Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues
Ted Dagne
Specialist in African Affairs
November 24, 2009
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL33591
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress

Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues

Summary
U.S. aid to Africa reached a peak in 1985, when global competition with the Soviet Union was at
a high point. After the Cold War ended, security assistance levels for Africa began to decline. In
1995, at the outset of the 104th Congress, substantial reductions in aid to Africa had been
anticipated, as many questioned the importance of Africa to U.S. national security interests in the
post-Cold War era. As the debate went forward, however, congressional reports and bills
emphasized U.S. humanitarian, economic, and other interests in Africa. Aid levels did fall, but
gradually began to increase again in FY1997. U.S. assistance to Africa is reaching new highs due
to a significant increase in health care sectors under the Global Health and Child Survival
(GHCS) program. U.S. aid to Africa nearly quadrupled from $1.2 billion in FY2006 to $4.7
billion in FY2007. Moreover, the United States is the leading donor of humanitarian assistance to
Africa. In FY2009, the United States provided an estimated $1 billion in humanitarian aid to
Sudan.
U.S. assistance reaches Africa through a variety of channels, including USAID-administered
Development Assistance (DA) and GHCS programs, food aid programs, and refugee assistance.
As of October 2009, the Peace Corps had an estimated 2,600 volunteers and trainers in 24 African
countries. The U.S. African Development Foundation (ADF) makes small grants to cooperatives,
youth groups, and self-help organizations and operates in 20 countries. The Obama
Administration has requested $30 million for ADF for FY2010. U.S. security assistance, though
still far below levels seen in the 1980s, has increased in recent years, primarily because of U.S.
support for African peacekeeping and counter-terrorism initiatives. The World Bank’s
International Development Association (IDA) is the principal multilateral channel for U.S. aid,
but the United States also contributes to the African Development Bank and Fund and to United
Nations activities in Africa.
Total U.S. foreign assistance to Africa for FY2009 is estimated at $6.6 billion. More than half of
the FY2009 funding went to health-related programs. The Obama Administration has requested
more than $6.7 billion for FY2010. The 2010 budget request shows an increase in funds for
Development Assistance, as well as for Economic Support Fund (ESF) and Foreign Military
Financing (FMF).This report will be updated as the situation warrants.

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Contents
U.S. Aid to Africa: An Overview ................................................................................................. 1
Background ................................................................................................................................ 1
U.S. Assistance Programs...................................................................................................... 2
DFA and Child Survival assistance ........................................................................................ 2
Humanitarian Aid.................................................................................................................. 3
Peace Corps .......................................................................................................................... 3
Security Assistance and Economic Support Funds ................................................................. 3
Regional Programs...................................................................................................................... 4
African Development Foundation.......................................................................................... 4
The African Development Fund ............................................................................................ 5
Refugee and Disaster Assistance ................................................................................................. 5
Multilateral Assistance ................................................................................................................ 5
Millennium Challenge Account ............................................................................................. 6
Sudan: U.S. Humanitarian Funding ....................................................................................... 8

Tables
Table 1. U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Africa.................................................................................. 6
Table 2. Leading U.S. Assistance Recipients in Africa ................................................................. 7
Table 3. Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities in Africa ................................... 8
Table 4. U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Sudan.................................................................................. 8

Appendixes
Appendix. Selected Africa Assistance Acronyms ......................................................................... 9

Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 10

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U.S. Aid to Africa: An Overview
In recent years, U.S. assistance to Africa saw a major increase, especially in health-related
programs. Aid to Africa quadrupled from $1.1 billion in FY2006 to nearly $6.6 billion in
FY2009. The United States provides assistance to 47 African countries and the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID) has 23 missions in Africa. In FY2009, the
United States provided more than $1 billion in humanitarian assistance to Africa. Africa is also a
major recipient of the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) funding, with 15 African countries
currently participating in the program.
The United States has identified a number of strategic objectives that shape U.S. aid to Africa.
These priorities are to enhance strategic partnership; consolidate democratic transitions; bolster
fragile states; strengthen regional and sub-regional organizations; enhance regional security
capacity; strengthen African counter-terrorism cooperation and capacity; stimulate Africa’s
economic development and growth; implement presidential initiatives; and focus on humanitarian
and development assistance programs.1 Moreover, a number of new presidential initiatives were
launched over the past several years.
The Women’s Justice and Empowerment Initiative aims to strengthen African governments’
capacity to effectively deal with gender-based violence and provide support to the victims. The
Africa Education Initiative (AEI) is a $600 million multi-year initiative to help increase access to
quality basic education in 39 countries. Under the AEI initiative, more than 15 million textbooks
have been provided, and the Initiative aims to provide 550,000 scholarships to African girls in
primary and secondary levels.
Another major initiative, launched in 2002, is the Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP). More
than 40 governments, non-governmental organizations, and international groups participate in the
program. The CBFP initiative is funded through the Central Africa Regional Program for the
Environment (CAPRE). In FY2008, CAPRE funding was $15 million and in FY2009 it is
estimated at $17.5 million. The $200 million five-year African Global Competitiveness Initiative
promotes “export competitiveness” in Africa. The Initiative to End Hunger in Africa (IEHA),
launched in 2002, aims to cut hunger in half by 2015.
The Obama Administration has identified a number of areas of key interest in the FY2010 foreign
aid request. These priorities include basic and higher education, clean energy, food security,
global climate change, health care, trade capacity building, and counter-terrorism.
Background
U.S. bilateral aid to Africa rose sharply in the early 1960s as most African countries achieved
independence. This was also a time of intense Cold War competition with the Soviet Union. Aid
reached another peak in 1985, when famine struck wide areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The peak
may also have resulted in part from heightened Cold War competition, reflected in President
Reagan’s 1983 description of the Soviet Union as an “evil empire.” Toward the end of the 1980s,
as the Cold War ended, efforts to reduce the U.S. budget deficit began to intensify, contributing to

1 USAID: Africa http://www.usaid.gov/location/sub-saharan_africa.
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an overall reduction in assistance to Africa. Moreover, policymakers placed increased emphasis
on human rights and commitment to economic reform programs in making their decisions on aid
allocations. Consequently, aid to some African countries that had been major Cold War aid
recipients, such as Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Liberia, was sharply
reduced. Nonetheless, there was another spike in aid in 1992, when famine struck the Horn of
Africa and the southern part of the continent. Aid then dropped again, with the reductions coming
almost entirely in the security-oriented programs: military assistance and especially the Economic
Support Fund (ESF).
In 1995, at the beginning of the 104th Congress, proposals to restructure and reduce the U.S.
foreign assistance program raised questions about the future of U.S. aid to sub-Saharan Africa.
Many questioned the strategic rationale for assisting Africa in the post-Cold War era, and asserted
that 30 years of U.S. assistance had accomplished little—whether in terms of promoting
economic growth and democratization, or achieving other objectives. The critics generally
favored humanitarian assistance, but sought sharp cuts in other programs. As the aid debate
proceeded, however, it became apparent that cuts for Africa would be less than initially
anticipated. The view that the United States has important humanitarian, economic, and other
objectives in Africa was vigorously asserted by supporters of the Africa aid program, and came to
be reflected in report language on the major foreign assistance bills, as well as in the bills
themselves. Aid did drop back to the FY1990 level in FY1996, but slow growth began again in
FY1997 and continued to the present.
A major increase in aid took place in FY2003 because of large quantities of food aid provided to
Ethiopia and southern Sudan, as well as a boost in spending through the Child Survival and
Health Programs Fund in response to the African HIV/AIDS pandemic. The Global HIV/AIDS
Initiative (GHAI), administered by the Department of State, was the principal component of the
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and began operations in FY2004. GHAI
assistance included the provision of antiretroviral therapy, safe injections, safe blood supplies,
and abstinence/faithfulness education. GHAI and Child Survival accounts were merged and is
currently known as the Global Health and Child Survival program. In FY2009, funding for
Global Health and Child Survival is $4.1 billion (estimate), and the Obama Administration
request for FY2010 is approximately $4.3 billion.
U.S. Assistance Programs
U.S. assistance is provided to Africa through a variety of channels. Bilateral or country-to-country
aid, also known as direct assistance, is given through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or
private and voluntary organizations (PVOs), contractors, and African government ministries and
agencies. Multilateral aid, or indirect assistance, is given first to international financial
institutions (IFIs) and United Nations agencies, which in turn channel it to Africa through their
own programs.
DFA and Child Survival assistance
Falling ESF levels threatened the overall scale of the sub-Saharan aid program after 1985, and
this threat led to the creation of the Development Fund for Africa (DFA), which specifically
earmarked a minimum level of the worldwide Development Assistance (DA) program for the
region. Obligations for sub-Saharan Africa projects under the DFA reached $846 million in
FY1992, but dropped well below $800 million in subsequent years despite efforts by some
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Members to increase the DFA appropriation to $1 billion or more. The DFA was last earmarked
by Congress in the FY1995 appropriations legislation, when $802 million was appropriated, and
DA for Africa has since been provided through the worldwide Development Assistance (DA)
account. In FY2009, Africa received an estimated $848.7 million, and the Obama Administration
has requested $1.1 billion for FY2010 for Development Assistance.
In FY1996, Congress created a new account, the Child Survival and Disease Programs Fund,
renamed the Child Survival and Health Programs Fund (CSH) in FY2002, which has channeled
substantial amounts of aid to Africa. Annual USAID presentations to Congress on the budget
request for aid to Africa have varied both with respect to using the term DFA and with respect to
including CSH aid in an overall DA amount or in breaking out CSH assistance and DA separately.
In recent years, the CSH has been replaced by Global Health and Child Survival (GHCS)
account. In FY2009, funding for GHCS programs is estimated at $4.1 billion, and the Obama
Administration has requested $4.3 billion for FY2010.
Humanitarian Aid
Emergency food aid to Africa fluctuates in response to the continent’s needs, and the amount
provided by the end of a fiscal year often exceeds the initial request. The additional amount is
taken from a food aid reserve fund. Emergency food aid is provided under Title II of the P.L. 480
program (named for P.L. 83-480, enacted in 1954), which is implemented by USAID in
cooperation with the Department of Agriculture.2
The United States is the leading humanitarian donor in the world. In FY2009 alone, the United
States provided an estimated $1 billion to Sudan. In FY2008, the United States provided more
than $1.1 billion in humanitarian assistance to the Horn of Africa countries.
Peace Corps
The Peace Corps has an estimated 2,600 volunteers and trainers serving in 24 sub-Saharan
countries by late 2009, up from an estimated 1,900 in 2002.3 Under the Peace Corps Act (P.L. 87-
293), volunteers are to help the poorest people meet their basic needs, to promote a better
understanding of the American people, and to promote a better understanding of other peoples on
the part of Americans.
Security Assistance and Economic Support Funds
U.S. security assistance for Africa, which had declined with the end of the Cold War, has
expanded in recent years, primarily in response to widening conflict and political instability in
Africa.4 Economic Support Fund aid has been used to support a wide range of programs,
including economic reform, a “safe skies” program to improve African air traffic safety, human

2 For further information on food assistance programs, see CRS Report RL33553, Agricultural Export and Food Aid
Programs
, by Charles E. Hanrahan.
3 For further information, see CRS Report RS21168, The Peace Corps: Current Issues, by Curt Tarnoff.
4 For more on U.S. security assistance to Africa, see CRS Report RL34003, Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests
and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa
, by Lauren Ploch.
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rights and democracy education, and other objectives. ESF aid is also helping strategic partners in
the war on terrorism through cooperation on border control, freezing terrorist assets,
implementation of the peace agreement in southern Sudan, and other activities. In addition, the
Defense Department conducts AIDS prevention education programs, primarily with African
militaries. In FY2009, Africa received $514.9 million under the ESF program, and the Obama
Administration has requested $647.9 million for FY2010.
Through the regional Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) program, the United States supported the
Africa Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI), which trained small units of African armies for possible
peacekeeping duties, as well as for other regional peacekeeping initiatives. In FY2004, ACRI was
succeeded by the Africa Contingency Operations Training Assistance (ACOTA), which trains
trainers and implements programs tailored to individual country needs. Foreign Military
Financing (FMF) to Africa resumed in FY1999. International Military Education and Training
(IMET) programs in Africa promote professionalism and respect for democracy and human rights
among foreign military officials, while enhancing capabilities for participation in peacekeeping
operations. These programs typically run well under $1 million per country. The United States
also contributes to United Nations peacekeeping operations in Africa and elsewhere through a
program entitled Contributions to International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA).
Regional Programs
Both DA and ESF funds are used to support USAID’s Africa Regional Programs, which are
designed to confront challenges that span beyond the borders of individual African countries.
These include regional programs in health, conflict prevention, democracy, education, and
agriculture. According to USAID, “the primary goal of the Africa Regional program is to provide
overall direction, guidance, intellectual leadership, and strengthened African regional capacity to
address these challenges.”5 USAID has a number of regional programs in Africa, including
Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE), East Africa Regional, Southern
Africa Regional, and West Africa Regional.
African Development Foundation
The African Development Foundation (ADF) has a unique mandate to make small grants directly
to African cooperatives, youth groups, and other self-help organizations. These grants usually
range from less than $20,000 to a maximum of $250,000, although appropriations language
permits a waiver of the $250,000 ceiling. In addition, the ADF supports grassroots development
research by African scholars and promotes the dissemination of development information at the
community level. The ADF is limited to 75 employees, according to the ADF Act (U.S. Code
Title 22, Chapter 7, Section 290h). Its seven-member Board of Directors must include five
private-sector representatives. ADF does not station U.S. employees in overseas posts, but instead
works through local-hires and periodic field visits. For FY2006, the ADF received $22.7 million
in the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act (P.L. 109-102). In FY2008, ADF received $29.7
million, and in FY2009 $32.5 million. The Obama Administration has requested $30 million for
FY2010.

5 Congressional Budget Justification, FY2010.
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The ADF is seen by some observers as an effective tool in reaching out to communities faster and
more directly. The ADF programs targets for assistance the most marginalized and poor
communities. Currently the ADF operates in 20 African countries. According to ADF, “the
majority of the ADF portfolio is in income generating projects that have an additive value of
Social benefits. Social benefits include skill training, nutritional and hygiene training, and basic
vocational training.”6
The African Development Fund
The African Development Fund (AfDF) is another major channel for indirect U.S. aid to Africa.
The Fund, an affiliate of the Africa-based African Development Bank (AfDB), makes loans on
highly concessional terms to the poorest African countries. The AfDB lends on roughly
commercial terms to creditworthy African borrowers, and at the same time, it holds 50% of the
voting power in the AfDF. The United States provided $134.5 million in FY2008, and $150
million (estimate) in FY2009. The Obama Administration has requested $159.8 million for
FY2010.
Refugee and Disaster Assistance
The United States responds to African humanitarian crises in part with Title II food aid, discussed
above, and in part through its refugee and disaster assistance programs. Most refugee assistance
comes from the Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) account and goes to the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and international organizations, as well as to private
and voluntary organizations assisting African refugees. In addition, the Emergency Refugee and
Migration Assistance (ERMA) account, created in 1962 to respond to unexpected refugee
situations, has been drawn upon for African emergencies several times in recent years. USAID’s
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) also plays a major role in responding to African
crises. “Situation Reports” published by USAID’s Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance monitor
the U.S. response to African humanitarian crises through food aid and other emergency
assistance.7
Multilateral Assistance
The United States also provides aid to Africa through international financial institutions (IFIs)
and United Nations agencies. World Bank lending through its “soft loan” affiliate, the
International Development Association (IDA), is the largest single source of development capital
in Africa. IDA loans, which are considered a form of aid since they are virtually interest-free and
carry extended repayment periods focus on strengthening public sector management,
transportation, agriculture, and various social problems. IDA has been particularly active in
assisting efforts by the recipient countries to carry out free-market economic reforms.

6 Interview with senior ADF official in June 2009.
7 To find these reports, visit http://www.usaid.gov/ and click on “Our Work” and “Humanitarian Assistance.”
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Millennium Challenge Account8
In a March 14, 2002 speech, President Bush announced the Millennium Challenge Account
(MCA), the goal of which was to increase foreign aid worldwide by $5 billion per year over three
years, starting in FY2004. The account would provide additional aid to countries whose
governments promote good governance, invest in people through education and health care, and
promote open markets. Although the promise of increased aid won praise from many observers,
some worried that most countries in Africa will not be able to meet the Fund’s eligibility criteria.
As of late 2009, however, 16 African countries have signed Compact or Threshold Program
agreements. Agreements have been reached with Madagascar ($110 million), Cape Verde ($110
million), Ghana ($547 million), Mali ($460.8 million), Benin ($307 million), Mozambique
($506.9 million), Lesotho ($362.6 million), Burkina Faso ($480.9 million), Kenya ($12.7
million), Namibia ($304.5 million), Rwanda ($24.7 million), Sao Tome and Principe ($8.6
million), Senegal ($540 million), Tanzania ($698 million), Uganda (10.4), and Zambia ($22.7) for
MCA programs. In FY2008, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) received $1.5 billion
and $875 million in FY2009. The Obama Administration has requested $1.4 billion for FY2010.
Table 1. U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Africa
($ in thousands)
FY2008
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2010

Actual
Estimate
Supplemental
Total
Request
Total 7,037,409
6,373,359
133,000
6,506,359
6,738,019
Development Assistance
678,352
874,793
38,000
912,793
1,155,910
Economic Support Fund
283,249
414,910
45,000
559,910
647,934
Foreign Military Financing 6,757
8,255
8,255
25,550
Global Health and Child Survival—
3,295,550 3,254,706
3,254,706 3,255,415
State
Global Health and Child Survival—
746,073 848,509
848,509
1,115,740
USAID
International Military Education and
13,779 13,795
13,795 16,020
Training
Int. Narcotics Control and Law
31,642 26,600
26,600 48,125
Enforcement
Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism,
27,512 31,498
31,498 47,225
Demining and Related Programs
Peacekeeping Operations
130,222 199,250
50,000 249,250 153,600
P.L. 480 (Food Aid)
1,823,273
601,043

601,043
272,500
Source: Congressional Budget Justification, FY2010.

8 For further information, see CRS Report RL32427, Millennium Challenge Corporation, by Curt Tarnoff; and U.S.
Government Accountability Office Report GAO-05-625T, Millennium Challenge Corporation: Progress Made on Key
Challenges in First Year of Operations
(April 27, 2005).
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Table 2. Leading U.S. Assistance Recipients in Africa
($ in millions)
FY2010
FY2009
FY2009
FY2008
Country
Request
Supp
Estimate
Actual
Ugandaa 428.9
20
363.3
389.7
Kenyaa 659.1
70.8
595.7
634.4
South Africaa 548.1

541.3
574.2
Nigeriaa 560.6
25
519.2
496.4
Zambiaa 351.7

308.5
293.5
Ethiopiaa 546.3
72.2
503.4
659.1
Tanzaniaa 393.8

368.1
361
Sudan
433 127 333.4
666.3
Mozambiquea 355.9

292.8
284.3
Liberia 227.7
10
189.9
161.1
Rwandaa 184.1
5
166
157.8
Namibiaa 104.4

109.4
108
Botswanaa 79.3

79.1
79.5
Mali
123 20 77 59.6
Dem. Rep. Congo
177
58.1
131.6
161
Ghana 143.4
25
90.3
80.8
Malawi 132.8

114.6
105.9
Senegal 98.1
23
70.9
57.8
Côte d’Ivoirea 105.8

101.2
100.8
Madagascar 89.4

71.8
57.6
Angola 68.9

45.8
42.2
Guinea 22.6

13.4
14.2
Benin 34.5

30.9
29
Zimbabwe
95.3 44.3 51.4 82.6
Djibouti 6.6

5.7
5.1
Sierra Leone
31.1

19.7
22.8
Burundi 47.3

35.2
21.1
Source: Congressional Budget Justification, FY2010.
a. Global AIDS Initiative “focus” country. Estimated allocations included.
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Table 3. Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities in Africa
($ in millions)
FY2008
FY2009
FY2010
Operation
(Actual)
(Estimate)
(Request)
War Crimes Tribunal - Rwanda (UNICTR)
17.6
14
20.9
Chad/CAR (MINURCAT)

39.4
205.7
Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)
270.7
210.0
381.0
U.N. Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
154.2
123.4
135.4
Sudan (UNAMID)
550.4
414.0
512.0
Sudan (UNMIS)
293.5
208.9
257.3
U.N. Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI)
83.0
81.0
128.5
Source: Congressional Budget Justification, FY2010.
Sudan: U.S. Humanitarian Funding
The United States continues to provide significant humanitarian assistance to Darfur and to
Darfuree refugees in Chad. The United States has provided more than $5 billion in humanitarian
and development assistance to Sudan since 2004. As of September 30, 2009, the United States
had provided $936.9 million in humanitarian assistance to Sudan and eastern Chad for FY2009.9
Table 4. U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Sudan
($ in thousands)
FY2008
FY2009
FY2010

Actual
Estimate
Request
Total 906,396
460,451
433,000
Development Assistance
127,721
25,550

Economic Support Fund
145,876
253,550
296,034
Global Health and Child Survival (State)
3,245
6,327
7,036
Global Health & Child Survival (USAID)
17,488
23,185
29,730
International Military Education and Training
349
400
300
Int. Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement
23,578
15,400
24,000
Non-proliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining and Related
4,400 4,000 3,900
Programs
Peacekeeping Operations
70,822
38,000
42,000
P.L. 480
512,917
94,039
30,000
Source: State Department FY2010 International Affairs Budget Request. U.S. bilateral assistance to Sudan is
primarily going to South Sudan. For more on Sudan, see CRS Report RL33574, Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and
Status of the North-South Peace Agreement, by Ted Dagne.

9 http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/countries/sudan/template/fs_sr/
sudan_ce_sr02_12-20-2007.pdf.
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Appendix. Selected Africa Assistance Acronyms
ACOTA
Africa Contingency Operations Training Assistance, successor to ACRI
ACRI
Africa Crisis Response Initiative, which trained military units for peacekeeping.
ADF
African Development Foundation, U.S.-funded public corporation.
AfDB
African Development Bank, an Africa-based IFI.
AfDF
African Development Fund, affiliate of the African Development Bank.
ATRIP
Africa Trade and Investment Program, a USAID initiative.
CIPA
Contributions to International Peacekeeping Activities
CSH
Child Survival and Health Programs Fund.
DA Development
Assistance.
DFA
Development Fund for Africa, part of DA, not earmarked in recent years.
ERMA
Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance, administered by State Department.
ESF
Economic Support Fund, a State Department program for promoting U.S. interests.
FMF
Foreign Military Financing, funds equipment purchases.
GHAI
State Department’s Global AIDS Initiative, part of PEPFAR.
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank.
IDA
International Development Association, concessional loan affiliate of IBRD.
IFIs International
financial
institutions.
IGAD
Inter-governmental Authority on Development, a Djibouti-based organization of Horn of Africa states.
IMET
International Military Education and Training, a form of military assistance.
MRA
Migration and Refugee Assistance, a State Department program.
NEPAD
New Partnership for Africa’s Development, an African initiative.
NGOs Non-governmental
organizations.
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an organization of developed countries.
ODA
Official Development Assistance, the OECD’s concept of DA.
OFDA
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, a part of USAID.
PCVs
Peace Corps Volunteers
PEPFAR
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a Bush Administration initiative.
PKO
Peacekeeping Operations account authorized by Part II, Chapter 6 of the Foreign Assistance Act.
PVOs
Private and voluntary organizations
SAEDF
Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund, a USAID program.
SMMEs
Small, medium, and micro-enterprises.
UNECA
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
UNDP
United Nations Development Program
USAID
U.S. Agency for International Development


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Author Contact Information

Ted Dagne

Specialist in African Affairs
tdagne@crs.loc.gov, 7-7646


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