State, Foreign Operations, and Related
Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Susan B. Epstein
Specialist in Foreign Policy
Kennon H. Nakamura
Analyst in Foreign Affairs
Marian Leonardo Lawson
Analyst in Foreign Assistance
July 7, 2009
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
R40693
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Summary
The annual State, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies appropriations bill is the primary
legislative vehicle through which Congress reviews the U.S. international affairs budget and
influences executive branch foreign policy making in general, as these activities have not been
considered regularly by Congress through the authorization process. Funding for Foreign
Operations and State Department/Broadcasting programs has been steadily rising since FY2002,
after a period of decline in the 1980s and 1990s. Amounts approved for FY2004 in regular and
supplemental bills reached an unprecedented level compared with the previous 40 years, largely
due to Iraq reconstruction funding. Ongoing assistance to Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as large
new global health programs, has kept the international affairs budget at historically high levels in
recent years. The Obama Administration’s FY2010 budget proposal indicates that this trend will
continue.
On May 7, 2009, President Obama submitted a budget proposal for FY2010 that requests $53.9
billion for the international affairs budget, a 2% increase over the enacted FY2009 funding level,
including supplementals. Within that amount, $52.04 billion was requested for programs and
activities funded through the State-Foreign Operations appropriations bill. Significant increases
were requested to support additional foreign service officers at USAID and the Department of
State, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, food security and agricultural development,
counter-terrorism and law enforcement activities, and meeting U.S. commitments to international
organizations. Among programs and regions for which the Administration recommended reduced
funding, compared with estimated FY2009 levels, are economic assistance to Iraq; aid to Europe,
Eurasia, and Central Asia; international peacekeeping; and foreign military financing. These
comparisons, however, are in relation to unusually high FY2009 total funding levels in some
accounts, and do not necessarily reflect shifts in policy or priorities.
Key policy issues addressed in the Administration’s request include enhancing the capacity of
civilian diplomatic and development agencies, promoting U.S. leadership in multilateral
development banks, and improving fiscal transparency by funding ongoing programs through the
regular appropriations process rather than through supplemental appropriations. The proposal also
requests funding for at least two activities—multilateral clean investment funds managed by the
World Bank and the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA)—that have been rejected by Congress in the
past.
This report analyzes the FY2010 request, recent-year funding trends, and congressional action for
FY2010. To date, this includes the introduction and committee approval of H.R. 3081, the House
State-Foreign Operations Appropriations bill for FY2010. This report will be updated to reflect
congressional action as it occurs.


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State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Contents
Recent Developments.................................................................................................................. 1
State-Foreign Operations Overview............................................................................................. 1
Background and Trends......................................................................................................... 3
FY2010 Budget Request Overview ....................................................................................... 4
Use of Supplemental Funding ............................................................................................... 5
FY2010 Budget Request: State Department and Related Agencies......................................... 6
State Department—Administration of Foreign Affairs ..................................................... 7
International Organizations and Conferences................................................................... 9
International Commissions ............................................................................................ 10
Related State Department Appropriations ...................................................................... 11
Broadcasting Board of Governors ................................................................................. 11
FY2010 Budget Request: Foreign Operations...................................................................... 11
Top 10 U.S. Foreign Aid Recipient Countries ................................................................ 13
FY2010 Foreign Operations Account Details................................................................. 14
New Initiatives.............................................................................................................. 17
Regional Distribution .................................................................................................... 18
Iraq and Afghanistan Share of Total Aid Budget ............................................................ 18
Sector Distribution ........................................................................................................ 19

Figures
Figure 1. State-Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010.......................................... 2
Figure 2. Composition of the State-Foreign Operations Budget Request, FY2010........................ 5
Figure 3. FY2010 State-Foreign Operations Request Compared to Various Measures of
FY2009 Funding ...................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4. State Department and Related Agencies Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010.................... 7
Figure 5. Foreign Operations, FY2000-FY2010......................................................................... 13
Figure 6. Proposed Changes to Major Bilateral Assistance Accounts ......................................... 17
Figure 7. Regional Distribution of Foreign Aid, FY2008-FY2010.............................................. 18

Tables
Table 1. Status of State-Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY2010........................................... 1
Table 2. State-Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010 ........................................... 2
Table 3. State Department and Related Agencies Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010 ..................... 7
Table 4. Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010 .................................................. 12
Table 5. Top 10 Recipients of U.S. Foreign Aid in FY2009, FY2010 Request ............................ 14
Table 6. State-Foreign Operations Appropriations for Iraq and Afghanistan, FY2002-
FY2010.................................................................................................................................. 19
Table 7. Selected Sector Funding, FY2009 Request and FY2010 Request................................. 20
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State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations


Appendixes
Appendix A. Structure of State-Foreign Operations Appropriations ........................................... 21
Appendix B. Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 22
Appendix C. State Department and Related Agencies Appropriations ........................................ 23
Appendix D. Foreign Operations Appropriations ....................................................................... 26
Appendix E. International Affairs (150) Budget Account ........................................................... 30

Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 32
Key Policy Staff........................................................................................................................ 32

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State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Recent Developments
On May 7, 2009, President Obama submitted a budget proposal for FY2010 that requests $53.9
billion for the international affairs budget, a 2% increase over the total estimated FY2009 funding
level, including all enacted supplemental appropriations, of $53.0 billion. Within that amount,
$52.04 billion was requested for programs and activities funded through the State-Foreign
Operations appropriations bill, a 3% increase over the total enacted appropriations for these
accounts in FY2009.
On June 24, 2009, President Obama signed into law P.L. 111-32, providing supplemental
appropriations for FY2009, including $9.7 billion for State-Foreign Operations accounts.
On June 9, the House Appropriations Committee approved a 302(b) allocation for the FY2010
State-Foreign Operations bill, which funds all international affairs programs with the exception of
food aid and a couple of commissions, of $48.8 billion. On June 17, the House State-Foreign
Operations Appropriations Subcommittee marked up FY2010 funding legislation and reported it
to the full committee without amendment. The House Appropriations Committee approved H.R.
3081 (H.Rept. 111-187), which recommends $48.8 billion in State-Foreign Operations
appropriations, with amendments, on June 23. Floor consideration in the House is expected the
week of July 6.
The Senate Appropriations Committee approved a FY2010 302(b) allocation of $48.7 billion for
State-Foreign Operations on June 22, but has not yet considered draft legislation.
In related action, the House passed a Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY2010 and
FY2011, H.R. 2410, on June 10. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that implementing
the bill, which would authorize many of the State and related agency accounts in the State-
Foreign Operations appropriation bill, would cost $40.6 billion between FY2010-FY2014 if the
specified and estimated amounts are appropriated.
Table 1. Status of State-Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY2010
Subcomittee
Conf. Rept
markup
Full Committee
Floor
passed
Conference
Public Law
House Senate House Senate House Senate Agreement House Senate
signed
6/17
6/23



State-Foreign Operations Overview
The State-Foreign Operations appropriations bill funds most programs and activities within the
international affairs budget, also known as Function 150, including foreign economic and military
assistance, food assistance, contributions to international organizations and multilateral financial
institutions, State Department and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
operations, public diplomacy, and international broadcasting programs. Nevertheless, the State-
Foreign Operations bill does not align perfectly with the international affairs budget. Food aid,
which is appropriated by the Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittees, and the International
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State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Trade Commission and Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, both funded through the
Commerce-Science-Justice bills, are international affairs programs not funded through the State-
Foreign Operations appropriations bill. Furthermore, a number of international commissions that
are not part of the international affairs budget are funded through the State-Foreign Operations
bill. A chart illustrating the organizational structure of the State-Foreign Operations
appropriations bill is provided in Appendix A.
This report focuses only on accounts funded through the State-Foreign Operations appropriations
bill, though provides appropriations figures for the entire international affairs (function 150)
budget.
Table 2 and Figure 1 show State-Foreign Operations appropriations for the past decade in both
current and constant dollars.
Table 2. State-Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010
(in billions of current and 2010 constant dollars, including supplementals)

FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04a FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08
FY09
est. FY10
req.
Current
$ 22.57 23.22 24.25 31.72 48.34 34.23 34.25 37.28 40.31 50.66 52.04
Constant
28.91 29.06 29.79 37.96 56.21 38.40 37.14 39.52
2010 $
41.03 50.75 52.04
Source: Summary and Highlights, International Affairs Function 150, FY2010 and CRS calculations.
Notes: Amounts do not include mandatory Foreign Service retirement accounts that total $159 million in
FY2010. The FY2010 column reflects amounts requested by the Administration. Figures for FY2009 include al
regular and supplemental appropriations.
a. Appropriations for Iraq reconstruction peaked in FY2004.
Figure 1. State-Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010
60
50
ns 40
billio 30
in
$, 20
S
U
10
0
.
00
01
02
3
4
5
6
7
08
FY
FY
FY
FY0
FY0
FY0
FY0
FY0
FY
est.
req
FY09 FY10
current US$
constant 2010 US$

Source: Summary and Highlights, International Affairs Function 150, FY2010 and CRS Calculations.
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Background and Trends
The rationale for foreign affairs programs has transitioned from a largely anti-communist
orientation for more than 40 years following World War II to a more recent focus on national
security and anti-terrorism in the post September 11, 2001, environment. During the Cold War,
foreign aid and diplomatic programs also pursued a number of other U.S. policy interests, such as
promoting economic development, advancing U.S. trade, expanding access to basic education and
health care, promoting human rights, and protecting the environment. In the 1990s, other
objectives included stopping nuclear weapons proliferation, establishing nuclear arms control
regimes, curbing the production and trafficking of illegal drugs, expanding peace efforts in the
Middle East, achieving regional stability, protecting religious freedom, and countering trafficking
in persons.
A defining change in focus came following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United
States. Since then, U.S. foreign aid and diplomatic programs have taken on a more strategic sense
of importance and have been frequently cast in terms of contributing to the war on terrorism. In
2002, President Bush released a National Security Strategy that for the first time established
global development as the third pillar of U.S. national security, along with defense and
diplomacy. Development was again underscored in the Administration’s re-statement of the
National Security Strategy released on March 16, 2006.
Also in 2002, foreign assistance budget justifications began to highlight the war on terrorism as
the top foreign aid priority, emphasizing amounts of U.S. assistance to 28 “front-line” states—
countries that cooperate with the United States in the war on terrorism or face terrorist threats
themselves.1 During the Bush years, the Administration implemented several new aid initiatives.
Large reconstruction programs in Afghanistan and Iraq exemplified the emphasis on using foreign
aid to combat terrorism. State Department efforts focused extensively on diplomatic security and
finding new and more effective ways of presenting American views and culture through public
diplomacy.
It appears that the Obama Administration will carry some Bush foreign aid initiatives forward. A
transformational diplomacy initiative, announced in 2006, repositioned diplomats to global
trouble spots, created regional public diplomacy centers, established small posts outside of
foreign capitals, and trained diplomats in new skills. (See CRS Report RL34141, Diplomacy for
the 21st Century: Transformational Diplomacy
, by Kennon H. Nakamura and Susan B. Epstein,
for background information.) At the same time, a new position was created at the State
Department, a Deputy Secretary of State-level Director of Foreign Assistance (DFA), which was
filled during the Bush Administration by the USAID Administrator. To date, the Obama
Administration has not nominated a USAID Administrator and separate individuals are acting as
DFA and USAID Administrator. The DFA created a new Strategic Framework for Foreign
Assistance with the ultimate goal of promoting democracy and providing more coordination,
coherence, transparency, and accountability for aid programs. The Obama Administration’s first
international affairs budget proposal continues to use this framework.2

1 According to the State Department, these “front-line” states in 2002 included Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Colombia, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Georgia, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, and Yemen.
2 For background, see CRS Report RL34243, Foreign Aid Reform: Issues for Congress and Policy Options, by Susan
(continued...)
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Other Bush initiatives that the Obama Administration request continues address development and
global health concerns. The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) is an aid delivery concept,
proposed by President Bush in 2002, authorized by Congress (Title VI, Division D of P.L. 108-
199) and established in early 2004. It is intended to concentrate significantly higher amounts of
U.S. resources in a few low- and low-middle income countries that have demonstrated a strong
commitment to political, economic, and social reforms. President Bush initially promised $5
billion annually by FY2006, although funds requested and appropriated have never reached this
level. The Obama Administration requested $1.43 billion for MCC in FY2010, which is 64%
above estimated FY09 appropriations, but the smallest request for MCC since its first year. (For
more information, see CRS Report RL32427, Millennium Challenge Corporation, by Curt
Tarnoff.)
Building on large Bush Administration investments in global health, particularly programs to
combat HIV/AIDS,3 the Obama Administration announced in May 2009 plans to dedicate $63
billion to global health programs through FY2014, but the Administration’s FY2010 budget
proposal includes only slight increases to global HIV/AIDS and other international health
programs.
Beyond these recently emerging foreign policy goals relating to terrorism and global health
concerns, the Obama Administration’s FY2010 request calls for even greater emphasis on food
security, as well as new resources to address issues related to climate change. The House-passed
FY2010 State-Foreign Operations bill expressed support for these priorities as well.
FY2010 Budget Request Overview
On May 7, 2009, the Obama Administration sent its FY2010 international affairs (Function 150
account) budget request to Congress. Of that request, a total of $52.04 billion, or 97%, was for the
Department of State, foreign operations, and related programs. This represents a 3% increase
from estimated FY2009 funding, including supplemental funds, and 4.6% of the total
discretionary budget authority proposed by the Administration for FY2010. Figure 2 provides a
percentage breakout by assistance type of the FY2010 budget request for State and foreign
operations. Further details of the international affairs account are provided in .

(...continued)
B. Epstein and Connie Veillette.
3 For background on PEPFAR, the Bush Administration’s main HIV/AIDS initiative, see CRS Report RL34192,
PEPFAR: Policy Issues from FY2004 through FY2008, by Tiaji Salaam-Blyther.
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State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Figure 2. Composition of the State-Foreign Operations Budget Request, FY2010
State Admin.
23%
Other
International
1%
Orgs.
Multilateral Aid
8%
Int.
5%
Broadcasting
1%
Military Aid
11%
USAID Admin.
3%
Bilateral Aid
48%

Source: Fiscal Year 2010 Budget of the U.S. Government and CRS calculations.
Note: Does not include $159 million for mandatory retirement accounts.
Use of Supplemental Funding
Supplemental resources for State and Foreign Operations programs, which in FY2004 exceeded
regular State and Foreign Operations funding, became a significant source of funds for U.S.
international activities during the Bush Administration, especially for programs related to
reconstruction efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan and strategic assistance to the Near East and South
Central Asia. Before the Bush Administration, supplemental appropriations bills were typically
used to provide additional funding to respond to unanticipated emergencies or natural disasters.
Some have criticized the Bush Administration for relying too heavily on supplemental funds for
predictable expenses, keeping funds off-budget and making year-to-year comparisons or future-
year planning difficult.
The Obama Administration has pledged to discontinue the practice of requesting supplemental
appropriations to fund ongoing activities, starting with the FY2010 request, and claims that all
anticipated funding for FY2010 has been included in the request. As a result, the FY2010 request
for State-Foreign Operations is 36% higher than the FY2009 request of $38.34 billion, and 42%
higher than the FY2009 base appropriations (excluding all supplementals), but only 3% higher
than the total appropriated for State-Foreign Operations in FY2009 when supplemental
appropriations are included. If funding for the 2009 stimulus bill is excluded from the FY2009
total, which some observers feel it should be because it presumably represents a one-time
expense, the FY2010 request is 4% higher. Figure 3 presents these various ways of comparing
the FY2010 State-Foreign Operations budget request with FY2009 State-Foreign Operations
appropriations.
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Figure 3. FY2010 State-Foreign Operations Request Compared to Various Measures
of FY2009 Funding
FY2009 Request
38.34
FY2009 Total Appropriations, Without
36.80
Supplementals or Stimulus
FY2009 Total Appropriations, Without Stimulus
50.18
FY2009 Total Appropriations
50.57
FY2010 Request
52.12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
current US$, in billions

Source: State Department data; CRS calculations.
Note: These figures reflect the composition of the State-Foreign Operations appropriations bill, not the 150
budget account.
FY2010 Budget Request: State Department and Related Agencies
The Administration’s FY2010 budget request for the Department of State, international
broadcasting, and related agencies is $17.20 billion, representing a 6% increase over the FY2009
estimate of $16.16 billion, including supplementals. The request for the State Department and
certain related agencies is $16.30 billion, an 8% increase over total FY2009 appropriation of
$15.09 billion. For international broadcasting, the FY2010 request of $745.5 million represents a
4% increase over the FY2009 total of $715.5 million. Related agencies funded in the State
portion of the bill include the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), U.S. assessed
contributions to the United Nations (U.N.), U.S. contributions to International Organizations
(CIO), and U.N. Peacekeeping (CIPA), and funding for several International Commissions. Also
included are funding for The Asia Foundation, the National Endowment for Democracy, and
several other independent, non-profit educational and exchange organizations, as well as
resources for international commissions, and the U.S. Institute of Peace. (For a description of all
the accounts within the State Department segment of the bill, see CRS Report R40482, State,
Foreign Operations Appropriations: A Guide to Component Accounts
, by Curt Tarnoff and
Kennon H. Nakamura.)
The House Appropriations Committee approved $15.9 billion for the Department of State and
related agencies on June 23, 7.5% less than the Administration request. However, many of
account recommendations that fall short of the request reflect significant FY2009 supplemental
funding that many consider a down payment on FY2010 priorities shared by Congress and the
Administration.
Table 3 and Figure 4 show appropriations for the State Department and related agencies over the
past decade in both current and constant dollars.
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Table 3. State Department and Related Agencies Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010
(discretionary budget authority in billions of current and 2010 constant dollars)

FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08
FY09
est. FY10
req.
Current
$ 6.16 6.91 7.71 8.05 9.29 10.78 11.12 10.90 13.41 16.16
17.20
Constant
7.89 8.65 9.47 9.63 10.80 12.09 12.06 11.56 13.65 16.19
17.20
2010 $
Source: The Department of State Congressional Budget Justifications, FY2001 - FY2010 and CRS calculations.
Notes: Amounts do not include mandatory Foreign Service retirement accounts that total $159 million in
FY2010. Figures include regular and supplemental appropriations. Figures for FY2010 are requested amounts.
Figure 4. State Department and Related Agencies Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010
20
18
16
s
n 14
illio 12
b 10
, in
8
$
S
6
U
4
2
0
3
5
6
8
st.
q.
FY00 FY01 FY02 FY0
FY04 FY0
FY0
FY07 FY0
FY09 e FY10 re
Current $
Constant 2010 $

Source: The Department of State Congressional Budget Justifications, FY2001 - FY2010 and CRS calculations.
State Department—Administration of Foreign Affairs
The State Department’s mission is to advance and protect the worldwide interests of the United
States and its citizens through the staffing of overseas missions, the conduct of U.S. foreign
policy, the issuance of passports and visas, and other responsibilities. Currently, the State
Department coordinates with the activities of more than 40 U.S. government agencies at over 260
diplomatic posts in over 180 countries around the world. The State Department employs
approximately 30,000 people, about 60% of whom work abroad. The Administration of Foreign
Affairs includes funds for salaries and expenses, educational and cultural exchanges, and embassy
construction and security. For FY2010, the Administration is seeking $12.07 billion, an increase
of more than $1.16 billion (+11%) over the enacted FY2009 level, with supplementals. The
House recommendation is $11.01 billion. Highlights follow.
Diplomatic and Consular Programs (D&CP)
The D&CP account funds most salaries and benefits; overseas operations (e.g., motor vehicles,
local guards, telecommunications, medical); activities associated with conducting foreign policy;
passport and visa applications; regional and functional bureaus and their programs; public
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diplomacy programs; Offices of the Secretary of State, the Deputy Secretaries, and Under
Secretaries; and post assignment travel. Beginning in FY2000, the State Department’s Diplomatic
and Consular Program account included State’s salaries and expenses, as well as the technology
and information functions of the former U.S. Information Agency (USIA) and the functions of the
former Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA).
The Administration is requesting $8.96 billion for D&CP’s FY2010 budget, $1.81 billion more
than the FY2009 enacted total of $7.15 billion, including supplementals. The D&CP account
includes an increase in personnel of 1,181 positions above attrition with about 750 of these new
positions reserved for the Foreign Service. The increase reflects the Obama Administration’s
intention to significantly expand U.S. diplomatic capacity. Within the FY2010 D&CP request,
public diplomacy would receive $506.3 million and $1.65 billion is designated for worldwide
security protection (for increased security personnel, maintenance, and ongoing salaries). These
amounts represent 23.4% and 25% increases, respectively, above the FY2009 estimates of $410.4
million and of $1.31 billion.
The House bill recommends $8.23 billion for D&CP, including $1.58 billion for worldwide
security protection, $520 million for public diplomacy, and $542 million to support 1,030 new
positions for diplomatic and development personnel. The House reports identifies the rebuilding
of diplomatic and development capacity as one of four committee priorities for FY2010.
Embassy Security, Construction and Maintenance (ESCM)
This account supports the maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement of facilities to provide
appropriate, safe, secure and functional facilities for U.S. diplomatic missions abroad. Average
annual funding for this account has increased significantly since the embassy bombings in Africa
in August 1998, after which Congress establishing a new subaccount referred to as Worldwide
Security Upgrades. This subaccount funds the bricks and mortar type of security needs overseas.
For FY2010, the Administration seeks $876.9 million for ongoing ESCM operations and $938.2
million for worldwide security upgrades, the later of which is planned to support new facilities in
Kabul, Afghanistan; Peshawar and Islamabad, Pakistan; Sanaa, Yemen; and Dakar, Senegal. The
total request for the ESCM account is $1.82 billion, representing a 32% decrease over the
FY2009 estimated level of $2.7 billion. This change reflects anticipated completion of Embassy
Baghdad in FY2009.
The House bill recommends $1.724 billion for ESCM, noting that the $91 million difference
between their recommendation and the President’s is made up for in FY2009 supplemental funds
provided to accelerate completion of secure housing for diplomatic and development personnel in
Pakistan.
Civilian Stabilization Initiative
The Civilian Stabilization Initiative was established in 2004 to improve the ability of U.S. civilian
agencies to promote stability in post-conflict situations internationally. An Office of the
Coordinator of Reconstruction and Stabilization was created at the State Department (S/CRS) to
monitor, plan for, and coordinate interagency responses to such situations, and to develop
mechanisms and capabilities necessary to carry out such operations. As part of its mandate,
S/CRS is charged with establishing a Civilian Response Corps (CRC) of trained federal civilian
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employees, as well as non-governmental civilian personnel with expertise in various sectors, who
can be rapidly deployed to post-conflict environments when a “surge” of personnel is warranted.
Congress provided $65 million for S/CRS and related USAID activities, including the
establishment and implementation of civilian response capabilities, in the Supplemental
Appropriations Act, 2008 (P.L. 110-252). Congress provided another $75 million in FY2009
appropriations in the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-8), with $30 million of that
amount appropriated for USAID and $45 million for the Department of State. The CRC was
formally launched in July 2008.
The Obama Administration’s FY2010 request includes $323 million for the Civilian Stabilization
Initiative, representing a 331% increase over the $75 million appropriated for this account in
FY2009. All of the funding requested for CSI was within the State Department Administration of
Foreign Affairs section of the request. The Administration says that the increased funding will
support the recruitment, development, and training of both the active and standby components of
the CRC, as well as operating expenses and 10 new staff positions for S/CRS.
The House bill recommends $125 million for CSI under the State Department, and an additional
$30 million under USAID.
Educational and Cultural Exchanges
This account funds programs authorized by the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of
1961, such as the Fulbright Academic Exchange Program, as well as leadership programs for
foreign leaders and professionals. Government exchange programs came under close scrutiny in
past years for being excessive in number and duplicative. After the September 11 attacks, the
Department of State began to emphasize public diplomacy activities in Arab and Muslim
populations. The Obama Administration is requesting $633 million for exchanges in FY2010.
This represents an 18% increase over the FY2009 estimate. The additional funds would expand
English language and alumni programs and support 29 new staff positions to improve
management of expanding programs.
The House bill recommends $600 million for educational and cultural exchanges.
The Capital Investment Fund (CIF)
CIF was established by the Foreign Relations Authorization Act of FY1994/95 (P.L. 103-236) to
provide for purchasing information technology and capital equipment that would ensure the
efficient management, coordination, operation, and utilization of State’s resources.
The FY2010 budget request includes $160 million for CIF, which is 51% lower than the FY2009
estimate of $323 million, including Recovery Act funding of $252.0 million. The House bill
matches the Administration’s request.
International Organizations and Conferences
In recent years, U.S. contributions to the United Nations and its affiliated agencies (Contributions
to International Organizations—CIO) and peacekeeping activities (Contributions to International
Peacekeeping Account—CIPA) have been affected by a number of issues. These have included
the withholding of funds related to international family planning policies; issues related to
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implementation of the Iraq Oil for Food Program, and the findings and recommendations of the
Volcker Committee Inquiry into that program; alleged and actual findings of sexual exploitation
and abuse by personnel in U.N. peacekeeping operations in the field and other misconduct by
U.N. officials at U.N. headquarters in New York and at other U.N. headquarters venues; and
efforts to develop, agree to, and bring about meaningful and comprehensive reform of the United
Nations organization, in most of its aspects.
Contributions to International Organizations (CIO)
CIO provides funds to pay the assessed U.S. membership dues (as distinguished from the
voluntary contributions to international organization made through the Foreign Operations
account) in numerous international organizations and for multilateral foreign policy activities.
Maintaining a membership in international organizations, the Administration argues, benefits the
United States by advancing U.S. interests and principles while sharing the costs with other
countries. Payments to the United Nations and its affiliated agencies, the Inter-American
Organization, as well as other regional and international organizations, are included in this
account to meet assessed contribution levels The President’s FY2010 request totals $1.80 billion
for this account, representing a 12% increase over the estimated FY2009 level of $1.60 million,
including supplementals. Within the request is $175 million in “synchronization” payments to get
the United States up to date on payments to international organizations, and $50 million for the
U.N. Population Fund, for which no funding was requested during the previous administration.
The House recommendation for CIO is $1.7 billion, with $100 million less than the
Administration requested for synchronization payments.
Contributions to International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA)
The United States supports multilateral peacekeeping efforts around the world through payment
of its share of the U.N. assessed peacekeeping budget. The President’s FY2010 request of $2.26
billion is intended to pay the full U.S. assessed share of U.N. peacekeeping mission expenses.
The request represents an 5% decline from the FY2009 estimate of $2.39 billion, which includes
more than $870 million in supplemental appropriations.
The House recommends of $2.13 billion for CIPA, or 6% less than the Administration request.
International Commissions
The International Commissions account (in the State Department budget, but not a part of the 150
account) includes the U.S.-Mexico Boundary and Water Commission, the International Fisheries
Commission, the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), the International Joint
Commission, the Border Environment Cooperation Commission, the Commission for the
Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad, the Commission on International Religious Freedom,
the Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe, the Congressional-Executive Commission
on the People’s Republic of China, and the Unites States-China Economic Security and Review
Commission. The FY2010 request of $145.5 million represents a 58% decrease over the FY2009
total of $350 million, which included $220 million in stimulus funds for IBWC construction. The
House largely matched the request, including an additional $5 million for the International
Fisheries Commission for a total of $150.5 million.
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Related State Department Appropriations
Several private, non-profit organizations receive U.S. funding through State Department
appropriations. The FY2010 request for The Asia Foundation, which supports efforts to
strengthen democratic processes and open markets in Asia, is $16.23 million, a 1% increase over
the FY2009 estimate. The International Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue Trust Fund,
established in FY2004 by P.L. 108-199, would be authorized in FY2010 to disburse $875,000
(compared with $876,000 in FY2009) of interest and earnings from the Trust Fund to be used for
programming activities and conferences. The National Endowment for Democracy would receive
a 13% budget cut, from $115 million in FY2009 to $100 million requested for FY2010, to carry
out programs to strengthen democratic institutions throughout the world. The East-West Center,
established in 1960 by Congress to promote understanding and cooperation among the
governments and peoples of the Asia/Pacific region and the United States, would receive $11.7
million under the Administration’s budget, a decrease of 44% from the FY2009 funding estimate
of $21 million. Additionally, the Administration is requesting $49.2 million for the U.S. Institute
of Peace, established in 1984 by P.L. 98-525 to promote international peace through activities
such as educational programs, conferences and workshops, professional training, applied
research, and dialogue facilitation in the United States and abroad. This request represents a $18.2
million (59%) increase from the FY2009 estimate of $31.0 million.
The House recommendation matches the Administration request with two exceptions: the House
included no funding for the East-West Center and recommended $19 million ($2.77 million more
than requested) for The Asia Foundation.
Broadcasting Board of Governors
The Administration’s FY2010 funding request for the BBG, which broadcasts to the world
through radio, television, the Internet, and other media in 60 languages, is $745.5 million, or
$30.0 million (4%) above the FY2009 level of $715.5 million. The BBG budget is composed of
two elements: the International Broadcasting Operations and Broadcasting Capital Improvements.
The FY2010 request for the International Broadcasting Operations portion, which provides
funding for the Voice of America, Radio Free Asia, and the Middle East Broadcasting network,
among other broadcast services, is $732.2 million. This is $28 million above the FY2009 estimate
of $704.2 million, or an increase of about 4%. The FY2010 request for Broadcasting Capital
Improvements, at $13.3 million, is 17% higher than the FY2009 estimate of $11.3 million.
In prior years, the BBG has separated out funding for broadcasts to Cuba. The Administration’s
FY2010 proposal does not include a separate line item for Cuba, but includes $32.5 million in
funding for the Office of Cuba Broadcasting within the International Broadcasting Operations
account.
The House recommendation matches the Administration’s request.
FY2010 Budget Request: Foreign Operations
The Foreign Operations budget comprises the majority of U.S. foreign assistance programs, both
bilateral and multilateral. (See Appendix D for Foreign Operations accounts and funding levels.)
The annual State-Foreign Operations Appropriations bill funds all U.S. bilateral development
assistance programs, with the exception of food assistance appropriated through the Agriculture
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State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Appropriations bill (for which $2.42 billion was appropriated in FY2009 and $1.89 billion is
requested for FY2010). These funds are managed primarily by USAID and the State Department,
together with several smaller independent foreign aid agencies such as the Millennium Challenge
Corporation, the Peace Corps, and the Inter-American and African Development Foundations.
The legislation also supports U.S. contributions to major multilateral financial institutions, such
as the World Bank and United Nations entities, and includes funds for the Export-Import Bank,
whose activities are regarded more as trade promotion than foreign aid. On occasion, the bill
replenishes U.S. financial commitments to international financial institutions, such as the World
Bank and the International Monetary Fund. (For a description of all the accounts within the
Foreign Operations section of the bill, see CRS Report R40482, State, Foreign Operations
Appropriations: A Guide to Component Accounts
, by Curt Tarnoff and Kennon H. Nakamura.)
The foreign operations budget request for FY2010 totals $34.85 billion in foreign assistance
programs, representing a 1% increase from the estimated FY2009 level of $34.51 billion. Table 4
and Figure 5 provide funding levels, including supplemental appropriations and rescissions, for
foreign operations since FY2000 in both current and constant dollars. Between FY2000 and
FY2009, foreign aid funding increased 110% in current dollars, and by 64% in constant dollars.
Table 4. Foreign Operations Appropriations, FY2000-FY2010
(discretionary budget authority in billions of current and constant dollars)

FY09 FY10
FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08
est.
req.
Current
16.41 16.31 16.54 23.67 39.05 23.45 23.13 26.38 26.98 34.51 34.85
$
Constant 21.02 20.41 20.32 28.32 45.41 26.30 25.08 27.97 27.37 34.56 34.85
2010 $
Source: The Foreign Operations Congressional Budget Justification, FY2001-FY2010 and CRS calculations.
Notes: Figures for FY2010 are requested amounts. Figures for FY2009 include al supplementals.
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State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Figure 5. Foreign Operations, FY2000-FY2010
50
45
40
s
n
35
30
illio
b
25
, in 20
$ 15
S
U
10
5
0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
t.
FY
FY
FY
FY
FY
FY
FY
FY
FY
req.
09 es
10
FY
FY
Current $
Constant 2009 $

Source: The Foreign Operations Congressional Budget Justification, FY2001-FY2010, and CRS calculations.

The total House recommendation for Foreign Operations in $32.94 billion, which is 5% less than
the Administration’s request.
Top 10 U.S. Foreign Aid Recipient Countries
Prior to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Israel and Egypt typically received the largest amounts
of U.S. foreign aid every year since the Camp David Peace Accords in 1978. The reconstruction
efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan moved those countries into the top five, though assistance to Iraq
has declined sharply in the past couple of years, with the FY2010 request of $500 million falling
just outside of the top 10. West Bank & Gaza funding also fell just outside of the top 10 in the
FY2010 request, with the recommended $503 million representing a 45% reduction from the
FY2009 estimate of $910 million. South Africa, a recipient of significant HIV/AIDS assistance,
and Colombia, a recipient of significant counter-narcotics assistance, emerge among the top 10
recipients in the FY2010 request, though the requested funding does not represent a significant
increase. The $548 million requested for South Africa is just over the $541 million estimated for
FY2009, and the $513 million requested for Colombia is lower than the FY2009 estimate of $542
million. See Table 5 for top U.S. aid recipients in FY2009 and the FY2010 request.



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Table 5. Top 10 Recipients of U.S. Foreign Aid in FY2009, FY2010 Request
(in millions of current $)
FY2009 Est.
FY2010 request
Country
Estimated Allocation
Country
Requested Allocation
Israel 3,105
Afghanistan
2,777
Afghanistan 2,676
Israel
2,775
Pakistan 2,119

Pakistan
1,582
Egypt 1,866
Egypt
1,555
Jordan 1,022
Jordan
693
West Bank & Gaza
910
Kenya
659
Kenya 702
Nigeria
561
Mexico 673
South
Africa
548
Iraq 588
Ethiopia
546
Ethiopia 575
Colombia
513
Note: FY2009 figures are preliminary estimates from the F Bureau that include al supplementals.
FY2010 Foreign Operations Account Details
When the Obama Administration submitted its FY2010 foreign operations budget proposal in
May 2009, it calculated that the request was a 9% increase over FY2009 funding, including the
supplemental request then pending before Congress, which included $4.5 billion for foreign
operations accounts. However, the supplemental bill (H.R. 2346/H.Rept. 111-151) that was
signed by the President on June 24, 2009 (P.L. 111-32) included $7.04 billion for foreign
operations, reducing the increase between enacted FY2009 appropriations and the FY2010
request for foreign operations to 1%. Because Congress enacted the spring FY2009 supplemental
after the Obama administration took office in January 2009, and a significant portion was enacted
after the FY2010 budget proposal was released, it may be difficult to detect shifting policies and
priorities by comparing the FY2009 appropriations to the FY2010 request.
The FY2010 Congressional Budget Justification highlights a proposed increase in economic
assistance to thwart a resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan by promoting
economic development and enhancing counternarcotics activities. However, so much
supplemental funding has been appropriated for Afghanistan and Pakistan in FY2009 that the
FY2010 economic assistance (excluding military aid) request for these countries, at $2.78 billion
and $1.28 billion, respectively, represents only a 4% and 15% increase, respectively. Compared
with FY2008 appropriations, however, the FY2010 request is a 32% increase for Afghanistan and
a 189% increase for Pakistan. The House recommends $2.54 billion for Afghanistan and $1.46
billion for Pakistan under the ESF, INCLE, and FMF accounts, but does not specify a portion of
NADR, GHCS, or other funds for either country, which the Administration’s request includes.
The Administration also proposes in its FY2010 budget request to meet financial commitments to
multilateral development banks, the United Nations, and other international multilateral
organizations with a request for $2.70 billion, a 46% increase over the total FY2009-enacted
level. The Administration’s stated goal for this funding is to enhance the United State’s leadership
role within these forums and address food insecurity through a $12 million (66%) increase in
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State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

funding to the International Fund for Agricultural Development. A new request for $600 million
for international clean technology and strategic climate funds at the World Bank is, according to
the Administration, intended to demonstrate a U.S. commitment to addressing problems related to
climate change.
The House recommendation of $2.43 billion for multilateral assistance largely follows the
request, though it included only half the funds requested ($300 million) for the clean technology
and strategic climate funds, and an additional $38.5 million for international organizations and
programs. Among these, the House recommended increases for the UN Children’s Fund, the UN
Development Program, the UN Population Fund, the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights,
the UN Women’s Fund, and the UNIFEM Trust Fund, while recommending less than the request
for the UN Democracy Fund.
Other foreign operations accounts that would see significant changes from the total FY2009
levels in the FY2010 budget proposal or House recommendation include the following:
USAID operating expense and capital investment accounts, which would fund the
Administration’s proposal to create an additional 350 Foreign Service Officer positions at
USAID, would increase by 36% and 74%, respectively, under the request. The House matched
the capitol investment request and recommended a 31% increase for operating expenses.
Development Assistance, from which additional funding would support the Administration’s
agricultural development and food security priorities, would increase by 37% under the
Administration request, and 24% under the House recommendation.
Emergency Refugee & Migration Assistance would increase by 88% under both the
Administration and House plans, as a means of reducing reliance on supplemental appropriations.
International Disaster Assistance would receive a 7% increase under the Administration request
to address emergency food security and certain new responsibilities taken over from the Federal
Emergency Management Agency, but the House recommended a 1% increase.
The Millennium Challenge Corporation would receive an increase of more than 60% over
FY2009 levels under both the Administration request and the House recommendation.
Treasury Department’s Debt Restructuring Activities would get an 84% increase under the
request, to meet U.S. commitments related to the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
(HIPC) initiative, while the House recommends level funding.
International Military Education and Training would increase 19% under both the
Administration and House proposals.
Non-Proliferation, Anti-Terrorism and Demining would increase by 21% under the
Administration request, to fund a portion of the new Shared Security Partnership Initiative
(discussed below under “New Initiatives”), while the House recommendation is a 6% increase.
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement would grow by 25% under the
Administration request, to incorporate activities previously funded through the Andean
Counterdrug Initiative account, combat opium production and trafficking in Afghanistan, fund
Merida Initiative programs in Mexico and Central America, and expand civilian law enforcement
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support to Pakistan. The House recommendation is 16% below the request, but 4% above the
FY2009 total.
The Transition Initiatives (TI) account would receive a 152% increase over the FY2009
estimated appropriation under the Administration request. However, the request is 22% above
actual FY09 funding for TI, which, since FY2003, has routinely received at least half its funds
through transfers from other accounts. The House recommends a 100% increase over the FY2009
level.
Only a few accounts would receive less than their estimated FY2009 appropriation under the
Administration’s FY2010 request.
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia would decline by 17% under the
Administration request and 22% under the House recommendation, due to the large FY2009
supplemental funding for Georgia.
The Economic Support Fund would be reduced by 9% under the Administration request,
reflecting the end of assistance related to the global financial crisis, a shift of funding for
Indonesia and the Philippines to the Development Assistance account, and well as reduced aid to
Iraq, the West Bank and Gaza. The House recommendation calls for a 10% reduction from
FY2009 funding.
Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance would increase by 88%; however, regular
Migration and Refugee Assistance funds would be cut by 12% under both the Administration
and House proposals.
International Peacekeeping contributions would be reduced by 44% under the request, and 37%
under the House recommendation, due largely to FY2009 levels inflated by large supplemental
allocations for Somalia and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Foreign Military Financing would decrease by 15% under the request, reflecting large FY2009
supplemental FMF appropriations for Mexico, Egypt and Jordan. The House recommends a 32%
cut from FY2009 (almost $2 billion), noting that Congress “forward funded” a portion of the
FMF request for Egypt, Israel and Jordan in the FY2009 supplemental.
Democracy Fund and Fund for Ireland were recommended by the House for increases (3% and
20%, respectively) over FY2009 levels, while neither account was included in the Administration
request.
Export-Import Bank assistance was limited by a managers amendment to the House bill, first
proposed by Representative Mark Kirk, which would restrict funds to countries having detonated
a nuclear device in violation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The
provision addresses concerns that current law does not prevent the Export-Import Bank from
providing credit, insurance, or guarantees assistance to companies that contribute significantly to
Iran’s petroleum industry.
Figure 5 shows proposed changes to the largest bilateral assistance accounts.(See for FY2008
totals, FY2009 estimates, and the FY2010 request by account.)
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Figure 6. Proposed Changes to Major Bilateral Assistance Accounts
8000
7000
$
S
6000
f U 5000
o
s
n
4000
io 3000
ill
m
2000
in 1000
0
A
S
F
A
A
A
R
F
D
S
R
C
LE
HC
E
M
ID
AD
FM
G
EE
A
INC
N
FY09 Est.
FY2010 Req.

Source: FY2010 International Affairs Congressional Budget Justification; CRS calculations.
Notes: DA = Development Assistance; GHCS = Global Health and Child Survival; ESF = Economic Support
Fund; MRA = Migration and Refugee Assistance; IDA = International Disaster Assistance; AEECA = Assistance
for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia (prior to FY2009 this was two separate accounts - the Freedom Support
Act (FSA) account and the Support for Eastern European Democracy (SEED) account); INCLE = International
Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement; and NADR = Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism and Demining; FMF=
Foreign Military Financing.
New Initiatives
The Administration’s budget request calls for a new Shared Security Partnership, funded through
the INCLE, NADR, PKO, and FMF accounts, to develop strategic partnerships aimed at
confronting common threats. The House bill expresses support for this initiative, which would
expand on the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership and the East Africa Regional Strategic
initiative program to develop and support Regional Strategic Initiatives designed to improve
coordination and cooperation on global terrorism and crime issues.
Shortly before the May 7, 2009, release of the Administration’s FY2010 budget request, President
Obama announced a six-year, $63 billion Global Health Initiative. Of this amount, $51 billion
would support ongoing HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria programs, and $12 billion would
address other health needs, including post-natal and child health. Administration officials have
stated that the intention of the initiative is to move beyond the HIV-specific focus of the Bush
Administration’s PEPFAR initiative and towards a more comprehensive and integrated approach
to global health. This strategy has been applauded by many global health advocates, but others
have expressed concern that the funding request does not match the rhetoric. The budget request
does not show dramatic changes in total global health funding for FY2010 (the FY2010 request
for Global Health and Child Survival is a 3% increase over the FY2009 total, including
supplementals), prompting some critics to claim that global health programs will be asked to take
on broader responsibilities without additional resources. However, the request does include
sizable budget increases for relatively small programs to address neglected tropical diseases,
avian influenza, and infectious disease surveillance. The House recommendation for the Global
Health and Child Survival account is $7.68 billion, or 1% more than the Administration’s request.
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Regional Distribution
As shown in Figure 6, under the FY2010 proposal, Africa would be the region receiving the most
U.S. foreign assistance, with a 1% increase over the FY2009 total, including supplementals, of
$6.67 billion bringing the request to $6.74 billion. Funding for Africa would continue to be
heavily focused on HIV/AIDS and other health programs, while expanding activities related to
agriculture, governance, education, and economic growth. South and Central Asia would continue
to see high aid levels, though the FY2010 proposal of $4.87 billion is a 6% decrease from the
total FY2009 estimate of $5.20 billion. The FY2009 figure was bolstered by $1.30 billion
appropriated by Congress ($678 million beyond the Administration’s request) in supplemental
funds for counterinsurgency support to Pakistan. The Western Hemisphere would remain fairly
steady, with the $2.41 billion FY2009 total, including $420 million is supplemental FMF and
INCLE funds for Mexico, 2% higher than the $2.37 billion request for FY2010. East Asia &
Pacific would receive a 17% increase over the FY2009 estimate of $690 million, which did not
include funds requested by the Administration for North Korea, with priority given to ongoing
support for Indonesia, increasing assistance to Burma, and funds available for negotiating the
dismantlement of North Korea’s nuclear program. The Near East would also receive a 17%
reduction from the FY2009 total of $7.96 billion, in part because of large increases to Israel,
Egypt, and Jordan included in the FY2009 supplemental. Under the FY2010 proposal, most funds
would go to Iraq, West Bank and Gaza, and for the Trans Sahara Counter-Terrorism Partnership.
Cuts to Europe and Eurasia would also be substantial, at -14%, reflecting more pressing needs
elsewhere.
Figure 7. Regional Distribution of Foreign Aid, FY2008-FY2010
9
8
$
S
7
t U
n
6
rre 5
u
f c
4
o
s
3
n
2
illio
b
1
0
Africa
EAP
EUP
NE
SCA
WH
FY2008
FY2009 Est.
FY2010 Req.

Source: Foreign Operations Congressional Budget Justification, FY2010.
Note: FY2010 figures represent the Administrations request. EAP=East Asia and Pacific; EUR=Europe and
Eurasia; NE=Near East; SCA=South and Central Asia; WH=Western Hemisphere.
Iraq and Afghanistan Share of Total Aid Budget
Including both base budgets and supplemental appropriations, the share of U.S. bilateral foreign
assistance going to Iraq and Afghanistan has increased sharply since FY2002. Foreign aid to
Afghanistan has increased significantly, though inconsistently, since the U.S. invasion of
Afghanistan in 2001, and the FY2010 request for Afghanistan—$2.78 billion—would provide the
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highest funding to date for that country. For Iraq, assistance consisted of small sums to support
Iraqi opposition groups in the early 2000s, but picked up precipitously in FY2004 to more than
$17 billion, before dropping sharply back in recent years. The FY2010 request for Iraq is $500
million, down 15% from the FY2009 estimate. The portion of the foreign operations budget
allocated to Iraq and Afghanistan has hovered just under 10% in the past few years after reaching
50% in FY2004, the peak of Iraq reconstruction and rehabilitation appropriations. It is important
to note, however, that both countries receive significant assistance through the Defense
appropriations bill, which is not covered in this report. Table 6 tracks funding to both countries
from FY2002 through FY2009, including the FY2010 request. The FY2010 requested funding for
Iraq and Afghanistan represents 9% of total funding requested for foreign operations.
Table 6. State-Foreign Operations Appropriations for Iraq and Afghanistan,
FY2002-FY2010
(millions of current U.S. dollars)
FY10

FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 req.
Iraq
25.0 2,890.0 17,849.5 27.7
1,657.7 2,159.9 633.1 588.0 500.0
Afghanistan
686.1 589.6 1,798.7 2,674.1 967.8 1,827.8 2,103.7 2,676.0 2,777.0
Total, as % of
4.3% 14.7% 50.3% 12% 11.3% 15.3% 9.9% 9.5% 9.4%
foreign operations
Source: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Operations Congressional Budget Justifications, FY2004 through
FY2010, and CRS calculations. Figures here do not include Department of Defense funds. For more information,
see CRS Report RL31833, Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance, by Curt Tarnoff, and CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan:
Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.
Note: Figures include supplemental funding.
Sector Distribution
Over the years, Congress has expressed interest in various discrete aid sectors, such as education,
trade, maternal and child health, and biodiversity, that are either subcategories of the “Program
Area” level depicted in the budget funding tables or are budgeted across multiple program
elements or areas.
Table 7 compares the FY2009 and FY2010 budget requests for key interest areas identified by
the Administration—obligated and actual FY2009 funding levels for these sectors are not
available. The 487% increase in the request for Clean Energy and 672% increase requested for
Global Climate Change, compared with the FY2009 requests, seems to demonstrate the Obama
Administration’s heightened interest in global environmental issues. Particularly large increases
were also proposed for Avian Influenza (+145%), to strengthen national capacities to prepare for
and respond to the emergence of pandemic-capable viruses, such as H1N1 (“swine flu”), and for
Other Public Health Threats (+103%) to address neglected tropical diseases, containment of anti-
microbial resistance, and infectious disease surveillance.

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Table 7. Selected Sector Funding, FY2009 Request and
FY2010 Request
(millions of current U.S. dollars)
Sector
FY2009 Req.
FY2010 Req.
% Change
Avian Influenza
$51
$125
+145%
Basic Education
$625
$1,001
+60%
Biodiversity $125
$184

+47%
Clean Energy
$37
$217
+486%
Family Planning/Reproductive Health
$332
$593
+79%
Food Security

$3,353

Global Climate Change
$75
$579
+672%
Higher Education

$188

HIV/AIDS $5,121
$5,609
+9.5%
Malaria $386
$585
+52%
Maternal and Child Health
$704
$954
+36%
Microenterprise and Microfinance
$105
$168
+60%
Other Public Health Threats
$63
$128
+103%
Polio $21
$32
+52%
Trade Capacity Building
$237
$316
+33%
Trafficking in Persons
$31
$32
+3%
Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism
$61
$80
+31%
Tuberculosis $97
$191
+97%
Water $116
$176
+52%
Source: U.S. Department of State Foreign Operations Congressional Budget Justification, FY2010, and CRS
calculations.
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Appendix A. Structure of State-Foreign Operations Appropriations

Source: CRS.
CRS-21

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Appendix B. Abbreviations
Funding Accounts:

ACI
Andean Counterdrug Initiative
AEECA
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia
CSH
Child Survival and Health
DA Development
Assistance
DF Democracy
Fund
ERMA
Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance
ESF
Economic Support Fund
FMF Foreign
Military
Financing
GHAI
Global HIV/AIDS Initiative
IDFA
International Disaster and Famine Assistance
IMET
International Military Education and Training
INCLE
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement
MCC Millennium
Challenge
Corporation
MRA
Migration and Refugee Assistance
NADR
Non-proliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs
PEPFAR
President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief
PKO Peacekeeping
Operations
PL 480
Food aid
PMI
President’s Malaria Initiative
TI Transition
Initiatives
Other:

DFA
Director of Foreign Assistance
AFR Africa
EAP
East Asia and Pacific
EUR
Europe and Eurasia
LAC
Latin America and Caribbean
NE Near
East
SCA
South and Central Asia
USAID
U.S. Agency for International Development
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Appendix C. State Department and Related Agencies Appropriations
(in thousands of current U.S. $)
FY2010
req. as
% of
FY2008
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2010
FY2009
FY2010
FY2010

Totala
Baseb
Bridgec
Stim.d
Supp.e
Total
Req.
Total
House
Senate
State Department
Administration of Foreign
8,991,159 7,821,069 803,200 344,000 1,943,512 10,911,781 12,069,539
+11% 11,014,949
Affairs, Subtotal
Diplomatic & Consular Program
6,818,386 5,360,318 704,900 90,000 997,890 7,153,108 8,960,016 +25% 8,229,000

Capital Investment Fund
59,575 71,000
0
252,000
0 323,000 160,000 -50% 160,000

Embassy
1,502,274 1,706,569 41,300
0 921,500 2,669,369 1,815,050 -32% 1,724,150

security/construction/maintenance
Civilian Stabilization Initiative
— 45,000
0 0
0 45,000f 323,272
+618% 125,000

Office of Inspector General
52,233 37,000 57,000 2,000 24,122 120,122 100,000 -17% 100,000

Ed & cultural exchange programs
501,347 538,000
0
0
0 538,000 633,243 +18% 600,000

Representation allowances
8,109 8,175
0 0
0 8,175 8,175 0% 8,175

Protection of foreign missions &
22,814 22,814
0 0
0 22,814 27,159
+19% 28,500

officials
Emergency-diplomatic & consular
8,927 9,000
0 0
0 9,000 10,000
+11% 10,000

services
Buying Power and Maintenance
— 5,000
0 0
0 5,000 10,000
+100% 7,500

Repatriation Loans
1,275 1,353
0 0
0 1,353 1,450
+7% 1,450

Payment American Institute
16,219 16,840
0 0
0 16,840 21,174
+26% 21,174

Taiwan
Foreign Service Retirement Fund
[158,900] [157,100]
0
0
0 [157,100] [158,900] +1% [158,900]

(mandatory)
CRS-23

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

FY2010
req. as
% of
FY2008
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2010
FY2009
FY2010
FY2010

Totala
Baseb
Bridgec
Stim.d
Supp.e
Total
Req.
Total
House
Senate
International Organizations,
Subtotal
3,473,654 3,046,400 225,500
0 721,000 3,992,900 4,057,000
+2% 3,822,000
Contributions to international
1,409,429 1,529,400 75,000
0
0 1,604,400 1,797,000 +12% 1,697,000

organizations
Contributions to international
2,064,225 1,517,000 150,500
0 721,000 2,388,500 2,260,000
-5% 2,125,000

peacekeeping
Related Appropriations,
61,250 184,750
0
0
0 184,750 178,930 -3% 169,970

Subtotal
Center for Middle East-West
868 875 0 0 0 875 875
0% 875

Dialogue-Trust & Program
Asia Foundation
15,374 16,000
0 0
0 16,000 16,230 +1% 19,000

National Endowment for
Democracyg
[99,190] 115,000
0
0
0 115,000 100,000 -13% 100,000

East-West Center
19,342 21,000
0 0
0 21,000 11,730 -44%
0

Eisenhower Exchange Programs
496 500 0 0 0 500 500
0% 500

Israeli Arab Scholarship Program
372
375



375
375
0%
375
US Institute of Peace
24,798
31,000
0
0
0
31,000
49,220
+59%
49,220
International Broadcasting,
684,004 709,483 6,000
0
0 715,483 745,450 +4% 746,450
Subtotal

Broadcasting
Operations
673,343 698,187 6,000
0
0 704,187 732,187 +4% 733,788

Capital
Improvements
10,661 11,296
0 0
0 11,296 13,263
+17% 12,662

International Commissionsh
203,776 130,289
0
220,000
0 350,289 145,479 -58% 150,479

State/Broadcasting/Related
13,413,843 11,891,991 1,034,700 564,000 2,664,512 16,155,203 17,196,398
6% 15,903,848
Agencies, TOTAL

Source: U.S. Department of State budget documents; House and Senate Appropriations Committees; and CRS calculations.
a. FY2008 totals include regular and supplemental appropriations.
b. P.L. 111-8.
CRS-24

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

c. P.L. 110-252.
d. P.L. 111-5.
e. P.L. 111-32.
f.
An additional $30 million was appropriated for the Civilian Stabilization Initiative in FY2009 under USAID. The Administration’s FY2010 request locates al CSI
funding within the State Department.
g. The National Endowment for Democracy was funded under the Democracy Fund in the Foreign Operations portion of the bill in FY2008.
h. Includes the International Boundary and Water Commission; American Section, International Commissions; International Fisheries Commission; Commission for
the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad; Commission on International Religious Freedom; Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe;
Congressional-Executive Commission on the People’s Republic of China; and the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission.

CRS-25

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Appendix D. Foreign Operations Appropriations
(thousands of current U.S. $)
FY2010 req.
FY2008
FY2009
FY2009 FY2009 FY2009
FY2009
FY2010
compared to
FY2010
FY2010

Totala
Baseb
Bridgec Stim.d Supp.e
Total
Req.
FY2009 Total
House
Senate
Export
Aid,
Subtotal
-103,518 -116,700
0
0
0
-116,700 -100,910
+14%
-98,790

Export-Import Bank (net)f 992
2,500
0
0
0
2,500
380
-85%
2,500

Overseas Private Investment Corporation
-164,500 -170,000
0
0
0
-170,000 -156,490
+8%
-156,490

(net)g
Trade & Development Agency
69,990
50,800
0
0
0
50,800
55,200
+9%
55,200

USAID Admin., Subtotal
930,136
916,359
94,000 38,000 209,600 1,257,959 1,698,300
+35%
1,678,300

USAID Operating Expenses
801,157
808,584
93,000
0
157,600 1,059,184 1,438,800
+36%
1,388,800

Civilian Stabilization Initiative
0
30,000
0
0
0
30,000h —

30,000
USAID Capital Investment Fund
87,287
35,775
0
38,000 48,500
122,275
213,000
+74%
213,000

USAID
Inspector
General
41,692 42,000 1,000 0 3,500 46,500 46,500
0%
46,500

Bilateral Economic Assistance,
19,414,677 17,166,0002,153,300
0 4,645,101 23,964,401
24,871,347
4%
24,223,583

Subtotal
Global Health and Child Survival, State +
6,498,025 7,114,000 75,000
0 150,000 7,339,000 7,595,000
+3%
7,684,000

USAID
GHCS (State Dept.)
[4,661,930] [5,159,000]
0
0
0
[5,159,000] [5,259,000]
+2%
[5,359,000]

GHCS (USAID)
[1,836,095] [1,955,000] [75,000]
0
0
[2,030,000] [2,336,000]
+15%
[2,325,000]

Development
Assistance
1,623,622 1,800,000 200,000 0
0
2,000,000 2,733,803
+37%
2,480,000

International Disaster & Famine Assistance
669,739
350,000
200,000
0
270,000
820,000
880,000
+7%
830,000

Transition
Initiatives
44,636
50,000 0 0 0 50,000
126,000 +152% 100,000
Development Credit Authority – Admin
8,094
8,000
0
0
0
8,000
8,600
+7%
8,600

Development Credit Authority Subsidy
[21,000]
[25,000]
0
0
0
[25,000]
[25,000]
0%
[25,000]

Economic Support Fund
5,229,338 3,018,500 1,124,800
0
2,973,601 7,116,901 6,504,096
-9%
6,370,096

Assistance for Europe; Eurasia & Central Asia 690,050i 650,000 0
0 272,000 922,000 762,253
-17%
722,253

CRS-26

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

FY2010 req.
FY2008
FY2009
FY2009 FY2009 FY2009
FY2009
FY2010
compared to
FY2010
FY2010

Totala
Baseb
Bridgec Stim.d Supp.e
Total
Req.
FY2009 Total
House
Senate
(AEECA)
Fund for Ireland
14,900
15,000
0
0
0
15,000


18,000

Democracy Fund
242,920
116,000
0
0
0
116,000


120,000

International Narcotics Control & Law
946,705
875,000
199,000
0
487,500
1,561,500
1,947,451 +25% 1,630,000
Enforcement
Andean Counterdrug Program
308,065
315,000
0
0
0
315,000
j— — —

Migration & Refugee Assistance
1,338,178
934,500
350,000
0
390,000 1,674,500 1,480,444
-12%
1,480,444

Emergency Refugee and Migration
75,636
40,000
0
0
0
40,000
75,000
+88%
75,000

Nonproliferation,
Anti-Terrorism,
Demining 496,755 525,000 4,500 0 102,000 631,500 765,430
+21%
717,430

Independent Agencies, Subtotal
1,925,774 1,270,000
0
0
0
1,270,000 1,851,200
+46%
1,902,760

Inter-American
Foundation
20,830
22,500 0 0 0 22,500
22,760
+1%
22,760
African Development Foundation
29,757
32,500
0
0
0
32,500
30,000
-8%
30,000

Peace
Corps
330,799 340,000 0
0
0 340,000 373,440
+10%
450,000

Millennium Challenge Corporation
1,486,388 875,000
0
0
0
875,000 1,425,000 +63% 1,400,000
Department of Treasury, Subtotal
50,290
85,000
0
0
0
85,000
142,070
+67
85,000

Treasury Department Technical Assistance
20,235
25,000
0
0
0
25,000
31,440
+26%
25,000

Debt
Restructuring
30,055
60,000 0 0 0 60,000
110,630 +84%
60,000
Military/Security Assistance, Subtotal 5,065,064 4,976,200 397500 0 2,181,000 7,554,700 5,681,073
-25% 4,701,783

International Military Education & Training 85,181 91,000 0 0 2,000 93,000
110,283 +19% 110,283
Foreign Military Financing
4,718,502 4,635,000 302,500 0 1,294,000 6,231,500 5,274,390
-15% 4,260,000

Peacekeeping Operations
261,381
250,200
95,000 0 185,000
530,200
296,400
-44%
331,500

Pakistan Counterinsurgency Fund

0
0
0
700,000
700,000




Multilateral Assistance, Subtotal
1,587,243 1,845,500
0
0
0
1,845,500 2,697,855
+46%
2,431,726

World Bank: Global Environment Facility 81,101
80,000 0 0 0 80,000
86,500 +8% 86,500

International Clean Technology Fund

0
0
0
0

500,000

225,000

Strategic
Climate
Fund
— 0 0 0 0 —
100,000 —
75,000
CRS-27

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

FY2010 req.
FY2008
FY2009
FY2009 FY2009 FY2009
FY2009
FY2010
compared to
FY2010
FY2010

Totala
Baseb
Bridgec Stim.d Supp.e
Total
Req.
FY2009 Total
House
Senate
World Bank: Int’l. Development Association
942,305 1,115,000 0 0 0 1,115,000 1,320,000
+18% 1,320,000
IADB: Enterprise for Americas MIF
24,798
25,000
0
0
0
25,000
25,000
0%
25,000

IADB: Inter-American Investment
— 0 0
0
0 —
4,670 —

Corporation
Asian Development Fund
74,544
105,000
0
0
0
105,000
115,250
+10%
115,250

African Development Bank
2,057
0
0
0
0





African Development Fund
134,585
150,000
0
0
0
150,000
159,885
+7%
159,885

European Bank for Reconstruction &
10 0 0
0
0 — —


Development
International Fund for Agricultural
17,926
18,000 0 0 0 18,000
30,000
+67%
30,000
Development
International Organizations & Programs
309,954
352,500
0
0
0
352,500
356,550
+1%
395,091

Foreign Operations, Total
26,893,602 24,787,3592,644,800 38,000 7,035,701 34,505,860 34,847,6651%
32,936,602
State/Broadcasting/Related Agencies, 13,413,843 11,891,9911,034,700 564,000 2,664,512 16,155,203 17,196,3986%
15,903,848
Total
State-Foreign Operations, Total
40,307,445 36,679,3503,679,500 602,000 9,700,213 50,661,063 52,044,0633%
48,840,450
Source: U.S. Department of State budget documents; House and Senate Appropriations Committees; and CRS calculations.
a. FY2008 totals include regular and supplemental appropriations.
b. P.L. 111-8.
c. P.L. 110-252.
d. P.L. 111-5.
e. P.L. 111-32.
f.
Appropriated funds are for expenses of the Inspector General. Administration expenses and loan program funds are covered by Bank receipts.
g. These figures represent anticipated OPIC receipts, minus amounts requested for administrative expenses and credit funding.
h. An additional $45 million was appropriated for the Civilian Stabilization Initiative in FY2009 through the State Department. The Administration’s FY2010 request
locates al CSI funding under the State Department.
i.
In FY2008, these funds were under the Eastern Europe & Baltic States (SEED) account ($293,553), and the Independent State of the Former Soviet Union (FSA)
account ($396,497), which were combined in 2009 to create the AEECA account.
CRS-28

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

j.
No funding was requested specifical y for the Andean Counterdrug Initiative for FY2010, however, the Administration explained that the requested increase for the
International Narcotics and Law Enforcement account would be primarily use for counternarcotics activities in the Andean region.


CRS-29

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Appendix E. International Affairs (150) Budget Account

(in thousands of current U.S. $)
FY2010
req. as %
+/-
Approps. Bill
FY2008
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2009
FY2010
FY2009
FY2010
FY2010
Account
Total
Basea
Bridgeb
Stim.c
Supp.d
Total
Req.
est.
House
Senate
State-Foreign
Operations, Total
40,307,445 36,679,350 3,679,500 602,000 9,700,213 50,661,063 52,044,063
3% 48,840,450

Commerce-
Justice-Science









Foreign Claim

Settlement
1,606 1,823
0 0
0 1,823 2,117 16% 2,117
Commission
International

Trade
68,400 75,100
0
0
0 75,100 82,700 10% 82,700
Commission
Agriculture









P.L. 480 Food Aid
2,160,164
1,325,900
395,000
0
700,000
2,420,900
1,889,500
-22%
1,889,500
State-Foreign

Operations (not









150)e
International
Commissions
(203,776) (130,289)
0
(220,000)
0 (350,289) (145,479)
-58% (150,479)
Total

International
Affairs
(150)
42,333,839 37,951,884 4,074,500 382,000 10,400,213 52,808,597 53,872,901 2%
50,664,288
Source: U.S. Department of State budget documents; House and Senate Appropriations Committees; and CRS calculations.
a. FY2008 totals include regular and supplemental appropriations.
b. P.L. 111-8.
c. P.L. 110-252.
d. P.L. 111-5.
CRS-30

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

e. This includes the International Boundary and Water Commission; American Section, International Commissions; International Fisheries Commission; Commission
for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad; Commission on International Religious Freedom; Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe;
Congressional-Executive Commission on the People’s Republic of China; and the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. These accounts
are funded through State-Foreign Operations appropriations legislation but are not part of Function 150 of the U.S. Budget. Therefore, they are subtracted from the
total of State-Foreign Operations, food aid, and commissions within the 150 accounts to calculate the total 150 account figure.

CRS-31

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations


Author Contact Information

Susan B. Epstein
Marian Leonardo Lawson
Specialist in Foreign Policy
Analyst in Foreign Assistance
sepstein@crs.loc.gov, 7-6678
mlawson@crs.loc.gov, 7-4475
Kennon H. Nakamura

Analyst in Foreign Affairs
knakamura@crs.loc.gov, 7-9514

Key Policy Staff

Area of Expertise
Name
Phone E-mail
General: Foreign Operations Policy Issues/Budget
Susan Epstein
7-6678 sepstein@crs.loc.gov
Marian Lawson
7-4475 mlawson@crs.loc.gov
Curt Tarnoff
7-7656 ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
General: State Dept & Foreign Service Issues/Budget
Ken Nakamura
7-9514 knakamura@crs.loc.gov
Afghanistan Assistance
Rhoda
7-0425 rmargesson@crs.loc.gov
Margesson
Curt Tarnoff
7-7656 ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
Africa Assistance
Ted Dagne
7-7646 tdagne@crs.loc.gov
Agency for International Development
Susan Epstein
7-6678 sepstein@crs.loc.gov
Marian Lawson
7-4475 mlawson@crs.loc.gov
Curt Tarnoff
7-7656 ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
Asia Assistance
Thomas Lum
7-7616 tlum@crs.loc.gov
Broadcasting, International
Ken Nakamura
7-9514 knakamura@crs.loc.gov
Central Asia Assistance
Jim Nichol
7-2289 jnichol@crs.loc.gov
Civilian Stabilization/Civilian Response Corps
Nina Serafino
7-7667 nserafino@crs.loc.gov
Debt Relief
Marty Weiss
7-5407 mweiss@crs.loc.gov
Development Assistance (bilateral)
Susan Epstein
7-6678 sepstein@crs.loc.gov
Curt Tarnoff
7-7656 ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
Marian Lawson
7-4475 mlawson@crs.loc.gov
Disaster/Humanitarian Aid/Refugees
Rhoda
7-0425 rmargesson@crs.loc.gov
Margesson
DOD and Foreign Assistance
Nina Serafino
7-7667 nserafino@crs.loc.gov
Export-Import Bank
James Jackson
7-7751 j ackson@crs.loc.gov
Congressional Research Service
32

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations

Area of Expertise
Name
Phone E-mail
Family Planning Programs
Luisa
7-0856 lblanchfield@crs.loc.gov
Blanchfield
Health Programs, including HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Tuberculosis,
Tiaji Salaam
7-7677 tsalaam@crs.loc.gov
Child and Maternal
Kellie Moss
7-7314 kmoss@crs.loc.gov
Human Rights
Ken Nakamura
7-9514 knakamura@crs.loc.gov
International Affairs Budget
Susan Epstein
7-6678 sepstein@crs.loc.gov
International Crime & Narcotics
Liana Wyler
7-6177 lwyler@crs.loc.gov
International Organizations/UN Funding
Ken Nakamura
7-9514 knakamura@crs.loc.gov
Marjorie
7-7695 mbrowne@crs.loc.gov
Browne
Iraq Reconstruction
Curt Tarnoff
7-7656 ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
Latin America Assistance
Mark Sullivan 7-7689
msullivan@crs.loc.gov
Microenterprise Curt
Tarnoff
7-7656
ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
Middle East Assistance
Jeremy Sharp
7-8687 jsharp@crs.loc.gov
Military Assistance
Richard
7-7675 rgrimmett@crs.loc.gov
Grimmett
Millennium Challenge Corporation
Curt Tarnoff
7-7656 ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
Multilateral Development Banks
Jonathan
7-7682 jsanford@crs.loc.gov
Sanford
Marty Weiss
7-5407 mweiss@crs.loc.gov
Overseas Private Investment Corporation
James Jackson
7-7751 j ackson@crs.loc.gov
Peace Corps
Curt Tarnoff
7-7656 ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
Peacekeeping
Marjorie
7-7695 mbrowne@crs.loc.gov
Browne
Nina Serafino
7-7667 nserafino@crs.loc.gov
Public Diplomacy
Ken Nakamura
7-9514 knakamura@crs.loc.gov
Matthew Weed 7-4589 mweed@crs.loc.gov
Refugee Aid
Rhoda
7-0452 rmargesson@crs.loc.gov
Margesson
Russia/East Europe Assistance
Curt Tarnoff
7-7656 ctarnoff@crs.loc.gov
Terrorism John
Rollins
7-5529
jrollins@crs.loc.gov
U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA)
Luisa
7-0856 lblanchfield@crs.loc.gov
Blanchfield
U.S. Institute of Peace
Ken Nakamura
7-6678 knakamura@crs.loc.gov
U.N. Voluntary Contributions
Marjorie
7-7695 mbrowne@crs.loc.gov
Browne


Congressional Research Service
33