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Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related
Agencies: FY2010 Appropriations
Nathan James, Coordinator
Analyst in Crime Policy
Oscar R. Gonzales, Coordinator
Analyst in Economic Development Policy
Jennifer D. Williams, Coordinator
Specialist in American National Government
July 8, 2009
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R40644
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress
c11173008
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Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies: FY2010 Appropriations
Summary
This report provides an overview of actions taken by Congress to provide FY2010 appropriations
for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS). On June 12, 2009, the House
Appropriations Committee reported the FY2010 CJS appropriations bill (H.R. 2847). The House
passed H.R. 2847 on June 18, 2009. On June 25, 2009 the Senate Appropriations Committee
reported H.R. 2847 with an amendment in the nature of a substitute.
This report uses the House report to accompany H.R. 2847 (H.Rept. 111-149) as the source for
the FY2009-enacted and the FY2010-requested amounts, and it uses the Senate report to
accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 111-34) as the source for the amounts in the House-passed and the
Senate committee-reported versions of H.R. 2847.
The Administration requested a total budget authority of $67.551 billion in budget authority for
CJS departments for FY2010. This amounts to a $7.045 billion, or 11.6% increase over the
$60.506 billion enacted for FY2009. The Administration’s proposal includes $13.789 billion for
Commerce, $27.074 billon for Justice, $25.737 billion for Science, and $950.9 million for related
agencies. The House-passed bill recommends a total of $67.695 billion for CJS, 11.9% more than
the total appropriated for FY2009 and 0.2% more than the Administration’s FY2010 request. The
Senate Committee-reported version of H.R. 2847 would provide a total of $67.953 billion for
CJS. The proposed amount would represent a 12.3% increase over what was appropriated for
FY2009. The Senate committee-reported amount would be a 0.6% increase over the
Administration’s request, and it would be 0.4% more than what was included in the House-passed
bill.
On February 17, 2009, President Obama signed into law the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5; Stimulus act). The amounts appropriated by Congress in
the Stimulus act are in addition to the amounts appropriated in the Omnibus Appropriations Act,
2009 (P.L. 111-8) (described above). In this act, Congress appropriated $15.922 billion for CJS
departments and agencies. For Commerce, the act provided $7.916 billion, for Justice, the act
provided $4.002 billion, and for science agencies, the act provided $4.004 billion.
The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32), was signed into law by President
Obama on June 24, 2009. The act provides a total of $205.1 million for CJS departments and
agencies. Of this amount, $40.0 million is for the Department of Commerce and $165.1 million is
for the Department of Justice.
This report will updated to reflect congressional action.
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Contents
Most Recent Developments......................................................................................................... 1
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ........................................................ 1
FY2010 Appropriations......................................................................................................... 1
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 ................................................................................ 2
Survey of Selected Issues ............................................................................................................ 3
Department of Commerce ..................................................................................................... 3
Department of Justice (DOJ) ................................................................................................. 4
Science Agencies .................................................................................................................. 5
Related Agencies................................................................................................................... 5
Department of Commerce ........................................................................................................... 6
FY2010 Budget Request ....................................................................................................... 7
International Trade Administration (ITA)............................................................................... 9
Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)................................................................................. 10
Economic Development Administration (EDA) ................................................................... 10
Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) .............................................................. 11
Economic and Statistics Administration (ESA) .................................................................... 11
Bureau of the Census .......................................................................................................... 12
National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) ............................... 13
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)........................................................................ 14
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ....................................................... 14
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ............................................... 16
Department of Justice................................................................................................................ 18
FY2010 Budget Request ............................................................................................... 19
General Administration ....................................................................................................... 21
General Administration ................................................................................................. 22
Administrative Review and Appeals (ARA) .................................................................. 23
Office of the Federal Detention Trustee (OFDT)............................................................ 23
Office of the Inspector General (OIG) ........................................................................... 24
U.S. Parole Commission ..................................................................................................... 24
Legal Activities ................................................................................................................... 24
General Legal Activities................................................................................................ 24
Office of the U.S. Attorneys .......................................................................................... 25
Other Legal Activities ................................................................................................... 25
U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) ........................................................................................... 26
National Security Division (NSD) ....................................................................................... 26
Interagency Law Enforcement............................................................................................. 27
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ................................................................................. 27
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) ........................................................................... 30
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) .............................................. 31
Federal Prison System (Bureau of Prisons) .......................................................................... 31
Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) ........................................................................ 34
Office of Justice Programs (OJP) ........................................................................................ 34
Justice Assistance.......................................................................................................... 35
State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance ................................................................ 35
Weed and Seed Program................................................................................................ 36
Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)............................................................ 36
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Juvenile Justice Programs ............................................................................................. 38
Public Safety Officers Benefits Program (PSOB) .......................................................... 38
Salaries and Expenses ................................................................................................... 38
Science Agencies ...................................................................................................................... 39
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)................................................................ 39
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)..................................................... 41
National Science Foundation (NSF) .................................................................................... 43
Related Agencies....................................................................................................................... 44
Commission on Civil Rights................................................................................................ 45
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ........................................................ 46
U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) ........................................................................ 47
Legal Services Corporation (LSC)....................................................................................... 47
Marine Mammal Commission (MMC) ................................................................................ 48
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) ................................................................. 48
State Justice Institute (SJI) .................................................................................................. 49
Tables
Table 1. CJS Appropriations, FY2009 Enacted and FY2010 Request, House Committee-
Reported, House-Passed, and Senate Committee-Reported ....................................................... 2
Table 2. Funding for the Department of Commerce and Department of Justice in the
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 ................................................................................... 3
Table 3. Funding for the Department of Commerce ..................................................................... 7
Table 4. Funding for the Department of Justice.......................................................................... 20
Table 5. FBI Salaries and Expenses Account Allocations, FY2003-FY2010 ............................... 28
Table 6. Funding for Science Agencies ...................................................................................... 39
Table 7. Funding for NASA ...................................................................................................... 41
Table 8. Funding for Related Agencies ...................................................................................... 45
Table 9. Funding for CJS Agencies, by Account ........................................................................ 49
Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 52
Key Policy Staff........................................................................................................................ 52
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Most Recent Developments
The Administration requested a total budget authority of $67.551 billion in budget authority for
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) for FY2010. This amounts to a $7.045
billion, or 11.6% increase over the $60.506 billion enacted for FY2009 (not including funding
included in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, P.L. 111-5). The Administration’s
proposal would include $13.789 billion for Commerce, $27.074 billon for Justice, $25.737 billion
for Science, and $950.9 million for related agencies.
On June 12, 2009, the House Appropriations Committee reported the FY2010 CJS appropriations
bill (H.R. 2847). The House passed H.R. 2847 on June 18, 2009. The House-passed bill includes
a total of $67.695 billion for CJS, 11.9% more than the total appropriated for FY2009 and 0.2%
more than the Administration’s FY2010 request.
On June 25, 2009, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported H.R. 2847 with an amendment
in the nature of a substitute. The Senate committee-reported version of H.R. 2847 would provide
a total of $67.953 billion for CJS. The proposed amount would represent a 12.3% increase over
what was appropriated for FY2009. The Senate committee-reported amount would be a 0.6%
increase over the Administration’s request, and it would be 0.4% more than what was included in
the House-passed bill.
The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32), was singed into law by President
Obama on June 24, 2009. The act provides a total of $205.1 million for CJS departments and
agencies. Of this amount, $40.0 million is for the Department of Commerce and $165.1 million is
for the Department of Justice.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
On February 17, 2009, President Obama signed into law the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5; ARRA). The amounts appropriated by Congress in the
ARRA are in addition to the amounts appropriated in the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L.
111-8) (described above). The ARRA included $15.922 billion for CJS departments and agencies.
For Commerce, the act provided $7.916 billion, for Justice, the act provided $4.002 billion, and
for science agencies, the act provided $4.004 billion.
FY2010 Appropriations
This report uses the House report to accompany H.R. 2847 (H.Rept. 111-149) as the source for
the FY2009-enacted and the FY2010-requested amounts, and it uses the Senate report to
accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 111-34) as the source for the amounts in the House-passed and the
Senate committee-reported versions of H.R. 2847.
The Administration requested a total of $67.551 billion in budget authority for CJS for FY2010.
This amounts to a $7.045 billion, or 11.6%, increase over the $60.506 billion enacted for FY2009
(not including and funding included in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, P.L. 111-
5). The Administration’s proposal would include $13.789 billion for Commerce, $27.074 billon
for Justice, $25.737 billion for Science, and $950.9 million for related agencies. The House-
passed bill would provide a total of $67.695 billion for CJS for FY2010, which would be 11.9%
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more than the amount appropriated for FY2009 and 0.2% more than the Administration’s request.
This amount includes $13.841 billion for Commerce, $27.751 billion for Justice, $25.147 billion
for Science, and $956.2 million for related agencies. The Senate committee-reported bill would
provide a total of $67.953 billion for CJS for FY2010, which would be 12.3% more than what
was appropriated for FY2009, 0.6% more than the Administration’s request, and 0.4% more than
the House-recommended amount. The proposed funding would include $14.043 billion for
Commerce, $27.385 billion for Justice, $25.609 billion for Science, and $916.0 million for related
agencies.
Table 1. CJS Appropriations, FY2009 Enacted and FY2010 Request, House
Committee-Reported, House-Passed, and Senate Committee-Reported
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
House
Senate
Departments and Related
FY2009
FY2010
Committee
House-
Committee
Senate-
Agencies
Enacteda
Request
Reported
Passed
Reported
Passed
Department
of
Commerce
$9,267.5 $13,788.8 $13,847.4 $13,840.8 $14,043.3
Department of Justice
26,087.6
27,073.9
27,746.7
27,750.8b 27,385.3
Science
Agencies
24,278.1 25,737.2 25,147.0 25,147.0 25,608.9
Related
Agencies
872.4 950.9 956.2 956.2 916.0
Total
60,505.6 67,550.7 67,697.2 67,694.7 67,953.4
Source: FY2009 Enacted, FY2010 Requested, and House committee-reported amounts taken from the House
report (H.Rept. 111-149) to accompany the FY2010 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill (H.R. 2847). House-passed and Senate Committee-reported amounts taken from the Senate
report to accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 11-34).
Note: Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding.
a. FY2009-enacted amounts do not include the $15.922 billion appropriated as a part of the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5), nor does it include funding appropriated pursuant to
the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32).
b. The report to accompany the Senate committee-reported version of H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 11-34) indicated
that the total appropriation for Justice was $27.751 billion, which when added to the amounts
recommended for Commerce, Science, and Related Agencies results in a total appropriation of $67.695
billion for the CJS bill. However, a CRS analysis of amendments adopted during debate of H.R. 2847 and the
text of the House-passed version of H.R. 2847 indicate that the total recommended for Justice was $27.753
million, which would make the total appropriation for the bill $67.697 billion, the same as the House
committee-reported bill. CRS was not able to reconcile this difference.
Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009
The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (H.R. 2346), was introduced in the House on May
12, 2009. H.R. 2346 was passed by the House on May 14, 2009. The Senate passed the bill with
an amendment in the nature of a substitute on May 21, 2009. The House and the Senate met to
resolve the differences between the two versions of H.R. 2346 and on June 12, 2009, a conference
report on the bill was filed (H.Rept. 111-151). The House adopted the conference report on June
16, 2009, and the Senate adopted the conference report on June 18, 2009. H.R. 2346 was signed
into law by President Obama on June 24, 2009 (P.L. 111-32).
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The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009, provides a total of $205.1 million for CJS
departments and agencies. Of this amount, $40.0 million is for the Department of Commerce and
$165.1 million is for the Department of Justice. The final enacted amount is 921.5% more than
the House-recommended amount of $20.1 million but 11.6% less than the Senate-recommended
amount of $232.1 million.
Table 2. Funding for the Department of Commerce and Department of Justice in
the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
House-Passed Senate-Passed Final
Enacted
Department of Commerce
Economic Development Administration
40,000
40,000
Subtotal: Department of Commerce
0
40,000
40,000
Department of Justice
General Administration
3,000
90,000
63,000
General Administration
30,000
Detention Trustee
60,000
60,000
Office of the Inspector General
3,000
3,000
Legal Activities
6,648
16,648
16,648
General Legal Activities
1,648
1,648
1,648
United States Attorneys
5,000
15,000
15,000
United States Marshals Service
10,000
10,000
National Security Division
1,389
1,389
1,389
Federal Bureau of Investigation
35,000
35,000
Drug Enforcement Administration
20,000
20,000
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
4,000
14,000
14,000
Federal Prison System
5,038
5,038
5,038
Subtotal: Department of Justice
20,075
192,075
165,075
Total 20,075
232,075
205,075
Source: House-passed amounts taken from House-passed H.R. 2346, Senate-passed amounts taken from
Senate-passed H.R. 2346, Final Enacted amounts taken from P.L. 111-32.
Survey of Selected Issues
Department of Commerce
Congress may choose to consider the following FY2010 appropriations issues concerning the
Department of Commerce:
• funding and overseeing the implementation of the 2010 decennial census;
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• whether to fund proposed increases for programs under the Economic
Development Administration to assist distressed areas affected by unemployment
as a result of the recession;
• the ability of U.S. trade agencies and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to
fight intellectual property infringement abroad;
• the efficacy of U.S. trade agency enforcement of U.S. trade remedy laws against
unfair foreign competition;
• whether to provide the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office with the authority to
use all the fees it collects in a fiscal year;
• support for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s)
climate research, endangered species recovery, and fisheries management; and
• whether to fund NOAA’s satellite programs to enhance environmental and
weather data and information.
Department of Justice (DOJ)
There are several issues Congress might consider when determining the appropriate level of
funding for DOJ agencies and bureaus. Those issues include the following:
• continuing oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI)
transformation and the redirection of a larger share of its resources away from
traditional crime and towards combating domestic and international terrorism;
• whether to approve the Administration’s request for $60 million in additional
funding for anticipated DOJ administrative costs related to transferring
Guantánamo detainees before closing the facility;
• whether to increase funding to improve law enforcement’s capacity to combat the
trafficking of illicit drugs and firearms along the southwest border;
• whether to increase FBI’s funding for investigating mortgage and financial fraud;
• whether to eliminate funding for the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program
(SCAAP);
• whether to increase funding for the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) in light of its recent
reporting that BOP facilities were operating at 36% over rated capacity at the end
of 2008 and they project that facilities will be 37% over rated capacity at the end
of 2009;1 and
• whether to fully fund the re-entry programs authorized by the Second Chance Act
of 2007.2
1 U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, FY2010 Congressional Budget Submission, pp. 2-3.
2 P.L. 110-199. See U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, “Reentry,” available at
http://www.reentry.gov.
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Science Agencies
Among the issues facing science agencies that Congress may choose to address in the FY2010
appropriations process are:
• whether to fund research and related activities at the National Science
Foundation (NSF), National Institute of Standards and Technology, and
Department of Energy Office of Science at the levels authorized in the America
COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69)3 and endorsed in the FY2010 joint budget
resolution (S.Con.Res. 13);
• whether to increase funding to the President’s Office of Science and Technology
Policy (OSTP) to support two additional associate directors,4 the President’s
Open Government Initiative, and the President’s Council of Advisors on Science
and Technology;
• whether to fund climate change and clean energy research that has been
requested in the NSF FY2010 budget request;
• whether to fund NSF’s work under the National Nanotechnology Initiative
directed at understanding and exploiting the unique properties of matter that can
emerge at the nanoscale, as well as toward understanding and addressing
nanotechnology-related environmental, health, and safety concerns;5 and
• determining the future direction of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration’s (NASA) human spaceflight program. For the past few years this
has been guided by the Vision for Space Exploration, announced by President
Bush in 2004 and endorsed by Congress in the 2005 and 2008 NASA
authorization acts (P.L. 109-155 and P.L. 110-422). In May 2009, NASA
announced an independent review of its human spaceflight plans. Nearly $4
billion of NASA’s budget request for FY2010 is tentative pending the results of
the review.
Related Agencies
The Related Agencies include the Commission on Civil Rights (Commission), the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), The U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC),
the Legal Services Corporation (LSC), the Marine Mammal Commission (MMC), the Office of
the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), and the State Justice Institute (SJI). Some of the issues
that Congress may choose to address in the FY2010 appropriations process include
• whether to increase funding to accommodate the Administration’s request to, in
part, hire 224 new employees who would help address the anticipated increase in
its workload (EEOC is projecting that its backlog of private sector charges will
increase by 39% between FY2010 and FY2009);
3 For more information, see CRS Report R40519, America COMPETES Act and the FY2010 Budget, by Deborah D.
Stine
4 The number of OSTP associate directors (AD) has varied across presidential administrations. There were two OSTP
ADs during the administration of President George W. Bush. President Obama’s FY2010 request supports four ADs.
5 For further information, see CRS Report RL34511, Nanotechnology: A Policy Primer, by John F. Sargent Jr.
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• whether funding for the Commission should be increased as appropriations for it
have remained at about $9 million each fiscal year (FY) since FY1995;
• whether funding for the LSC should be increased to reflect the Administration’s
proposal to increase LSC by $45 million;
• whether to eliminate some of the restrictions on permissible activities of LSC-
funded legal service programs; and
• whether to expand USTR’s activities in monitoring foreign country trade
practices and adherence to commitments in trade agreements with the United
States.
Department of Commerce6
The origin of the Department of Commerce (Commerce Department) dates to 1903 with the
establishment of the Department of Commerce and Labor.7 The separate Commerce Department
was established on March 4, 1913.8 The department’s responsibilities are numerous and quite
varied, its activities center on five basic missions: (1) promoting the development of U.S.
business and increasing foreign trade; (2) improving the nation’s technological competitiveness;
(3) encouraging economic development; (4) fostering environmental stewardship and assessment;
and (5) compiling, analyzing, and disseminating statistical information on the U.S. economy and
population.
The following agencies within the Commerce Department carry out these missions:
• International Trade Administration (ITA) seeks to develop the export potential of
U.S. firms and to improve the trade performance of U.S. industry;
• Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), formerly the Bureau of Export
Administration, enforces U.S. export laws consistent with national security,
foreign policy, and short-supply objectives;
• Economic Development Administration (EDA) provides grants for economic
development projects in economically distressed communities and regions;
• Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) seeks to promote private and
public sector investment in minority businesses;
• Economic and Statistics Administration (ESA), excluding the Bureau of the
Census, provides (1) timely information on the state of the economy through
preparation, development, and interpretation of economic data; and (2) analytical
support to department officials in meeting their policy responsibilities;
• Bureau of the Census, a component of ESA, collects, compiles, and publishes a
broad range of economic, demographic, and social data;
6 This section was coordinated by Oscar R. Gonzales and Jennifer D. Williams, CRS Government and Finance
Division.
7 32 Stat. 825
8 37 Stat .C. 1501
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• National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) advises the
President on domestic and international communications policy, manages the
federal government’s use of the radio frequency spectrum, and performs research
in telecommunications sciences;
• United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) examines and approves
applications for patents for claimed inventions and registration of trademarks;
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) assists industry in
developing technology to improve product quality, modernize manufacturing
processes, ensure product reliability, and facilitate rapid commercialization of
products on the basis of new scientific discoveries; and
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides scientific,
technical, and management expertise to (1) promote safe and efficient marine and
air navigation; (2) assess the health of coastal and marine resources; (3) monitor
and predict the coastal, ocean, and global environments (including weather
forecasting); and (4) protect and manage the nation’s coastal resources.
FY2010 Budget Request
Table 3 presents the following funding information for the Commerce Department: the FY2009-
enacted appropriations, emergency supplemental appropriations, the President’s FY2010 request,
the House Appropriations Committee’s recommendation, the House-passed amount, and the
Senate Appropriation Committee’s recommendation.
The Administration has requested a total of $13.789 billion for the Department of Commerce, a
$4.53 billion, or 48.8%, increase over FY2009 appropriations.9 The House-passed bill would
provide a total of $13.841 billion for Commerce, a proposed increase of 49.3% over FY2009
funding and 0.4% more than the FY2010 request. The Senate committee-reported measure would
provide a total of $14.043 billon for Commerce. The proposed funding would be 51.5% more
than FY2009-enacted funding, 1.8% more than the President’s FY2010 request, and 1.5% more
than the amount recommended in the House-passed bill.
Table 3. Funding for the Department of Commerce
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
Bureau or
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House
House-
Senate
Senate-
Agency
Enacted
Committee
Committee
a
Act
Request
Passed
Passed
reported
Reported
International Trade
Administration
$420.4
$440.3 $435.1 $435.0 $446.3
Bureau of Industry
and
Security
83.7
100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3
Economic
Development
Administration
272.8 150.0 284.0 293.0 293.0 238.0
9 In addition to regular appropriations of $9,267.5 million for FY2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
of 2009 (P.L. 111-5) included an additional $7.916 billion for the Commerce Department.
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Bureau or
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House
House-
Senate
Senate-
Agency
Enacted
Committee
Committee
a
Act
Request
reported
Passed
Reported
Passed
Minority Business
Development
Agency
29.8
31.0 31.0 31.0 31.2
Economic and
Statistics
Administration
(excluding
Census) 90.6
105.0 97.3 97.3 100.6
Census
Bureau
3,139.9 1,000.0 7,374.7 7,374.7 7,374.7 7,324.7
National
Telecommunications
and Information
Administration
39.2
5,350.0
20.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
Patent and
Trademark Officeb 2,010.1
1,930.4 1,930.4 1,930.4 1,930.4
Offsetting Fee
Receipts
(USPTO) -2,087.0
-1,930.4 -1,930.4 -1,930.4 -1,930.4
National Institute of
Standards and
Technology
819.0 580.0
846.1c 781.1 781.1 878.8
National Oceanic
and Atmospheric
Administration
4,365.2 830.0
4,473.8 4,602.9 4,603.4 4,772.8
Departmental
Management
83.8 6.0
113.5 92.0 85.0 110.5
Total:
Department of
Commerce
9,267.5 7,916.0
13,788.8 13,847.4 13,840.8 14,043.3
Source: FY2009 Enacted, FY2010 Requested, and House committee-reported amounts taken from the House
report (H.Rept. 111-149) to accompany the FY2010 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill (H.R. 2847). House-passed and Senate Committee-reported amounts taken from the Senate
report to accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 11-34).
Notes: Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding.
a. FY2009-enacted amounts do not include any funding appropriated pursuant to the Supplemental
Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32).
b. The Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) is fully funded by user fees. The fees collected, but not obligated
during the current year are available for obligation in the following fiscal year and do not count toward the
appropriation totals. Only newly appropriated funds count toward the annual appropriation totals. Total
figures for the Department of Commerce exclude PTO.
c. Figure excludes transfers of funds from Election Assistance Commission to the Scientific and Technical
Research Services (STRS), and Working Capital Fund, STRS. If these two accounts are included, the budget
authority would be $849.4 million for NIST; see http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/10BIB/NIST.pdf.
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International Trade Administration (ITA)10
The ITA provides export promotion services, works to assure compliance with trade agreements,
administers trade remedies such as antidumping and countervailing duties, and provides
analytical support for ongoing trade negotiations. ITA’s mission is to improve U.S. prosperity by
strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, promoting trade and investment, and ensuring
fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. ITA strives to accomplish this through
the following organizational units: (1) the Manufacturing and Services Unit, which is responsible
for certain industry analysis functions and promoting the competitiveness and expansion of the
U.S. manufacturing sector; (2) the Market Access and Compliance Unit, which is responsible for
monitoring foreign country compliance with trade agreements, identifying compliance problems
and market access obstacles, and informing U.S. firms of foreign business practices and
opportunities; (3) the Import Administration Unit, which is responsible for administering the trade
remedy laws of the United States; (4) the Trade Promotion/U.S. Foreign Commercial Service
program, which is responsible for conducting trade promotion programs, providing U.S.
companies with export assistance services, and leading interagency advocacy efforts for major
overseas projects; and (5) the Executive and Administrative Directorate, which is responsible for
providing policy leadership, information technology support, and administration services for all
of ITA.
The Administration has requested $440.3 million for ITA for FY2010, $19.9 million (4.7%) more
than the FY2009 funding level of $420.4 million. The budget request anticipates the collection of
$9.4 million in fees, raising available FY2010 funds to $449.7 million. The House-passed bill
would provide $435.0 million for ITA, which represents a 3.5% increase over FY2009
appropriations but 1.2% less than the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported
bill would provide ITA with $446.3 million, $25.8 million (6.1%) above the FY2009
appropriation, $6 million (1.4%) above the budget request, and $11.3 million (2.6%) above the
House-recommended amount.
ITA’s budget request lists the following priorities for FY2010: improving the domestic business
environment to ensure that U.S. firms remain competitive; expanding market access and
promoting U.S. exports; ensuring compliance with and enforcement of trade agreements;
supporting the conclusion of the Doha Round of World Trade Organization negotiations;
supporting the development and implementation of free trade agreements; strengthening public-
private partnerships and implementing commercial strategies to promote exports; and advancing
communication and outreach efforts to improve customer satisfaction.11 Congress may choose to
evaluate the role of ITA in ensuring compliance with and enforcement of trade agreements.
Another issue being considered by Congress is the diminishing number of officers conducting
core commercial activities in the U.S. Foreign Commercial Service of ITA. The Senate
committee-reported bill directs the Administration to reverse the trend of staff reductions and
improper staff assignments in the Foreign Commercial Service, and recommends an additional
$4.5 million above the budget request for ITA to address these staffing issues. The Senate
committee-reported bill also recommends an additional $1.5 million above the budget request for
ITA for congressionally designated projects.
10 This section was written by M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance, CRS Foreign
Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division.
11 U.S. Department of Commerce, Budget in Brief: FY2010, p. 55.
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Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)12
The BIS administers export controls on dual-use goods and technology through its licensing and
enforcement functions. It cooperates with other nations on export control policy and provides
assistance to the U.S. business community to comply with U.S. and multilateral export controls.
BIS also administers U.S. anti-boycott statutes, and is charged with monitoring the U.S. defense
industrial base. Authorization for the activities of BIS, the Export Administration Act,13 expired in
August 2001. On August 17, 2001, President George W. Bush invoked the authorities granted by
the International Economic Emergency Powers Act14 to continue in effect the system of controls
contained in the act and by the Export Administration Regulations,15 and that authority has been
renewed yearly.
The President has proposed $100.3 million for BIS for FY2010, a $16.7 million (20.0%) increase
from the FY2009-enacted funding level of $83.7 million. The FY2010 funding request for BIS is
divided among licensing activity ($54.4 million), enforcement activities ($39.9 million), and
management and policy coordination ($6.1 million). Of these amounts, $14.8 million was
requested for Chemical Weapons Convention enforcement. The $16.7 million increase in the BIS
request is divided between $11.8 million for new policy initiatives and $4.9 million for base
adjustments. The new policy initiatives consist of $10 million to overhaul the Bureau’s
information technology system after reports of cyber-espionage attempts against its systems and
$1.8 million for the Bureau’s weapons of mass destruction and improvised explosive device
enforcement initiative. In FY2009, BIS had budget authority for 353 positions. With base
adjustments and new initiatives, BIS is seeking budget authority for 362 positions for FY2010.
Both the House-passed and Senate committee-reported bills include $100.3 million for BIS, the
same as the Administration’s request.
Economic Development Administration (EDA)16
The EDA was created by the passage of the Public Works and Economic Development Act
(PWEDA) of 1965,17 with the objective of fostering growth in economically distressed areas
characterized by high levels of unemployment and low per-capita income levels. Federally
designated disaster areas and areas affected by military base realignment or closure (BRAC) are
also eligible for EDA assistance.
The President has requested $284 million for EDA for FY2010, an increase of 4.1% over the
FY2009 appropriation of $272.8 million.18 Funding for the Economic Development Assistance
Program (EDAP) would decrease 1.2%, from $249.1 million to $246 million. Salaries and
12 This section was written by Ian F. Fergusson, Specialist in International Trade and Finance, CRS Foreign Affairs,
Defense, and Trade Division.
13 50 U.S.C. 2401, et seq.
14 50 U.S.C. 1703 (b)
15 15 C.F.R., Parts 730-799
16 This section was written by Oscar R. Gonzales, Analyst in Economic Development Policy, CRS Government and
Finance Division.
17 P.L. 89-136; 42 U.S.C. 3121
18 In addition to regular appropriations of $272.8 million for FY2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of
2009 (P.L. 111-5) included an additional $150 million for EDA, for a total of $422.8 million for FY2009.
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expenses would increase 23.2%, from $30.8 million to $38 million. For FY2010, the President’s
request would fund seven programmatic areas, including public works, planning assistance,
technical assistance, research and evaluation, trade adjustment assistance, economic adjustment
assistance, and the Global Climate Change Mitigation Incentive Fund. An important policy
consideration for Congress is whether to fund proposed increases for EDA programs to assist
distressed areas affected by unemployment as a result of the recession, in particular funding for
regional planning and matching grants for regional innovation clusters, and the launch of a
national network of public-private business incubators. The House-passed bill would provide
$293.0 million for EDA, which is 7.4% greater than FY2009 funding and 3.2% greater than the
FY2010 request. The Senate committee-reported bill includes $238.0 million for EDA, which is
12.8% less than the FY2009 appropriation, 16.2% less than the FY2010 request, and 18.8% less
than the House-recommended amount.
Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA)19
The MBDA, established by Executive Order 11625 on October 13, 197120 is charged with the
lead role in coordinating all of the federal government’s minority business programs. As part of
its strategic plan, the MBDA seeks to develop an industry-focused, data-driven, technical
assistance approach to give minority business owners the tools essential for becoming first- or
second-tier suppliers to private corporations and the federal government in the new procurement
environment. Progress is measured in increased gross receipts, number of employees, and size
and scale of firms associated with minority business enterprise.
For FY2010, the President has requested $31.0 million for the MBDA, an increase of 3.9% over
the FY2009 appropriation of $29.8 million. Funding would be available for Minority Business
Enterprise Centers and for Native American Business Enterprise Centers to provide management
and technical assistance, and Minority Business Opportunity Centers to provide contract
opportunities and financial transactions for minority-owned businesses. The House-passed bill
includes $31.0 million for MBDA, the same as the Administration’s request. The Senate
Appropriations Committee recommends $31.2 million for MBDA, which is 4.6% more than what
was appropriated for FY2009 and 0.6% more than both the President’s request and the House-
recommended amount.
Economic and Statistics Administration (ESA)21
The ESA provides economic data, analysis, and forecasts to government agencies and, where
appropriate, to the public. The ESA includes the Bureau of the Census (discussed separately), the
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), and STAT-USA.22 The ESA has three core missions: to
19 This section was written by Oscar R. Gonzales, Analyst in Economic Development Policy, CRS Government and
Finance Division.
20 36 FR 19967, 3 C.F.R., 1971-1975 Comp, 9. 616
21 This section was written by Oscar Gonzales, Analyst in Economic Development Policy, CRS Government and
Finance Division.
22 STAT-USA provides U.S. economic and finance data, international trade statistics, and market research reports.
Since 1994, STAT-USA has been funded through user fees and is excluded from this discussion. In addition, the
regional input-output modeling system maintained by BEA is also excluded because it is funded entirely through user
fees instead of annual appropriations.
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compile a system of economic data, to interpret and communicate information about the forces at
work in the economy, and to support the information and analytical needs of the executive
branch.
The Administration has recommended $105.0 million in budget authority for ESA for FY2010, an
increase of 15.9% over the FY2009 figure of $90.6 million. Funding for ESA in FY2010 includes
two primary accounts: ESA headquarters, and the BEA. The ESA headquarters staff provides
economic research and policy analysis in support of the Secretary of Commerce and the
Administration. The BEA account funds the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs),
which include estimates of national Gross Domestic Product and related measures. The House-
passed bill includes $97.3 million for ESA, a 7.3% increase over FY2009 funding, but 7.4% less
than the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported bill includes $100.6 million for
ESA, which would be 11.0% more than the FY2009 appropriation and 3.4% more than the
House-recommended amount, but it is 4.2% less than the Administration’s request.
Bureau of the Census23
The U.S. Constitution requires a population census every 10 years, to serve as the basis for
reapportioning seats in the House of Representatives.24 Decennial census data also are used for
within-state redistricting and in certain formulas that determine the annual distribution of several
hundred billion dollars in federal and state funds. The Bureau of the Census, established as a
permanent office on March 6, 1902,25 conducts the decennial census under Title 13 of the U.S.
Code, which also authorizes the Census Bureau to collect and compile a wide variety of other
demographic, economic, housing, and governmental data.
Major activities for the decennial census program in FY2010 include mailing out questionnaires
by the official Census Day of April 1, receiving and processing the forms as they are mailed back,
and conducting nonresponse follow-up with households that do not return their forms. In 2010, as
in previous decades, the questionnaire that will collect data for reapportionment and redistricting
is a “short form,” intended to cover the entire population. Another part of the decennial program
is the American Community Survey (ACS). It is replacing the census “long form,” which
collected socioeconomic and housing data from a sample of the U.S. population (about 17.0% in
2000). The ACS is an ongoing survey of about 250,000 households per month that, with few
exceptions, gathers the same data as its predecessor. A key difference between the two surveys is
that whereas the long form collected data once a decade, the ACS is continuous and provides
more timely, annual information.
To fund the Census Bureau in FY2010, the Administration has requested $7.375 billion, 134.9%
more than the FY2009-enacted amount of almost $3.140 billion. The FY2010 request includes
$259.0 million for salaries and expenses (10.9% over the $233.6 million FY2009 amount) and
$7.116 billion for periodic programs (144.9% more than the $2.906 billion for FY2009). Under
the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5), the Bureau received a $1.0
billion FY2009 supplemental appropriation to address problems resulting from a flawed 2010
23 This section was written by Jennifer D. Williams, Specialist in American National Government, CRS Government
and Finance Division.
24See Article 1, Section 2, clause 3, as modified by Section 2 of the 14th Amendment.
25 32 Stat. 51.
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decennial census information technology initiative.26 The Administration has estimated that
$898.0 million of the $1.0 billion will be carried forward as an unobligated balance at the
beginning of FY2010, for total new obligations of $8.014 billion in periodic programs, if
Congress approves the request. Of the $8.014 billion, $7.799 billion (97.3%) would be available
for the 2010 census. The House-passed version of H.R. 2847 includes the requested $7.375
billion for the Census Bureau.27 The Senate committee-reported bill recommends $7.325 billion
for the Bureau, $50.0 million below the request. Although salaries and expenses would receive
the requested $259.0 million, periodic programs would receive $7.066 billion instead of $7.116
billion.
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
(NTIA)28
NTIA is the executive branch’s principal advisory office on domestic and international
telecommunications and information technology policies. Its mandate is to provide greater access
for all Americans to telecommunications services, support U.S. attempts to open foreign markets,
advise on international telecommunications negotiations, fund research grants for new
technologies and their applications, and assist nonprofit organizations converting to digital
transmission in the 21st century. NTIA manages the distribution of funds for several key grant
programs. Its role in federal spectrum management includes acting as a facilitator and mediator in
negotiations among the various federal agencies regarding usage, priority access, causes of
interference, and other radio spectrum questions. In recent years, one of the responsibilities of the
NTIA has been to oversee the transfer of some radio frequencies from the federal domain to the
commercial domain. Many of these frequencies have subsequently been auctioned to the
commercial sector and the proceeds paid into the U.S. Treasury.
There are two major components to the NTIA annually appropriated budget. The Administration
has requested $20.0 million for FY2010 for the Salaries and Expenses category, a 4.1% increase
over the $19.2 million appropriated for FY2009. The House-passed and Senate committee-
reported bills included $20.0 million for NTIA’s salaries and expenses account, the same as the
Administration’s FY2010 request. In addition, the NTIA receives appropriated funds for Public
Telecommunications and Facilities Planning and Construction (PTFPC); the Administration did
not request any funding for PTFPC for FY2010. The House-passed and Senate committee-
reported bills included $20.0 million for PTFPC, the same as what was appropriated for FY2009.
The NTIA also collects management fees from federal agencies, based on each agencies’
spectrum holdings, to defray the cost of its activities on their behalf. These collected funds may
also be used for telecommunications, research, and related activities of the NTIA’s Institute for
Telecommunications Sciences.
The ARRA, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5), provided an
additional $4.7 billion to the NTIA for its existing Broadband Technology Opportunities Program
26 For a discussion of this and other 2010 census issues, see CRS Report R40551, The 2010 Decennial Census:
Background and Issues, by Jennifer D. Williams.
27 The House-passed bill, however, stipulates that $206.0 million of the $7.116 billion approved for the Census
Bureau’s periodic programs account is to be derived from previously appropriated unobligated balances.
28 This section was prepared by Linda K. Moore, Specialist in Telecommunications and Spectrum Policy, CRS
Resources, Science, and Industry Division.
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for a “national broadband service development and expansion program.” The NTIA also
administers the Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Fund, created by the Deficit
Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171, Title III). The fund received the receipts of the 2008
auction of spectrum licenses created by the transition from analog to digital television
broadcasting. Of the auction proceeds, $2.7 billion was made available for grant programs. The
digital-analog converter box coupon program received $1.5 billion from the fund to assist
consumers in meeting the 2009 deadline for receiving television broadcasts in digital. The ARRA
provided an additional $650 million for this program. The fund also provided $1 billion for public
safety interoperable communications (PSIC) grants. The PSIC grant program was contracted to
the Department of Homeland Security for implementation. The NTIA also is responsible for
establishing a grants program of $43.5 million authorized by the ENHANCE 911 Act of 2004
(P.L. 108-494, Title I) to benefit the implementation of 911 services.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)29
The USPTO examines and approves applications for patents on claimed inventions and
administers the registration of trademarks. It also assists other federal departments and agencies
to protect American intellectual property in the international marketplace. The USPTO is funded
by user fees paid by customers that are designated as “offsetting collections” and subject to
spending limits established by Congress.
For FY2010, the Administration has recommended providing the U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office with $1.930 billion in budget authority, a decrease of almost 4.0% from the FY2009 figure
of $2.010 billion. The budget proposal also states that the USPTO should have “full access” to all
fees collected and that fee increases enacted in 2005 and 2006, and extended through 2009,
should be continued. H.R. 2847, as passed by the House and as reported from the Senate
Committee on Appropriations, would provide the same amount of budget authority as the
Administration’s request and requires that the past fee increases remain in effect.
Until recently, appropriation measures limited USPTO use of all fees accumulated within a fiscal
year. Critics of this approach argued that because agency operations are supported by payments
for services, all fees were necessary to fund these services in the year they were provided. Some
experts claimed that a portion of the patent and trademark collections were being used to offset
the cost of other, non-related programs. Proponents of limiting use of funds collected maintained
that the fees appropriated back to the USPTO were sufficient to cover the agency’s operating
budget.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)30
NIST is a laboratory of the Department of Commerce with a mandate to increase the
competitiveness of U.S. companies through appropriate support for industrial development of
precompetitive, generic technologies and the diffusion of government-developed technological
advances to users in all segments of the American economy. NIST research also provides the
29 This section was written by Wendy H. Schacht, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources,
Science, and Industry Division.
30 This section was written by Wendy H. Schacht, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources,
Science, and Industry Division.
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measurement, calibration, and quality assurance techniques that underpin U.S. commerce,
technological progress, improved product reliability, manufacturing processes, and public safety.
The President’s FY2010 budget includes $846.1 million in funding for NIST, an increase of 3.3%
over the FY2009 appropriation of $819.0 million. Support for in-house research and development
under the Scientific and Technical Research and Services (STRS) account (including the Baldrige
National Quality Program) would increase 13.3% to $534.6 million. The Manufacturing
Extension Program (MEP) would receive $124.7 million, 13.4% more than FY2009 ($110.0
million), while financing for the Technology Innovation Program (TIP) is budgeted at $69.9
million, an increase of 7.5% over the $65.0 million appropriated in FY2009. Construction
funding would decline 32.0% from $172.0 million to $116.9 million.31
H.R. 2847, as passed by the House, would provide $781.1 million for NIST, 4.6% below the
FY2009 appropriation (due primarily to decreased funding for construction) and 7.7% less than
the Administration’s request. Included in this figure is $510.0 million for the STRS account,
which is 8.1% more than the current fiscal year, but 4.6% below the budget request. As in the
President’s budget, the $124.7 million in support for MEP represents a 13.4% increase, while
funding for TIP would increase 7.5% to $69.9 million. Construction spending would amount to
$76.5 million, a 55.5% decrease from FY2009 and 7.7% below what the Administration has
requested.
The version of H.R. 2847 reported from the Senate Committee on Appropriations would fund
NIST at $878.8 million, 7.3% above the current fiscal year, 3.7% above the President’s budget
request, and 12.5% more than the House-passed bill. Support for in-house R&D under the STRS
account would total $520.3 million, an increase of 10.2% over FY2009, 2.7% less than the
Administration’s request and 2.0% more than the figure in the House-passed version. As in the
budget request and the House-passed bill, funding for MEP would increase 13.4% to $124.7
million and financing for TIP would increase 7.5% to 69.9 million. The $163.9 million for
construction represents a 4.7% decrease from FY2009, but 40.2% more than the Administration’s
budget figure and over twice that contained in H.R. 2847 as passed by the House.
Continued funding for NIST extramural programs directed toward increased private sector
commercialization has been a major issue. Some Members of Congress have expressed
skepticism over a “technology policy” based on providing federal funds to industry for
development of pre-competitive generic technologies. This approach, coupled with pressures to
balance the federal budget, led to significant reductions in funding for NIST. The Advanced
Technology Program (ATP) and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, which accounted for
more than 50% of the FY1995 NIST budget, were proposed for elimination. In 2007, ATP was
terminated and replaced by the Technology Innovation Program.
31 The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, P.L. 111-5, provided an extra $222.0 million for the STRS
account to be used in FY2009 and FY2010 for “research, competitive grants, additional research fellowships and
advanced research and measurement equipment and supplies,” as noted in the Joint Explanatory Statement of the
Committee on Conference. An additional $360.0 million was included for construction, of which $180.0 million “shall
be for the competitive construction grant program for research science buildings.” The law also directed the transfer of
$20.0 million from the Health Information Technology initiative to NIST to “create and test standards related to health
security and interoperability in conjunction with partners at the Department of Health and Human Services,” according
to the Joint Statement.
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While much of the legislative debate has focused on ATP and MEP, increases in spending for the
NIST laboratories that perform the research essential to the mission responsibilities of the agency
have tended to remain small. As part of the American Competitiveness Initiative, announced by
former President Bush in the 2006 State of the Union, the Administration stated its intention to
double funding over 10 years for “innovation-enabling research” done at NIST through its “core”
programs (defined as internal research in the STRS account and the construction budget). While
additional funding has been forthcoming, it remains to be seen how support for internal R&D at
NIST will evolve and how this might affect financing of extramural efforts such as TIP and MEP.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)32
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) conducts scientific research in
areas such as ecosystems, climate, global climate change, weather, and water; supplies
information on the oceans and atmosphere; and provides stewardship of coastal and marine
environments. NOAA was created in 1970 by Reorganization Plan No. 4. The reorganization plan
was designed to unify the nation’s environmental activities and to provide a systematic approach
for monitoring, analyzing, and protecting the environment. NOAA’s administrative structure has
evolved into six line offices that include the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and
Information Service (NESDIS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the National
Ocean Service (NOS), the National Weather Service (NWS), the Office of Oceanic and
Atmospheric Research (OAR), and Program Support (PS).
The Obama Administration has requested $4.474 billion for NOAA’s 2010 budget. The request is
2.5% or $108.6 million more than the FY2009-enacted amount of $4.365 billion.33 Of the $4.474
billion requested for FY2010, $3.091 billion would fund Operations Research and Facilities
(ORF), $1.391 billion would fund Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction (PAC), and a net
total of -$8.0 million would fund NOAA’s Other Accounts.34 One of NOAA’s priorities is to
support NESDIS satellite programs to maintain and enhance weather and climate data collection.
NOAA is emphasizing programs related to climate research, endangered species recovery, and
fisheries management.
The House recommends funding of $4.603 billion for NOAA. This would provide an increase of
5.5% compared with the FY2009-enacted funding level and a 2.9% increase over the
Administration’s request. Of the $4.603 billion recommended by the House, $3.199 billion would
fund ORF, $1.409 billion would fund PAC, and a net total of -$8.0 million would fund NOAA’s
Other Accounts.35 The House passed one amendment to the Appropriations Committee’s
recommendation that would provide $500,000 to support special fishery demonstration projects in
the Western Pacific.
32 This section was prepared by Harold Upton, Natural Resources Policy Analyst, Resources, Science, and Industry
Division.
33 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Bill, 2010, 111th Cong., 1st sess., June 11, 2009, H.Rept. 111-149 (Washington: GPO, 2009), pp. 268-
269.
34 Ibid, p. 269.
35 The Administration request authorized funding for the Coastal Zone Management Fund that is transferred into the
ORF account (-$3.0 million) and the Fisheries Finance Program’s loans have a negative subsidy rate (-$5.0 million).
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The Senate Appropriations Committee recommends funding of $4.773 billion for NOAA. This
represents an increase of 9.3% compared with the FY2009-enacted level and an increase of 6.7%
over the Administration’s request. Of the $4.603 billion recommended by the Senate
Appropriations Committee, $3.199 billion would fund ORF, $1.409 billion would fund PAC, and
a net total of $71.0 million would fund NOAA’s Other Accounts.
One of NOAA’s priorities is to support NESDIS satellite programs to maintain and enhance
environmental data collection. The Administration has requested $1.429 billion for NESDIS, a
21.3% increase over the FY2009 appropriation of $1.178 billion. The House recommends $1.468
billion, while the Senate committee-reported bill would provide $1.408 billion for NESDIS. Most
of the increases would support satellite engineering development and production activities for the
next generation geostationary satellite (GOES-R), and would contribute to development of
sensors and spacecraft for the tri-agency polar-orbiting satellite system (NPOESS). However,
both Senate and House appropriations committees expressed concerns with NPOESS
management structure, projected cost growth, and schedule slippage.
The Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund (PCSRF), one of several funds in NOAA’s Other
Accounts category, was not funded in the President’s budget. On May 21, 2009, the Obama
Administration sent a budget amendment to Congress to clarify that Pacific salmon recovery is
funded at $50 million under the new Species Recovery Grant Program in ORF.36 The Senate
Appropriations Committee recommended restoring funding for the PCSRF under Other Accounts
at the FY2009 funding level of $80 million.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 (P.L. 111-5) provided additional
funding of $830 million for NOAA’s ORF and PAC accounts. The ORF account was funded at
$230.0 million. Proposed ORF activities include $40 million to reduce the hydrographic survey
backlog; $167 million to restore marine and coastal habitat; $3 million to conduct ESA section 7
consultations, and $20 million to repair and maintain NOAA research vessels.37 The Procurement,
Acquisitions, and Construction account was funded at $600.0 million. Proposed PAC activities
include $170 million to enhance NOAA’s computing capabilities; $7.4 million to enhance
NOAA’s weather radar system; $9 million to upgrade weather forecast offices; $74 million to
develop the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System; $261.6 million
for construction and maintenance of facilities; and $78 million to complete construction of a
fishery survey vessel.38
36 Peter R. Orszag, Executive Office of the President, Letter submitting administration budget amendments,
Washington, DC, May 21, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/budget_amendments/
amendment_05_21_09.pdf.
37 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Submits Proposed Recovery Plan to Congress to Help
Create Jobs, Improve Coastal Communities and Protect Habitat, NOAA, April 7, 2009,
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20090407_recovery.html.
38 Ibid.
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Department of Justice39
Established by an act of 187040 with the Attorney General at its head, the Department of Justice
provides counsel for citizens in federal cases and protects them through law enforcement. It
represents the federal government in all proceedings, civil and criminal, before the Supreme
Court. In legal matters, generally, the department provides legal advice and opinions, upon
request, to the President and executive branch department heads. The major functions of DOJ
agencies and offices are described below.
• United States Attorneys prosecute criminal offenses against the United States,
represent the federal government in civil actions, and initiate proceedings for the
collection of fines, penalties, and forfeitures owed to the United States.
• United States Marshals Service provides security for the federal judiciary,
protects witnesses, executes warrants and court orders, manages seized assets,
detains and transports unsentenced prisoners, and apprehends fugitives.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigates violations of federal criminal
law; helps protect the United States against terrorism and hostile intelligence
efforts; provides assistance to other federal, state, and local law enforcement
agencies; and shares jurisdiction with Drug Enforcement Administration over
federal drug violations.
• Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) investigates federal drug law
violations; coordinates its efforts with state, local, and other federal law
enforcement agencies; develops and maintains drug intelligence systems;
regulates legitimate controlled substances activities; and conducts joint
intelligence-gathering activities with foreign governments.
• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) enforces federal law
related to the manufacture, importation, and distribution of alcohol, tobacco,
firearms, and explosives. It was transferred from the Department of the Treasury
to the Department of Justice by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-
296).
• Federal Prison System (Bureau of Prisons) provides for the custody and care of
the federal prison population, the maintenance of prison-related facilities, and the
boarding of sentenced federal prisoners incarcerated in state and local
institutions.
• Office on Violence Against Women coordinates legislative and other initiatives
relating to violence against women and administers grant programs to help
prevent, detect, and stop violence against women, including domestic violence,
sexual assault, and stalking.
39 This section was written by Celinda Franco, CRS Specialist in Crime and Drug Policy; Kristin M. Finklea, CRS
Analyst in Domestic Security; Nathan James, CRS Analyst in Crime Policy; and William J. Krouse, CRS Specialist in
Domestic Security and Crime Policy; CRS Domestic Social Policy Division. For further information on DOJ
appropriations, see CRS Report RL34530, Department of Justice (DOJ) Appropriations for FY2008 and FY2009, by
William J. Krouse, Nathan James, and Celinda Franco.
40 28 U.S.C. 501
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• Office of Justice Programs (OJP) manages and coordinates the activities of the
Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of
Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office of
Victims of Crime.
• Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)advances the practice of
community policing by awarding grants to law enforcement agencies to hire and
train community policing professionals, acquire and deploy crime-fighting
technologies, and develop and test innovative policing strategies.
Most crime control has traditionally been a state and local responsibility. With the passage of the
Crime Control Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-351), however, the federal role in the administration of
criminal justice has increased incrementally. Since 1984, Congress has approved five major
omnibus crime control bills, designating new federal crimes, penalties, and additional law
enforcement assistance programs for state and local governments.41
FY2010 Budget Request
For FY2010, the Administration has requested almost $27.074 billion for DOJ (as shown in Table
4), or a $986.2 million increase compared with the FY2009-enacted appropriation of $26.088
billion. This 3.8% proposed increase in funding was largely the result of proposed increases for
the FBI, DEA, ATF, the U.S. Marshals, and the U.S. Attorneys. In addition to the FY2009-enacted
appropriation for DOJ, the ARRA included $4.002 billion for DOJ accounts. Funding in ARRA
for DOJ was almost exclusively for DOJ-administered grant programs. The House-passed bill
would provide a total of $27.751 billion for DOJ, 6.4% of what was appropriated for FY2009 and
2.5% more than the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported bill would provide
a total of $27.385 billion for DOJ. The Senate committee-reported amount would be $1.289
billion, or 5.0%, more than the FY2009-enacted amount of $26.088 billion. The Senate
committee-reported amount would be 1.2% more than the Administration’s request for DOJ, but
it represents a 1.3% decrease when compared with the amount recommended by the House.
One issue facing Congress as it considers DOJ’s FY2010 funding level is whether to increase
support for DOJ’s role in strengthening immigration enforcement and increasing border security.
Escalating drug-related violence in Mexico related to the government’s three-year battle with
drug cartels has resulted in thousands of fatalities and has raised concern about the possibility that
the violence could spread into the United States. The federal government’s response to the
ongoing violence in Mexico includes initiatives across a range of federal agencies, including
DOJ, to combat violence, stop firearms trafficking, and strengthen immigration enforcement. For
FY2010, the Administration’s budget request includes $231.6 million to fund additional agents,
attorneys, and other staff to strengthen immigration enforcement and border security along the
Southwest border. The Administration has requested funding for the Southwest Border Initiative
under several different DOJ accounts, including the Office of the Federal Detention Trustee, the
United States Attorneys, the United States Marshals Service, and the Drug Enforcement
Administration. The House-passed bill includes $345.9 million more than FY2009 funding levels
for a DOJ-wide Southwest Border Initiative, a 49% increase over the Administration’s request.
41 See for example, the Crime Control Act of 1984 (P.L. 98-473)l the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1968 (P.L. 99-570); the
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-690); the Crime Control Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-647); and the Violent Crime
Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-322).
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Under the House measure, the additional funding would increase the total amount of available for
the Initiative for FY2010 to almost $1.5 billion.
Table 4. Funding for the Department of Justice
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
House
Senate
Accounts
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House-
Senate-
Enacted
Committee
Committee
a
Act
Request
Reported
Passed
Reported
Passed
General
Administration
$2,007.8
$2,371.0 $2,296.8 $2,273.2 $2,239.3
General
Administration
370.8
551.3 477.1 453.4 419.6
Administrative
Review
&
Appeals 266.0
296.7 296.7 296.7 296.7
Detention
Trustee
1,295.3
1,438.7 1,438.7 1,438.7 1,438.7
Office of the
Inspector
General
75.7 2.0 84.4 84.4 84.4 84.4b
U.S. Parole
Commission
12.6
12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9
Legal
Activities
2,901.6
3,082.4 3,090.5 3,090.5 3,082.5
General legal
activities
804.0
875.1 875.1 875.1 875.1c
United States
Attorneys
1,836.3
1,926.0 1,934.0 1,934.0 1,926.0
Otherd
261.2
281.4 281.4 281.4 281.4
United States Marshals
Service
954.0
1,152.4 1,152.4 1,152.4 1,152.4
National Security
Division
83.8
87.9 87.9 87.9 87.9
Interagency Law
Enforcement
515.0
537.5 528.6 528.6 515.0
Federal Bureau of
Investigation 7,218.6e
7,861.5
7,851.5f 7,851.5f 7,913.5f
Drug Enforcement
Administration
1,939.1
2,014.7 2,019.7 2,019.7 2,014.7g
Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives
1,054.2
1,120.8 1,105.8 1,105.8 1,120.8
Federal Prison System
6,173.9
6,079.3
6,176.7
6,176.7
6,081.7h
Office on Violence
Against
Women
415.0 225.0 414.0 400.0 406.5 435.0
Office of Justice
Programs
2,812.1 3,775.0 2,339.4 3,024.0 3,047.7 2,729.6
Justice
assistance 220.0
225.0 226.0 226.0 215.0
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House
Senate
Accounts
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House-
Senate-
Enacted
Committee
Committee
a
Act
Request
Reported
Passed
Reported
Passed
State and local
law enforcement
assistance
1,328.5 2,765.0 728.0 1,312.5 1,412.5i 1,159.0
Weed
and
seed 25.0
25.0 15.0 15.0 20.0
Community
oriented policing
services
550.5
1,000.0 761.0 802.0 807.0 658.5
Salaries and
Expenses
195.0 10.0 213.4 213.4 129.6 200.0
Juvenile justice
programs
374.0
317.0 385.0 385.0 407.0
Public safety
officers
benefits 119.1
70.1 70.1 70.1 70.1
Total: Department
of
Justice
26,087.6 4,002.0 27,073.9 27,746.7 27,750.8 27,385.3
Source: FY2009 Enacted, FY2010 Requested, and House Committee-reported amounts taken from the House
report (H.Rept. 111-149) to accompany the FY2010 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill (H.R. 2847). House-passed and Senate Committee-reported amounts taken from the Senate
report to accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 11-34).
Notes: Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding.
a. FY2009-enacted amounts do not include any funding appropriated pursuant to the Supplemental
Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32).
b. Includes $2.0 million for overseas contingency operations.
c. Includes $2.5 million for overseas contingency operations.
d. Other includes subaccounts for the Antitrust Division, Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund, U.S.
Trustee System Fund, Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, Fees and Expenses of Witnesses,
Community Relations Service, and the Asset Forfeiture Fund.
e. Excludes $82.6 million in emergency funding (P.L. 110-252).
f.
Includes $101.1 million for overseas contingency operations.
g. Includes $10.0 million for overseas contingency operations.
h. Includes $10.5 million for overseas contingency operations.
i.
The Senate report to accompany the Senate Committee-reported version of H.R. 2847 indicates that the
House allowance for the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance account was $1,412.5 million, but a
CRS analysis of amendments adopted during House debate of H.R. 2847 and the text of the House-passed
version of H.R. 2847 indicate that the House al owance for the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance
account is $1,415.0 million. CRS could not reconcile the differences between the Senate report and the text
of the House-passed version of H.R. 2847.
General Administration
The General Administration account provides funds for salaries and expenses for the Attorney
General’s office, the Inspector General’s office, as well as other programs designed to ensure that
the collaborative efforts of DOJ agencies are coordinated to help fight crime as efficiently as
possible. The Administration has requested almost $2.371 billion for FY2010. This amount is
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nearly $363.1 million more than the enacted FY2009 appropriation of almost $2.008 billion, an
increase of 18.1%. The House-passed bill would provide a total of $2.273 billion for General
Administration, which would be 13.2% more than the FY2009-enacted amount, but 4.1% less
than the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported version of H.R. 2847 would
provide a total of $2.239 billion for General Administration, which would represent an increase of
11.5% over the FY2009-enacted amount. However, the Senate committee-recommended amount
would be 5.6% less than the Administration’s request and 1.5% less than the House-passed
amount. Described below are several General Administration subaccounts, such as the Office of
the Inspector General.
General Administration
The General Administration account includes funding for Salaries and Expenses for DOJ
administration, as well as for the National Drug Intelligence Center, Justice Information Sharing
Technology, and Tactical Law Enforcement Wireless Communications. For DOJ’s General
Administration, the FY2010 budget request includes almost $551.3 million, an increase of almost
$180.5 million (or 48.7%) over the FY2009 appropriation of $370.8 million. As part of the
FY2010 request, the Administration has proposed an additional $60.0 million to fund DOJ
activities related to closing Guantánamo Bay detention facility and determining the disposition of
detainees currently housed in the facility.42 According to the Administration, these resources may
be needed for the prosecution activities of the U.S. Attorneys and the National Security Division;
the U.S. Marshals Service and the Office of the Federal Detention Trustee for safely housing and
transporting the detainees, as well as for courthouse safety; and for the Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
in the event that detainees that are currently held are convicted and incarcerated in the BOP
facilities.
The House-passed bill includes $453.4 million for General Administration, a 22.3% increase over
FY2009 funding but 17.7% less than the Administration’s request. The House-passed bill does
not include the Administration’s request for $60.0 million in additional funding for anticipated
DOJ administrative costs related to closing the Guantánamo Bay detention facility. Section 523 of
the House-passed bill further prohibits the use of any funds made available under this or any prior
appropriations act to be used to release any individual into the United States or the District of
Columbia who was detained, as of April 30, 2009, at the Guantánamo Bay detention facility.
The Senate committee-reported bill would provide a total of $419.6 million for General
Administration. The Senate committee recommended amount would be 7.5% less than the
amount recommended by the House and 23.9% less than the Administration’s request. The
amount provided in the Senate committee-reported bill would be 13.2% more than the FY2009-
enacted amount of $370.8 million. However, it is important to note that the Senate committee
recommended amount does not include any funding for the National Drug Intelligence Center.
The House-passed bill included $44.0 million for the National Drug Intelligence Center, the same
as the Administration’s request. Like the House, the Senate committee-reported bill does not
include the Administration’s request for $60.0 million in additional funding for costs associated
with closing the Guantánamo bay detention facility. However, the Senate committee-
42 On January 22, 2009, President Obama signed an executive order addressing the Guantánamo Bay detention facility
and Guantánamo detainees. See, Executive Order, Review of Detention Policy Options, January 22, 2009, available at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ReviewofDetentionPolicyOptions/.
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recommended bill does not include language prohibiting the use of any appropriated for activities
related to the closing of the Guantánamo Bay detention facility.
Administrative Review and Appeals (ARA)
ARA includes the Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR) and the Office of the Pardon
Attorney (OPA). The Attorney General is responsible for the review and adjudication of
immigration cases in coordination with the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) efforts to
secure the nation’s borders. The EOIR handles these matters, and the OPA receives and reviews
petitions for executive clemency. For FY2009, Congress appropriated $266.0 million for ARA.
The Administration has requested $296.7 million for ARA funding for FY2010. The requested
amount exceeds the FY2009 funding level by nearly $30.7 million, representing an increase of
11.5%. The House recommended $296.7 million for ARA, the same as the Administration’s
request. The Senate committee-reported amount for ARA is the same as amount provided in the
House-passed bill ($296.7 million).
As discussed above, in response to escalating drug-related violence in Mexico and concerns about
the possibility that the violence could spread into the United States, the Administration has
requested as a part of the Southwest Border Initiative an increase of $26.3 million for additional
immigration enforcement. The proposed funding increase would (1) provide additional staff to
respond to the new DHS Secure Communities initiative, which represents a comprehensive plan
to identify and remove criminal aliens; (2) create a single system to store, distribute, and archive
all documents filed or created by EOIR, which will enhance EOIR’s capacity to maximize the
efficiency of case processing in support of priority enforcement and adjudication initiatives; and
(3) provide custodians of unaccompanied alien children with legal orientation programs to
address the custodian’s responsibility for the child’s appearance at all immigration proceedings,
and to protect the child from mistreatment, exploitation, and trafficking. As part of the Southwest
Border Initiative, the House measure includes $26.3 million for EOIR’s increased immigration
caseload resulting from border enforcement activities. Similarly, the Senate Appropriations
Committee approved the Administration’s request and provides the additional $26.3 million for
the Southwest Border Initiative.
Office of the Federal Detention Trustee (OFDT)
The OFDT provides overall management and oversight for federal detention services relating to
federal prisoners in non-federal institutions or otherwise in the custody of the U.S. Marshals
Service. The FY2010 budget has requested almost $1.439 billion for OFDT. This amount is
11.1% more than the FY2009 appropriation of $1.295 billion. The House-passed bill provides
$1.439 billion for OFDT, the same as the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-
reported bill would also provide $1.439 billion for OFDT.
As discussed above, in response to escalating drug-related violence in Mexico and concerns about
the possibility that the violence could spread into the United States, the Administration has
requested as a part of the Southwest Border Initiative an increase of $44.6 million for OFDT for
costs associated with increased housing requirements for criminal aliens apprehended along the
Southwest border and prosecuted in U.S. District courts. The Administration has also requested
an additional $95.8 million for OFDT to cover additional operating costs associated with
increased immigration enforcement activity by DHS at the Southwest border and an additional
$2.8 million for air transportation increases along the Southwest border. The House-passed
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measure includes $143.2 million for detention expenses related to the Southwest Border
Initiative’s enforcement efforts. Like the House, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved
the Administration’s request, and the Senate committee-reported bill provides $143.2 million for
the Southwest Border Initiative.
Office of the Inspector General (OIG)
The OIG is responsible for detecting and deterring waste, fraud, and abuse involving DOJ
programs and personnel; promoting economy and efficiency in DOJ operations; and investigating
allegations of departmental misconduct. The Administration has requested nearly $84.4 million
for the OIG in its FY2010 budget. This amount is almost $8.7 million greater than the $75.7
million appropriated by Congress for FY2009 and would represent an 11.5% increase in funding
for FY2010. The House-passed bill includes $84.4 million for the OIG, the same as the
Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported bill would provide the same amount as
the House-passed bill ($84.4 million).
U.S. Parole Commission
The U.S. Parole Commission adjudicates parole requests for prisoners who are serving felony
sentences under federal and District of Columbia code violations. For FY2010, the President’s
budget has request $12.9 million for the Parole Commission, an increase of nearly $0.3 million
(or 2.3%) compared to the FY2009 appropriation of almost $12.6 million. House recommends
$12.9 million for the U.S. Parole Commission, the same amount as what the President requested.
The Senate Appropriations Committee also recommends $12.9 million for the U.S. Parole
Commission.
Legal Activities
The Legal Activities account includes several subaccounts: general legal activities, U.S.
Attorneys, and other legal activities. For FY2010, the Administration has requested
approximately $3.082 billion for legal activities, an increase of 6.2% and nearly $180.9 million
more than the FY2009-enacted funding level of almost $2.902 billion for these activities. The
House-passed bill includes nearly $3.09 billion for legal activities, 6.5% more that FY2009
funding and 0.3% more than the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported version
of H.R. 2847 would provide $3.082 billion for Legal Activities. The amount recommended by the
Senate Appropriations Committee is the same as the Administration’s request and 0.3% less than
what was recommended by the House.
General Legal Activities
The General Legal Activities account funds the Solicitor General’s supervision of the
department’s conduct in proceedings before the Supreme Court. It also funds several
departmental divisions (tax, criminal, civil, environment and natural resources, legal counsel,
civil rights, INTERPOL, and dispute resolution). For FY2010, the President has requested $875.1
million for General Legal Activities, $71.1 million more than the FY2009-enacted appropriation
of $804.0 million, or a proposed 8.8% increase in funding. The House-passed version of H.R.
2847 would provide $875.1 million for this account, the same as the President’s request. The
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Senate Appropriation Committee has also recommended $875.1 million for General Legal
Activities.
As discussed above, in response to escalating drug-related violence in Mexico and concerns about
the possibility that the violence could spread into the United States, the Administration has
requested as a part of the Southwest Border Initiative an increase of $1.8 million for DOJ’s Civil
Division to hire additional attorneys to handle the expected increase in immigration-related cases
resulting from increased enforcement along the Southwest border. For the Southwest Border
Initiative, both the House-passed measure and the Senate committee-reported bill include the
additional funding the Administration requested for DOJ’s Civil Division.
Office of the U.S. Attorneys
The U.S. Attorneys enforce federal laws through prosecution of criminal cases and represent the
federal government in civil actions in all of the 94 federal judicial districts. For FY2010, the
Administration has requested $1.926 billion for the U.S. Attorneys Office, an almost $89.7
million or 4.9% increase over the FY2009-enacted appropriation of $1.836 billion. The House-
passed bill includes $1.934 billion for the U.S. Attorneys, representing a proposed increase of
5.3% over FY2009 funding and 0.4% more than the Administration’s request. The Senate
committee-reported bill would provide $1.926 billion for the U.S. Attorneys, the same as the
Administration’s request and 0.4% less than the House-approved amount.
As discussed above, in response to escalating drug-related violence in Mexico and concerns about
the possibility that the violence could spread into the United States the Administration has
requested additional funding under several DOJ accounts to fund additional agents, attorneys, and
other staff to strengthen immigration enforcement and border security along the Southwest
border. The Administration has requested an increase of $8.1 million for the U.S. Attorneys to
hire additional attorneys to provide additional prosecution resources to address illegal
immigration along the country’s borders. Under the House-passed bill, $8.1 million would be
provided for U.S. Attorneys salaries and expenses as part of the Southwest Border Initiative. The
Senate committee-reported bill would also provide an additional $8.1 million for the U.S.
Attorneys as a part of the Southwest Border Initiative.
In addition to concerns about violence along the country’s Southwest border, both the
Administration and Congress have expressed concern over the adequacy of resources available to
combat various forms of financial fraud, including mortgage and corporate fraud. Specifically, the
Administration requested $7.5 million in FY2010 funding for the U.S. Attorneys to combat
financial fraud, and the House recommended this request be fulfilled. The Senate Appropriations
Committee also recommended that the Administration’s request be fulfilled.
Other Legal Activities
Other legal activities include the Antitrust Division, the Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund,
the U.S. Trustee System Fund (which is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the U.S.
bankruptcy system by, among other things, prosecuting criminal bankruptcy violations), the
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, the Fees and Expenses of Witnesses, the Community
Relations Service, and the Assets Forfeiture Fund. For these other legal activities, the
Administration has requested $281.4 million. This amount reflects an increase in funding of $20.2
million, or a 7.7% increase over the FY2009-enacted level of $261.2 million. The House-passed
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bill includes the same amount for Other Legal Activities as the Administration’s request ($281.4
million). The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended the same amount for Other Legal
Activities as the House ($281.4 million).
U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)
The USMS is responsible for the protection of the federal judicial process, including protecting
judges, attorneys, witnesses, and jurors. In addition, USMS provides physical security in
courthouses, safeguards witnesses, transports prisoners from court proceedings, apprehends
fugitives, executes warrants and court orders, and seizes forfeited property. For FY2009, the
appropriation for the USMS was $954.0 million. For FY2010, the Administration has proposed
USMS funding of $1.152 billion, an increase of almost $198.4 million, or 20.8% over the
FY2009-enacted level. The House-passed bill provides $1.152 billion for the USMS, the same as
the Administration’s request. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommends the same
amount for the USMS as the House.
As discussed above, in response to escalating drug-related violence in Mexico and concerns about
the possibility that the violence could spread into the United States, the Administration has
requested as a part of the Southwest Border Initiative an increase of $144.3 million to hire an
addition 700 positions to address immigration enforcement both at the Southwest Border and
within the country. Under the Southwest Border Initiative, the House-passed measure includes
$114.3 million for USMS expenses related border security activities. The Senate Appropriations
Committee reported that it recommended additional funding for the USMS for immigration
enforcement, but the report to accompany the Senate committee-reported bill (S.Rept. 111-34) did
not specify how much the committee recommended for immigration enforcement.
National Security Division (NSD)
The NSD coordinates DOJ’s national security and terrorism missions through law enforcement
investigations and prosecutions. The NSD was established in DOJ in response to the
recommendations of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States
Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD Commission), and authorized by Congress on
March 9, 2006, in the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005.43 Under the
NSD, the DOJ resources of the Office of Intelligence Policy and Review and the Criminal
Division’s Counterterrorism and Counterespionage Sections were consolidated to coordinate all
intelligence-related resources and ensure that criminal intelligence information is shared, as
appropriate.
For FY2010, the President has requested $87.9 million for the NSD, a proposed increase of nearly
5.0% compared to FY2009 funding ($83.8 million, excluding supplemental appropriations).44 The
House-passed and Senate-reported bills would fund the NSD at the level requested by the
Administration.
43 P.L. 109-177
44 For the NSD, Congress appropriated $1.389 million in the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32).
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Interagency Law Enforcement
The Interagency Law Enforcement account reimburses departmental agencies for their
participation in the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) program.
Organized into nine regional task forces, this program combines the expertise of federal agencies
with the efforts of state and local law enforcement to disrupt and dismantle major narcotics-
trafficking and money-laundering organizations. From DOJ, the federal agencies that participate
in OCDETF are the DEA; the FBI; the ATF; the U.S. Marshals Service; the Tax and Criminal
Divisions of DOJ; and the U.S. Attorneys. From DHS, Immigration and Customs Enforcement
and the U.S. Coast Guard participate in OCDETF. In addition, from the Department of the
Treasury, the Internal Revenue Service and Treasury Office of Enforcement also participate in
OCDETF. Moreover, state and local law enforcement agencies participate in approximately 90%
of all OCDETF investigations.45
For FY2010, the Administration has proposed providing $537.5 million for OCDETF. The
proposed FY2010 funding level would exceed the FY2009 OCDETF enacted funding level of
$515.0 million by $22.5 million or 4.4%. The House-passed bill includes $528.6 million for
Interagency Law Enforcement, a 2.6% increase over FY2009 funding, but 1.7% less than what
the Administration requested for this account. The Senate Appropriations Committee has
recommended a total of $515.0 million in funding for Interagency Law Enforcement. The amount
recommended by the Senate Appropriations Committee would be the same as the FY2009
appropriation ($515.0 million), which would be 4.2% less than the Administration’s request and
2.6% less than the House-recommended amount.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
The FBI is the lead federal investigative agency charged with defending the country against
foreign terrorist and intelligence threats; enforcing federal laws; and providing leadership and
criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, tribal, and territorial law enforcement
agencies and partners. Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the FBI has reorganized and
reprioritized to focus on preventing terrorism and related criminal activities. From FY2000
through FY2009, Congress has more than doubled the direct appropriation for the FBI, from
$3.091 billion to $7.218 billion, or a 133.5% increase. The FY2009-enacted amount included
$7.065 billion for salaries and expenses and $153 million for construction. In addition to the
$7.218 billion in regular funding provided for the FBI, Congress has appropriated $117.6 million
in FY2009 emergency spending.46
45 U.S. Department of Justice, Interagency Law Enforcement, FY2010 Interagency Crime and Drug Enforcement
Congressional Submission, March 2009, p. 8.
46 Congress appropriated $82.6 million in Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2008 (P.L. 110-252) and $35 million in
the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32).
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Table 5. FBI Salaries and Expenses Account Allocations, FY2003-FY2010
(budget authority in billions of dollars)
Criminal Enterprises
Criminal Justice
National Security
and Federal Crime
Services
Total
Dollars %
of
total Dollars %
of
total
Dollars
% of total
Dollars
FY2003 $2.107 46.0% $2.199 48.0% $0.275 6.0% 4.581
FY2004
2.297 50.0% 2.022 44.0% 0.276 6.0% 4.595
FY2005
2.812 54.0% 2.084 40.0% 0.313 6.0% 5.209
FY2006
3.388 58.8% 2.088 36.2% 0.286 5.0% 5.761
FY2007
3.707 59.3% 2.103 33.7% 0.438 7.0% 6.247
FY2008
4.001 60.6% 2.186 33.1% 0.413 6.3% 6.600
FY2009
4.371 61.9% 2.276 32.2% 0.418 5.9% 7.065
FY2010a
4.783 62.0% 2.409 31.2% 0.426 5.5% 7.719
Source: CRS analysis of FBI Budget Requests for Congress for FY2004 through FY2010.
Note: Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding.
a. The FY2010 al ocations reflect the amounts proposed in the Administration’s FY2009 budget submission.
As Table 5 shows, from FY2003 to FY2009, the lion’s share of new resources provided to the
FBI have been allocated to national security, including the intelligence and
counterterrorism/counterintelligence budget decision units.47 For those years, the allocations for
national security from the salaries and expenses account increased from $2.107 billion (46.0%) to
$4.371 billion (61.1%). The FY2010 request included a proposed allocation of $4.783 billion
(62.0%) for FY2010 for national security activities.
At the same time, the allocations for criminal enterprises and federal crimes (traditional crime)
decreased from $2.199 billion (48.0%) to $2.276 billion (31.8%). Some Members of Congress
have expressed concern about the diminishing percentage of funding allocated for traditional
crime (including drug enforcement, violent crime, and white collar crime investigations).48 The
FY2010 request included a proposed allocation of $2.409 billion (31.2%) for traditional crime.
Meanwhile, the allocations for criminal justice services have increased from $275 million (6%)
for FY2003 to $418 million (5.8%) for FY2009. The FY2010 request included a proposed
allocation of $416.5 million (31.2%) for criminal justice services.
47 There are no publically available budget breakouts for FY2000 through FY2002. It is also notable that prior to the
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, and immediately thereafter, FBI funding allocations for national security
activities were considered law enforcement-sensitive. Those amounts were redacted from declassified audits released
by DOJ Inspector General. See Audit Report 02-38, A Review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s
Counterterrorism Program: Threat Assessment, Strategic Planning, and Resource Management, September 2002.
Available at http://www.usdoj/gov/oig/reports/FBI/a0238.htm.
48 Senator Barbara Mikulski, Chair of the Senate Appropriations CJS subcommittee, amended the FY2008 CJS
appropriations bill (H.R. 3093) to include language to require the FBI Director to submit a report to the Appropriations
Committees with 60 days of enactment on the FBI’s current workforce allocation, right-sizing, and realignment of
agents, analysts, and support personnel.
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It is also notable that the FBI controlled $1.263 billion in FY2009 fee receipts and other
reimbursable resources and anticipates receiving similar resources in the amounts of $1.867
billion for FY2009 and $1.903 billion for FY2010. The fingerprint identification user fee is
projected to generate $532.4 million in receipts for FY2010 (28% of total fee receipts and
reimbursable resources).
The President’s FY2010 budget request for the FBI includes $7.862 billion, or a proposed 8.8%
increase over the FY2009 (not including the $117.6 million in emergency funding noted above).
The FY2010 request includes $7.719 billion for salaries and expenses and $142.8 million for
construction. The FY2010 request includes the following budget increases:
• $61.2 million for a comprehensive national cybersecurity initiative (77.4% over
FY2009);
• $70 million to increase FBI-wide intelligence capabilities (25.4% over FY2009);
• $48 million to augment national security investigations (9.8% over FY2009);
• $25.5 million to investigate additional mortgage fraud cases (51.3% over
FY2009);
• $80.6 million to improve weapons of mass destruction response capabilities (a
29.8% over FY2009);
• $9 million to inventory and consolidate files at the Central Records Complex
(112.5% over FY2009);
• $53 million to improve wireless communications tracking and intercept
capabilities, as well as other electronic and aerial surveillance programs (13.3%
over FY2009);
• $25.1 million to support the national security training and career path (a 14.1%
over FY2009);
• $101.1 million to support overseas contingency operations;
• $10 million for a preliminary architecture and engineering study in anticipation
of expanding the FBI Academy and training facilities, and;
• $97.6 million to develop a joint Biometric Technology Center with the
Department of Defense. 49
These amounts total to $581.1 million in requested FY2010 budget enhancements.
As recommended by the committee, the House-passed bill includes $7.852 billion for the FBI,
representing an 8.8% increase over FY2009 funding (excluding emergency funding), but a 0.1%
decrease under the Administration’s request. The Senate-reported bill includes $7.914 billion for
the FBI, a 9.6% increase over the FY2009 appropriation (excluding emergency funding), a 0.7%
increase over the Administration’s request, and an 0.8% increase over the House-passed amount.
49 U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Management Division, FY2010 Budget and Performance Summary, (May 2009),
p. 132, at http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/2010summary/.
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Both Congress and the Administration have been concerned with providing sufficient resources to
combat financial crime such as mortgage fraud. As requested by the Administration, both the
House and Senate bills include an increase of $25.5 million to investigate mortgage fraud. House
report language, however, underscores that the FY2010 request placed too great an emphasis on
mortgage fraud, and directs the FBI to use this funding increase for other high-priority financial
fraud cases (such as fraud related to the Troubled Asset Relief Program). House report language
directs the FBI to dedicate $8 million for intellectual property crime, and indicated that the House
bill includes an increase of $25 million to confront gangs and violent crime, and $8 million for
civil rights enforcement, all increases that were not requested by the Administration. The House
bill includes $9 million for the Central Records Complex and $100.1 million for overseas
contingency operations, as requested by the Administration.
Senate report language indicates that the Senate bill includes requested increases for enhanced
surveillance, cybersecurity, overseas contingency operations, records management, national
security investigations, mortgage fraud, FBI academy expansion, and a biometrics technology
center. In addition, Senate report language directs the FBI to dedicate $1.5 million to establish a
human rights violations unit (10 agents), $46.3 million for civil rights enforcement, $52.7 million
for the Innocent Images National Initiative, and $30 million for the continued construction of a
Terrorist Explosive Devices Capabilities Center (TEDAC). For criminal justice services, Senate
report language directs the FBI to use $366 million in excess user fees, as the Senate bill includes
only $285 million for these purposes, rather than the $426.5 million requested by the
Administration. For the Biometrics Technology Center, Senate report language directs the FBI to
transfer up to $30 million for salaries and expenses to the construction account for the facility and
to use $23 million in excess user fees to fund technology upgrades.
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
The DEA is the lead federal agency tasked with reducing the illicit supply and abuse of dangerous
narcotics and drugs through drug interdiction and seizures of illicit revenues and assets from drug
trafficking organizations. According to DEA, the agency’s efforts have contributed to about
900,000 fewer teens using drugs in 2009 than in 2001.50 For FY2010, one of DEA’s goals is to
recover $3.0 billion in illegal proceeds annually from international drug trafficking networks
operating in the United States. DEA noted that they continue to face evolving challenges in
limiting the supply of illicit drugs, such as pharmaceutical drugs available through the Internet, as
well as reducing drug trafficking across the Southwest border with Mexico into the United
States.51
For FY2010, the Administration has requested almost $2.015 billion in funding for DEA. This
amount would exceed the enacted FY2009 funding level of $1.939 billion by almost $75.6
million and would reflect a 3.9% funding increase. The House-passed bill includes nearly $2.02
billion for the DEA, which would be a 4.2% increase over FY2009 funding and 0.2% greater than
the Administration’s request. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommends $2.015 billion
for the DEA, which is the same as the Administration’s request and 0.2% less than the amount
recommended by the House.
50 Statement of Michele Leonhart, Acting Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration, Hearing before the U.S.
Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies,
Drug Enforcement Administration, 111th Cong., 1st sess., March 26, 2009.
51 Ibid.
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As discussed above, in response to escalating drug-related violence in Mexico and concerns about
the possibility that the violence could spread into the United States, the Administration has
requested additional funding under several DOJ accounts to fund additional agents, attorneys, and
other staff to strengthen immigration enforcement and border security along the Southwest
border. Included in the Administration’s FY2010 request for the DEA is a proposed increase of
$24.1 million to hire additional positions to enable the DEA to carry out enforcement operations
along the Southwest Border and to investigate the trafficking networks of Mexican cartels. The
requested funding would also support the Special Field Intelligence Programs that focus on
Mexican drug cartels and the escalation of drug-related violence. Both the House-passed measure
and the Senate committee-reported bill provide the amount the Administration requested for DEA
activities related to the Southwest Border Initiative.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
The ATF enforces federal criminal law related to the manufacture, importation, and distribution of
alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives. ATF works both independently and through
partnerships with industry groups, international, state and local governments, and other federal
agencies to investigate and reduce crime involving firearms and explosives, acts of arson, and
illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products.
The President’s FY2010 budget request includes $1.121 billion for ATF, and increase of $66.6
million, or 6.3%, compared to the FY2009-enacted appropriation.52 Compared to the FY2009-
enacted level, the FY2010 request includes a net increase of $66.6 million. This proposed
increase includes
• $18 million to support “Project Gunrunner,” an initiative focused on stemming
illegal firearms trafficking to Mexico from the United States;
• $25 million for the new National Center for Explosives Training and Research
Center for facility outfitting and expanded training; and
• $23.6 million in base adjustments.53
As recommended by the committee, the House-passed bill includes $1.106 billion for the ATF, a
4.9% increase over FY2009 funding (excluding supplemental funding in P.L. 111-32)54 but 1.3%
under the Administration’s request. The Senate-reported bill includes $1.121 billion for the ATF,
the same as the Administration’s request, and a 1.4% increase over the House amount. Both the
House and Senate bills include the proposed $18 million increase for Project Gunrunner.
Federal Prison System (Bureau of Prisons)
The Bureau of Prisons (BOP) was established in 1930 to house federal inmates, to professionalize
the prison service, and to ensure consistent and centralized administration of the federal prison
52 For further information, see CRS Report FL34514, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF):
Budget and Operations.
53 U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Management Division, FY2010 Budget and Performance Summary, (May 2009),
p. 139. Available at http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/2010summary/.
54 For the ATF, Congress appropriated $14 million in the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32).
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system.55 The mission of BOP is to protect society by confining offenders in prisons and
community-based facilities that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and are appropriately secure, and
that provide work and other self-improvement opportunities for inmates so that they can become
productive citizens after they are released.56 BOP currently operates 115 correctional facilities
across the country.57 BOP also contracts with Residential Re-entry Centers (RRC) (i.e., halfway
houses) to provide assistance to inmates nearing release.58 RRCs provide inmates with a
structured and supervised environment along with employment counseling, job placement
services, financial management assistance, and other programs and services.59
Congress funds BOP’s operations through two accounts under the Federal Prison System
heading: Salaries and Expenses (S&E) and Buildings and Facilities (B&F). The S&E account
(i.e., the operating budget) provides for the custody and care of federal inmates and for the daily
maintenance and operations of correctional facilities, regional offices, and BOP’s central office in
Washington, DC. It also provides funding for the incarceration of federal inmates in state, local,
and private facilities. The B&F account (i.e., the capital budget) provides funding for the
construction of new facilities and the modernization, repair, and expansion of existing facilities.
In addition to appropriations for the S&E and B&F accounts, Congress usually places a cap on
the amount of the revenue generated by the Federal Prison Industries (FPI) that can be used for
administrative expenses in the annual CJS appropriations bill. Although Congress does not
appropriate funding for the administrative expenses of FPI, the administrative expenses cap is
scored as enacted budget authority.
The FY2010 budget request has proposed BOP funding of almost $6.079 billion, of which $5.98
billion would be for the S&E account and $96.7 million for the B&F account. The total proposed
amount would provide $94.6 million less than the total enacted FY2009 appropriations of almost
$6.174 billion, reflecting a 1.5% decrease.60 The FY2009-enacted appropriation included $5.596
billion for the S&E account and $575.8 million for the B&F account. The proposed reduction to
BOP’s overall funding is the result of a proposed reduction in BOP’s B&F account. The
Administration has requested $96.7 million for the B&F account, $479.1 million less than the
$575.8 million Congress appropriated for FY2009. The House-passed bill includes $6.177 billion
in total funding for BOP, which would represent less than a 0.1% increase in funding compared
with FY2009, but it would be 1.6% greater than the Administration’s proposed funding level. The
House-passed bills include a $481.5 million increase in BOP’s S&E account (from $5.596 billion
in FY2009 to a proposed $6.077 billion for FY2010), but the House’s recommended funding for
BOP’s B&F account is the same as the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported
bill would provide a total of $6.082 billion for BOP, including $5.969 billion for the S&E account
and $99.2 million for B&F. The Senate committee-reported amount for the S&E account would
represent a 6.7% increase over the FY2009 appropriation, but it would be 0.2% less than the
Administration’s request and 1.8% less than the House-passed amount. The Senate committee-
55 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, About the Bureau of Prisons, http://www.bop.gov/about/index.jsp.
56 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, Mission and Vision of the Bureau of Prisons, http://www.bop.gov/
about/mission.jsp.
57 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, About the Bureau of Prisons, http://www.bop.gov/about/index.jsp.
58 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, Community Corrections, http://www.bop.gov/locations/cc/index.jsp.
59 Ibid.
60 FY2009-enacted funding included $5.956 billion for S&E, $575.8 million for B&F, and a $2.3 million cap on FPI’s
administrative expenses.
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reported amount for the B&F account would be 82.8% less than the FY2009 appropriation, but it
is 2.5% more than both the Administration’s request and the House-passed amount.
BOP reports that by the end of 2008, the federal prison population was more than 201,000
inmates; BOP further estimates that this population will grow to approximately 206,000 by the
end of 2009 and 211,000 by the end of 2010.61 Of the total number of federal inmates at the end
of 2008, nearly 166,000 were held in facilities operated by BOP, while the remaining 18% were
in contract care at privately operated secure facilities, in residential reentry centers, or serving a
sentence of home confinement. BOP reports that its facilities were operating at 36% above
capacity at the end of 2008, and it estimates that by the end of 2009 the facilities will be operating
at 37% above capacity.62 BOP reports that one of its challenges it to provide for safe inmate
incarceration and care, and to provide for the safety of BOP staff and surrounding communities in
light of the increasing prison population.63 BOP also reports that the inmate-to-staff ratio has
increased from 3.6 to 1 in 1997 to 4.9 to 1 in 2008.64
One issue for Congress as it considers the appropriate level of funding for BOP for FY2010 might
be whether to increase BOP’s funding in order to more effectively manage the growing prison
population. The Administration’s request for the S&E account would only allow BOP to maintain
current staffing levels at existing BOP facilities.65 Both the House and the Senate Appropriations
Committees have expressed concern about how inadequate budget requests in the past have
forced BOP to rely on correctional officer overtime and the diversion of program staff instead of
hiring additional correctional officers, which Congress feels has resulted in BOP’s workforce
being spread thin and compromising BOP’s ability to effectively manage its institutions. The
Administration has requested funding for additional positions to activate two new correctional
facilities: one in McDowell, WV, and another in Mendota, CA. The House-passed bill would
provide $481.5 million more than the Administration’s request for the S&E account. The House
Appropriations Committee stated that it was concerned about the level of staffing at BOP
facilities.66 The House Appropriations Committee required that no less than $70.6 million of the
recommended S&E funding be used for hiring additional correctional officers.67 This requirement
is in addition to the $52.7 million the House Appropriations Committee provided to activate the
facility in McDowell, WV, and the $49.4 million provided to activate the facility in Mendota, CA.
In the report to accompany the Senate committee-reported version of H.R. 2847, the Senate
Appropriations Committee stated that it was concerned the Administration’s FY2010 will not
allow BOP to manage the basic operational needs of federal prisons.
Moreover, even though BOP predicts that the federal prison population will continue to grow in
the near future, the Administration’s has requested $96.7 million for the B&F account, which
includes $25.4 million for new construction. The House-passed bill would provide $25.4 million
for new construction as a part of the recommended $96.7 million for the B&F account. The
61 U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, FY2010 Congressional Budget Submission, p. 7.
62 Ibid., pp. 2-3.
63 Ibid., p. 1.
64 Ibid., p. 5.
65 Ibid., p. 1.
66 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Bill, 2010, Report to Accompany H.R. 2847, 111th Cong., 1st sess., June 12, 2009, H.Rept. 111-149
(Washington: GPO, 2009), pp. 67-68.
67 Ibid., p. 68.
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Senate Appropriations Committee recommends $99.2 million for B&F, which also includes $25.4
million for new construction. Both the House and Senate Appropriations Committees express
concern about the fact that while BOP is planning on adding approximately 13,000 additional
bedspaces to its capacity between 2010 and 2014, BOP has estimated that the prison population
will grow by approximately 22,500 inmates during the same time period.68 Both committees
believe that BOP will be able to meet its goal of adding 13,000 additional bedspaces only if it
receives a significant increase in new construction appropriations.69
Office on Violence Against Women (OVW)
The OVW was created to administer programs created under the Violence Against Women Act
(VAWA) of 1994 and subsequent legislation. These programs provide financial and technical
assistance to communities around the country to facilitate the creation of programs, policies, and
practices designed to improve criminal justice responses related to domestic violence, dating
violence, sexual assault, and stalking.
For FY2010, the President has proposed a total of $414.0 million for OVW grant programs, a
reduction of $1.0 million or a 0.2% decrease in funding compared with FY2009 funding of
$415.0 million. The FY2009-enacted funding for OVW does not include the $225.0 million
appropriated for this account as a part of the ARRA. The House-passed bill would provide $406.5
million for OVW. The proposed funding level in the House-passed bill would be 2.0% less than
FY2009-enacted funding and 1.8% less than the President’s request. The Senate committee-
reported bill would provide $435.0 million for OVW. This amount would represent a 4.8%
increase over the FY2009-enacted appropriation, a 5.1% increase over the Administration’s
request, and 7.0% more than the House allowance.
Office of Justice Programs (OJP)
The OJP manages and coordinates the National Institute of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Victims of Crimes, Bureau of
Justice Assistance, and related grant programs. For OJP, the Administration has requested
approximately $2.339 billion, or nearly $472.6 million (16.8%) less than the FY2009
appropriation of $2.812 billion.70 The House-passed bill would provide $3.045 billion for OJP,
8.3% more than FY2009-enacted funding and 30.2% more than the Administration’s request. The
Senate Appropriations Committee recommends a total of $2.73 billion for OJP, 18.7% more than
the Administration’s request but 2.9% less than the FY2009 appropriation and 10.4% less than the
House recommendation.
68 Ibid., p. 72; U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Departments of Commerce and Justice, and
Science and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2010, Report to Accompany H.R. 2847, 111th Cong., 1st sess., June
25, 2009, S.Rept. 111-34 (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 72.
69 Ibid.
70 In addition to the amount included in the Omnibus Appropriations Act, the ARRA included $3.765 billion for OJP,
of which $2.765 billion was for State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance and $1.0 billion was for Community
Oriented Policing Services (see Table 4).
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Justice Assistance
The Justice Assistance account, among other things, funds the operations of the Bureau of Justice
Statistics and the National Institute of Justice along with providing assistance to missing and
exploited children programs. For FY2010, the Administration has requested $225.0 million for
this account, or 2.3% more than the FY2009 appropriation of $220.0 million. The House-passed
bill provides $226.0 million for the Justice Assistance account, 2.7% more than FY2009 funding
and 0.4% more than the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported bill would
provide $215.0 million for Justice Assistance, 2.3% less than FY2009 funding, 4.4% less than the
Administration’s request, and 4.9% less than the House-recommended amount.
State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance
The State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance account includes funding for a variety of grant
programs to improve the functioning of state, local, and tribal criminal justice systems. Some
examples of programs that have traditionally been funded under this account include the Edward
Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) program, the Drug Courts program, and the State
Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP). The Administration has requested $728.0 million
for the State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance account for FY2010. The requested amount
is $600.5 million, or 45.2%, less than the $1.329 billion Congress appropriated for this account
for FY2009. The FY2009-enacted funding does not include the $2.765 billion Congress
appropriated for OJP grant programs as a part of the ARRA. The House-passed bill would provide
a total of $1.413 billion for grants funded under this account. The House-passed bill would
provide 6.3% more funding than FY2009 appropriations, and the recommended funding is 94.0%
more than the Administration’s request. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommends a
total of $1.159 million for State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance. This amount would be
59.2% more than the Administration’s request, but it would be 12.8% less than the FY2009
appropriation and 17.9% less than what was provided in the House-passed bill.
As mentioned above, SCAAP has traditionally been funded under the State and Local Law
Enforcement Assistance account. One issue facing Congress as it decides on the level of funding
for OJP is whether it wants to follow the Administration’s proposal to eliminate funding for
SCAAP. SCAAP provides funds to states and local governments that incurred correctional officer
salary costs for incarcerating undocumented criminal aliens with at least one felony or two
misdemeanor convictions for violations of state or local law.71 For FY2010, the Administration
has proposed to eliminate funding for SCAAP because “it functions as an unfocused block grant
and funds can be used for any correctional-related purpose.”72 According to the Administration,
SCAAP funds can be used for extraneous items and services such as bonuses, consultants, and the
of purchase vehicles.73 The House did not accept the President’s proposal. The House-passed bill
includes $400.0 million for SCAAP, the same amount as what was appropriated for the program
for FY2009. The Senate committee-reported bill would provide $228.0 million for SCAAP,
43.0% less than the FY2009 appropriation and the House-recommended amount.
71 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance, State Criminal Alien
Assistance Program (SCAAP), http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/grant/scaap.html.
72 Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal
Year2010, Terminations, Reductions, and Savings, p. 60, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2010/assets/
trs.pdf.
73 Ibid.
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Weed and Seed Program
The Weed and Seed program is designed to provide grants to help communities build stronger,
safer neighborhoods by implementing local-level approaches to solve and prevent crimes. The
program provides assistance for community-based strategies of “weeding and seeding” activities
based on the premise that leaders from neighborhood and community organizations, including
faith-based organizations, law enforcement and private enterprise, must be involved in leveraging
resources to solve community problems at the local level. Site funding generally provides
resources for “weeding” activities, which include joint law enforcement operations and
community policing, and “seeding” activities, which range from prevention activities, including
physically improving the neighborhood and economic development.
The Administration has requested $25.0 million for Weed and Seed, the same amount as the
FY2009 appropriation for the program. The House-passed bill both include $15.0 million for the
program, 40.0% less than both the FY2009 funding and the Administration’s request. The Senate
Appropriations Committee recommends $20.0 million for Weed and Seed, 20.0% less than
FY2009 funding and the Administration’s request but 33.3% more than what the House
recommended for this account.
Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
The COPS Office awards grants to state, local and tribal law enforcement agencies throughout the
United States so they can hire and train law enforcement officers to participate in community
policing, purchase and deploy new crime-fighting technologies, and develop and test new and
innovative policing strategies. Some examples of grant programs traditionally funded under this
account include the Law Enforcement Technology grant program, the Methamphetamine Hot-
spots Initiative, grants to reduce the DNA backlog, and offender re-entry grants. The
Administration has requested $761.0 million for COPS for FY2010, 38.2% more than the $550.5
million appropriated for the program for FY2009. The $550.0 million appropriated for COPS for
FY2009 does not include the $1.0 billion Congress appropriated for COPS hiring programs as a
part of the ARRA. The House-passed bill would provide $807.0 million for COPS. The amount
provided in the House-passed bill would be 46.6% more than the FY2009 appropriation and 6.0%
more than the Administration’s requested funding. The Senate Appropriations Committee
recommends $685.5 million for COPS, which would represent an increase of 19.6% compared
with FY2009 appropriations, but the recommended amount is 13.5% less than the
Administration’s request and 18.4% less than what the House recommended.
In recent years, Congress has shown a growing interest in issues related to offender re-entry.
Statistics about the size of the United States prison population and costs associated with
recidivism suggest why Congress has turned its attention to this issue. Over 95% of the prison
population today will be released at some point in the future, and each year in the United States
almost 650,000 offenders are released from prison.74 The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) has
estimated that two-thirds of all released prisoners will commit new offenses (recidivate) within
three years of their release.75 According to the BJS, the average per-prisoner cost of incarceration
74 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, “Learn About Reentry,” available at http://www.reentry.gov/
learn.html.
75 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Reentry Trends in the United States: Recidivism,” available
at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/reentry/recidivism.htm. Hereafter cited as “Reentry Trends.”
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in state prison in 2001 was $62 per day, or $22,650 per year; costs for those incarcerated in
federal prison was similar. Overall, the states spent $38 billion on their correctional systems in
2001, the most recent year for which data are available.76
In 2008, Congress passed, and President Bush signed into law, the Second Chance Act of 2001
(P.L. 110-199), which, among other things, authorized $165 million dollars for each of FY2009
and FY2010 for programs to aid offenders as they make their transition back into society. The
Administration has requested a total of $100.0 million in funding for FY2010 under the COPS
account for programs authorized under the Second Chance Act. The Administration’s proposal
did not specify the programs for which the Administration has requested funding. The House-
passed bill would provide a total of $100.0 million for programs authorized by the Second
Chance Act. The proposed funding includes
• $37.0 million for adult and juvenile offender re-entry demonstration grants;
• $10.0 million for re-entry courts;
• $7.5 million for grants for family-based substance abuse treatment;
• $2.5 million for grants to improve education at prisons, jails, and juvenile
facilities;
• $5.0 million for technology careers training demonstration grants;
• $13.0 million for offender re-entry substance abuse and criminal justice
collaboration;
• $15.0 million for offender mentoring and transitional services; and
• $10.0 million for prisoner re-entry research.
The proposed $100.0 million in funding for programs authorized by the Second Chance Act
would be 300.0% greater than the $25.0 million appropriated for these programs for FY2009.
However, the proposed $100.0 million in funding is $40.0 million less than the total amount
authorized for DOJ grant programs and re-entry research by the Second Chance Act.77
The Senate Appropriations Committee recommends a total of $50.0 million under the State and
Local Law Enforcement Assistance account for programs authorized by the Second Chance Act.
The proposed funding includes
• $25.0 million for adult and juvenile offender re-entry demonstration grants,
• $15.0 million for offender mentoring and transitional services, and
• $5.0 million for grants for family-based substance abuse treatment.
76 U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “State Prison Expenditures 2001,” NCJ202949, June 2004,
available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/spe01.pdf.
77 For FY2010, the Second Chance Act authorized $55.0 million for adult and juvenile offender re-entry demonstration
grants; $10.0 million for re-entry courts; $ 10.0 million for prosecution drug treatment alternative to prison programs;
$10.0 million for grants for family-based substance abuse treatment; $5.0 million for grants to evaluate and improve
education at prisons, jails, and juvenile facilities; $10.0 million for technology careers training demonstration grants;
$15.0 million for offender re-entry substance abuse and criminal justice collaboration; $15.0 million for offender
mentoring and transitional services; and $10.0 million for prisoner re-entry research.
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The amount recommended in the Senate committee-reported bill is half of what the
Administration requested and what the House recommended, but it is double what was
appropriated for FY2009. The amount recommended by the Senate Appropriations Committee is
$90.0 million less than what is authorized for these programs for FY2010.
Juvenile Justice Programs
The Juvenile Justice Programs account includes funding for grant programs to reduce juvenile
delinquency and help state, local, and tribal governments improve the functioning of their
juvenile justice systems. The Administration has requested $317.0 million for this account, $57
million, or 15.2%, less than the $374 million appropriated for the Juvenile Justice Programs
account for FY2009. The House-passed bill include $385.0 million for Juvenile Justice Programs,
which would be a 2.9% increase over FY2009 funding and 21.5% more than the Administration’s
request. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommends $407.0 million for Juvenile Justice
Programs. The proposed funding would be 8.8% more than FY2009 funding, 28.4% than the
President’s request, and 5.7% more than the House-recommended amount.
Public Safety Officers Benefits Program (PSOB)
The PSOB program provides three different types of benefits to public safety officers or their
survivors: death, disability, and education. The PSOB program is intended to assist in the
recruitment and retention of law enforcement officers, firefighters, and first responders and to
offer peace of mind to men and women who choose careers in public safety. The Administration
has requested $70.1 million for PSOB for FY2010, which would be 41.1% less than what was
appropriated in FY2009 ($119.1 million). The House-passed bill includes the same amount for
PSOB as the Administration’s request. The Senate Committee-reported bill would provide the
same amount as the Administration’s request and the House’s recommendation.
Salaries and Expenses
This account provides for the salaries and expenses of OVW, OJP, and COPS. This account was
funded for the first time in FY2009. Congress established a Salaries and Expenses account for
OVW, OJP, and COPS to “ ... achieve greater transparency, efficiency and accountability in the
management, administration and oversight of the Justice Department grant programs.”78 The
President has requested $213.4 million for this account for FY2010, 9.4% more than the $195.0
million appropriated for this account for FY2009. The House-passed bill would provide $129.6
million for this account. The amount recommended in the House-passed bill would be 33.5% less
than what was appropriated for this account for FY2009 and 39.3% less than the Administration’s
request. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommends $200.0 million for OJP’s Salaries
and Expenses. This amount would be 6.3% less than the Administration’s request, but it would be
2.6% more than the FY2009-enacted amount and 54.3% more than the House-recommended
amount.
78 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009, committee print, 111th
Cong., 1st sess., March 2009, Book 1 of 2 – Divisions A-E (Washington: GPO, 2009), p. 342.
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Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies: FY2010 Appropriations
Science Agencies
The science agencies fund and otherwise support research and development (R&D) and related
activities across a wide-variety of federal missions, including national competitiveness, climate
change, energy and the environment, and fundamental discovery.
President Obama’s FY2010 budget request includes $25.737 billion for science agencies, an
increase of $1.459 billion (6.0%) over the enacted FY2009 amount of $24.278 billion (see Table
6). The FY2010 request includes $423.0 million for the National Science Foundation’s (NSF)
participation in the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) and $16.6 million for the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) nanotechnology research and development
(R&D) activities. The House-passed bill includes a total of $25.147 billion for the science
agencies, which would represent a 3.6% increase over FY2009 appropriations for these agencies,
but it is 2.3% less than the FY2010 requested funding. The Senate committee-reported bill would
provide a total of $25.609 billion for science agencies. The proposed amount would be 0.5% less
than the Administration’s request, but it is 5.5% more than the FY2009-enacted funding and 1.8%
more than the House-recommended amount.
Table 6. Funding for Science Agencies
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
House
Senate
Accounts
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House-
Senate-
Enacted
Act
Request
Committee
Passed
Committee
Passed
Reported
Reported
Office of Science and
Technology Policy
(OSTP)
$5.3
$6.2 $7.2
$7.2
$6.2
National Aeronautics
and Space
Administration
(NASA) 17,782.4
1,002.0
18,686.0
18,203.3
18,203.3
18,686.0
National Science
Foundation (NSF)
6,490.4
3,002.0
7,045.0
6,936.5
6,936.5
6,916.8
Total: Science
Agencies 24,278.1
$4,004.0
25,737.2
25,147.0
25,147.0
25,608.9
Source: FY2009 Enacted, FY2010 Requested, and House Committee-reported amounts taken from the House
report (H.Rprt. 111-149) to accompany the FY2010 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill (H.R. 2847). House-passed and Senate Committee-reported amounts taken from the Senate
report to accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 11-34).
Notes: Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding.
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)79
Congress established the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) through the National
Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-282). The act
79 This section was prepared by Deborah D. Stine, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, Resources, Science,
and Industry Division.
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states that “The primary function of the OSTP director is to provide, within the Executive Office
of the President, advice on the scientific, engineering, and technological aspects of issues that
require attention at the highest level of Government.” The OSTP director, often referred to
informally as the President’s science advisor, also manages the National Science and Technology
Council80 (NSTC), which coordinates science and technology policy across the federal
government, and co-chairs the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology81
(PCAST), a council of external advisors that provides advice to the President.82
OSTP is one of two offices in the Executive Office of the President (EOP) that is funded in the
CJS appropriations bill.83 OSTP’s FY2009 budget is $5.3 million. An additional $3.0 million was
provided through the National Science Foundation appropriation for the Science and Technology
Policy Institute (STPI), a federally-funded research and development center that supports OSTP.
For FY2010, the Obama Administration has requested $6.2 million, $1.1 million (16.0%) above
its FY2009 level. According to OSTP director John Holdren, the request will support four Senate-
confirmed associate directors84 (rather than two in the previous Administration), the President’s
Open Government Initiative, reinvigoration of PCAST, increasing NSTC activities, and
coordinating the nation-wide effort to enhance scientific integrity in the policy-making process.85
Although the FY2008 explanatory statement directed NSF to transfer funds for STPI to OSTP,
FY2010 funding for STPI ($3.0 million, no change from FY2009) was again requested by NSF.
The House-passed bill would provide $7.2 million for the Office of Science and Technology
Policy, $1.0 million above the requested amount, “to ensure that OSTP has adequate staff to fulfill
key requirements in the upcoming year. The proposed funding would be 34.9% more than
FY2009 funding and 16.2% greater than the FY2010 request. In the report, OSTP is directed to
develop a plan for achieving and sustaining global Earth observations in collaboration with other
agencies and in consultation with the Earth science community. In addition, the House Committee
on Appropriations states that it anticipates OSTP will need to provide leadership and active
coordination on hydrology research and water resources, terrestrial ecosystems and their role in
climate change, nanotechnology, and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
education. The Senate committee-reported bill would provide $6.2 million, $0.9 million (16.0%)
above the FY2009-enacted level, equal to the President’s budget request, and $1.0 million (-
14.0%) less than the House-recommended amount.
80 The National Science and Technology Council was established by Executive Order 12881.
81 The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology was established by Executive Order 13226.
82 For more information on OSTP, see CRS Report RL34736, The President’s Office of Science and Technology Policy
(OSTP): Issues for Congress, by Deborah D. Stine.
83 The other EOP office funded under the CJS appropriations bill is the Office of the United States Trade
Representative.
84 The OSTP associate director for technology has also been named by President Obama to serve in the newly created
position of chief technology officer.
85 Testimony of OSTP Director John Holdren, in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science and Technology, An
Overview of the Federal R&D Budget for FY 2010, 111th Cong., 1st sess., May 14, 2009 at
http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/file/Commdocs/hearings/2009/Full/14may/Holdren_Testimony.pdf.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)86
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created by the 1958 National
Aeronautics and Space Act (P.L. 85-568) to conduct civilian space and aeronautics activities. The
agency is managed from headquarters in Washington, DC. It has nine major field centers around
the country, plus the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is operated under contract by the California
Institute of Technology.
The Administration has requested $18.686 billion for NASA for FY2010, a 5.1% increase over
the FY2009 regular appropriation.87 The House-passed bill would provide $18.203 billion. The
Senate committee-reported bill would provide the requested amount. NASA also received $1.002
billion under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5). See Table 7 for
a breakdown of all these amounts by appropriations account.
For the past several years, budget priorities throughout NASA have been driven by the Vision for
Space Exploration, announced by President Bush in January 2004 and endorsed by Congress in
the NASA Authorization Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-155) and NASA Authorization Act of 2008 (P.L.
110-422). The Vision includes returning the space shuttle to flight status (already accomplished)
then retiring it by 2010; completing the International Space Station (ISS), but discontinuing U.S.
use of it by 2017; returning humans to the moon by 2020; and then sending humans to Mars and
“worlds beyond.” The priorities established by the Vision are now in question. It is doubtful
whether the future-year spending plans provided in NASA’s FY2010 budget documents can
accommodate the 2020 goal for returning humans to the moon, and the Administration has
announced an independent review of NASA’s human spaceflight activities, following which it
intends to submit a revised FY2010 budget request.
Table 7. Funding for NASA
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
House
Senate
Accounts
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House-
Senate-
Enacted
Act
Request
Committee
Passed
Committee
Passed
Reported
Reported
Science $4,503.0
$400.0
$4,477.2
$4,496.1
$4,496.1
$4,517.0
Aeronautics
500.0 150.0 507.0
501.0 501.0 507.0
Exploration 3,505.5
400.0
3,963.1a 3,293.2
3,293.2
3,940.4
Space Operations
5,764.7
0.0
6,175.6
6,097.3
6,097.3
6,161.6
Education 169.2
0.0
126.1
175.0
175.0
140.1
Cross-Agency
Support
3,306.4 50.0
3,400.6 3,164.0
3,164.0
3,383.5
Inspector General
33.6
2.0
36.4
35.0
35.0
36.4
Construction and
Environmentalb
— — — 441.7
441.7 —
Total: NASA
17,782.4
1,002.0
18,686.0
18,203.3
18,203.3
18,686.0
86 This section was prepared by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, Resources, Science, and
Industry Division.
87 If the FY2009 baseline is taken to include funds provided by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
(P.L. 111-5) then the FY2010 request is a 0.5% decrease.
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Source: FY2009 Enacted, FY2010 Requested, and House Committee-reported amounts taken from the House
report (H.Rept. 111-149) to accompany the FY2010 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill (H.R. 2847). House-passed and Senate Committee-reported amounts taken from the Senate
report to accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 11-34).
Notes: Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
a. The request for Exploration is tentative and will be revised following the results of human spaceflight
review.
b. The House-passed bill includes a new account for construction of facilities and environmental compliance
and remediation. In the other columns, most of these activities are funded in the Cross-Agency Support
account.
The requested $4.477 billion for Science in FY2010 is a 0.6% decrease.88 Within this total,
increases for Earth Science, Planetary Science, and Heliophysics would be offset by a decrease
for Astrophysics. In Earth Science, NASA is considering its options following the loss of the
Orbital Carbon Observatory (OCO), which was launched in February 2009 but failed to reach
orbit. Building a replacement for OCO is one of the options being examined, but the funding that
would be required is not included in the request. In Astrophysics, two missions of particular
congressional interest, the NASA/Department of Energy Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM) and
the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), are proceeding with technology development and
awaiting advice from a decadal survey by the National Research Council. The House-passed bill
would increase Earth Science by $15 million and Astrophysics by $50 million; these increases
would be partially offset by transfers of administrative and construction costs to other accounts,
for a net increase in Science of $19 million above the request. The Senate committee-reported bill
would increase Astrophysics by $49 million and $42 million for Heliophysics; these increases
would be offset by a reallocation of unobligated balances from prior years, for a net increase in
Science of $40 million above the request.
The $3.963 billion requested for Exploration in FY2010 is a 13.1% increase,89 as the
Constellation Systems program ramps up its development of the Orion crew vehicle and Ares I
launch vehicle, successors to the space shuttle. According to NASA, the FY2010 request for
Constellation Systems (and the accompanying funding projections for FY2011 through FY2014)
is consistent with achieving an initial operating capability for Orion and Ares I (i.e., a first crewed
flight) in March 2015. It is doubtful, however, whether the projected FY2010-FY2014 funding
for development of the heavy-lift Ares V launch vehicle, the Altair lunar lander, and lunar surface
systems is consistent with returning humans to the moon by 2020. The independent review of
NASA’s human spaceflight program is expected to report by August 2009, following which the
Administration intends to issue a revised budget request for Exploration.90 The House-passed bill
would provide $670 million less than the request for Exploration. The House committee report
describes this as a deferral without prejudice, in light of the ongoing review, that “should not be
viewed … as a diminution of the Committee’s support for NASA’s human space flight program.”
The Senate committee-reported bill would provide $23 million less than the request, including the
full requested amount for Orion and Ares I, an increase of $75 million for Ares V, a reduction for
$46 million for Advanced Capabilities, and a reallocation of $52 million in unobligated balances
from prior years.
88 Or an 8.7% decrease if the FY2009 baseline is taken to include funding from the Recovery Act.
89 Or a 1.5% increase if the FY2009 baseline is taken to include funding from the Recovery Act.
90 More information on the review can be found on NASA’s website, hsf.nasa.gov.
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The FY2010 request of $6.176 billion for Space Operations, which funds the space shuttle, the
ISS, and the Space and Flight Support program, is a 7.1% increase. With the release of the
FY2010 budget, NASA’s position on the remaining schedule of shuttle flights has shifted slightly.
Previously its policy was that the shuttle would not fly after the end of FY2010, but that it
expected to be able to complete all remaining flights by then. Now its policy is that it will
complete all remaining flights, but that it expects to achieve that by the end of FY2010. The gap
in U.S. human access to space between the end of the shuttle program and the first availability of
Orion and Ares I remains a concern for policymakers. The House-passed bill would provide $178
million less than the request for Space Operations. The Senate committee-reported bill would
provide $14 million less than the request.
The House bill includes a new appropriations account for Construction of Facilities and
Environmental Compliance and Remediation. The House-passed bill would provide $442 million
for this account, which would consolidate activities currently supported by other accounts (mostly
Cross-Agency Support). The Senate bill does not include this new account.
The House bill would also make most NASA funds available for only one year, rather than the
usual two. Approximately 10% of most of NASA’s appropriations accounts would continue to be
available for two years. Funds in the new Construction of Facilities and Environmental
Compliance and Remediation account would be available for six years. The Senate bill would
make all NASA funds available for two years as usual.
National Science Foundation (NSF)91
For FY2010, the President has requested $7.045 billion for the NSF, an 8.6% increase ($555.0
million) over the FY2009 estimate of $6.490 billion. Under President Obama’s Plan for Science
and Innovation, the Administration has proposed doubling the federal investment in basic
research over a period of 10 years relative to the FY2006 level. The Plan for Science and
Innovation is structured to build on the scientific investments made through the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). Under the plan, the largest increases would
occur in FY2012. The House-passed bill would provide $6.937 billion for NSF. The proposed
funding would represent a $446.1 million (6.9%) increase over FY2009 appropriations, but
$108.5 million (-1.5%) less than the FY2010 request. The Senate committee-reported bill would
provide $6.917 billion for the NSF. The proposed funding is $426.4 million (6.6% ) more than the
FY2009 appropriations, $128.2 million (-1.8%) less than the President’s request, and $19.8
million (-0.3%) less than the House-passed bill.
Included in the FY2010 request is $5.733 billion for Research and Related Activities (R&RA), a
$550.0 million increase (10.6%) above the FY2009 estimate of $5.183 billion. R&RA includes
Integrative Activities (IA), a cross-disciplinary research and education program that also provides
funding for the acquisition and development of research instrumentation at institutions. The
FY2010 request provides $271.1 million for IA, an increase of $29.8 million (12.3%). The IA
funding also supports Partnerships for Innovation, disaster research teams, the Science and
Technology Policy Institute, and the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
(EPSCoR). NSF’s FY2010 request for EPSCoR is $147.1 million. Approximately half of the
funding for EPSCoR would be used for a combination of new awards and research infrastructure
91 This section was prepared by Christine M. Matthews, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, Resources,
Science, and Industry Division.
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improvement grants, and half would support grants made in previous years. The Office of Polar
Programs (OPP), also funded under the R&RA account, is the primary U.S. source of support for
basic research in polar regions. The FY2010 request for addressing the challenges in polar
research is $516.0 million, a 9.6% increase over the FY2009 estimate. Priorities of the OPP in
FY2010 include support for national energy goals, support for transformative research, and
resupply improvements at the research stations. The House-passed bill would provide $5,642.1
million for R&RA; the Senate committee-reported bill would provide $5.618 billion.
The FY2010 request for the Education and Human Resources (EHR) Directorate is $857.8
million, $12.5 million (1.5%) above the FY2009 estimate. The EHR portfolio is focused on,
among other things, increasing the technological literacy of all citizens; preparing the next
generation of science, engineering, and mathematics professionals; and closing the achievement
gap of underrepresented groups in all scientific fields. EHR funding supports a portfolio of
programs directed at strengthening and expanding the participation of underrepresented groups
and diverse institutions in the scientific and engineering enterprise. Among the targeted programs
in the FY2010 request are the Historically Black Colleges and Universities Undergraduate
Program ($32.0 million), Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation ($44.8 million), and
Increasing the Participation and Advancement of Women in Academic Science and Engineering
Careers ($1.5 million). The House-passed bill would provide $862.9 million for EHR; the Senate
committee-reported bill would provide $857.8 million.
The Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account would receive
$117.3 million under the FY2010 request, a decrease of $34.7 million (-22.8%) from the FY2009
estimate. The MREFC supports the acquisition and construction of major research facilities and
equipment that extend the boundaries of science, engineering, and technology. NSF describes
itself as being the primary federal agency providing support for “forefront instrumentation and
facilities for the academic research and education communities.” To qualify for support, NSF
requires MREFC projects to have “the potential to shift the paradigm in scientific understanding
and/or infrastructure technology.” The FY2010 request reflects NSF’s tighter standards and
requirements for receiving funding in this account. The FY2010 request includes support for five
ongoing projects: Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory ($46.3
million), Atacama Large Millimeter Array ($42.8 million), IceCube Neutrino Observatory ($1.0
million), Advanced Technology Solar Telescope ($10.0 million), and the Ocean Observatories
Initiative($14.3 million). The House-passed bill would provide $114.3 million for the MREFC;
the Senate committee-reported bill would provide $122.3.million.
Related Agencies
As shown in Table 8, the FY2009-enacted level included $872.4 million for related agencies. The
Administration’s request includes a total of $950.9 million for related agencies, a proposed 9.0%
increase in funding. The House-passed bill would provide a total of $956.2 million in funding for
the related agencies. This amount would be 9.6% greater than what was appropriated for FY2009
and it would be 0.6% greater than the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported
bill would provide a total of $916.0 million for related agencies. The Senate committee-
recommended amount would be 5.0% greater than the FY2009 appropriations for these agencies,
but it would be 3.7% less than the Administration’s requested funding and 4.2% less than the
House-recommended amount.
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Table 8. Funding for Related Agencies
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
Commission, Office, or
FY2009
FY2010
House
House-
Senate
Senate-
Corporation
Enacted
Request
Committee
Passed
Committee
Passed
Reported
Reported
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
$8.8
$9.4
$9.4
$9.4
$9.4
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission 343.9
367.3
367.3
367.3
367.3
International Trade Commission
75.1
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
Legal Services Corporation
390.0
435.0
440.0
440.0
400.0
Marine Mammal Commission
3.2
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.3
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
47.3
48.3
48.3
48.3
48.3
State Justice Institute
4.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.0
Total: Related Agencies
872.4
950.9
956.2
956.2
916.0
Source: FY2009 Enacted, FY2010 Requested, and House Committee-reported amounts taken from the House
report (H.Rept. 111-149) to accompany the FY2010 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill (H.R. 2847). House-passed and Senate Committee-reported amounts taken from the Senate
report to accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 11-34).
Notes: Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding.
Commission on Civil Rights92
Established by the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (the
Commission)
• investigates allegations of citizens who may have been denied the right to vote
based on color, race, religion, or national origin;
• studies and gathers information on legal developments constituting a denial of
the equal protection of the laws;
• assesses the federal laws and policies in the area of civil rights; and
• submits reports on its findings to the President and Congress when the
commission or the President deems it appropriate.
For FY2010, President Obama has requested $9.4 million for the Commission compared to
FY2009 appropriations of $8.8 million, which would represent a 6.8% increase in funding. The
House-passed bill includes $9.4 million for the Commission, the same as the Administration’s
request. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommends $9.4 million for the Commission, the
same as the Administration’s request and the House-recommended amount.
For decades, Congress has had concerns about the management of the Commission, resulting in
several investigatory reports by the Government Accountability Office (GAO). Generally, these
GAO reports recommended ways for the Commission to improve its project management,
92 This section was written by Garrine P. Laney, Analyst in Social Legislation, Domestic Social Policy Division.
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financial activities, and relationship with the State Advisory Committees. In recent years,
concerns have surfaced concerning the Commission and its State Advisory Committees and
charges of political partisanship. The House CJS Appropriations Committee report language for
FY2008 stated “reservations about the Commission’s current capacity and commitment to
fulfilling its civil rights mission in a fair and effective manner.”93 Further, in report language the
committee expressed frustration “with the Commission’s inability to effectively support its
regional and grassroots network, including the State Advisory Committees.”94 Perhaps, these
perennial concerns about the Commission have influenced the flat level of funding proposed for
the agency by both the President and Congress.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)95
The EEOC enforces laws banning employment discrimination based on race, color, national
origin, sex, age, or disability. In recent years, appropriators have been particularly concerned
about the agency’s implementation of a restructuring plan, initiated in 2005, that included the
creation of the National Contact Center (NCC), realignment of field structure and staff, and
restructuring of headquarters operations. In response to congressional concerns about call intake
practices, the EEOC transitioned to an in-house call center, known as the Intake Information
Network, to replace the NCC. The Network handles all calls and starts processing queries
immediately through an Electronic Assessment System.
The President has requested $367.3 million for the EEOC for FY2010, which is $23.4 million
more than the FY2009-enacted level of $343.9 million.96 The House-passed bill includes $367.3
million for the EEOC, which is the same as the President’s FY2010 budget request. The Senate
committee-reported bill would provide the same amount as the Administration’s request and the
House-passed bill.
The House Appropriations Committee remains concerned about the backlog of private sector
cases filed with the EEOC, which is projected to increase to 102,944 in FY2010—39% higher
than the inventory at the end of FY2008 (73,951). Although the FY2010 budget request included
funding for hiring 224 full time equivalents—such as investigators, mediators, attorneys, and
support staff—the committee recommends that the EEOC develop a multiyear plan for further
increasing staffing to reduce expected increases in workload. To monitor the adequacy of the
commission’s personnel resources, the committee directs the EEOC to submit quarterly reports on
projected and actual staffing levels.
The projected increase in the agency’s workload partly reflects the transition from a contractor-
operated center to an in-house call center, which allows the public to begin the charge process
online. In addition, passage of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (P.L. 111-2) in January 2009 could
93 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Bill, 2008, Report to Accompany H.R. 3093, 110th Cong., 1st sess., July 17, 2007, H.Rept. 110-240
(Washington: GPO, 2007), p. 130.
94 Ibid.
95 This section was prepared by Abigail Rudman, Information Research Specialist, Knowledge Services Group, and
Linda Levine, Specialist in Labor Economics, Domestic Social Policy Division.
96 The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Fiscal Year 2010 Congressional Budget Justification, accessible
at http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/plan/2010budget/index.html
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increase charge filings.97 The EEOC also anticipates that economic factors, such as higher
unemployment rates, layoffs, and business closings, could affect the number of charges filed.
To increase the efficiency of the hearing process for federal employee cases, the EEOC intends to
implement a system that divides cases into fast, regular, or complex discovery tracks. The House
Appropriations Committee, in response, directs the EEOC to submit to Congress an
implementation plan within 60 days of enactment that includes background on the need for the
tracking system, the plan’s implementation schedule, and an analysis of the potential impact on
federal employees of getting “a fair hearing” under the tracking system.
U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC)98
The ITC is an independent, quasi-judicial agency established by Congress that advises the
President and Congress on U.S. foreign economic policies. The mission of ITC can be
categorized into three separate functions: (1) administering U.S. trade remedy laws within its
mandate in a fair and objective manner; (2) providing the President, the U.S. Trade
Representative, and Congress with independent analysis, information, and support on matters of
tariffs and international trade and competitiveness; and (3) maintaining the Harmonized Tariff
Schedule of the United States.99 As a matter of policy, its budget request is submitted to Congress
by the President without revision.
The Administration has requested $82.7 million for ITC for FY2010, a $7.6 million (10.1%)
increase over the FY2009-enacted appropriation of $75.1 million. The budget request states that
the requested increase for FY2010 is primarily due to the acquisition of additional space to meet
workload demands, as well as required increases in salaries and benefits. The House-passed bill
would provide the same level of funding for the ITC as the Administration’s request ($82.7
million). The Senate committee-reported bill provides the same amount for ITC as the
Administration’s request and the House-passed bill.
Legal Services Corporation (LSC)100
The LSC is a private, non-profit, federally funded corporation that provides grants to local offices
that, in turn, provide legal assistance to low-income people in civil (non-criminal) cases. The LSC
has been controversial since its incorporation in the early 1970s and has been operating without
authorizing legislation since 1980. There have been ongoing debates over the adequacy of
funding for the agency and the extent to which certain types of activities are appropriate for
federally funded legal aid attorneys to undertake. In annual appropriations bills, Congress
traditionally has included legislative provisions restricting the activities of LSC-funded grantees,
such as prohibiting any lobbying activities or prohibiting representation in certain types of cases.
97 For more information on the Act, see CRS Report RL31867, Pay Equity Legislation, by Jody Feder and Linda
Levine.
98 This section was written by M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance, Foreign Affairs,
Defense, and Trade Division.
99 U.S. Office of Management and Budget, The President’s Budget Fiscal Year 2010 Appendix, Other Independent
Agencies, U.S. International Trade Commission, p. 1241.
100 This section was prepared by Carmen Solomon-Fears, Specialist in Social Policy, Domestic Social Policy Division.
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Current LSC funding remains below the LSC’s highest funding level of $400 million in FY1994
and FY1995.
For the first time in many years, the Administration has proposed to increase funding for the LSC.
For FY2010, the Obama Administration has requested $435 million for the LSC. This amount is
$45 million (11.5%) above the FY2009 appropriation of $390 million for the LSC. The House-
passed bill would both provide $440.0 million for the LSC, which would represent a 12.8%
increase over FY2009 funding and 1.1% over the Administration’s request. The Senate
Appropriations Committee has recommended $400.0 million for LSC for FY2010. The proposed
amount would be 2.6% more than the FY2009 appropriation, but it is 8.0% less than the
Administration’s request and 9.1% less than the House-passed amount.
Moreover, since its inception, the legal services program has been controversial. Congress
through the LSC Act and various annual appropriation laws has imposed many restrictions on
activities of LSC-funded legal services programs. The Obama Administration and certain
congressional proposals would eliminate some of these restrictions. The Obama Administration’s
FY2010 budget proposed that LSC restrictions on class action suits and attorneys’ fees be
eliminated. The House-passed bill would keep the current restrictions on LSC activities, except
for the one relating to attorneys’ fees.
Marine Mammal Commission (MMC)101
The Marine Mammal Commission is an independent agency of the executive branch, established
under Title II of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA; P.L. 92-522). The Marine Mammal
Commission (MMC) and its Committee of Scientific Advisors on Marine Mammals provide
oversight and recommend actions on domestic and international topics to advance policies and
provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection Act. As funding permits, the Marine Mammal
Commission supports research to further the purposes of the MMPA.
For FY2010, the Administration has proposed $3.0 million for necessary expenses of the Marine
Mammal Commission, a decrease of $200,000 (6.3%) from the FY2009 appropriation of $3.2
million for this independent agency. The House-passed bill includes $3.3 million for the MMC,
3.1% more than FY2009 appropriations for the commission, and 10.0% greater than the FY2010
request. The Senate committee-reported bill would provide approximately $3.3 million for the
Marine Mammal Commission for FY2010. The recommended amount would be 1.6% more than
the FY2009 appropriation and 8.3% more than the Administration’s request, but it is 1.5% less
than the House-recommended amount.
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)102
The USTR, located in the Executive Office of the President, is responsible for developing and
coordinating U.S. international trade and direct investment policies. The USTR is the President’s
101 This section was prepared by Eugene H. Buck, Specialist in Natural Resources Policy; Resources, Science, and
Industry Division.
102 This section was written by M. Angeles Villarreal, Specialist in International Trade and Finance, Foreign Affairs,
Defense, and Trade Division.
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chief negotiator for international trade agreements, including commodity and direct investment
negotiations. USTR also conducts U.S. affairs related to the World Trade Organization.
The 111th Congress may consider legislation to expand the role of USTR in monitoring priority
foreign country trade practices. Some policy options that may be considered include requiring the
USTR to seek consultation and resolution with the country of concern on any identified priority
foreign country trade practices that are affecting U.S. exports; expanding the activities of the
USTR to identify foreign countries that maintain technical barriers to trade and deny market
access to U.S. products; and/or requiring the USTR to investigate foreign country trade barriers
and determine possible trade actions by the United States that would remedy these trade barriers.
Such policy actions may have possible implications for USTR funding.
The Administration has requested $48.3 million for USTR for FY2010, a $1 million (2.2%)
increase over the FY2009-enacted appropriation of $47.3 million. The House-passed bill would
provide $48.3 million for this account, the same as the Administration’s request. The Senate
committee-recommended amount is the same as the Administration’s request and the House-
recommended amount.
State Justice Institute (SJI)
The SJI is a nonprofit corporation that makes grants to state courts and funds research, technical
assistance, and informational projects aimed at improving the quality of judicial administration in
state courts across the United States. It is governed by an 11-member board of directors appointed
by the President and confirmed by the Senate.103 Under the terms of its enabling legislation, SJI is
authorized to present its budget request directly to Congress, apart from the President’s budget.
The Administration has proposed $5.1 million in funding for SJI for FY2010, 25.1% more than
the $4.1 million Congress appropriated for SJI for FY2009. The House-passed bill includes $5.1
million for SJI, the same level as the Administration’s request. The Senate committee-reported
bill would provide $5.0 million for SJI, which is 22.0% more than the FY2009 appropriation but
2.6% less than the Administration’s request and the House-recommended funding.
Table 9. Funding for CJS Agencies, by Account
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
House
Senate
Bureau or Agency
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House-
Senate-
Enacted
Committee
Committee
a
Act
Request
Passed
Passed
Reported
Reported
Department of Commerce
International Trade
Administration $420.4
$440.3
$435.1
$435.0
$446.3
Bureau of Industry and Security
83.7
100.3
100.3
100.3
100.3
Economic Development
Administration 272.8
150.0
284.0
293.0
293.0
238.0
103 By law, the President must appoint six state court judges, one state court administrator, and four members of the
public, no more than two of whom may be of the same political party.
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House
Senate
Bureau or Agency
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House-
Senate-
Enacted
Committee
Committee
a
Act
Request
Reported
Passed
Reported
Passed
Minority Business
Development Agency
29.8
31.0
31.0
31.0
31.2
Economic and Statistical
Analysis 90.6
105.0
97.3
97.3
100.6
Bureau of the Census
3,139.9
1,000.0
7,374.7
7,374.7
7,374.7
7,324.7
National Telecommunications
and Information Administration
39.2
5,350.0
20.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
Patent and Trademark Office
2,010.1
1,930.4
1,930.4
1,930.4
1,930.4
Offsetting Fee Receipts USPTO
-2,087.0
-1930.4
-1,930.4
-1.930.4
-1,934.0
National Institute of Standards
and Technology
819.0
580.0
846.1
781.1
781.1
878.0
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
4,365.2
830.0
4,473.8
4,602.9
4,603.4
4,772.8
Departmental Management
83.8
6.0
113.5
92.0
85.0
110.5
DOC Subtotal
9,267.5
7,916.0
13,788.8
13,847.4
13,840.8
14.043.3
Department of Justice
General Administration
2,007.8
2.0
2,371.0
2,296.8
2,273.2
2,239.3
U.S. Parole Commission
12.6
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
Legal Activities
2,901.6
3,082.4
3,090.5
3,090.5
3,082.5
U.S. Marshals Service
954.0
1,152.4
1,152.4
1,152.4
1,152.4
National Security Division
83.8
87.9
87.9
87.9
87.9
Interagency Law Enforcement
515.0
537.5
528.6
528.6
515.0
Federal Bureau of Investigation
7,218.6
7,861.5
7,851.5
7,851.5
7,913.5
Drug Enforcement
Administration 1,939.1
2,014.7
2,019.7
2,019.7
2,014.7
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms & Explosives
1,054.2
1,120.8
1,105.8
1,105.8
1,120.8
Federal Prison System
6,173.9
6,079.3
6,176.7
6,176.7
6,081.7
Office of Violence Against
Women 415.0
225.0
414.0
400.0
406.5
435.0
Office of Justice Programs
2,812.1
3,775.0
2,339.5
3,024.0
3,047.7
2,729.6
DOJ Subtotal
26,087.6
4,002.0
27,073.9
27,746.7
27,750.8
27,385.3
Science Agencies
Office of Science and
Technology 5.3
6.2
7.2
7.2
6.2
NASA 17,782.4
1,002.0
18,686.0
18,203.3
18,203.3
18,686.0
National Science Foundation
6,490.4
3,002.0
7,045.0
6,936.5
6,936.5
6,916.8
Science Agencies Subtotal
24,278.1
4,004.0
25,737.2
25,147.0
25,147.0
25,608.9
Related Agencies
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House
Senate
Bureau or Agency
FY2009
Recovery
FY2010
House-
Senate-
Enacted
Committee
Committee
a
Act
Request
Reported
Passed
Reported
Passed
Commission on Civil Rights
8.8
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC)
343.9
367.3
367.3
367.3
367.3
International Trade
Commission 75.1
82.7
82.7
82.7
82.7
Legal Services Corporation
390.0
435.0
440.0
440.0
400.0
Marine Mammal Commission
3.2
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.3
U.S.
Trade
Representative 47.3
48.3
48.3
48.3
48.3
State Justice Institute
4.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.0
Related Agencies Subtotal
872.4
0.0
950.9
956.2
956.2
916.0
Total Appropriations
60,505.6
15,922.0
67,550.7
67,697.2
67,694.7
67,953.4
Source: FY2009 Enacted, FY2010 Requested, and House Committee-reported amounts taken from the House
report (H.Rept. 111-149) to accompany the FY2010 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
appropriations bill (H.R. 2847). House-passed and Senate Committee-reported amounts taken from the Senate
report to accompany H.R. 2847 (S.Rept. 11-34).
Notes: Amounts may not add to totals due to rounding.
a. FY2009-enacted amounts do not include any funding appropriated pursuant to the Supplemental
Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-32).
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Author Contact Information
Nathan James, Coordinator
Wendy H. Schacht
Analyst in Crime Policy
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
njames@crs.loc.gov, 7-0264
wschacht@crs.loc.gov, 7-7066
Oscar R. Gonzales, Coordinator
Daniel Morgan
Analyst in Economic Development Policy
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
ogonzales@crs.loc.gov, 7-0764
dmorgan@crs.loc.gov, 7-5849
Jennifer D. Williams, Coordinator
Christine M. Matthews
Specialist in American National Government
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
jwilliams@crs.loc.gov, 7-8640
cmatthews@crs.loc.gov, 7-7055
John F. Sargent Jr.
Eugene H. Buck
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
Specialist in Natural Resources Policy
jsargent@crs.loc.gov, 7-9147
gbuck@crs.loc.gov, 7-7262
Celinda Franco
Linda Levine
Specialist in Crime Policy
Specialist in Labor Economics
cfranco@crs.loc.gov, 7-7360
llevine@crs.loc.gov, 7-7756
William J. Krouse
Abigail B. Rudman
Specialist in Domestic Security and Crime Policy
Information Research Specialist
wkrouse@crs.loc.gov, 7-2225
arudman@crs.loc.gov, 7-9519
Kristin M. Finklea
Carmen Solomon-Fears
Analyst in Domestic Security
Specialist in Social Policy
kfinklea@crs.loc.gov, 7-6259
csolomonfears@crs.loc.gov, 7-7306
M. Angeles Villarreal
Garrine P. Laney
Specialist in International Trade and Finance
Analyst in Social Policy
avillarreal@crs.loc.gov, 7-0321
glaney@crs.loc.gov, 7-2518
Ian F. Fergusson
Denis Steven Rutkus
Specialist in International Trade and Finance
Specialist on the Federal Judiciary
ifergusson@crs.loc.gov, 7-4997
drutkus@crs.loc.gov, 7-7162
Harold F. Upton
Analyst in Natural Resources Policy
hupton@crs.loc.gov, 7-2264
Key Policy Staff
Area of Expertise
Name
Telephone
E-Mail
Departments
Department of Justice
Celinda Franco
7-7360
cfranco@crs.loc.gov
Nathan James
7-0264
njames@crs.loc.gov
Department of Commerce
Oscar Gonzales
7-0764
ogonzales@crs.loc.gov
Agencies and Policy Areas
Office of Justice Programs
Nathan James
7-0264
njames@crs.loc.gov
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Area of Expertise
Name
Telephone
E-Mail
Trade-related agencies:
M. Angeles Villarreal
7-0321 avillarreal@crs.loc.gov
ITA, ITC, USTR, NIPLECC
BIS
Ian F. Fergusson
7-4997
ifergusson@crs.loc.gov
EDA, ESA,MBDA
Oscar Gonzales
7-0764
ogonzales@crs.loc.gov
Telecommunications, NTIA
Linda K. Moore
7-5853
lmoore@crs.loc.gov
Bureau of the Census
Jennifer Williams
7-8640
jwilliams@crs.loc.gov
Patent and Trademark Office, NIST
Wendy H. Schacht
7-7066
wschacht@crs.loc.gov
Office of Science and Technology
Policy
Deborah D. Stine
7-8431
dstine@crs.loc.gov
NOAA
Harold F. Upton
7-2264
hupton@crs.loc.gov
NASA Daniel
Morgan
7-5849
dmorgan@crs.loc.gov
NSF
Christine M. Matthews
7-7055
cmatthews@crs.loc.gov
Marine Mammal Commission
Eugene H. Buck
7-7262
gbuck@crs.loc.gov
Equal Employment Opportunity
Linda Levine
7-7756
l evine@crs.loc.gov
Commission
Abigail B. Rudman
7-9519
arudman@crs.loc.gov
Legal Services Corporation
Carmen Solomon-Fears
7-7306
csolomonfears@crs.loc.gov
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
Garrine P. Laney
7-2518
glaney@crs.loc.gov
State Justice Institute
Denis Steven Rutkus
7-7162
srutkus@crs.loc.gov
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