took 17 months from the establishment of the panel in March 2003
to its final ruling in September 2004.
Furthermore, substantial additional time has since been added to the dispute settlement process—
first, for an Appellate Body review of the initial ruling on appeal, then for a WTO compliance
panel to review a dispute over U.S. compliance with the initial panel’s ruling, and finally for an
arbitrator to review a disagreement between Brazil and the United States over Brazil’s proposed
retaliation amounts. See Table 3 for a timeline of the dispute settlement case and all its related
events.
With respect to the initial dispute settlement case, it was broadly written and touched on almost
every aspect of U.S. commodity programs, although the focus was on the six principal claims
described below along with the WTO dispute settlement panel finding (of September 8, 2004) and
Appellate Body (AB) ruling (of March 3, 2005).3
Brazil’s Six Principal Claims Against U.S. Cotton Programs
Claim 1: Peace Clause Violation
Brazil claimed that the United States was no longer exempt from WTO dispute proceedings under
the so-called “peace clause” (Article 13) of the WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture (AA) because
U.S. domestic and export subsidies to its cotton sector were in excess of its 1992 benchmark
level.4 Prior to its expiry in January of 2004, Article 13 exempted domestic support measures that

3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs [Ministério das Relações Exteriores], Brasilia; “Brazil-U.S.A. Dispute on Subsidies on
Upland Cotton,” translation from the original in Portuguese, Nota no 248-18/06/2004; Distribuição 22 e 23.
4 WTO, The Legal Texts: The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Cambridge Univ.
(continued...)
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complied with the AA’s requirements from being challenged as illegal subsidies through dispute
settlement proceedings, as long as the level of support for a commodity remained at or below the
benchmark 1992 marketing year (MY) levels.5 Brazil argued that U.S. cotton subsidies were
about $2 billion in MY1992 compared with over $4 billion in MY2001. Therefore, Brazil argued
that the United States was no longer in compliance with the requisite conditions and could no
longer seek protection under the WTO’s peace clause rule.
In response, U.S. trade officials argued that WTO members agreed to the peace clause
recognizing that agricultural subsidies could not be eliminated immediately and needed, under
certain conditions, to be exempted from the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)
Agreement and GATT 1994 subsidies disciplines. As a result, U.S. officials argued that the words
“exempt from actions” as used in Article 13 of the AA were of overarching importance and
precluded not only the “taking of legal steps to ... obtain a remedy,” as Brazil has argued, but also
the “taking of legal steps to establish a claim.”6 Furthermore, U.S. trade officials argued that the
immunity granted by the peace clause was still important, since even if a country was no longer in
compliance with the peace clause, it was incumbent on the complaining party to prove there had
been injury. (See “Claim 5: U.S. Subsidies Have Caused “Serious Prejudice”,’” below.)
Finding 1
The panel found (and was upheld by the AB) that Brazil had successfully discharged its burden to
show that U.S. domestic cotton support measures during MY1999-MY2002 (which averaged
$3.28 billion) were in excess of WTO commitments (of $2.0 billion) during MY1992. (See Table
2.) As a result, U.S. domestic cotton support measures lost the protection afforded by the “Peace
Clause,” which had shielded them from substantive challenges in the past. This occurred in part
because, under Finding 2, Production Flexibility Contract and Direct Payment outlays were
included with other commodity program outlays and evaluated against “peace clause” limits.
Table 2. Comparison of U.S. Domestic Cotton Support in Accordance with
Article 13(b)(ii)
$
million MY1992 MY1999 MY2000 MY2001 MY2002
Total
$ 2,012.7
$ 3,404.4
$ 2,429.3
$ 4,144.2
$ 3,140.3
Source: United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton, “Report of the Panel,” WTO, WT/DS267/R, Sept. 8, 2004; p.
157.

(...continued)
Press, ©World Trade Organization 1999; hereafter referred to as WTO Legal Texts. Text of the Agreement on
Agriculture is available online at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/14-ag.pdf.
5 USDA reports commodity program outlays on a fiscal year (FY) basis. (See Table 1.) However, marketing year data,
not fiscal year, must be used in the WTO case. The U.S. cotton marketing year starts August 1 and ends July 31 of the
following year, but identifies with the first year, such that MY1992 starts August 1, 1992, and ends July 31, 1993. The
principal period in question, MY1999-MY2002, corresponds roughly with FY2000-FY2003.
6 United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton, WT/DS267, “Initial Brief of the United States of America on the
Question Posed by the Panel,” June 13, 2003; available from the USTR website at http://www.ustr.gov/assets/
Trade_Agreements/Monitoring_Enforcement/Dispute_Settlement/WTO/Dispute_Settlement_Listings/
asset_upload_file376_5598.pdf.
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Claim 2: U.S. Direct Payments Do Not Qualify for Exemption from Reduction
Commitments as Decoupled Income Support
Brazil claimed that two types of U.S. payments—production flexibility contract (PFC) payments
made under the 1996 farm bill and direct payments (DP) made under the 2002 farm bill—failed
to fully meet the conditions for decoupled income support in Annex 2 of the Agreement on
Agriculture and should therefore be counted against the U.S. “Peace Clause” domestic support
benchmark limit.
The United States considers both PFC and DP programs to be consistent with WTO language for
exempt domestic support that has “no, or at most minimal, trade-distorting effects or effects on
production.”7 As a result, the United States notifies both the PFC and DP outlays as “green box”
where they are not subject to any limits. Furthermore, the United States argued strongly against
including such “minimally distorting, non-commodity specific” payments in evaluating whether
the United States has met or exceeded its “peace clause” limits.
Finding 2
The panel found (and was upheld by the AB) that U.S. payments made under the PFC and DP
programs, because of the prohibition on planting fruits, vegetables, and wild rice on covered
program acreage,8 do not qualify for the WTO’s green box category of domestic spending. (The
green box contains only non-distorting program payments and is not subject to any limit). Instead,
they should be counted as domestic subsidies directly affecting cotton production (i.e., distorting)
and be included with other commodity program outlays to evaluate whether the United States has
met or exceeded its “peace clause” limits.
Claim 3: The Step 2 Program Functions as an Export Subsidy
Brazil argued that Step 2 payments made under the U.S. cotton program functioned as export
subsidies and were inconsistent with U.S. WTO obligations regarding export subsidies as
specified under the SCM Agreement.
Step 2 payments were part of special cotton marketing provisions authorized under U.S. farm
program legislation to keep U.S. upland cotton competitive on the world market.9 Step 2
payments were made to exporters and domestic mill users to compensate them for their purchase
of higher priced U.S. upland cotton. Under the 2002 farm act, the Step 2 payment rate for the
2002-2005 marketing years was calculated as the difference between the price of U.S. upland
cotton, delivered c.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) in Northern Europe, and the average of the five
lowest prices of upland cotton delivered c.i.f. Northern Europe from any source.10

7 WTO, “Annex 2—Domestic Support: The Basis for Exemption from the Reduction Commitments,” paragraphs 5 and
6, Agreement on Agriculture, WTO Legal Texts.
8 For more information on these restrictions see USDA, Farm Service Agency, Fact Sheet, Direct and Counter-Cyclical
Payment Program Wild Rice, Fruit, and Vegetable Provisions, February 2003, at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/pas/
publications/facts/html/fav03.htm.
9 The Step 2 cotton program was eliminated on August 1, 2006 (Sec. 1103, P.L. 109-171).
10 Only prices for Middling (M) 1-3/32-inch upland cotton are used in the calculation. Also, certain price triggers must
be met and held for a specified period of time before payments can be made. For information on the Step 2 program
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The United States argued that Step 2 payments were part of its domestic support program since
they were targeted to domestic cotton users as well as exporters. As a result, Step 2 payments
were notified to the WTO as “amber” box (trade-distorting) domestic support payments and not
as export subsidies. Consequently, U.S. trade officials contended that Step 2 payments were not
subject to any limitations placed on export subsidies.
Finding 3
In its finding, the panel considered Step 2 program payments to eligible exporters separately from
payments to domestic users.
• Payments to exporters were found to be “contingent upon export performance”
and therefore qualified as prohibited export subsidies in violation of WTO
commitments.
• Payments to domestic users were found to be “contingent on the use of domestic
over imported goods” and therefore qualified as prohibited import substitution
subsidies.
The DS panel finding was upheld by the Appellate Body.
Claim 4: U.S. Export Credit Guarantees Function as Export Subsidies
Brazil claimed that the favorable terms (i.e., the interest rate and time period that countries have
to pay back the financing) provided under U.S. export credit guarantee programs—GSM-102,
GSM-103, and the Supplier Credit Guarantee Program (SCGP)11—were effectively export
subsidies inconsistent with the WTO’s AA and SCM Agreements. Further, the subsidy effects of
export credit guarantees applied not only to cotton, but to other eligible commodities.12
U.S. trade officials argued that the U.S. export credit guarantee programs were consistent with
WTO obligations. Furthermore, the United States asserted that Article 10.2 of the AA reflected
the deferral of disciplines on export credit guarantee programs contemplated by WTO members to
the next WTO multilateral negotiating round—the Doha Round.
Finding 4
The panel found (and was upheld by the AB) that U.S. export credit guarantees effectively
functioned as export subsidies because the financial benefits returned by these programs failed to
cover their long-run operating cost.13 Furthermore, the panel found that this applies, not just to

(...continued)
and other U.S. cotton program features, see USDA, ERS, “Cotton Briefing Room,” at http://www.ers.usda.gov/
Briefing/Cotton/.
11 GSM-103 and SCGP were eliminated by the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246; Sec. 3101(a)) upon its enactment on June
18, 2008. For information on the U.S. GSM-102 program, see USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service, “Export Credit
Guarantee Programs,” at http://www.fas.usda.gov/excredits/default.htm.
12 For a list of commodities eligible for export credit guarantees see USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service, USDA
Amends Commodity Eligibility under Credit Guarantee Programs, News Release, September 24, 2002; available at
http://www.fas.usda.gov/scriptsw/PressRelease/pressrel_dout.asp?Entry=valid&PrNum=0346-02.
13 Found to violate Annex I(j) of the SCM, WTO Legal Texts, p. 267, which identifies as an export subsidy, “The
(continued...)
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cotton, but to all commodities that benefit from U.S. commodity support programs and receive
export credit guarantees. As a result, export credit guarantees for any recipient commodity are
subject to previously scheduled export subsidy commitments for that commodity. This refers to
those U.S. export subsidies under the Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and the Dairy Export
Incentive Program (DEIP).14 Under these criteria, export credit guarantees benefits extended to
cotton and other “unscheduled” commodities (that are supported under U.S. agricultural
programs) were found to be in violation of previous WTO commitments.15 With respect to
“scheduled” commodities, export credit guarantees extended to U.S. rice exports were found to be
in violation of previous EEP volume commitments. The panel found (and was upheld by the AB)
that “unscheduled” commodities not supported under U.S. agricultural programs, as well as
scheduled agricultural products that remain within WTO commitments are exempt from actions
under this dispute settlement case.
Claim 5: U.S. Subsidies Have Caused “Serious Prejudice”
Brazil argued that domestic farm subsidies provided to U.S. cotton growers contributed to
significant overproduction and resulted in a surge in U.S. cotton exports, particularly during the
1999-2002 marketing years, when unusually large outlays were made under provisions of the
U.S. cotton program (see Table 1 and Figure 1). Brazil claimed that the resultant rise in U.S.
exports led to three market conditions, each of which contributed to serious injury to Brazilian
cotton exporters: (i) an increase in the U.S. share of the world upland cotton market; (ii) a
displacement of Brazilian upland cotton sales in third-country markets; and (iii) a steep decline in
world cotton prices (see Figure 2 and Figure 3).16
In particular, Brazil claimed that injury to its economy due to low cotton prices, measured as the
sum of individual negative impacts on income, foreign trade revenue, fiscal revenues, related
services (transportation and ginning), and employment, exceeded $600 million in 2001 alone.
Brazil asserted that injury under each of these three circumstances are in violation of the SCM
Agreement.17 In addition, Brazil argued that these same programs would be harmful (i.e.,
threatened serious prejudice) in future years.

(...continued)
provision by governments (or special institutions controlled by governments) of export credit guarantee or insurance
programmes, of insurance or guarantee programmes against increases in the cost of exported products or of exchange
risk programmes, at premium rates which are inadequate to cover the long-term operating costs and losses of the
programmes.”
14 The United States has scheduled export subsidy reduction commitments for the following thirteen commodities:
wheat, coarse grains, rice, vegetable oils, butter and butter oil, skim milk powder, cheese, other milk products, bovine
meat, pigmeat, poultry meat, live dairy cattle, and eggs. For more information on the EEP and DEIP programs, see
CRS Report RL33553, Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs, by Charles E. Hanrahan.
15 Those agricultural products which did not receive U.S. farm program support payments, but whose exports were
otherwise assisted by export credit guarantee program are excluded from this case; WT/DS267/R, p. 348(d)(ii).
16 Articles 5(c) and 6.3(b) of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) deal with subsidies that
result in adverse effects in other WTO-member countries. Brazil specifically identified Argentina, Bangladesh,
Colombia, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Portugal, Philippines, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland,
Thailand, and Turkey as the relevant third-country markets. WTO “Communication from Brazil,” WT/DS267/9, March
21, 2003.
17 Text of the Agreement on SCM is available online at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm.pdf.
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U.S. trade officials argued that the subsidies provided to U.S. cotton growers have been within the
allowable WTO limits and are consistent with U.S. WTO obligations. Furthermore, they argued
that the decline in U.S. domestic use (due to declining U.S. competitiveness in textile and apparel
production), rather than government support program outlays, contributed to larger U.S. raw
cotton exports. In addition, they contended that international market forces—including weakness
in world demand for cotton due to competing, low-priced synthetic fibers, and weak world
economic growth—have played a larger role in determining the generally weak price level during
the period in question, rather than U.S. export levels. For example, see Figure 4 for a visibly
strong correlation between China cotton imports and the international cotton “A-index.”
In evaluating this particular claim, the DS panel separated U.S. cotton support programs into two
groups: those that are directly contingent on market price levels (i.e., loan deficiency payments,
marketing loss assistance payments, counter-cyclical payments, and Step 2 payments), and those
that are not (i.e., PFC and Direct Payments, and the federal crop insurance program).
Finding 5
The panel found (and was upheld by the AB) that U.S. domestic support measures that are
directly contingent on market price levels caused serious prejudice in terms of market price
suppression for the period 1999 to 2002. However, U.S. domestic support measures that are not
contingent on market price levels were not included in this finding as the panel could not find
enough of a connection between the direct payments program and cotton planting decisions to
declare the direct payments program a serious factor in price suppression.18
The panel also did not find in favor of Brazil’s alleged serious prejudice in terms of an effect on
international market share. Article 6.3 of the SCM lists several factors indicating serious
prejudice; the panel only had to find one of the factors in violation to rule in Brazil’s favor on the
claim of serious prejudice during the 1999 to 2002 period.
With respect to Brazil’s claim of a threat of serious prejudice going forward (i.e., 2003 to 2007—
the remaining life of the 2002 farm act), the panel stated in its final report that those “prohibited”
subsidies that cause the serious prejudice during the 1999-to-2002 period—namely, user
marketing (Step 2) payments to exporters and domestic users; and export credit guarantees in
respect of certain products under the GSM-102, GSM-103, and SCGP programs—must be
withdrawn “without delay” pursuant to Article 4.7 of the SCM Agreement.19 According to the
panel, required withdrawal of the prohibited subsidies, within the time frame set by the panel,
would curtail the future threat posed by U.S. cotton support programs. As a result, the panel stated
that “it is not necessary or appropriate to address Brazil’s claims of threat of serious prejudice ...
”20


18 WT/DS267/R, paragraph 7.1307, p. 307.
19 Report of the Panel, “United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton,” WTO, WT/DS267/R, para 7.1503, September 8,
2004, p. 345; hereafter referred to as WTO, WT/DS267/R.
20 Ibid.
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Figure 2. USDA Cotton Support, 1992 to 2010
6
100
A-Indexa
4
80
s
und
n
r po
illio
e
b
p
$
s
nt
e
2
60
C
U.S. Government Support
0
40
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010

Source: USDA, FSA budget data (cash and non-cash support).
Note: Data for 2009 and 2010 are forecasts.
a. The A-index is an average of the five lowest priced types of 1-3/32 inch staple length cotton offered on the
European market from 1990 through 2008, and in Far East markets in 2009.
Figure 3. U.S. Cotton Exports and International Cotton Price Index
20
100
A-Indexa
15
1999-2002
85
s
n
o
t
und
tric
e
r po
10
70
e
m
p
n
s
nt
illio
e
M
C
5
55
U.S. exports
0
40
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010

Source: USDA, PSD online data base, August 12, 2009.
a. The A-index is an average of the five lowest priced types of 1-3/32 inch staple length cotton offered on the
European market from 1990 through 2008, and in Far East markets in 2009.
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Figure 4. China Cotton Imports and International Cotton Price Index
5
100
A-Indexa
4
s
n
80
o
t 3
und
tric
e
r po
e
m
p
n
s
2
nt
illio
e
M
60
C
Imports
1
0
40
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010

Source: USDA, PSD online data base, August 12, 2009.
a. The A-index is an average of the five lowest priced types of 1-3/32 inch staple length cotton offered on the
European market from 1990 through 2008, and in Far East markets in 2009.
Claim 6: FSC-ETI Act of 2000 Acts as an Export Subsidy to Upland Cotton
Brazil claimed that the Foreign Sales Corporation Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Act of 2000
(ETI Act of 2000), by eliminating tax liabilities for U.S. upland cotton exporters who sell to
foreign markets, constitutes an export subsidy and is inconsistent with U.S. export subsidy
commitments for cotton.
The United States asserted throughout the proceedings that Brazil failed to make any specific case
with respect to the ETI Act of 2000 and U.S. upland cotton exports.
Finding 6
The panel concurred with the United States (and was upheld by the AB) in stating that Brazil
failed to present any new arguments or evidence concerning effects upon upland cotton, but
instead simply repeated the arguments that the European Union made in its WTO dispute
settlement case with the United States (DS108).21 As a result, the panel declined to further
examine Brazil’s claims on this particular issue.

21 For more information on DS108, see CRS Report RL32014, WTO Dispute Settlement: Status of U.S. Compliance in
Pending Cases, by Jeanne J. Grimmett.
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Panel and Appellate Body Recommendations
The initial panel’s final ruling was released publicly on September 8, 2004. The following month
(October 18, 2004) the United States notified the WTO of its intent to appeal the panel’s ruling. A
WTO Appellate Body (AB) reviewed the legality of the case and issued its final report on March
3, 2005, upholding most of the initial panel’s rulings. The policy recommendations that emerged
from the panel and AB rulings are described below.
Prohibited Subsidies
The AB recommended that the United States withdraw those support programs identified as
prohibited subsidies within six months of the date of adoption of the panel report by the Dispute
Settlement Body (DSB) or by July 1, 2005 (whichever was earlier).22 Since the DSB adopted the
AB and panel reports on March 21, 2005, the relevant deadline for withdrawal was July 1, 2005.
The list of prohibited subsidies subject to withdrawal “without delay” included the following.
Prohibited Export Subsidies
• Export credit guarantees under GSM-102, GSM-103, and SCGP that assist
exports of upland cotton and other unscheduled agricultural products that are
supported under government agricultural support programs;
• Export credit guarantees under GSM-102, GSM-103, and SCGP that assist
exports of one scheduled agricultural product (rice), but in excess of the
scheduled volume; and
• Step 2 program payments to exporters of upland cotton.
Prohibited Import Substitution Subsidy
• Step 2 payments to domestic users of upland cotton.
In contrast, unscheduled agricultural products not supported under government agricultural
support programs and scheduled agricultural product exports that remain within their schedules
were judged not to circumvent U.S. export commitments and therefore were not subject to trade
remedy actions in this case.
Actionable Subsidies
The panel recommended that the United States take appropriate steps by September 21, 2005, to
remove the adverse effects or to withdraw those U.S. subsidy measures singled out as price-
contingent—marketing loan provisions, Step 2 payments, and CCP payments. These subsidies
were identified as “actionable” subsidies that contributed adverse effects to the interests of Brazil
during the marketing years 1999-2002.
It is noteworthy that the actionable subsidies remedy dealt with adverse effects that occurred
during a historical time period and not future prejudice or injury. In support of this concept, the

22 Done in accordance with SCM, Article 4.7.
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panel stated (in its original ruling on the “threat of serious prejudice” by actionable subsidies) that
U.S. compliance with recommendations on prohibited subsidies—i.e., the Step 2 provisions and
export credit guarantees—could so significantly transform the basket of measures currently in
question that it was not necessary or appropriate to address Brazil’s claims of threat of serious
prejudice.23 This appeared to leave open the possibility that removal of the prohibited subsidies
might resolve the dispute under the actionable subsidies recommendation.
Implementation of Panel/Appellate Body Recommendations24
Following is a discussion of how the implementation phase was to unfold in accordance with
WTO rules and how the actual implementation has unfolded to date.
In accordance with WTO rules, the evolution of the implementation phase depends on how both
parties choose to respond to the different sequences of events as they unfold. In addition to the
potential time tracks described below, the implementation phase also provides opportunities for
the disputing parties to mutually resolve the dispute. If the United States were to fail to comply,
Brazil could (upon visible evidence of noncompliance) request negotiations with the United
States to determine mutually acceptable compensation (e.g., tariff reductions in areas of particular
interest). Furthermore, if Brazil does not want to press ahead full force with imposing sanctions,
there is considerable opportunity to delay compliance steps.
The time track for U.S. compliance with panel and AB recommendations may diverge depending
on whether the United States chooses to respond separately to the rulings on prohibited subsidies
and actionable subsidies. This is because prohibited subsidies are given expedited treatment under
SCM, Article 4.12, which states that, “except for time-periods specifically prescribed in [SCM,
Article 4], time-periods applicable under the DSU for the conduct of such disputes shall be half
the time prescribed therein.”
Prohibited Subsidies Potential Time Track
As a result of their expedited treatment, the AB recommended that the United States remove the
prohibited export subsidies by July 1, 2005. Within 15 days after the AB and panel reports were
adopted by the DSB (done on March 21, 2005),25 the United States was expected to present an
implementation plan to the DSB, although precedence suggests that such a plan could be as
minimal as stating intentions to work with Congress to bring U.S. policies into compliance. This
was indeed the case when, on April 20, the U.S. representative to the WTO announced that the
United States intended to implement the recommendations and rulings of the DSB in a manner
that respected U.S. WTO obligations.26 The representative noted, however, that determining
acceptable options would take a reasonable period of time and requested that Brazil be willing to
consult on the potential timetable.

23 WTO, WT/DS267/R, para. 7.1503, p. 354.
24 For details, see Understanding the WTO: Settling Disputes, “The Case Has Been Decided, What Next?” at
http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/disp1_e.htm.
25 Normally a 30-day period is given to respond (DSU, Article 21.3); however, this is halved under SCM, Article 4.12.
26 U.S. Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Press Release, “Statements by the U.S. Representative at the meeting
of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body,” April 20, 2005.
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If, 10 days after the designated period (July 1, 2005) expires, no satisfactory compensation is
agreed to, the complaining side (Brazil) may ask the DSB for permission to impose limited trade
sanctions against the United States.27 The trade sanctions are limited to a value equivalent to no
more than the level of nullification or impairment of benefits. The DSB must grant this
authorization within 15 days of expiry of the “reasonable” time period unless a consensus exists
against the request.28
If the United States objects to the amount proposed by Brazil, the level of suspension would be
arbitrated (by the original panel if available). Arbitration shall be completed within 30 days after
the date of expiry of the designated period (July 1, 2005).29 No trade sanctions are to be imposed
during the arbitration period.
Once armed with the authority to impose trade sanctions, Brazil could still choose to wait. A
precedent for this occurred under the WTO Dispute Settlement case (DS108) involving the U.S.
Foreign Sales Corporation Statute. Under DS108, the European Communities (EC) requested and
received authorization to impose retaliatory measures against the United States on May 7, 2003.30
However, the EC refrained from immediate action, stating that it would review U.S. actions for a
period of time before proceeding. The EC eventually began imposing additional duties on U.S.
products in March 2004.
Actionable Subsidies Potential Time Track
In contrast to the July 1, 2005, deadline, the removal of actionable subsidies is subject to a six-
month period starting on the date of adoption of the AB and panel reports (March 21, 2005).31 As
a result, the panel recommended that, upon adoption of its final report, the United States take
appropriate steps to remove the adverse effects or to withdraw those subsidies identified as
contributing to serious prejudice to the interests of Brazil—marketing loan provisions, Step 2
payments, and CCP payments—by September 21, 2005. Thus, in every other respect, the
timetable for actionable subsidies would follow the same sequence of events listed above for
prohibited subsidies, but subject to the full time allotment for each event as described in the
preceding footnotes rather than the “halved” time periods.
U.S. Compliance Actions
A spokesperson for the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) expressed
disappointment in the AB ruling, but also said that USTR would study the AB report carefully
and work closely with Congress and U.S. farmers on its next steps.32 However, U.S. officials said

27 Normally a 20-day period is given (DSU, Article 22.2); however, for disputes involving prohibited subsidies the
prescribed time is halved (SCM, Article 4.12).
28 Normally a 30-day period is given for authorization (DSU, Article 22.6); however, for disputes involving prohibited
subsidies the prescribed time is halved (SCM, Article 4.12).
29 Normally a 60-day period is given for arbitration (DSU, Article 22.6); however, for disputes involving prohibited
subsidies the prescribed time is halved (SCM, Article 4.12).
30 For more information on case DS108, see CRS Report RL32014, WTO Dispute Settlement: Status of U.S.
Compliance in Pending Cases, by Jeanne J. Grimmett.
31 In accordance with SCM, Article 7.9.
32 Inside U.S. Trade, “Appellate Body Favors Brazil in Cotton Subsidies Challenge,” Vol. 23, No.9, March 4, 2005.
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that they prefer to resolve the cotton case through trade negotiations in the WTO Doha Round
rather than a separate settlement.33 The National Cotton Council (NCC) of America—the
principal national organization representing the interests of U.S. producers, ginners, warehousers,
merchants, cottonseed processors/dealers, cooperatives and textile manufacturers—also expressed
disappointment in the AB ruling, but stated that it would work with USTR and USDA to
coordinate a response to the decision.34
On July 1, 2005, USDA instituted a temporary fix for its export credit guarantee programs,
whereby the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) would use a risk-based fee structure for the
GSM-102 and SCGP programs. The new structure responded to a key finding by the WTO that
the fees charged by the programs should be risk-based. The 1% cap on user fees for GSM-102,
the primary export credit program, was cited by the DS panel as contributing to the subsidy
component of the GSM program. Higher fees would ensure that the financial benefits returned by
these programs would fully cover their long-run operating costs, and eliminate the subsidy
component. USDA could not remove the cap administratively as it is required by statute (7 U.S.C.
5641). In addition, the CCC stopped accepting applications for payment guarantees under GSM-
103.
On August 1, 2006, the Step 2 cotton program, which was authorized by the 2002 farm act (P.L.
107-171, Section 1207), was eliminated by a provision (Section 1103) in the Deficit Reduction
Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171).
On June 18, 2008, the date of enactment of the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246), a provision (Sec.
3101(a)) in the Trade Title (Title III) eliminated the GSM-103 and SCGP programs, and removed
the 1% cap on fees that can be charged under the GSM-102 program, thus bringing U.S. export
credit programs into apparent full compliance with WTO rules.
At this point the Administration likely felt that sufficient program changes had been enacted to
fully comply with the both the prohibited and actionable subsidies portion of the WTO ruling.
Phase III: WTO Compliance Panel Review and
Ruling
This section describes Brazil’s charges of noncompliance, the proposed retaliation, the beginning
of WTO arbitration over the size and nature of the proposed retaliation, and a ruling by a WTO
compliance panel reviewing whether the U.S. had fully complied with earlier recommendations.
Arbitration Requested, Then Suspended, Over Brazil’s Proposed
Retaliation Amounts
As the reform deadlines under the two different subsidy types expired, Brazil first requested (July
4, 2005) authorization from the WTO to impose $3 billion in countermeasures against the

33 Congressional Daily, “Comply Quickly With WTO Ruling, Brazil Urges U.S.” March 15, 2005.
34 NCC, “NCC Statement on WTP Appellate Ruling,” March 3, 2005; available at http://www.cotton.org/news/
releases/2005/wtostatement.cfm.
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prohibited U.S. subsidies. According to WTO rules, trade sanctions are limited to a value not to
exceed the level of lost benefits. The $3 billion value corresponded to (1) Step 2 payments made
in the then-most-recently-concluded marketing year (2004/2005) and (2) the total of exporter
applications received under the three export credit guarantee programs, for all unscheduled
commodities and for rice, for the then-most-recent fiscal year (2004).35 This amount was later
pared back to $1.155 billion in annual retaliation to counter the prohibited subsidies based on
Brazil’s methodology applied to FY2006 data.36 The United States objected to the amount of
Brazil’s proposed sanctions and requested WTO arbitration.37 However, on August 18, 2005, the
United States and Brazil reached a procedural agreement temporarily suspending arbitration
proceedings concerning the prohibited subsidies.38
Then, as the September 21, 2005, deadline to address the actionable subsidy ruling expired, Brazil
charged that the United States had neither taken nor announced any specific initiative for the
price-contingent programs deemed to cause adverse effects to Brazil’s trade interest. Brazil then
requested authorization from the WTO to impose countermeasures valued at $1.037 billion as
retaliation against the actionable programs. According to WTO rules, trade retaliation should take
place within the sector where the violation occurred. In this case, retaliation would be restricted to
punitive tariffs on U.S. goods entering Brazil. However, Brazil argued that limiting retaliation to
the goods sector alone would have a more deleterious effect on the Brazilian economy (via higher
input costs) and Brazilian consumers (via higher inflation) than on U.S. exporters due to the
asymmetries between the two economies.39 Instead, Brazil proposed to suspend tariff concessions
as well as obligations under the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) in the amount of $1.307 billion
until the United States withdrew the four domestic subsidies (counter-cyclical payments, market
loss assistance payments, market loan program benefits, and Step 2 payments) or removed their
adverse effects. This type of “cross-retaliation” has been permitted twice previously in WTO
dispute settlement cases, so it is not without precedent. However, its impact is potentially very
far-ranging and could include the protection of copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, patents,
and undisclosed information, as well as withdrawal of concessions in services related to
communication, construction, distribution, finance, tourism, and transport.40
Once again, the United States objected to both the amount and nature of Brazil’s proposed request
and asked for WTO arbitration over the level of the proposed sanctions (October 18, 2005).41
Again, the United States and Brazil reached a procedural agreement (December 7, 2005), thereby
temporarily suspending further retaliation proceedings on the actionable subsidies.42

35 For details, see CRS Report RL32014, WTO Dispute Settlement: Status of U.S. Compliance in Pending Cases, by
Jeanne J. Grimmett.
36 Presented in Brazil’s written submission to the WTO arbitration panel, January 13, 2009.
37 WTO official document WT/DS267/24, July 19, 2005. Official WTO documents are accessible online at
http://docsonline.wto.org/gen_search.asp?searchmode=simple.
38 WT/DS267/25, August 18, 2005.
39 “U.S., Brazil Clash on Cotton Sanctions,” International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD),
Bridges, vol. 12, no. 6, January 2009.
40 Ibid.
41 WT/DS267/27, October 18, 2005.
42 WT/DS267/29, December 7, 2005.
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The suspensions were likely intended to permit policy reform to occur in a less confrontational
forum under either the then-ongoing congressional debate on an extension or revision of U.S.
farm legislation (as current farm law was set to expire in 2007) or the ongoing Doha negotiations.
WTO Compliance Panel Rules Against the United States
Initially Brazil showed a willingness to permit the U.S. legislative process—motivated by the
2007 expiration of U.S. farm programs and the prospects of a successful Doha Round of trade
negotiations43—to bring U.S. farm programs into compliance with the WTO ruling, even if this
process extended well beyond the deadlines established under the WTO dispute settlement ruling.
However, on August 21, 2006, Brazil requested the establishment of a WTO compliance panel to
review whether the United States had fully complied with panel and AB rulings. The WTO’s
Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) agreed to establish a compliance panel at the September 28,
2006, DSB meeting. On July 27, 2007, the compliance panel released a confidential interim
ruling to the two countries that the United States had not fully complied with the March 2005
WTO ruling against certain U.S. cotton support programs. On October 15, 2007, the compliance
panel’s final report was released confidentially to the U.S. and Brazilian governments and, two
months later on December 18, 2007, it was released publicly. The panel’s final ruling confirmed
the earlier interim ruling against the United States.
In February 2008, the United States appealed the compliance panel’s ruling. On June 2, 2008, a
WTO Appellate Body (AB) publicly released its final report upholding the compliance panel’s
ruling that the United States had not fully complied with the March 2005 WTO ruling. The AB
report was adopted by the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body on June 25, 2008.
Phase IV: WTO Arbitration of Brazil’s Proposed
Countermeasures
Brazil Requests Resumption of Arbitration
On August 25, 2008, Brazil requested a resumption of the arbitration proceedings to review its
proposed retaliatory countermeasures. On October 1, 2008, Brazil and the United States agreed
on the arbitration panelists, who then were to produce a ruling within 60 days. However, the
arbitration review continued past the normally allotted 60 days and into 2009. During that period,
both parties made written submissions to the WTO arbitrator stating their positions with respect
to retaliation in this case. 44

43 For more information and an update on the status of Doha negotiations see, CRS Report RL33144, WTO Doha
Round: The Agricultural Negotiations, by Charles E. Hanrahan and Randy Schnepf.
44 United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton (WT/DS267), written submissions of the United States, December 9,
2008; and United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton (WT/DS267), written submission of Brazil, January 13, 2009.
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Brazil Alters Its Countermeasure Request
At a March 3, 2009, Dispute Settlement Body meeting, Brazil revised its total retaliation request
to $2.5 billion, down from an earlier $3 billion request. Brazil’s proposed sanctions total
comprised both prohibited and actionable subsidy countermeasure components.
Under the prohibited subsidies arbitration case, Brazil was seeking two countermeasures:
1. a one-time countermeasure in relation to the Step 2 program of $350 million
based on U.S. government payments made under the Step 2 program in
marketing year 2005 (this corresponds roughly to the period that elapsed between
the expiration of the prohibited subsidy compliance period on July 1, 2005, and
the effective repeal of the Step 2 program by the U.S. Congress on August 1,
2006); and
2. annual countermeasures proportionate to the entire annual amount of GSM 102
export credit guarantees issued to all countries for export transactions involving
unscheduled products—rice, pork, and poultry—valued at $1.155 billion during
FY2006 (initially Brazil valued this countermeasure at $1.294 million) and
composed of three parts:
a. an interest rate subsidy component amounting to $234.7 million;
b. the additional export sales obtained by the United States as a result of these
discounts, including sales to creditworthy foreign obligors, referred to as
marginal additionality and valued at $62.3 million; and
c. the additional export sales to noncreditworthy foreign obligors, referred to as
full additionality and valued at $855 million.
Under the actionable subsidies arbitration case, Brazil again asked for:
3. annual countermeasures valued at $1.037 billion until the United States withdrew
the relevant subsidies or removed their adverse effects (based on marketing year
2005 data, Brazil calculated the amount of adverse effects on the rest of the world
at $3.335 billion, although it only requested countermeasures of $1.037 billion).
Under the combined prohibited and actionable subsidy cases, Brazil asked for:
4. the right to engage in cross-retaliation—i.e., retaliatory countermeasures in
sectors outside of the trade in goods, most notably in the area of U.S. copyrights
and patents, as well as services—stating that retaliation in goods would not be
practicable or effective due to limited trade in goods between Brazil and the
United States.
The United States argued that it had removed the prohibited subsidy component of its export
credit program via provision 3101(a) of the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246). Furthermore, the
United States argued that it had operated its remaining GSM-102 export credit program at “no net
cost” to the government since 2005.45 As a result, the United States asked the arbitrators to
dismiss all claims related to prohibited subsidies since they are currently operated at “no net cost”
to the government. Furthermore, the United States argued that Brazil’s prohibited-subsidy

45 United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton (WT/DS267), written submissions of the United States, Dec. 9, 2008.
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countermeasure request continued to include a program that no longer exists (i.e., Step 2). Finally,
with respect to Brazil’s actionable-subsidy countermeasure request, the United States pointed out
that Brazil included a calculation for the entire global adverse effect and not just those adverse
effects relevant to Brazil. According to U.S. calculations, the total effects of U.S. counter-cyclical
payments and marketing loan payments on Brazil during the 2005-2007 period averaged $30.4
million per year.46
Arbitration Panel Ruling
On August 31, 2009, the arbitrator ruled on Brazil’s arbitration requests in two separate reports.47
The first report (WT/DS267/ARB/1) ruled on Brazil’s retaliation requests regarding the
prohibited subsidies—the Step 2 cotton program and the GSM 102 program (under certain
conditions)—based on Article 4.11 of the SCM Agreement. The second report
(WT/DS267/ARB/2) ruled on Brazil’s retaliation requests regarding the actionable subsidies—
market loss assistance payments, marketing loan benefits, counter-cyclical payments (CCP), and
Step 2 payments—based on Article 7.9 of the SCM Agreement. The arbitrator’s decisions are
final and are not subject to appeal.
With respect to the four main countermeasure requests, the arbitrator issued four key findings,
discussed below.
First Finding
Brazil was not entitled to its request of a one-time $350 million retaliation award to compensate
for previous Step 2 injury. In rejecting Brazil’s request on this point the arbitrator stated that
countermeasures are an exceptional temporary remedy, available only where compliance has not
been achieved, and aimed at inducing such compliance, and that in fact the United States had
fully (albeit belatedly) complied with the panel’s recommendation to eliminate the Step 2
program.
Second Finding
With respect to Brazil’s request for $1.155 billion in countermeasures related to the “prohibited”
subsidies, the arbitrator found that Brazil is only entitled to retaliate for the effects of these
subsidies on Brazilian products and not for their full effect on the rest of the world (ROW). The
arbitrator used Brazil’s share of world exports of those products receiving GSM 102 credit
guarantees (estimated to be 11.7% in 2006) to apportion Brazil’s share of the subsidy effect from
the entire global market effect. With this revision to Brazil’s formula, the arbitrator estimated the
countermeasure at $147.4 million in FY2006—comprising an interest rate effect of $25.27
million, marginal additionality of $41.3 million, and full additionality of $80.8 million.
Furthermore, the arbitrator ruled that the retaliatory amount accorded Brazil would vary each year
(via formula) based on the total of exporter applications received by the U.S. government under

46 Ibid., paragraph 312, p. 99.
47 United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton: Recourse to Arbitration by the United States under Article 22.6 of the
DSU and Article 4.11 of the SCM Agreement, WT/DS267/ARB/1, WTO, August 31, 2009; and United States –
Subsidies on Upland Cotton: Recourse to Arbitration by the United States under Article 22.6 of the DSU and Article
7.10 of the SCM Agreement, WT/DS267/ARB/2, WTO, August 31, 2009.
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the GSM 102 program for the most recently concluded fiscal year. The formula would consider
an interest rate subsidy component and the trade displacement additionality (both full and
marginal) of the subsidy component of GSM 102.
Third Finding
The arbitrator found that the amount of countermeasures specific to Brazil and commensurate
with the degree and nature of adverse effects resulting from the actionable subsidies was fixed at
an annual amount of $147.3 million. This figure was obtained, first, by a recalculation of the total
adverse effects on the ROW resulting from the actionable subsidies, to an amount of $2.905
billion in the 2005 marketing year. The adverse effect was calculated as a price effect whereby it
was determined that the world price of cotton would have been 9.38 cents per pound higher in the
absence of U.S. marketing loan benefits and CCP payments, and that the lower world price
resulted in both lost income effects in the ROW of $2.384 billion and reduced production effects
of $521.5 billion, for a total of $2.905 billion. However, the WTO arbitrator determined that
Brazil should be entitled to retaliation on only a specific portion of the $2.905 billion. The share
apportioned to Brazil was based on Brazil’s share of cotton production in the ROW in marketing
year 2005, which equaled 5.1% or $147.3 million. Furthermore, the panel fixed Brazil’s
maximum annual retaliation with respect to the “actionable” U.S. subsidies at this same $147.3
million (in other words, this amount will not vary from year to year).
Thus, the overall annual permissible retaliation amount for 2006 was $294.7 billion. Furthermore,
this amount will vary annually, since it consists of both a fixed retaliatory amount in response to
“actionable” U.S. subsidies, and a variable retaliatory amount in response to “prohibited” U.S.
subsidies.
Fourth Finding
Finally, Brazil had requested the right to engage in cross-retaliation, that is, retaliatory
countermeasures in sectors outside of the trade in goods, most notably in the area of intellectual
property (IP) rights such as copyrights and patents. A key determinant in ruling on this request
was Brazil’s contention that there is insufficient trade in consumer goods with the United States to
permit compensatory retaliatory action, and that a substantial portion of those imports were of
critical importance to Brazil’s economy such that punitive sanctions on them would harm Brazil’s
economy. However, the panel felt that a certain percentage of Brazil’s imports of consumer goods
originating from the United States should be eligible for countermeasures without causing harm
to Brazil’s economy because there was available to Brazil a sufficient amount of alternate sources
of imports or of sufficiently close substitutes in consumption so as to avoid economic harm. As a
result, the panel ruled that Brazil would be entitled to cross-retaliation, if (and only if) the overall
retaliation amount (combining both the variable and fixed components) to which it would
otherwise be entitled exceeds a variable annual threshold (described below). If the threshold is
surpassed, then Brazil would be entitled to suspend certain obligations under the TRIPS
Agreement and/or the GATS in the amount in excess of the threshold.
Threshold for Permitting Cross-Retaliation Countermeasures
For purposes of determining eligibility to apply cross-retaliation, the panel established an initial
threshold amount of $409.7 million that could be subject to countermeasures without harming
Brazil’s economy based on the volume and composition of Brazil’s imports of consumer goods in
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the year 2007. The amount of $409.7 million represents the sum of the value of those consumer
goods imported by Brazil where the U.S. share is less than 20%, excluding books and automotive
parts which are considered essential to Brazil’s economy.
The threshold amount may vary from year to year according to the following formula:
Tt+1 = Tt * (1 + g t+1)
where T2007 = $409.7 million
where
T t+1 = threshold value in year t+1
Tt = threshold value in year t
g t+1 = percentage change in the value of Brazil’s total imports from the United States between
years t and t+1.
Brazil’s Reaction
Following the arbitration panel’s ruling, Brazil has claimed that application of the panel’s
countermeasure determination formulas to preliminary 2009 data would allow for $800 million in
total retaliation, including both the fixed $147.3 million of actionable subsidy countermeasures
and $650 million of prohibited subsidy countermeasures.48 The $650 million figure results from
expanded use of GSM 102 credit guarantees by the United States during the recent fiscal year—
rising from $1.36 billion in FY2006 to $5.5 million in FY2009.49 According to Brazil, using 2009
data to calculate the threshold for cross-retaliation produces an amount of $460 million. If
confirmed, these data would suggest that Brazil would be authorized to engage in cross-retaliation
equal to $340 million (i.e., the difference between $800 million and $460 million) by suspending
commitments it made under the WTO concerning the protection of intellectual property and
services.
U.S. Reaction
USTR spokeswoman Carol Guthrie issued the following statement:50
While we remain disappointed with the outcome of this dispute, we are pleased that the
Arbitrators awarded Brazil far below the amount of countermeasures it asked for. In its first
requests for countermeasures in the Cotton dispute, Brazil asked for more than $4 billion in
annual countermeasures. During the arbitration proceedings, Brazil argued for more than $2
billion annually. Further, we are grateful that the Arbitrators denied Brazil’s request for unlimited
ability to suspend concessions on intellectual property or services. And we are pleased that the

48 “WTO Arbitration Panel Decision Falls Short of Brazilian Demands,” Inside U.S. Trades’ World Trade Online,
Daily News, August 31, 2009.
49 The actual total is $5.9 billion including the $5.5 billion allowed under the 2008 farm bill plus $465 million in re-
announcement of unutilized programs or cancelled guarantees from earlier in FY2009; available at
http://www.fas.usda.gov/excredits/ecgp.asp.
50 “USTR Statement on Awards in Brazil Cotton Dispute,” U.S.T.R., August 31, 2009; available at
http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2009/august/ustr-statement-awards-brazil-cotton-dispute.
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Arbitrators denied Brazil’s request for an additional one-time $350 million in countermeasures in
connection with the repealed Step 2 payment program for cotton.
At this time, we do not know when or if Brazil will move to obtain final authorization to suspend
concessions or when or if Brazil would act on any such authorization.
The Administration will be actively consulting within the U.S. Government and with stakeholders
on how to move forward.
U.S. industry groups, led by the National Cotton Council (NCC), argue that substantial changes
have been made to the GSM 102 programs since the initial WTO dispute settlement panel issued
its ruling in 2005 and that, as a consequence of those changes, the GSM 102 program now
operates in a fully WTO-compliant manner.51 Similarly, the NCC argues that changes under the
2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246) to the marketing loan and CCP programs have made them more
WTO-compliant. Finally, the NCC complained that the WTO arbitration ruling was based almost
entirely on 2005 data, when U.S. cotton support programs were at their peak and the U.S. share of
the world cotton market was near 40%, compared with about 12% today.52
As a result of these changed circumstances, the NCC and other U.S. farm groups are publicly
stating that USTR should seek the establishment of a new WTO compliance panel in order to
prove that U.S. cotton subsidy programs and export credit programs no longer violate WTO rules.
However, in accordance with WTO rules, even if the United States were to initiate such a new
compliance panel, Brazil would be able to proceed with its WTO-authorized retaliation.
Phase V: Retaliation
The arbitrator’s decisions are final and are not subject to appeal, and Brazil has complete freedom
to decide which products will be subject to retaliatory hikes in import tariffs and which IP and
services rights may be targeted by supplementary countermeasures.53 However, before Brazil
could proceed with any retaliation, it first had to request the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to
authorize its retaliation request in an amount, and with respect to types of trade, consistent with
these decisions. Following the circulation of the arbitrator’s Decisions on August 31, 2009, Brazil
accordingly submitted requests to the DSB to authorize the suspension of concessions or other
obligations (WT/DS267/41 and WT/DS267/42).54 Such approval is decided under reverse
consensus, such that WTO members have to decide by consensus (including Brazil voting against
itself) to not allow Brazil to proceed. On November 29, 2009, the DSB agreed to grant Brazil
authorization to impose countermeasures consistent with the arbitrator’s decisions contained in
documents WT/DS267/ARB/1 and WT/DS267/ARB/2 and Corr.1.
WTO dispute settlement rules do not require that Brazil pursue its retaliation request or, if it does
choose to do so, that it request authorization to retaliate by a given date. Other possible options

51 “WTO Arbitration Panel Ruling Fails to Recognize Changes to GSM Program; Punishes USA Despite Compliance
with WTO,” NCC news release, September 2, 2009; at http://www.cotton.org/.
52 “NCC Statement—Arbitration Determination,” NCC news release, August 31, 2009; at http://www.cotton.org/.
53 BNA, International Trade Reporter, “Brazil Says Entitled to Impose $829 Million in Annual Sanctions on U.S. in
Cotton Case,” December 24, 2009.
54 Notes from the WTO DSB meeting of November 19, 2009, at http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news09_e/
dsb_19nov09_e.htm.
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that were reported include negotiation of a settlement of the case before Brazil takes further
action in the WTO to impose retaliatory measures or, as suggested by some, a request by the
United States for a ruling by a compliance panel that the objectionable elements of the prohibited
subsidy have been eliminated.
On December 21, 2009, Brazil announced that it was authorized by the WTO to impose trade
retaliation against up to $829.3 million in U.S. goods in 2010. Brazil states that it may levy duties
of up to 100% on a preliminary list of 222 goods of U.S. origin valued at $561 million, then apply
the remaining value of $268.3 million in cross-retaliation—that is, retaliatory countermeasures in
sectors outside of the trade in goods, most notably in the area of U.S. copyrights and patents.55
Brazil has not yet finalized its decision to actually impose retaliatory measures. Brazil’s dilemma
in selecting U.S. products for retaliation is that it runs the risk of hurting its own economy if those
imported U.S. goods have few domestic substitutes but are essential for domestic industry or are
perceived as necessities by Brazilian consumers. The Brazilian government’s Foreign Trade
Chamber (CAMEX), which prepared the preliminary list of targeted goods, announced a delay
until February 2010 for the release of its final list, citing the pending availability of U.S. data on
FY2009 cotton subsidies (which provide the basis for determining the value of potential annual
retaliation).56 At that time, Brazil has said that it would announce the date of implementation of
any trade retaliation.
Brazil has said that it will only apply sanctions if the United States refuses to eliminate its cotton
subsidies.57 The United States reiterated its intention to comply with the DSB’s recommendations
and rulings and therefore did not believe that it would be necessary for Brazil to exercise that
authorization. The United States added that suspending concessions or obligations could present
economic and other challenges for both Brazil and the United States.
Phase VI: Potential Policy Implications of WTO
Panel Ruling
The arbitration ruling in favor of Brazil’s requested cross-retaliation countermeasure could raise
the stakes in this particular dispute by expanding retaliation into TRIPS and the General
Agreement on Trade in Services. The U.S. response to the WTO cotton ruling is being watched
closely by developing countries, particularly by a consortium of four African cotton-producing
countries that has submitted its own proposal to the WTO calling for a global agreement to end all
production-related support for cotton growers of all WTO-member countries.58
Trade experts have expressed concern that the panel findings could extend beyond cotton to other
major field crops, particularly as concerns the potential limits on export credit guarantees. Some

55 BNA, International Trade Reporter, “Brazil Says Entitled to Impose $829 Million in Annual Sanctions on U.S. in
Cotton Case,” December 24, 2009.
56 BNA, International Trade Reporter, “Brazil Delays Final List of U.S. Goods to Be Sanctioned in WTO Cotton
Dispute,” December 24, 2009.
57 Ibid.
58 For more information, see CRS Report RS21712, The African Cotton Initiative and WTO Agriculture Negotiations,
by Charles E. Hanrahan.
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trade and market analysts, as well as legislators, have expressed concern that a broad finding
against U.S. farm program provisions under the actionable subsidies ruling could necessitate
legislative changes to the U.S. farm bill to bring existing program operations into compliance.
Direct Payments Classification
Concerns have also been expressed regarding the reclassification of PFC and direct payments
away from non-trade-distorting green box support.59 However, the panel finding that U.S. direct
payments do not qualify for WTO exemptions from reduction commitments as fully decoupled
income support (i.e., they are not green box compliant) appears to have no further consequences
within the context of this case and does not involve any compliance measures. This is because
direct payments were deemed “non-price contingent” and were evaluated strictly in terms of the
Peace Clause violation.
The panel did not specifically reclassify U.S. PFC and DP payments as “amber box,” nor did the
panel recommend that the United States should notify such future payments as “amber box.” This
is a subtle but critical distinction because of the enormity of PFC and DP payments. During
FY1996 to FY2007, PFC and DP payments averaged $5.2 billion per year and accounted for 33%
of total U.S. farm program outlays. Shifting this amount to amber box could have important
implications for future dispute settlement cases, as well as for the United States’ ability to meet its
WTO amber box commitments.
U.S. cotton industry and government officials are concerned that the specific finding on the
apparent failure of U.S. “decoupled” payments to meet WTO green box criteria leaves such
programs open to future charges, and that third countries may feel emboldened by knowing how a
WTO panel is likely to rule on such matters. The European Union (EU) is also likely to be
concerned about this finding since the EU’s agricultural program (following agricultural policy
reforms of June 2003) relies heavily on “decoupled” payments similar to the those of the U.S.
program. These concerns appear to have merit, as both Canada and Brazil have initiated WTO
dispute settlement proceedings against the United States charging that the United States has
indeed incorrectly notified PFC and DP payments as green box and that their inclusion in the U.S.
amber box results in the United States exceeding its WTO-agreed AMS spending limit on several
occasions in recent years (Figure 5).60


59 “Brazil Wins Key Points in Interim WTO Panel on U.S. Cotton Subsidies,” Inside U.S. Trade, April 30, 2004.
60 See CRS Report RL34351, Brazil’s and Canada’s WTO Cases Against U.S. Agricultural Direct Payments, by Randy
Schnepf.
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Figure 5. U.S. AMS Outlays, as Notified Without Direct Payments versus With
Addition of Direct Payments
25
AMS Limit
20
Direct
Payments
s 15
n
illio
B
$ 10
5
AMS Notifications without Direct Payments
0
1995
2000
2005

Source: 1995-2007 are U.S. WTO notifications.
Other Cotton-Related Trade Issues
Besides Brazil’s WTO-initiated dispute settlement case (DS267), U.S. cotton subsidies are being
challenged at the WTO on two additional fronts.
• First, the Doha Development Agenda negotiating round has substantial
reductions in trade-distorting domestic program support as one of its principal
modalities.61 If realized, a new round of domestic spending limitations could
potentially represent a “real” ceiling on U.S. commodity spending and could
result in lower program outlays.
• Second, a consortium of four African cotton-producing countries—Benin,
Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali—has submitted a WTO proposal calling for a
global agreement to end all production-related support for cotton growers of all
WTO-member cotton producing nations.62 In acknowledgment of the concerns of
African cotton-producing countries, the United States—while not agreeing with
the African proposal—worked with the African countries on a formulation in the
initial agriculture framework (of July 31, 2004) of the WTO’s ongoing Doha

61 WTO, Doha Ministerial Declaration, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1, November 20, 2001.
62 For more information, see CRS Report RS21712, The African Cotton Initiative and WTO Agriculture Negotiations,
by Charles E. Hanrahan.
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Round.63 Although no specific cotton program concessions were mentioned in the
framework, the United States committed “to achieve ambitious results
expeditiously” under the framework. Further, it is notable that cotton is the only
commodity singled out for special mention in the framework.
Role of Congress
Given the importance of cotton in the U.S. agricultural economy and the potential for WTO-
imposed limitations on U.S. cotton program operations, Congress likely will be closely
monitoring developments in the WTO cotton case and the Doha Round of trade negotiations.
Both the Senate and House Agriculture Committees regularly hold hearings on agricultural trade
negotiations. In addition to congressional hearings, Congress will likely be engaged in
consultations with the Administration on the bilateral trade negotiations as well as the Doha
Round of WTO trade negotiations. Such consultations will be a major vehicle for Members to
express their views on this dispute and on the negotiating issues it raises.
When confronted with a negative WTO dispute settlement ruling, a country has essentially five
options to choose from: eliminate the subsidy; reduce the subsidy to diminish its adverse effect;
revise the program function to reduce the linkage between the subsidy and the adverse effect
(referred to as decoupling); pay a mutually acceptable compensatory payment to offset the
adverse effects of the subsidy; or suffer the consequences of trade retaliation.
Ultimately, Congress is responsible for passing farm program legislation that complies with U.S.
commitments in international trade agreements. The United States would appear to have already
complied with most, if not all, of the AB’s recommendation concerning “prohibited subsidies”
through changes in the 2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246; Sec. 3101(a)) by eliminating the Step 2,
GSM-103, and SCGP programs, and by removing the fee cap on GSM-102 credit guarantees—
i.e., by eliminating the “subsidy” component of export credit guarantees.
However, some questions remain as to what extent the 2008 farm bill has addressed the adverse
effects charge related to price-contingent subsidies. Instead of eliminating or reducing program
triggers, the 2008 farm bill appears to offer higher levels of price and income support that
potentially could aggravate the perception (if not the reality) of adverse effects in the
marketplace. Several of the proposed changes are specifically relevant to the Brazil cotton case,
but also germane to the broader issue of program vulnerability to WTO challenge.64 For example,
the enacted 2008 farm bill:65
• extends the counter-cyclical payments (CCP) program and current marketing
loan provisions (Sections 1104 and 1201 of P.L. 110-246);

63 For more information, see CRS Report RS21905, Agriculture in the WTO Doha Round: The Framework Agreement
and Next Steps, by Charles E. Hanrahan.
64 For more information on this issue, see CRS Report RS22522, Potential Challenges to U.S. Farm Subsidies in the
WTO: A Brief Overview, by Randy Schnepf.
65 See CRS Report RL34696, The 2008 Farm Bill: Major Provisions and Legislative Action, coordinated by Renée
Johnson.
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• raises both target prices and loan rates for several commodities, while only
lowering (marginally) the target price for upland cotton (Sections 1104 and
1202);
• offers producers the choice (subject to a 30% reduction in marketing loan rates
and in lieu of 100% of CCP and 20% of direct payments) of a revenue-based
support option under the Average Crop Revenue Election program (ACRE,
Section 1105) with potentially higher per-acre revenue guarantees for several
crops than under the previous 2002 farm bill; and
• creates a new cotton-user payment of 4 cents per pound (Section 1207). This
payment appears similar to the WTO-illegal Step 2 payment except that cotton
from all origins (not just domestic sources) is eligible for the payment. Since the
United States imports very little cotton, most payments would still likely go to
domestically sourced cotton. As a result, this subtle technical loophole might
ultimately be subject to a WTO challenge, but would not be part of the current
WTO cotton case.
Finally, the 2008 farm bill does not address the issue surrounding the disqualification of direct
payments from the WTO’s green box exclusion as decoupled payments due to the planting
restriction on fruits, vegetables, and wild rice on program base acres. Instead, direct payments are
extended with no change to the current planting restriction, except for a small pilot program on
75,000 acres in seven states (Section 1107). This retention of the status quo has important WTO
implications for the AMS case being brought against the United States by both Canada and
Brazil. The U.S. aggregate measure of support (AMS) has exceeded, on at least two occasions, its
total WTO limit if direct payments are included in the AMS calculation (Figure 5).66
Additional uncertainty arises from the ongoing Doha Round of trade negotiations, where a
successful conclusion could potentially mitigate or end Brazil’s interest in continuing its case
against the U.S. farm programs. Both agriculture committees (House and Senate) of the 111th
Congress will likely continue to monitor developments in the WTO cotton case and the Doha
negotiations, as well as the aftermath of the compliance panel’s final ruling.
Table 3. Timeline: U.S.-Brazil WTO Dispute Settlement Case 267
Date
Event
Sept. 27, 2002
Brazil made a formal “request for consultations” with the United States (WT/DS267/1).
Oct. 2002 to
Brazil and United States held three consultations to discuss dispute over U.S. cotton
Jan. 2003
subsidies. The consultations were unsuccessful.
Feb. 7, 2003
Brazil’s first request for the establishment of a dispute panel to rule on its complaint is
vetoed by the United States (WT/DS267/7).
Mar. 18, 2003
Upon Brazil’s second request, the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) established a
panel (WT/DS267/15).
May 19, 2003
Appointment of the panelists by the WTO Director-General. Once formed, a panel
normally has six months to hold hearings and gather testimony before issuing its final
report to both parties.

66 See CRS Report RL34351, Brazil’s and Canada’s WTO Cases Against U.S. Agricultural Direct Payments, by Randy
Schnepf.
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Date
Event
July 22, 2003
First meeting with DSB panel. Panel decides to review peace clause issue and Brazil’s
challenge to U.S. cotton subsidies separately.
Sept. 2003
The panel reversed an earlier procedural decision and stated that it would decide both
the peace clause issue and Brazil’s challenge to U.S. cotton subsidies together.
Nov. 17, 2003
The panel chairman informed the DSB that the panel would not be able to complete its
work in six months due to the complexity of the matter. An extension was announced
(WT/DS267/16).
Apr. 26, 2004
The panel’s interim report released confidential y to the two parties. Both parties review
the interim report and submit written comments by May 10, at which time they have
three additional weeks to review each other’s comments and respond. Although the
report was released confidentially, news reports suggested at least a partial finding against
the United States on each of the five major claims.67
June 18, 2004
The panel’s final report is released confidential y to the two parties. News reports
suggested that the final ruling varied little from the interim ruling against the United
States.68
Sept. 8, 2004
After translation into English, French, and Portuguese, the final report is delivered to the
WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), as wel as to the public (WT/DS267/R).
Oct. 18, 2004
The United States notified its intention to appeal 14 specific points of the final report to
the Appellate Body. The 14 points identify certain issues of law covered in the panel’s final
report and certain legal interpretations developed by the panel in the dispute. An appeal
cannot reexamine existing evidence or examine new evidence (WT/DS267/17).
Nov. 16, 2004
Several additional countries filed a third participant’s submission, while others notified
their intention to appear at the oral hearing.
Dec. 10, 2004
Due to the extent and complexity of issues under review, both the United States and
Brazil agreed to an extension to March 3, 2005, for circulation of the Appel ate Body’s
(AB’s) final report (WT/DS267/18).
Mar. 3, 2005
The AB issued its report upholding most of the panel’s rulings (WT/DS267/ABR).
Deadlines of July 1, 2005 for removal of prohibited subsidies, and Sept. 21, 2005, for
removal of prejudicial effects from actionable subsidies are announced by AB.
Mar. 21, 2005
The DSB adopted the AB and panel reports, thus initiating a sequence of compliance
deadlines (WT/DS267/20).
Apr. 20, 2005
The United States announced to the DSB that it intended to implement the
recommendations and rulings of the DSB.
June 30, 2005
USDA announced temporary fix for its export credit guarantee programs, including
adoption of risk-based fee structure for GSM-102 and cessation of use of GSM-103
program. In addition, USDA proposed legislation to Congress to repeal the Step 2 cotton
program.
July 1, 2005
AB deadline for U.S. removal of prohibited subsidies expires.
July 4, 2005
Brazil requested authorization from WTO to impose $3 billion in retaliatory measures
against prohibited U.S. subsidies (WT/DS267/21).

67 “Brazil Wins Key Points in Interim WTO Panel on U.S. Cotton Subsidies,” Inside U.S. Trade, April 30, 2004; “WTO
Panel Backs Brazil in Complaint Against U.S. Over Cotton Subsidies,” International Trade Reporter, Vol. 21, No. 18,
April 29, 2004; and “WTO Panel Reportedly Rules Direct Payments are Trade Distorting and Thus ‘Amber Box,’”
AgWeb.com, April 30, 2004.
68 “WTO Ruling Against U.S. Cotton Subsidies is Not Limited to Cotton,” AgWeb.com, June 29, 2004; and “WTO
Issues Final Ruling Condemning U.S. Cotton Subsidies; U.S. Plans Appeal,” International Trade Reporter, Vol. 21,
No. 26, June 24, 2004.
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Date
Event
July 5, 2005
USDA proposed statutory changes be made by Congress: remove 1% fee cap on GSM-
102 program and terminate GSM-103 program.
July 5, 2005
United States objected to the amount of Brazil’s proposed sanctions on the prohibited
subsidies and requested WTO arbitration (WT/DS267/23). Such arbitration shal be
carried out by the original panel and completed within 60 days.
July 14, 2005
The DSB assigned role of arbitration on the prohibited-subsidy sanctions to the original
panel (WT/DS267/24).
Aug. 17, 2005
Brazil and United States reached procedural agreement to temporarily suspend arbitration
proceedings concerning the prohibited subsidies (WT/DS267/25).
Sept. 1, 2005
AB deadline for U.S. removal of prejudicial effects from actionable subsidies expired.
Oct. 6, 2005
Brazil requested authorization from WTO to impose $1 billion in retaliatory measures
against actionable U.S. subsidies to offset their adverse effects (WT/DS267/26).
Oct. 17, 2005
United States objected to the amount of Brazil’s proposed sanctions on the actionable
subsidies and requested WTO arbitration (WT/DS267/27).
Oct. 18, 2005
The DSB assigned role of arbitration on the actionable-subsidy sanctions to the original
panel (WT/DS267/28).
Nov. 21, 2005
Brazil and United States reached procedural agreement to temporarily suspend arbitration
proceedings concerning the actionable subsidies (WT/DS267/29).
July 24, 2006
Doha round of WTO trade negotiations suspended indefinitely.69
Aug. 1, 2006
Step 2 cotton program eliminated (Sec. 1103, P.L. 109-171; the Deficit Reduction Act of
2005).
Aug. 18, 2006
Brazil requested the establishment of a WTO compliance panel to review whether the
United States had ful y complied with the AB’s ruling of March 3, 2005 (WT/DS267/30).
Sept. 28, 2006
The DSB agreed to establish a panel (WT/DS267/31). The panel members were
announced on Oct. 25, 2006.
Jan. 9, 2007
The DSB announced that, because of particular circumstances, the compliance panel
would not complete its work before July 2007.
July 27, 2007
The WTO compliance panel issued confidential interim ruling to Brazil and the United
States. News reports suggest a ruling that the United States had not fully complied with
the March 2005 ruling.70
Oct. 15, 2007
The WTO compliance panel released its confidential final report to the United States and
Brazilian governments. News reports suggested a ruling that the United States had not
fully complied with the March 2005 ruling.
Dec. 18, 2007
The WTO compliance panel issued its final ruling publicly (WT/DS267/RW) confirming
earlier news reports that the panel had found that the United States was not in ful
compliance.
Feb. 12, 2008
The United States notified its intention to appeal certain issues of law covered in the
report of the WTO compliance panel (WT/DS267/33).
June 2, 2008
The Appel ate Body (AB) issued its report upholding most of the compliance panel’s
rulings (WT/DS267/ABR).
June 18, 2008
2008 farm bill (P.L. 110-246) was enacted, including a provision (3101(a)) that alters the

69 For more information, see CRS Report RL33144, WTO Doha Round: The Agricultural Negotiations, by Charles E.
Hanrahan and Randy Schnepf.
70 For example, see Financial Times, “Brazil Claims WTO Cotton Victory,” July 27, 2007.
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Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program

Date
Event
U.S. export credit guarantee program by eliminating the GSM-103 and Supplier Credit
Guarantee Programs, and the 1% cap on GSM-102 user fees.
June 25, 2008
The DSB adopted the compliance panel and AB reports.
Aug. 25, 2008
Brazil official y asked the chair of the DSB panel to resume the arbitration proceedings
concerning proposed countermeasures for both the prohibited subsidies and the
actionable subsidies rulings (WT/DS267/38 and WT/DS267/39).
Oct. 1, 2008
Brazil and the United States agreed on the arbitration panelists (WT/DS267/24/Add.1 and
WT/DS267/28/Add.1).
Dec. 9, 2008
U.S. written submission in arbitration proceedings.
Jan. 13, 2009
Brazil written submission in arbitration proceedings.
Aug. 31, 2009
WTO arbitrator releases a decision in two parts: WT/DS267/ARB/1 which rules on
Brazil’s retaliation requests regarding the prohibited subsidies and WT/DS267/ARB/2
which rules on Brazil’s retaliation requests regarding the actionable subsidies.
Nov. 19, 2009
DSB grants authorization to Brazil to impose countermeasures against the United States.
Dec. 21, 2009
Brazil announces authorization by WTO to impose trade retaliation in 2010 against
$829.3 million in U.S. goods and services, including $268.3 million in cross-retaliation.
Source: Compiled by CRS from official WTO documents and news sources as cited.

Author Contact Information

Randy Schnepf

Specialist in Agricultural Policy
rschnepf@crs.loc.gov, 7-4277


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