Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency
Response: The SAFER Grant Program

Lennard G. Kruger
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
August 28, 2009
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL33375
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress

Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program

Summary
In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the Staffing for Adequate Fire
and Emergency Response Act—popularly called the “SAFER Act”—was enacted by the 108th
Congress as Section 1057 of the FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 108-136). The
SAFER Act authorizes grants to career, volunteer, and combination local fire departments for the
purpose of increasing the number of firefighters to help communities meet industry minimum
standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide adequate protection from fire and fire-related
hazards. Also authorized are grants to volunteer fire departments for activities related to the
recruitment and retention of volunteers. The SAFER grant program is authorized through
FY2010.
With the economic turndown adversely affecting budgets of local governments, concerns have
arisen that modifications to the SAFER statute may be necessary to enable fire departments to
more effectively participate in the program. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009 (P.L. 111-5) included a provision (section 603) that waives the matching requirements for
SAFER grants awarded in fiscal years 2009 and 2010. The FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations
Act (P.L. 111-32) included a provision authorizing the Secretary of Homeland Security to waive
further limitations and restrictions in the SAFER statute for FY2009 and FY2010. Because of the
statutory modifications made to SAFER’s applicant eligibility criteria in the ARRA and the
FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act, the FY2009 SAFER application round is expected to
commence later in the year than usual, likely sometime in the fall of 2009.
For FY2010, the Obama Administration proposed $420 million for SAFER, double the amount
appropriated in FY2009. Both the House and Senate Appropriations Committees have also
approved $420 million for SAFER in FY2010. The budget proposal for SAFER is likely to
receive heightened scrutiny, given the national economic downturn and local budgetary cutbacks
that many fire departments are now facing.
Concerns over local fire departments’ budgetary problems may also frame debate over the
SAFER reauthorization bill, which is expected to be considered during the 111th Congress.
Congress will likely consider whether some SAFER rules and restrictions governing the hiring
grants should be permanently eliminated or altered in order to make it economically feasible for
more fire departments to participate in the program.
This report will be updated as events warrant.

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Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program

Contents
Background and Genesis of SAFER ............................................................................................ 1
Authorization—The SAFER Act ................................................................................................. 2
Appropriations ............................................................................................................................ 3
FY2009................................................................................................................................. 4
FY2010................................................................................................................................. 5
Modifications of SAFER Program for FY2009 and FY2010........................................................ 5
Reauthorization of SAFER in the 111th Congress......................................................................... 5
Implementation of the SAFER Program ...................................................................................... 7

Tables
Table 1. Authorization Levels for SAFER Grant Program............................................................ 2
Table 2. Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance, FY2001-FY2009 ........................................... 3
Table 3. Recent and Proposed Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance ...................................... 4
Table 4. State-by-State Distribution of SAFER Grants, FY2005-FY2008.................................... 8

Contacts
Author Contact Information ........................................................................................................ 9

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Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program

Background and Genesis of SAFER
Firefighting and the provision of fire protection services to the public is traditionally a local
responsibility, funded primarily by state, county, and municipal governments. During the 1990s,
however, shortfalls in state and local budgets—coupled with increased responsibilities (i.e.,
counterterrorism) of local fire departments—led many in the fire community to call for additional
financial support from the federal government. Since enactment of the FIRE Act1 in the 106th
Congress, the Assistance to Firefighters Grants program (also known as “fire grants” and “FIRE
Act grants”) has provided funding for equipment and training directly from the federal
government to local fire departments.2
Since the fire grant program commenced in FY2001, funding has been used by fire departments
to purchase firefighting equipment, personal protective equipment, and firefighting vehicles.
Many in the fire service community argued that notwithstanding the fire grant program, there
remained a pressing need for an additional federal grant program to assist fire departments in the
hiring of firefighters and the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. They asserted that
without federal assistance, many local fire departments would continue to be unable to meet
national consensus standards for minimum staffing levels, which specify at least four firefighters
per responding fire vehicle (or five or six firefighters in hazardous or high risk areas).3 Fire
service advocates also pointed to the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program4 as
a compelling precedent of federal assistance for the hiring of local public safety personnel.
In support of SAFER, fire service advocates cited and continue to cite studies performed by the
U.S. Fire Administration and the National Fire Protection Association,5 the Boston Globe,6 and
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)7 which concluded that many
fire departments fall below minimum standards for personnel levels. According to these studies,

1 Title XVII of the FY2001 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 106-398).
2 For more information, see CRS Report RL32341, Assistance to Firefighters Program: Distribution of Fire Grant
Funding
, by Lennard G. Kruger.
3 These refer to consensus standards developed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): NFPA 1710
(“Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and
Special Operations to the Public by Career Fire Departments”), and NFPA 1720 (“Standard for the Organization and
Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by
Volunteer Fire Departments”). NFPA standards are voluntary unless adopted as law by governments at the local, state,
or federal level, and are also often considered by insurance companies when establishing rates. Another applicable
standard to this debate is the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard on respiratory
protection in structural firefighting situations (29 CFR 1910.134(g)), which requires at least four firefighters (two in
and two for backup) before entering a hazardous environment wearing a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.
4 For more information on the COPS program, see CRS Report RL33308, Community Oriented Policing Services
(COPS): Background, Legislation, and Funding
, by Nathan James.
5 U.S. Fire Administration and the National Fire Protection Association, Four Years Later—A Second Needs
Assessment of the U.S. Fire Service
, FA-303, October 2006, 159 p. Available at http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/
pdf/publications/fa-303-508.pdf.
6 Dedman, Bill, “Deadly Delays: The Decline of Fire Response,” Boston Globe Special Report, January 30, 2005.
Available at http://www.boston.com/news/specials/fires/.
7 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program, 1998 - 2005,” March 2006, 16 p. Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/fire/pdfs/progress.pdf.
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the result of this shortfall can lead to inadequate response to different types of emergency
incidents, substandard response times, and an increased risk of firefighter fatalities.
On the other hand, those opposed to SAFER grants contend that funding for basic local
government functions—such as paying for firefighter salaries—should not be assumed by the
federal government, particularly at a time of high budget deficits. Also, some SAFER opponents
disagree that below-standard levels in firefighting personnel is necessarily problematic, and point
to statistics indicating that the number of structural fires in the United States has continued to
decline over the past twenty years.8
Authorization—The SAFER Act
In response to concerns over the adequacy of firefighter staffing, the Staffing for Adequate Fire
and Emergency Response Act—popularly called the “SAFER Act”—was introduced into the
107th and 108th Congresses.9 The 108th Congress enacted the SAFER Act as Section 1057 of the
FY2004 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 108-136; signed into law November 24, 2003).
The SAFER provision was added as an amendment to S. 1050 on the Senate floor (S.Amdt. 785,
sponsored by Senator Dodd) and modified in the FY2004 Defense Authorization conference
report (H.Rept. 108-354). The SAFER grant program is codified as Section 34 of the Federal Fire
Prevention and Control Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 2229a).
The SAFER Act authorizes grants to career, volunteer, and combination fire departments for the
purpose of increasing the number of firefighters to help communities meet industry minimum
standards and attain 24-hour staffing to provide adequate protection from fire and fire-related
hazards. Also authorized are grants to volunteer fire departments for activities related to the
recruitment and retention of volunteers. SAFER grants are authorized through FY2010. Table 1
shows the authorization levels for the SAFER grant program.
Table 1. Authorization Levels for SAFER Grant Program
(billions of dollars)
FY2004 FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010
1.0 1.03 1.061 1.093 1.126 1.159 1.194

Two types of grants are authorized by the SAFER Act: hiring grants and recruitment and retention
grants. Hiring grants cover a four year term and are cost-shared with the local jurisdiction.
According to the statute, the federal share shall not exceed 90% in the first year of the grant, 80%
in the second year, 50% in the third year, and 30% in the fourth year. The grantee must commit to
retaining the firefighter or firefighters hired with the SAFER grant for at least one additional year
after the federal money expires. Total federal funding for hiring a firefighter over the four year

8 See Lehrer, Eli, “Do We Need More Firefighters?” Weekly Standard, April 12, 2004, p. 21-22. Available at
http://www.sipr.org/default.aspx?action=PublicationDetails&id=44. See also Easterbrook, Gregg, “Where’s the Fire?”
New Republic Online, August 9, 2004. Available at http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=express&s=easterbrook080904.
9 107th Congress: S. 1617 (Dodd), H.R. 3992 (Boehlert), H.R. 3185 (Green, Gene). 108th Congress: S. 544 (Dodd),
H.R. 1118 (Boehlert).
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grant period may not exceed $100,000, although that total may be adjusted for inflation. While
the majority of hiring grants will be awarded to career and combination fire departments, the
SAFER Act specifies that 10% of the total SAFER appropriation be awarded to volunteer or
majority-volunteer departments for the hiring of personnel.
Additionally, at least 10% of the total SAFER appropriation is set aside for recruitment and
retention grants
, which are available to volunteer and combination fire departments for activities
related to the recruitment and retention of volunteer firefighters. Also eligible for recruitment and
retention grants are local and statewide organizations that represent the interests of volunteer
firefighters. No local cost sharing is required for recruitment and retention grants.
Appropriations
The SAFER grant program receives its annual appropriation through the House and Senate
Appropriations Subcommittees on Homeland Security. Within the appropriations bills, SAFER is
listed under the line item, “Firefighter Assistance Grants,” which is located in Title III—
Protection, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery. “Firefighter Assistance Grants” also includes
the Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program.
Although authorized for FY2004, SAFER did not receive an appropriation in FY2004. Table 2
shows the appropriations history for firefighter assistance, including SAFER, AFG, and the Fire
Station Construction (FSC) grants provided in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
(ARRA). The Bush Administration requested no funding for SAFER in each its budget proposals
for FY2005 through FY2009. Table 3 shows recent and proposed FY2010 appropriated funding
for the SAFER and AFG grant programs.
Table 2. Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance, FY2001-FY2009

AFG
SAFER
SCGa Total
FY2001 $100
million


$100 million
FY2002 $360
million


$360 million
FY2003 $745
million


$745 million
FY2004 $746
million


$746 million
FY2005
$650 million
$65 million

$715 million
FY2006
$539 million
$109 million

$648 million
FY2007
$547 million
$115 million

$662 million
FY2008
$560 million
$190 million

$750 million
FY2009
$565 million
$210 million
$210 million
$985 million
Total
$4.812 billion
$689 million
$210 million
$5.711 billion
a. Assistance to Firefighters Fire Station Construction Grants (SCG) grants were funded by the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5).
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Table 3. Recent and Proposed Appropriations for Firefighter Assistance
(millions of dollars)
FY2009
FY2010
FY2010
FY2010

(Admin.
FY2009
(P.L. 110-329)
(Admin.
(House-passed
(Senate-passed
request)
request)
H.R. 2892)
H.R. 2892)
FIRE Grants
300 565 170
390 390
(AFG)
SAFER
0 210
420 420 420
Grants
Total
300 775 590
810 810

FY2009
The Bush Administration’s budget proposal requested no funding for SAFER Act grants in
FY2009. The FY2009 budget justification stated that the federal government already spends
“billions of dollars in annual support to train, exercise, and equip state and local public safety
personnel, including firefighters, so that they are adequately prepared to respond to a terrorist
attack or other major incident.” The budget justification argued that federal support “has been
directed in order to better focus scarce resources on enhancing target capabilities, and to avoid
supplanting basic public safety investments at the state and local level” and that “a federally
funded hiring program for firefighters risks replacing state and local funding for general purpose
public safety staffing with federal resources, and therefore does not forward the common goal of
enhancing national preparedness capabilities.”
On June 19, 2008, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved the FY2009 appropriations bill
for the Department of Homeland Security (S. 3181; S.Rept. 110-396). The bill provided $190
million for SAFER grants. This is the same funding level approved for FY2008. The Committee
directed DHS to continue the present practice of funding applications according to local priorities
and those established by the U.S. Fire Administration, and further directed DHS to continue direct
funding to fire departments and the peer review process.
On June 24, 2008, the House Appropriations Committee approved its version of the FY2009
appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security, and reported its bill on September 18,
2008 (H.R. 6947; H.Rept. 110-862). The Committee provided $230 million for SAFER grants.
The Committee directed FEMA to continue granting funds directly to local fire departments and
to include the U.S. Fire Administration during the grant administration process, while also
maintaining an all-hazards focus and not limiting the list of eligible activities. The Committee
would continue the requirement that FEMA peer review grant applications that meet criteria
established by FEMA and the fire service, rank order applications according to peer review, fund
applications according to their rank order, and provide official notification detailing why
applications do not meet the criteria for review. The Committee also directed FEMA to encourage
regional applications.
The Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L.
110-329)—which contains the FY2009 Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act—
provided $210 million for SAFER. The DHS explanatory statement directed FEMA to continue
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the present practice of funding applications according to local priorities and those established by
the USFA.
FY2010
For FY2010, the Obama Administration proposed $420 million for SAFER, double the amount
appropriated in FY2009. According to the budget justification, this increase will enable fire
departments to increase staffing and deployment capabilities to attain 24-hour staffing and ensure
that communities have adequate protection from fire and fire-related hazards.
Both the House and Senate passed versions of H.R. 2892, the FY2010 Department of Homeland
Security appropriations bill, provided $420 million for SAFER in FY2010. According to the
House Appropriations Committee (H.Rept. 111-157), the additional funding is part of a targeted
and temporary effort to “stem the tide of layoffs and ensure our communities are protected by an
adequate number of firefighters.” The Committee directed FEMA to consider the prospect and
occurrence of firefighter layoffs at a local fire department when evaluating SAFER grant
applications.
Modifications of SAFER Program for FY2009 and
FY2010

With the economic turndown adversely affecting budgets of local governments, concerns have
arisen that modifications to the SAFER statute may be necessary to enable fire departments to
more effectively participate in the program. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009 (P.L. 111-5) included a provision (section 603) that waives the matching requirements for
SAFER grants awarded in fiscal years 2009 and 2010.Currently, according to the statute, the
federal share shall not exceed 90% in the first year of the grant, 80% in the second year, 50% in
the third year, and 30% in the fourth year. Legislation introduced into the 111th Congress, H.R.
2759, would waive those cost-share requirements for SAFER grants already awarded in FY2008.
Additionally, the FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-32) included a provision
(section 605) giving the Secretary of Homeland Security authority to waive certain limitations
and restrictions in the SAFER statute. For grants awarded in FY2009 and FY2010, waivers will
permit grantees to use SAFER funds to rehire laid-off firefighters and fill positions eliminated
through attrition, will allow grants to extend longer than the current five year duration, and will
permit the amount of funding per position at levels exceeding the current limit of $100,000.
Because of the statutory modifications made to SAFER’s applicant eligibility criteria in the
ARRA and the FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act, the FY2009 SAFER application round
is expected to commence later in the year than usual, likely sometime in the fall of 2009.
Reauthorization of SAFER in the 111th Congress
The current authorization of SAFER expires on September 30, 2010, and the 111th Congress has
begun to consider reauthorization. On July 8, 2009, the House Committee on Science and
Technology, Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation, held a hearing on the reauthorization
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of both SAFER and AFG..10 Testimony was heard from FEMA and many of the major fire service
organizations including the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC), the International
Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF), the National Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC), and the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
Witnesses asserted that under current economic conditions, many jurisdictions find it difficult to
comply with current SAFER statutory restrictions governing the hiring grants sought by career
and combination departments. For example, according to the IAFF, DHS data show that “since
SAFER’s inception four years ago, seventy-eight grantees have had to repay the federal
government a total of $62.7 million because they failed to meet the rigorous requirements,” and
that an “additional seventy-one grants totaling $51.4 million were declined by municipalities that
felt they could not meet the program’s obligations.”11 According to the IAFC, in 2008, “the DHS
reported a greater than 12 percent drop in SAFER grant applications from 2007, including a 20
percent drop in applications from all-career and combination departments with a majority of
career firefighters.”12
According to hearing witnesses, current restrictions that make it difficult for fire departments to
use SAFER hiring grants include the requirement that a SAFER hiring grant extend for five years
with an increasing local match required each year (with the fifth year completely funded by the
local fire department); the requirement that departments must maintain staffing levels over that
five year period; the statutory cap of $100,000 per firefighter; and restrictions on using SAFER
funds to rehire laid-off firefighters and fill positions eliminated through attrition.
The ARRA and the FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations Act gave DHS the authority to waive
some of those SAFER restrictions only for FY2009 and FY2010. With respect to the longer-term
reauthorization provisions affecting SAFER hiring grants, witnesses at the July 8 hearing
recommended:
• establishing an across-the-board 20% match rather than the sliding scale under
current law;
• shortening the length of the grant period from five years to three years;
• eliminating the funding cap of 100K per firefighter for hiring grants that
currently cover salary and benefits over a four year period; and
• making the temporary waiver authority granted in the ARRA and the 2009
Supplemental Appropriations Act permanent, thereby granting DHS authority to
waive the restriction on using grants to avoid or reverse layoffs, to waive the
local match, and to waive the requirement that personnel levels must be
maintained during the life of the grant.

10 See http://science.house.gov/publications/hearings_markups_details.aspx?NewsID=2539.
11 Kevin O’Connor, Assistant to the General President, International Association of Fire Fighters, written statement
before the House Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation, Committee on Science and Technology, July 8, 2009,
p. 8, http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/file/Commdocs/hearings/2009/Tech/8jul/O'Connor_Testimony.pdf.
12 Jeffrey Johnson, First Vice President, International Association of Fire Chiefs, written statement before the House
Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation, Committee on Science and Technology, July 8, 2009, p. 6,
http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/file/Commdocs/hearings/2009/Tech/8jul/Johnson_Testimony.pdf.
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Meanwhile, the NVFC expressed strong support for the recruitment and retention SAFER grants,
and argued that in addition to currently eligible state and local interest organizations, national
interest organizations should also be eligible for those grants.
Implementation of the SAFER Program
Prior to FY2007, the SAFER grant program was administered by the Office of Grants and
Training within the Preparedness Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
However, Title VI of the Conference Agreement on the DHS appropriations bill (P.L. 109-295;
H.Rept. 109-699), the Post Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006, transferred
most of the existing Preparedness Directorate (including SAFER and fire grants) back to an
enhanced FEMA.
Table 4 shows the state-by-state distribution of SAFER grant funds, from FY2005 through
FY2008. Of the total federal share requested for FY2008, 34.4% was requested by all paid/career
departments, 14.7% by all volunteer, 19.2% by combination (majority paid/career), and 28.1% by
combination (majority volunteer).13 The most recent SAFER annual report (for FY2006) shows
that grants for hiring accounted for 84.3% of the total federal share awarded. The majority of
SAFER funds awarded in FY2006 went to career departments and suburban areas.14 For the latest
information and updates on the application for and awarding of SAFER grants, see the official
SAFER grant program website at http://www.firegrantsupport.com/safer/.

13 Latest SAFER application statistics are available at http://www.firegrantsupport.com/docs/2008SAFERApps.pdf.
14 A complete statistical run-down is available at http://www.firegrantsupport.com/docs/2006SAFERReport.pdf.
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Table 4. State-by-State Distribution of SAFER Grants,
FY2005-FY2008
(millions of dollars)

FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 Total
Alabama
1.611 6.215 4.236
6.418 18.48
Alaska
1.051 0.205 0.418 1.438 3.112
Arizona
1.560 3.559 4.428 4.337 13.884
Arkansas
0.394 1.820 0.377 1.873 4.464
California
5.221 5.212 4.259 3.738 18.43
Colorado
1.584 3.479 1.730 1.642 8.435
Connecticut
0.130 0.191 0.856 0.949 2.126
Delaware
0
0.135 0
0.398 0.533
District
of
Columbia
0 0 0 0 0
Florida
6.576 9.329 6.217 18.378 40.5
Georgia
5.354 2.085 2.842 11.103 21.384
Hawai
0 0 0 1.626
1.626
Idaho
0.063 0.621 0.626 0.309 1.619
Illinois 1.340 4.463 9.933 3.035 18.771
Indiana
0
0.099 2.687 4.877 7.663
Iowa
0.169 0.144 0.980 1.288 2.581
Kansas
0.667 0.045 1.029 1.465 3.206
Kentucky
0.152 2.890 0.429 1.335 4.806
Louisiana
3.430 3.078 4.728 3.743 14.979
Maine
0.081 0
0.316 0.535 0.932
Maryland
0.096 1.862 1.526 3.171 6.655
Massachusetts 1.300 2.079 4.372 1.823 9.574
Michigan
1.759 0.592 0
0.655 3.006
Minnesota
0.300 1.089 0.375 0.491 2.255
Mississippi
0.756 0.594 0.115 0.875 2.34
Missouri
1.467 3.547 4.551 1.549 11.114
Montana
0.034 0.255 2.635 2.748 5.672
Nebraska
0
0.873 0.632 1.951 3.456
Nevada
1.500 1.714 0.632 0
3.846
New
Hampshire 0.400 1.035 1.528 0.008 2.971
New
Jersey
6.374 3.971 2.953 3.724 17.022
New
Mexico
0
3.123 1.309 0.108 4.54
New
York
1.540 2.991 2.845 3.579 10.955
North
Carolina 2.155 5.533 5.371 13.762 26.821
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FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 Total
North
Dakota 0
0.609 0
1.518 2.127
Ohio
1.319 1.881 2.255 3.520 8.975
Oklahoma
0.147 0.699 0.531 0.622 1.999
Oregon
1.710 2.141 2.649 2.015 8.515
Pennsylvania
1.244 1.475 2.633 2.283 7.635
Rhode
Island 0.400
0 0.105
0 0.505
South
Carolina 0.456 0.863 3.218 5.373 9.91
South
Dakota 0.063 0.311 0.211 0.048 0.633
Tennessee
2.700 2.719 3.683 1.176 10.278
Texas
0.951 10.961 8.779 12.575 33.266
Utah
0.900 3.312 2.098 4.512 10.822
Vermont
0 0.621
0.632
0 1.253
Virginia
2.091 3.554 0.782 1.374 7.801
Washington
2.298 2.897 7.340 8.336 20.871
West
Virginia
0 0.187
0.681
0 0.868
Wisconsin
0
0.072 1.223 4.227 5.522
Wyoming 0 0 0.316
2.329
2.645
Puerto
Rico 0 0 0 0 0
Northern
Mariana
Islands
0 0 0 0 0
Marshal
Islands
0 0 0 0 0
Guam
0 0 0 0 0
American
Samoa
0 0 0 0 0
Virgin
Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Republic
of
Palua
0 0 0 0 0
Total
61.356 105.142
113.665 152.847 433.01
Source: Department of Homeland Security. FY2008 awards data current as of June 11, 2009.

Author Contact Information

Lennard G. Kruger

Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
lkruger@crs.loc.gov, 7-7070




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