The President makes appointments, with the advice and consent of the Senate, to some 151 full-time leadership positions on 33 federal regulatory and other collegial boards and commissions. This appointment process consists of three distinct stages: selection, clearance, and nomination by the President; consideration by the Senate; and appointment by the President. These advice and consent positions can also temporarily be filled by the President alone through a recess appointment. Membership positions on this set of collegial bodies often have fixed terms, and incumbents are often protected from arbitrary removal by the President. The enabling statutes for most of these boards and commissions require political party balance in their membership.
During the 109th Congress, President George W. Bush submitted nominations to the Senate for 84 of these 151 positions. (Most of the remaining positions on these boards and commissions were not vacant during that time.) A total of 111 nominations were submitted, of which 79 were confirmed, 6 were withdrawn, and 26 were returned to the President. The number of nominations exceeded the number of positions for reasons discussed in this report (e.g., nominations to a single position for successive terms). President Bush made 12 recess appointments to regulatory and other boards and commissions: 10 when the Senate was adjourned during a session (intrasession recess appointments) and 2 between sessions (intersession recess appointments). At the end of the 109th Congress, 12 incumbents were serving past the expiration of their terms. In addition, there were 12 vacancies among the 151 positions.
This report specifies, for the 109th Congress, all nominations to full-time positions on 33 regulatory and other collegial boards and commissions. Profiles of each board and commission provide information on their organizational structures, membership as of end of the 109th Congress, and appointment activity during that Congress. The organizational section discusses the statutory requirements for the appointed positions, including the number of members on each board or commission, their terms of office, whether or not they may continue in their positions after their terms expire, whether or not political balance is required, and the method for selection of the chair. Membership and appointment activity are provided in tabular form. The report also includes tables summarizing the collective appointment activity for all 33 bodies, and identifying Senate recesses during the 109th Congress.
Information for this report was compiled from data from the Senate nominations database of the Legislative Information System at http://www.congress.gov/nomis/, telephone discussions with agency officials, agency websites, the United States Code, and the 2004 edition of United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions (more commonly known as the "Plum Book").
This report will not be updated.
This report provides an overview of the process for filling positions to which the President makes appointments with the advice and consent of the Senate (PAS positions). It also specifies, for the 109th Congress (January 2005-December 2006), all nominations to full-time positions on 33 regulatory and other collegial boards and commissions that have such positions (e.g., the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Reserve Board, and the Election Assistance Commission). Profiles of each board and commission provide information on their organizational structures, membership as of the end of the 109th Congress, and appointment activity during that Congress.
The President and the Senate share the power to appoint the principal officers of the United States.1 The Constitution (Article II, Section 2, clause 2) empowers the President to nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint the principal officers of the United States.2 Three distinct stages mark the appointment process: selection, clearance, and nomination by the President; consideration by the Senate; and appointment by the President.
In this stage, the White House selects and clears a nominee before sending the formal nomination to the Senate. There are a number of steps in this stage of the process for most Senate-confirmed positions. First, with the assistance of, and preliminary vetting by, the White House Office of Presidential Personnel, the President selects a candidate for the position. Interested parties, including Members of Congress, often have input during this process. Most boards and commissions are required, by statute, to have a political balance among their members (i.e., no more than a simple majority may be from the same political party), so the President normally negotiates over nominations with leaders of the opposition party in Congress. These negotiations involve questions not only of patronage but of policy, especially when the board or commission is involved in areas that, at the time, may be particularly sensitive. This often results in a packaging process in which the President submits several nominations together for positions in a particular agency and the Senate then confirms them as a group. Sometimes, however, only one or two nominations are submitted when three or four positions may be available. When this occurs, a nomination may remain before the Senate for many months, until one or two additional nominations are submitted. Generally, all are then quickly confirmed.
During the clearance process, the candidate prepares and submits several forms: the "Public Financial Disclosure Report" (Standard Form (SF) 278), the "Questionnaire for National Security Positions" (SF 86), and the White House "Personal Data Statement Questionnaire." The Office of the Counsel to the President oversees the clearance process, which often includes background investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Office of Government Ethics (OGE), and an ethics official for the agency to which the candidate is to be appointed. If conflicts are found during the background check, OGE and the agency ethics officer may work with the candidate to mitigate the conflicts. Once the Office of the Counsel to the President has cleared the candidate, the nomination is ready to be submitted to the Senate.
The selection and clearance stage is often the longest part of the appointment process. There can be lengthy delays, particularly if many candidates are being processed, as they are at the beginning of an Administration, or if conflicts need to be resolved. Candidates for higher-level positions are often accorded priority in this process. In an effort to reduce the elapsed time between a new President's inauguration and the appointment of his or her national security team, provisions added, in 2004, to the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 encourage Presidents-elect to submit, for security clearance, potential nominees to high-level national security positions as soon as possible after the election.3
For positions located within a state (e.g., U.S. attorneys, U.S. marshals, and U.S. district judges), the President, by custom, normally nominates an individual recommended by the Senator or Senators (if they are from the same party as the President) from that state.4 If neither Senator is from the President's party, he usually defers to the recommendations of party leaders from the state. Occasionally, the President solicits recommendations from Senators of the opposition party because of their positions in the Senate. Before making a nomination to a federal position at the state or national level, the President would consider how it will fare in the confirmation process.
A nominee has no legal authority to assume the duties and responsibilities of the position; the authority comes with Senate confirmation and presidential appointment. A nominee who is hired by the agency as a consultant while awaiting confirmation may serve only in an advisory capacity. If circumstances permit and conditions are met, the President may give the nominee a recess appointment to the position (see below). Recess appointments may have political consequences, however, particularly if Senators perceive that an appointment is an effort to circumvent their constitutional role. Some Senate-confirmed positions, such as many of those in the executive departments, may also be temporarily filled under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998.5 Positions on most boards and commissions, however, are not covered by this act.6
In the confirmation or second stage, the Senate alone determines whether or not to confirm a nomination.7 The way the Senate acts on a nomination depends largely on the importance of the position involved, existing political circumstances, and policy implications. Generally, the Senate shows particular interest in the nominee's views and how they are likely to affect public policy.8 Two other factors may also affect the scrutiny with which a nominee's personal and professional qualities are examined: whether or not the President's party controls the Senate and the degree to which the President becomes involved in supporting the nomination.
The Senate confirmation process is centered at the committee level. On the day the President submits a nomination to the Senate, the Senate's executive clerk refers it to the appropriate committee or committees. When making a referral, the executive clerk is guided by Senate Rule XXV, which establishes the subject matters under the purview of each committee and directs that "all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating primarily to [those] subjects" be referred to that committee. The executive clerk is also guided by precedents set by prior referrals and by standing orders and unanimous consent (UC) agreements pertaining to referral of nominations.9 Most nominations are sent to a single committee. Occasionally, the Senate has agreed, by unanimous consent, by standing order, or by statute, to refer one or more nominations to more than one committee.
Committee nomination activity generally includes investigation, hearing, and reporting stages. As part of investigatory work, committees may draw on information provided by the White House as well as information collected by the committees. Hearings provide a public forum to discuss a nomination and any issues related to the program or agency for which the nominee would be responsible. Even if confirmation is thought to be a virtual certainty, hearings may provide Senators and the nominee with an opportunity to go on the record with particular views or commitments. Senators may use hearings to explore a nominee's qualifications, articulate a policy perspective, or raise related oversight issues. Some committees hold hearings on nearly all nominations that are referred to them; others hold hearings for only some.
The committee may discontinue acting on a nomination at any point—upon referral, after investigation, or after a hearing. If the committee votes to report the nomination back to the full Senate, it has three options: it may report the nomination to the Senate favorably, report it unfavorably, or report it without recommendation. If the committee elects not to report a nomination, the Senate may, under certain circumstances, discharge the committee from further consideration of the nomination in order to bring it to the floor.10
Although the Senate confirms most nominations, some nominations are not confirmed. Rarely, however, does the full Senate reject a nomination. Most nominations that are not confirmed fail in committee, either by committee vote or by committee inaction. Rejections in committee occur for a variety of reasons, including opposition to the nomination, inadequate amount of time for consideration of the nomination, or factors that may have nothing to do with the merits of the nomination. If a nomination is not acted upon by the Senate by the end of a Congress, it is returned to the President. Pending nominations also may be returned automatically to the President at the beginning of a recess of 30 days or longer, but the Senate rule providing for this return is often waived.11
In the final stage, the confirmed nominee is given a commission signed by the President, with the seal of the United States affixed thereto, and is sworn into office. The President may sign the commission at any time after confirmation. Once the appointee is given the commission and sworn in, he or she has full authority to carry out the responsibilities of the office.
The Constitution also empowers the President to make limited-term appointments without Senate confirmation when the Senate is in recess.12 Such recess appointments expire at the end of the next full session of the Senate. Appendix C provides a table showing the dates of the Senate recesses for the 109th Congress and the number of recess appointments to positions on regulatory and other collegial boards and commissions during each recess.
Presidents have occasionally used the recess appointment power to circumvent the confirmation process. In response, Congress has placed restrictions on the President's authority to make a recess appointment. Under 5 U.S.C. § 5503(a), if the position to which the President makes a recess appointment falls vacant while the Senate is in session, the recess appointee may not be paid from the Treasury until he or she is confirmed by the Senate. The salary prohibition does not apply (1) if the vacancy arose within 30 days before the end of the session; (2) if a nomination for the office (other than the nomination of someone given a recess appointment during the preceding recess) was pending when the Senate recessed; or (3) if a nomination was rejected within 30 days before the end of the session and another individual was given the recess appointment. A recess appointment falling under any one of these three exceptions must be followed by a nomination to the position not later than 40 days after the beginning of the next session of the Senate. For this reason, when a recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for the appointee even when an earlier nomination is still pending.13 In addition, although recess appointees whose nominations to a full term are subsequently rejected by the Senate may continue to serve until the end of their recess appointment, a provision of the annual financial services and general government appropriations act prohibits payments, from appropriated funds, to an appointee after such a rejection.14
Federal executive branch boards and commissions share, among other things, the following characteristics: (1) they are independent executive branch bodies located, with four exceptions, outside executive departments;15 (2) several members head each entity; (3) the members are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate; and (4) the members serve fixed terms of office, and, except in a few bodies, the President's power to remove them is restricted.
In this context, fixed terms of office have set beginning and end dates, irrespective of whether the posts are filled or when appointments are made. (In other contexts, in contrast, the full term begins to run when an appointee takes office, and it expires after the incumbent has held the post for the requisite period of time.) The end dates of the fixed terms of a board's members are staggered, so that the terms do not expire all at once. The use of terms with fixed beginning and end dates is intended to minimize the occurrence of simultaneous board member departures and thereby increase leadership continuity.
A new commission or board member may be nominated and confirmed for a position from which someone has resigned (or died) with an unexpired term or for a position with a new term that is already underway. Occasionally, where the unexpired term has been for a very short period, the President has submitted two nominations of the same person simultaneously—the first to complete the unexpired term and the second to complete a regular term of office.
On some commissions, the chair is subject to Senate confirmation and must be appointed from among the incumbent commissioners. If the President wishes to appoint, as chair, someone who is not on the commission, two nominations are submitted simultaneously for the nominee—one for member and the other for chair.
As independent entities with staggered membership, executive branch boards and commissions have more political independence from the President than do executive departments. Nonetheless, the President can sometimes exercise significant influence over the composition of the membership when he designates the chair or has the opportunity to fill a number of vacancies at once. For example, President George W. Bush had the opportunity to shape the Securities and Exchange Commission during the first two years of his presidency because of existing vacancies, resignations, and the death of a member. Likewise, during the same time period, President Bush was able to submit nominations for all of the positions on the National Labor Relations Board because of existing vacancies, expiring recess appointments, and resignations. Simultaneous turnover of board or commission membership may result from coincidence, but it may also be the result of a buildup of vacancies after extended periods during which the President fails to nominate, or the Senate fails to confirm, members.
Two other notable characteristics apply to appointments to some of the boards and commissions. First, for 25 of the regulatory and other collegial boards and commissions, the law limits the number of appointed members who may belong to the same political party, usually to no more than a simple majority of the appointed members (e.g., two of three, or three of five).16 Second, advice and consent requirements also apply to inspector general appointments in four of these organizations and general counsel appointments in three.
During the 109th Congress, President George W. Bush submitted nominations to the Senate for 84 of the 151 full-time positions on 33 regulatory and other boards and commissions. (Most of the remaining positions on these boards and commissions were not vacant during that time.) A total of 111 nominations were submitted for these positions, of which 79 were confirmed, 6 were withdrawn, and 26 were returned to the President. The number of nominations exceeded the number of positions for two reasons. First, for some agencies, appointment of an individual to be chair or vice chair requires two separate nominations: one to be a member and the other to be chair or vice chair. In these cases, the chair or vice chair title is not counted as an additional position. Second, the President submitted multiple nominations for some positions. In some cases, for example, the President submitted one nomination for the end of a term in progress and a second nomination of the same person to the same position for the succeeding term. In other cases, the President submitted a second nomination after his first choice failed to be confirmed. The President also usually submitted an "extra" nomination of an individual to whom he had given a recess appointment in order to comply with a law affecting the payment of that appointee (see "Recess Appointments," above). President Bush made 12 recess appointments to regulatory and other boards and commissions: 10 when the Senate was adjourned during a session (intrasession recess appointments) and 2 between sessions (intersession recess appointments). Table 1 summarizes the appointment activity for the 109th Congress. At the end of the 109th Congress,12 incumbents were serving past the expiration of their terms.17 In addition, there were 12 vacancies among the 151 positions.
Table 1. Appointment Action for 33 Regulatory and Other Boards and Commissions During the 109th Congress
|
Positions on the 33 boards and commissions (total) |
151 |
|
|
Positions to which nominations were made |
84 |
|
|
Individual nominees |
87 |
|
|
Nominations submitted to the Senate during the 109th Congress (total) |
111 |
|
|
Disposition of nominations |
||
|
Confirmed by the Senate |
79 |
|
|
Withdrawn |
6 |
|
|
Returned |
26 |
|
|
Recess Appointments (total) |
12 |
|
|
Intrasession |
10 |
|
|
Intersession |
2 |
|
The length of time a given nomination may be pending in the Senate varies widely. Some nominations are confirmed within a few days, others may not be confirmed for several months, and some are never confirmed. In the board and commission profiles following this opening narrative, this report provides, for each board or commission nomination that was confirmed in the 109th Congress, the number of days from nomination to confirmation ("days to confirm"). For those nominations that were confirmed, an average of 96 days elapsed between nomination and confirmation. The median18 number of days elapsed was 50. The difference between these two numbers suggests that the average was pulled upward by a small number of unusually high numbers. These statistics exclude days during August recesses and between sessions of the Congress. This cutoff point is suggested by the Senate rules, which provide that "if the Senate shall adjourn or take recess for more than thirty days, all nominations pending and not finally acted upon" shall be returned to the President, although this rule is often waived.19 The 33 days during the August 2005 recess, the 11 days between the first and second sessions of the 109th Congress, and the 31 days during the August 2006 recess were subtracted from the "days to confirm" for those nominations that spanned one or more recesses. Although it also exceeded 30 days, no days were subtracted for a 39-day recess during October and November 2006 in order to maintain consistency with similar reports for previous Congresses.
Each of the 33 board or commission profiles following the narrative portion of this report is organized into three parts: a paragraph discussing the body's organizational structure, a table identifying its full-time membership as of the end of the 109th Congress, and a table listing nominations and appointments to its full-time positions during the 109th Congress. The organizational sections discuss the statutory requirements for the appointed positions, including the number of members on each board or commission, their terms of office, whether or not they may continue in their positions after their terms expire, whether or not political balance is required, and the method for selection of the chair.
Data20 on appointment actions during the 109th Congress appear under both the sections entitled "Membership as of the End of the 109th Congress" and those entitled "Appointment Action in the 109th Congress." The former identifies the agency's positions requiring Senate confirmation and the incumbents in those positions as of the date the Senate adjourned sine die at the end of the 109th Congress (December 9, 2006). Incumbents whose terms had expired are italicized. Most of the incumbents serve fixed terms of office and are removable only for specified causes. They generally remain in office when a new administration assumes office following a presidential election. For those agencies requiring political balance among their members, the party affiliation of an incumbent is listed as Democrat (D), Republican (R), or Independent (I). The section also includes the pay levels of the positions. For presidentially appointed positions requiring Senate confirmation, the pay levels usually fall under the Executive Schedule, which ranges from level I, for cabinet-level offices, to level V, for the lowest-ranked positions. Most of the chair positions are at level III, and most of the other positions are at level IV.21
The "Appointment Action" section identifies the nominees (in chronological order), the positions to which they were nominated, the dates of nomination, the dates of confirmation, and the number of days taken for confirmation. Actions other than confirmation (i.e., nominations rejected by the Senate, nominations returned to or withdrawn by the President, and recess appointments) are also noted. Occasionally, when a position is vacant and the unexpired term of office ends within a number of weeks or months, two nominations for the same nominee are submitted, the first to complete the unexpired term, and the second for a full term following completion of the expired term. Also, when a nominee is awaiting Senate action and he or she is given a recess appointment, a second, follow-up nomination is usually submitted to comply with the requirements of 5 U.S.C. § 5503(b).
In tables that show more than one confirmed nomination, the mean number of days to confirm a nomination is provided. This figure was determined by calculating the number of days between the nomination and confirmation dates, adding these numbers for all confirmed nominations, and dividing the result by the number of nominations confirmed. For tables in which one individual was confirmed more than once (to be a chair and a member, for example), the mean was calculated by averaging all values in the "Days to confirm" column, including the values for both confirmations.
Appendix A provides, in a single table, information on all of the nominations and appointments to regulatory and other collegial boards and commissions during the 109th Congress, alphabetically organized, and following a similar format to that of the "Appointment Action" sections just discussed. It identifies the board or commission involved and the dates of nomination and confirmation. The appendix also indicates if a nomination was withdrawn, returned, or rejected, or if a recess appointment was made. The mean and median number of days taken to confirm a nomination are also provided.22
Appendix B provides summary information on appointments and nominations by organization. For each of the 33 independent boards and commissions discussed in this report, the appendix provides the number of positions, vacancies, incumbents whose terms have expired, nominations, individual nominees, positions to which nominations were made, confirmations, nominations returned to the President, nominations withdrawn, and recess appointments.
Appendix C provides the dates of Senate adjournments during the 109th Congress and the number of recess appointments during each period of adjournment. A list of organization abbreviations can be found in Appendix D.
The CSB is an independent agency consisting of five members (no political balance is required), including a chair, who serve five-year terms. The President appoints the members, including the chair, with the advice and consent of the Senate. When a term expires, the incumbent must leave office. (42 U.S.C. § 7412(r)(6))
Membership as of the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Carolyn W. Merritt (Chair) |
na |
08/01/02 |
08/02/07 |
IV |
|
John S. Bresland |
na |
08/01/02 |
08/02/07 |
IV |
|
Gary L. Visscher |
na |
11/21/04 |
11/29/09 |
IV |
|
William B. Wark |
na |
09/15/06 |
09/22/11 |
IV |
|
William E. Wright |
na |
09/15/06 |
09/22/11 |
IV |
CSB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
William E. Wright |
na |
Member |
Gerald V. Poje |
06/26/06 |
09/15/06 |
50 |
|
William B. Wark |
na |
Member |
Rixio E. Medina |
06/26/06 |
09/15/06 |
50 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
50 |
|||||
The CFTC consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party) who serve five-year terms. At the end of a term, a member may remain in office, unless replaced, until the end of the next session of Congress. The chair is also appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (7 U.S.C. § 2(a)(2))
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Reuben Jeffery III (Chair) |
R |
06/30/05 |
04/13/07 |
III |
|
Michael V. Dunn |
D |
11/21/04 |
06/19/11 |
IV |
|
Walter Lukken |
R |
08/01/02 |
04/15/10 |
IV |
|
Frederick W. Hatfield |
D |
10/07/04 |
04/13/08 |
IV |
|
Vacant |
04/13/09 |
IV |
CFTC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Reuben Jeffery III |
R |
Commissioner |
Barbara P. Holum |
05/17/05 |
06/30/05 |
44 |
|
Reuben Jeffery III |
R |
Chair |
James E. Newsome |
05/17/05 |
06/30/05 |
44 |
|
Walter Lukken |
R |
Commissioner |
Reappointment |
05/25/05 |
06/30/05 |
36 |
|
Michael V. Dunn |
D |
Commissioner |
Reappointment |
06/16/06 |
08/03/06 |
48 |
|
Jill E. Sommers |
R |
Commissioner |
Sharon Brown-Hruska |
12/05/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
43 |
|||||
The statute establishing the CPSC calls for five members, who serve seven-year terms. During a period that included the 109th Congress, however, funding was authorized for only three of these positions. No more than three of the members may be from the same political party. A member may remain in office for one year at the end of a term, unless replaced. The chair is also appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (15 U.S.C. § 2053)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay levela |
|
Nancy A. Nord (Acting Chair) |
R |
04/28/05 |
10/27/12 |
III |
|
Thomas H. Moore |
D |
04/06/95 |
10/26/10 |
IV |
|
Vacant |
10/27/13 |
IV |
||
|
Vacant |
na |
IV |
||
|
Vacant |
na |
IV |
Note: na=not applicable
a. From FY1993 through the period covered by this report, funds were not available for the compensation and benefits of more than three members of the commission. (P.L. 102-389, Title 3, Oct. 6, 1992; 105 Stat. 1596; 15 U.S.C. § 2053 note)
CPSC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Nancy A. Norda |
R |
Commissioner |
Mary S. Gall |
02/28/05 |
04/28/05 |
59 |
|
Nancy A. Norda |
R |
Commissioner |
Reappointment |
02/28/05 |
04/28/05 |
59 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
59 |
|||||
The DNFSB consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. After a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President designates the chair and vice chair. (42 U.S.C. § 2286)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Andrew J. Eggenberger |
R |
10/18/89 |
10/18/08 |
III |
|
John E. Mansfield |
R |
10/30/97 |
10/18/11 |
III |
|
Joseph F. Bader |
D |
11/21/04 |
10/18/07 |
III |
|
Larry W. Brown |
R |
09/29/06 |
10/18/10 |
III |
|
Peter S. Winokur |
D |
09/29/06 |
10/18/09 |
III |
DNFSB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Andrew J. Eggenberger |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
06/29/05 |
12/09/06 |
453 |
|
John E. Mansfield |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
09/05/06 |
09/29/06 |
24 |
|
Larry W. Brown |
R |
Member |
R. Bruce Matthews |
09/05/06 |
09/29/06 |
24 |
|
Peter S. Winokur |
D |
Member |
John T. Conway |
09/05/06 |
09/29/06 |
24 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
131 |
|||||
The EAC consists of four members (no more than two may be from the same political party), who serve four-year terms. After a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The chair and vice chair, from different political parties and designated by the commission, change each year. (42 U.S.C. § 15323)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Paul S. DeGregorioa (Chair) |
R |
12/09/03 |
12/12/05 |
IV |
|
Gracia M. Hillmana |
D |
12/09/03 |
12/12/05 |
IV |
|
Donetta Davidson |
R |
07/28/05 |
12/12/07 |
IV |
|
Vacant |
12/12/07 |
IV |
EAC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Donetta Davidson |
R |
Member |
DeForest B. Soaries Jr. |
07/21/05 |
07/28/05 |
7 |
|
Caroline C. Hunter |
R |
Member |
Paul S. DeGregorio |
09/15/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
Rosemary E. Rodriguez |
D |
Member |
Raymundo Martinez III |
12/06/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
The EEOC consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. An incumbent whose term has expired may continue to serve until a successor is appointed, except that no such member may continue to serve (1) for more than 60 days when Congress is in session, unless a successor has been nominated; or (2) after the adjournment of the session of the Senate in which the successor's nomination was submitted. The President designates the chair. The President also appoints the general counsel, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (42 U.S.C. § 2000e-4(a))
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Commissioners |
||||
|
Naomi C. Earp (Chair ) |
R |
10/31/03 |
07/01/10 |
III |
|
Leslie E. Silverman (Vice Chair) |
R |
03/01/02 |
07/01/08 |
IV |
|
Stuart Ishimaru |
D |
10/31/03 |
07/01/07 |
IV |
|
Christine M. Griffin |
D |
10/21/05 |
07/01/09 |
IV |
|
Vacant |
07/01/11 |
IV |
||
|
General Counsel |
||||
|
Ronald S. Cooper |
naa |
03/27/06 |
4 years |
V |
EEOC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
|
Christine M. Griffin |
D |
Member |
Paul S. Miller |
07/28/05 |
10/21/05 |
52 |
|
|
Naomi C. Earp |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
07/29/05 |
10/21/05 |
51 |
|
|
Ronald S. Cooper |
naa |
General Counsel |
Eric S. Dreiband |
03/27/06 |
07/26/06 |
121 |
|
|
David Palmer |
R |
Member |
Cari M. Dominguez |
09/15/06 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
||
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
75 |
||||||
Note: na=not applicable
a. The provision establishing the general counsel position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
b. Returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
The Export-Import Bank Board of Directors comprises the president of the bank, who serves as chair; the first vice president of the bank, who serves as vice chair; and three other members (no more than three of these five may be from the same political party). All five members are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and serve four-year terms. An incumbent whose term has expired may continue to serve (1) until a successor is qualified, or (2) until six months pass after the term expires—whichever occurs earlier. (12 U.S.C. § 635a) The President also appoints an inspector general, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (5 U.S.C. App., Inspector General Act of 1978, § 11)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Board of Directors |
||||
|
James H. Lambright (President/Chair) |
R |
07/26/06 |
01/20/09 |
III |
|
Linda M. Conlin (Vice President/Vice Chair) |
R |
11/21/04 |
01/20/09 |
IV |
|
J. Max Cleland |
D |
12/09/03 |
01/20/07 |
IV |
|
Bijan Rafiekiana |
R |
09/29/06 |
01/20/07 |
IV |
|
J. Joseph Grandmaison |
D |
12/20/01 |
01/20/09 |
IV |
|
Inspector General |
||||
|
Vacantb |
nac |
Indefinited |
IV |
|
Note: na=not applicable
a. Rafiekian is known as Bijan R. Kian on the EXIMBANK Website http://www.exim.gov.
b. This position was established by P.L. 107-189, § 22. Michael W. Tankersley was the first nominee to the position, as shown below. He was later confirmed, during the 110th Congress.
c. The provision establishing the inspector general position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
d. The position does not have a fixed term. The President may remove an incumbent from office. During the period covered by this report, the Inspector General Act directed the President to "communicate the reasons for any such removal to both Houses of Congress" (5 U.S.C. Appendix, § 3(b)).
EXIMBANK Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
James H. Lambright |
R |
President |
Philip Merrill |
02/13/06 |
07/26/06 |
163 |
|
Linda M. Conlin |
R |
Vice President |
April H. Foley |
06/26/06 |
07/26/06 |
30 |
|
J. Joseph Grandmaison |
D |
Member |
Reappointment |
06/26/06 |
07/26/06 |
30 |
|
Bijan Rafiekian |
R |
Member |
Linda M. Conlin |
07/21/06 |
09/29/06 |
39 |
|
Michael W. Tankersley |
naa |
Inspector General |
New positionb |
12/05/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
66 |
|||||
Note: na=not applicable
a. The provision establishing the inspector general position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
b. This position was established by P.L. 107-189, § 22. Tankersley was the first nominee to the position. He was later confirmed, in the 110th Congress.
The FCA consists of three members (no more than two may be from the same political party), who serve six-year terms. A member may not succeed himself or herself unless he or she was first appointed to complete an unexpired term of three years or less. A member whose term expires may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President designates the chair. (12 U.S.C. § 2242)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Nancy C. Pellett (Chair) |
R |
11/14/02 |
05/31/08 |
III |
|
Douglas L. Flory a |
R |
08/01/02 |
10/13/06 |
IV |
|
Dallas Tonsager |
D |
11/21/04 |
05/21/10 |
IV |
FCA Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Leland A. Strom |
R |
Member |
Douglas L. Flory |
08/01/06 |
12/09/06 |
99 |
The FCC consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party) who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until the end of the next session of Congress, unless a successor is appointed before that time. The President designates the chair. (47 U.S.C. § 154)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Kevin J. Martin (Chair) |
R |
05/25/01 |
06/30/11 |
III |
|
Michael J. Copps |
D |
05/25/01 |
06/30/10 |
IV |
|
Jonathan S. Adelstein |
D |
11/14/02 |
06/30/08 |
IV |
|
Deborah T. Tate |
R |
12/21/05 |
06/30/07 |
IV |
|
Robert M. McDowell |
R |
05/26/06 |
06/30/09 |
IV |
FCC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Michael J. Copps |
D |
Member |
Reappointment |
11/09/05 |
12/21/05 |
42 |
|
Deborah T. Tate |
R |
Member |
Michael K. Powell |
11/09/05 |
12/21/05 |
42 |
|
Robert M. McDowell |
R |
Member |
Kathleen Q. Abernathy |
02/06/06 |
05/26/06 |
109 |
|
Kevin J. Martin |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
04/25/06 |
11/16/06 |
174 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
92 |
|||||
The FDIC board of directors consists of five members, of whom two—the comptroller of the currency and the director of the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS)—are ex officio. The three appointed members serve six-year terms. Not more than three of the members of the board of directors may be from the same political party. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve until a successor is appointed. The President appoints the chair and the vice chair, with the advice and consent of the Senate, from among the appointed officers. The chair is appointed for a term of five years. (12 U.S.C.§ 1812) The President also appoints the inspector general, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (5 U.S.C. Appendix, Inspector General Act of 1978, § 11)
Full-Time Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Board of Directors |
||||
|
Sheila C. Bair (Chair) |
R |
06/15/06 |
07/15/13 |
III |
|
Martin J. Gruenberg (Vice Chair) |
D |
07/29/05 |
12/27/12 |
IV |
|
Thomas J. Curry |
I |
12/09/03 |
12/12/09 |
IV |
|
Inspector General |
||||
|
Jon T. Rymer |
naa |
06/22/06 |
Indefiniteb |
IV |
Note: na=not applicable
a. The provision establishing the inspector general position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
b. The position does not have a fixed term. The President may remove an incumbent from office. During the period covered by this report, the Inspector General Act directed the President to "communicate the reasons for any such removal to both Houses of Congress." (5 U.S.C. Appendix, § 3(b))
FDIC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Martin J. Gruenberg |
D |
Member |
John M. Reicha |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Martin J. Gruenberg |
D |
Member |
Reappointmenta |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Martin J. Gruenberg |
D |
Vice Chair |
John M. Reicha |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Jon T. Rymer |
nab |
Inspector General |
Gaston L. Gianni Jr. |
02/14/06 |
06/22/06 |
128 |
|
Sheila C. Bair |
R |
Member |
Donald E. Powellc |
05/02/06 |
06/15/06 |
44 |
|
Sheila C. Bair |
R |
Member |
Reappointmentc |
05/02/06 |
06/15/06 |
44 |
|
Sheila C. Bair |
R |
Chair |
Donald E. Powellc |
05/02/06 |
06/15/06 |
44 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
40 |
|||||
Note: na=not applicable
a. The first nomination was to the position formerly held by Reich for the remainder of the term expiring on December 27, 2006. The second nomination was to the same position for the succeeding six-year term. The third nomination was to the position of vice chair.
b. The provision establishing the inspector general position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
c. The first nomination was to the position formerly held by Powell for the remainder of the term expiring on July 15, 2007. The second nomination was to the same position for the succeeding six-year term. The third nomination was to a five-year term as chair.
The FEC consists of six members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve six-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. Persons nominated and appointed to the FEC after December 31, 1997, are not eligible for reappointment after their terms expire. (P.L. 105-61, Title 5, sec. 513) The chair and vice chair, from different political parties and designated by the commission, change each year. Generally, the vice chair succeeds the chair. (2 U.S.C. § 437c)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Robert D. Lenhard (Chair) |
D |
04/30/11c |
IV |
|
|
David M. Masonb (Vice Chair) |
R |
07/30/98 |
04/30/04 |
IV |
|
Michael E. Toner |
R |
03/18/03 |
04/30/07 |
IV |
|
Ellen L. Weintraub |
D |
03/18/03 |
04/30/07 |
IV |
|
Hans von Spakovsky |
R |
04/30/11c |
IV |
|
|
Steven T. Walther |
D |
04/30/09c |
IV |
a. None of these commissioners were confirmed, as of the end of the 109th Congress. They were recess appointees, as shown.
b. The term of the incumbent shown in italics had expired. He continued to serve under the holdover provision noted above.
c. Lenhard, von Spakovsky, and Walther were recess appointed to positions with terms that were to expire as shown. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In each of these cases, the incumbent's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
FEC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
David M. Mason |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
12/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Steven T. Walther |
D |
Member |
Scott E. Thomas |
12/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Hans von Spakovsky |
R |
Member |
Bradley A. Smith |
12/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Robert D. Lenhard |
D |
Member |
Danny L. McDonald |
12/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Robert D. Lenhard |
D |
Member |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06a |
|||
|
Hans von Spakovsky |
R |
Member |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06a |
|||
|
Steven T. Walther |
D |
Member |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06a |
|||
|
Steven T. Waltherc |
D |
Member |
Scott E. Thomas |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Hans von Spakovskyc |
R |
Member |
Bradley A. Smith |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Robert D. Lenhardc |
D |
Member |
Danny L. McDonald |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
a. Lenhard, von Spakovsky, and Walther were recess appointed to positions with terms that were to expire as shown in the table above. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In each of these cases, the incumbent's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
b. Returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
c. When a recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in compliance with 5 U.S.C. § 5503. In this case, both nominations were returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
The FERC, an independent agency within the Department of Energy, consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office, except that such commissioner may not serve beyond the end of the session of the Congress in which his or her term expires. The President designates the chair. (42 U.S.C. § 7171)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Joseph T. Kelliher (Chair) |
R |
11/07/03 |
06/30/07 |
III |
|
Suedeen G. Kelly |
D |
11/07/03 |
06/30/09 |
IV |
|
Philip D. Moeller |
R |
07/14/06 |
06/30/10 |
IV |
|
Jon Wellinghoff |
D |
07/14/06 |
06/30/08 |
IV |
|
Marc Spitzer |
R |
07/14/06 |
06/30/11 |
IV |
FERC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Philip D. Moeller |
R |
Commissioner |
Patrick H. Wood III |
03/07/06 |
07/14/06 |
129 |
|
Jon Wellinghoff |
D |
Commissioner |
William L. Massey |
03/07/06 |
07/14/06 |
129 |
|
Marc Spitzer |
R |
Commissioner |
Nora M. Brownell |
06/12/06 |
07/14/06 |
32 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
97 |
|||||
The FHFB consisted of five members, of whom one—the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) or his or her designee—was ex officio. The four appointed members served seven-year terms, and no more than three could be from the same political party. An appointed member whose term expires could continue to serve until a successor was appointed. The President designated the chair from among the appointed members. Section 1204 of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-289; 122 Stat. 2654 at 2785) repealed the section of the U.S. Code that provided for these arrangements (12 U.S.C. § 1422a), but this provision was still in effect during the period covered by this report. Section 1311 of the act (122 Stat. 2797) provided for the abolishment of FHFB, effective one year from the statute's July 30, 2008, enactment.
Full-Time Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Ronald A. Rosenfeld (Chair)a |
R |
03/16/05 |
02/27/09 |
III |
|
Allan I. Mendelowitz |
D |
11/29/01 |
02/27/07 |
IV |
|
Alicia K. Castaneda |
R |
12/09/03 |
02/27/11 |
IV |
|
Geoffrey S. Bacino |
D |
07/26/06 |
02/27/13 |
IV |
FHFB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Ronald A. Rosenfeld |
R |
Director |
John T. Korsmo |
01/24/05 |
03/16/05 |
51 |
|
Geoffrey S. Bacino |
D |
Director |
Franz S. Leichter |
06/16/06 |
07/26/06 |
40 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
46 |
|||||
The FLRA consists of three members (no more than two may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until the end of the next Congress, unless a successor is appointed before that time. The President designates the chair. The general counsel is also appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (5 U.S.C. § 7104)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Members |
||||
|
Dale Cabaniss (Chair) |
R |
11/09/97 |
07/29/07 |
IV |
|
Carol W. Popea |
D |
10/26/00 |
07/01/04 |
V |
|
Vacantb |
07/01/10 |
V |
||
|
General Counsel |
||||
|
Colleen D. Kiko |
nac |
10/07/05 |
Five yearsd |
V |
Note: na=not applicable
a. The term of the incumbent shown in italics had expired. She continued to serve under the holdover provision noted above.
b. Beyer had not been confirmed, as of the end of the 109th Congress. He was given a recess appointment to this position, as shown below, after the Senate adjourned sine die. Beyer was recess appointed to a seat with a term that was to expire July 1, 2010. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In this case, Beyer's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
c. The provision establishing the general counsel position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
d. The general counsel is appointed for a term of five years.
FLRA Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Colleen D. Kiko |
naa |
General Counsel |
Peter Eide |
06/23/05 |
10/07/05 |
73 |
|
Wayne C. Beyer |
R |
Member |
Othoniel Armendariz |
06/06/06 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Wayne C. Beyer |
R |
Member |
Recess appointment 12/20/06c |
|||
Note: na=not applicable
a. The provision establishing the general counsel position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
b. Returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
c. Beyer was recess appointed to a seat with a term that was to expire July 1, 2010. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In this case, Beyer's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
The FMC consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President designates the chair. (46 U.S.C. § 301; Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1961)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbenta |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Joseph E. Brennan |
D |
11/10/99 |
06/30/08 |
IV |
|
Harold J. Creel, Jr. |
D |
08/17/94 |
06/30/09 |
IV |
|
Rebecca F. Dye |
R |
11/14/02 |
06/30/10 |
IV |
|
A. Paul Anderson |
R |
05/05/04 |
06/30/07 |
IV |
|
Vacant |
06/30/11 |
IV |
FMC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Rebecca F. Dye |
R |
Commissioner |
Reappointment |
07/12/05 |
07/22/05 |
10 |
The FMSHRC consists of five members (no political balance is required), who serve six-year terms. When a term expires, the member must leave office. The President designates the chair. (30 U.S.C. § 823)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Michael F. Duffy (Chair) |
na |
11/19/02 |
08/30/12a |
III |
|
Mary L. Jordan |
na |
04/14/94 |
08/30/08 |
IV |
|
Michael G. Young |
na |
07/31/03 |
08/30/08 |
IV |
|
Vacant |
08/30/10 |
IV |
||
|
Vacant |
08/30/12 |
IV |
Note: na=not applicable
a. Duffy was recess appointed to a seat with a term that was to expire August 30, 2012. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In this case, Duffy's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
FMSHRC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Arlene Holen |
na |
Commissioner |
Robert H. Beatty Jr. |
05/23/05 |
Returned 09/29/06a |
|
|
Michael F. Duffy |
na |
Commissioner |
Reappointment |
08/01/06 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Michael F. Duffy |
na |
Commissioner |
Recess Appointment 8/31/06c |
|||
|
Michael F. Duffyd |
na |
Commissioner |
Reappointment |
09/07/06 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
|
Arlene Holen |
na |
Commissioner |
Robert H. Beatty Jr. |
11/14/06 |
Returned 12/09/06b |
|
Note: na=not applicable
a. Returned to the President at the beginning of a 39-day Senate recess under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
b. Returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate
c. Duffy was recess appointed to a seat with a term that was to expire August 30, 2012. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In this case, Duffy's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
d. When a recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in compliance with 5 U.S.C. § 5503. In this case, both nominations were returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
The FRS consists of seven members (no political balance is required), who serve 14-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President appoints the chair and vice chair, who are separately appointed as members, for four-year terms, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (12 U.S.C. §§ 241, 242)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Ben S. Bernanke (Chair) |
na |
10/24/03 |
01/31/20 |
I |
|
Donald L. Kohn (Vice Chair) |
na |
07/31/02 |
01/31/16 |
II |
|
Susan S. Bies |
na |
12/06/01 |
01/31/12 |
II |
|
Frederic S. Mishkin |
na |
07/26/06 |
01/31/14 |
II |
|
Randall S. Kroszner |
na |
02/17/06 |
01/31/08 |
II |
|
Kevin M. Warsh |
na |
02/17/06 |
01/31/18 |
II |
|
Vacant |
na |
01/31/10 |
II |
FRS Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Ben S. Bernanke |
na |
Member |
Alan Greenspan |
11/01/05 |
01/31/06 |
80 |
|
Ben S. Bernanke |
na |
Chair |
Alan Greenspan |
11/01/05 |
01/31/06 |
80 |
|
Randall S. Kroszner |
na |
Member |
Edward M. Gramlich |
01/27/06 |
02/17/06 |
21 |
|
Kevin M. Warsh |
na |
Member |
Ben S. Bernanke |
01/27/06 |
02/17/06 |
21 |
|
Donald L. Kohn |
na |
Vice Chair |
Roger W. Ferguson Jr. |
05/18/06 |
06/19/06 |
32 |
|
Frederic S. Mishkin |
na |
Member |
Roger W. Ferguson Jr. |
06/29/06 |
07/26/06 |
27 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
44 |
|||||
The FTC consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve seven-year terms. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President designates the chair. (15 U.S.C. § 41)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Deborah P. Majoras (Chair) |
R |
11/21/04 |
09/25/08 |
III |
|
Pamela J. Harbour |
I |
07/23/03 |
09/25/09 |
IV |
|
Jonathan D. Leibowitz |
D |
11/21/04 |
09/25/10 |
IV |
|
William E. Kovacic |
R |
12/17/05 |
09/25/11 |
IV |
|
J. Thomas Rosch |
R |
12/17/05 |
09/25/12 |
IV |
FTC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
William E. Kovacic |
R |
Commissioner |
Orson Swindle |
07/28/05 |
12/17/05 |
109 |
|
J. Thomas Rosch |
R |
Commissioner |
Thomas B. Leary |
09/29/05 |
12/17/05 |
79 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
94 |
|||||
The FCSC, located in the Department of Justice, consists of three members (political balance is not required), who serve three-year terms. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. Only the chair, who also is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, serves full-time. (22 U.S.C. §§ 1622, 1622c)
Full-Time Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Mauricio J. Tamargo (Chair) |
na |
01/25/02 |
09/30/09 |
V |
FCSC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointeea |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Mauricio J. Tamargo |
na |
Chair |
Reappointment |
02/06/06 |
03/13/06 |
35 |
The MSPB consists of three members (no more than two may be from the same political party), who serve seven-year terms. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve for one year, unless a successor is appointed before that time. The President appoints the chair, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and designates the vice chair. (5 U.S.C. §§ 1201-1203)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Neil A. G. McPhie (Chair) |
R |
11/21/04 |
03/01/09 |
III |
|
Mary M. Rose (Vice Chair) |
R |
12/17/05 |
03/01/11 |
IV |
|
Barbara J. Sapin |
D |
11/21/04 |
03/01/07 |
IV |
MSPB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Mary M. Rose |
R |
Member |
Susanne T. Marshall |
06/23/05 |
12/17/05 |
144 |
The NCUA consists of three members (no more than two members may be from the same political party), who serve six-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President designates the chair. (12 U.S.C. § 1752a)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
JoAnn M. Johnson (Chair) |
R |
03/22/02 |
08/02/07 |
III |
|
Rodney E. Hood |
R |
11/07/05 |
04/10/09 |
IV |
|
Gigi Hyland |
D |
11/07/05 |
08/02/11 |
IV |
NCUA Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Rodney E. Hood |
R |
Member |
Dennis Dollar |
05/09/05 |
11/07/05 |
149 |
|
Gigi Hyland |
D |
Member |
Deborah Matz |
09/29/05 |
11/07/05 |
39 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
94 |
|||||
The NLRB consists of five members, who serve five-year terms. Political balance is not required, but, by tradition, no more than three members are from the same political party. When a term expires, the member must leave office. The President designates the chair. The President also appoints the general counsel, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (29 U.S.C. § 153)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Board |
||||
|
Robert J. Battista (Chair) |
R |
11/14/02 |
12/16/07 |
III |
|
Peter C. Schaumber |
R |
11/14/02 |
08/27/10 |
IV |
|
Wilma B. Liebman |
D |
11/14/02 |
08/27/11 |
IV |
|
Peter Kirsanow |
R |
08/27/08b |
IV |
|
|
Dennis P. Walsh |
D |
12/16/09b |
IV |
|
|
General Counsel |
||||
|
Ronald E. Meisburg |
nac |
08/03/06 |
08/13/10 |
IV |
Note: na=not applicable
a. Neither of these board members was confirmed, as of the end of the 109th Congress. They were recess appointees, as shown.
b. Kirsanow and Walsh were recess appointed to positions with terms that were to expire as shown. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In each of these cases, the incumbent's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
c. The provision establishing the general counsel position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
NLRB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Ronald E. Meisburg |
R |
Member |
Rene Acosta |
01/24/05 |
Withdrawn 06/29/05 |
|
|
Dennis P. Walsh |
D |
Member |
Reappointment |
04/27/05 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
Ronald E. Meisburg |
nab |
General Counsel |
Arthur F. Rosenfeld |
06/29/05 |
08/03/06 |
356 |
|
Peter C. Schaumber |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
06/29/05 |
08/03/06 |
356 |
|
Peter C. Schaumber |
R |
Member |
Recess Appointment 08/31/05c |
|||
|
Peter C. Schaumberd |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
09/19/05 |
08/03/06 |
307 |
|
Peter N. Kirsanow |
R |
Member |
Ronald E. Meisburg |
11/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
Ronald E. Meisburg |
nab |
General Counsel |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06e |
|||
|
Peter N. Kirsanow |
R |
Member |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06f |
|||
|
Dennis P. Walsh |
D |
Member |
Recess Appointment 01/17/06f |
|||
|
Dennis P. Walshg |
D |
Member |
Reappointment |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
Ronald E. Meisburgh |
nab |
General Counsel |
Arthur F. Rosenfeld |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
Peter N. Kirsanowg |
R |
Member |
Ronald E. Meisburg |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
Wilma B. Liebman |
D |
Member |
Reappointment |
08/01/06 |
08/03/06 |
2 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
255 |
|||||
Note: na=not applicable
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
b. The provision establishing the general counsel position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
c. Schaumber's recess appointment would have expired at the end of the 109th Congress, by which time he had been confirmed, as shown.
d. When a recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in compliance with 5 U.S.C. § 5503. In this case, both nominations, to the same term of the same position, were confirmed.
e. Meisburg's recess appointment would have expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, by which time he had been confirmed, as shown.
f. Kirsanow and Walsh were recess appointed to positions with terms that were to expire as shown in the table above. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In each of these cases, the incumbent's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
g. When a recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in compliance with 5 U.S.C. § 5503. In each of these cases, both nominations were returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
h. When a recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in compliance with 5 U.S.C. § 5503. In this case, the original nomination was confirmed, and the duplicate nomination was returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
The board consists of three members (no more than two may be from the same political party), who serve three-year terms. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The board annually designates a chair. (45 U.S.C. § 154)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Elizabeth Dougherty (Chair) |
R |
12/09/06 |
07/01/10 |
III |
|
Harry R. Hoglander |
D |
08/01/02 |
07/01/08 |
IV |
|
Read Van de Watera |
R |
12/03/03 |
07/01/06 |
IV |
NMB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Harry R. Hoglander |
D |
Member |
Reappointment |
03/27/06 |
12/09/06 |
226 |
|
Peter W. Tredicka |
R |
Member |
Edward Fitzmaurice Jr. |
03/27/06 |
Withdrawn 11/14/06 |
|
|
Elizabeth Doughertyb |
R |
Member |
Read Van de Water |
05/25/06 |
Withdrawn 11/14/06 |
|
|
Peter W. Tredicka |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
07/18/06 |
Withdrawn 11/14/06 |
|
|
Elizabeth Doughertyb |
R |
Member |
Edward Fitzmaurice Jr. |
11/14/06 |
12/09/06 |
25 |
|
Elizabeth Doughertyb |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
11/14/06 |
12/09/06 |
25 |
|
Peter W. Tredicka |
R |
Member |
Read Van de Water |
11/14/06 |
Returned 12/09/06c |
|
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
92 |
|||||
a. Tredick's first nomination (withdrawn) was to the position formerly held by Fitzmaurice for a term expiring July 1, 2007. The second nomination (withdrawn) was to the same position for the succeeding three-year term, expiring July 1, 2010. The third nomination (returned to the President) was to the position held by Van de Water, for a term expiring July 1, 2009.
b. Dougherty's first nomination (withdrawn) was to the position held by Van de Water, for a term expiring July 1, 2009. The second nomination (confirmed) was to the position formerly held by Fitzmaurice for a term expiring July 1, 2007. The third nomination (confirmed) was to the same position for the succeeding three-year term, expiring July 1, 2010.
c. Returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
The NTSB consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President appoints the chair, from among the members, for a two-year term, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and designates the vice chair. (49 U.S.C. § 1111)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Mark V. Rosenker (Chair) |
R |
03/19/03 |
12/31/10 |
III |
|
Robert L. Sumwalt III (Vice Chair) |
R |
08/03/06 |
12/31/11 |
IV |
|
Deborah A. P. Hersman |
D |
03/02/04 |
12/31/08 |
IV |
|
Kathryn O. Higgins |
D |
12/17/05 |
12/31/09 |
IV |
|
Steven R. Chealander |
R |
12/09/06 |
12/31/07 |
IV |
NTSB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Mark V. Rosenker |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
04/04/05 |
12/17/05 |
224 |
|
Ellen G. Engleman (Conners)a |
R |
Chair |
Reappointment |
04/04/05 |
Withdrawn 12/13/05 |
|
|
Kathryn O. Higgins |
D |
Member |
Carol J. Carmody |
07/28/05 |
12/17/05 |
109 |
|
Mark V. Rosenker |
R |
Chair |
Ellen G. Engleman (Conners)a |
04/24/06 |
08/03/06 |
101 |
|
Robert L. Sumwalt IIIb |
R |
Member |
Richard F. Healing |
06/06/06 |
08/03/06 |
58 |
|
Robert L. Sumwalt IIIb |
R |
Member |
Reappointment |
06/06/06 |
08/03/06 |
58 |
|
Steven R. Chealander |
R |
Member |
Ellen G. Engleman (Conners)a |
09/21/06 |
12/09/06 |
79 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
105 |
|||||
a. The surname of this nominee is shown in various forms in the nominations database. It is shown in this way consistently in this report for clarity.
b. The first nomination was to the position formerly held by Healing for the remainder of the term expiring on December 31, 2006. The second nomination was to the same position for the succeeding five-year term.
The NRC consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, the member must leave office. The President designates the chair. The President also appoints the inspector general, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (42 U.S.C. § 5841 and 5 U.S.C. Appendix 3)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Commissioners |
||||
|
Dale E. Klein (Chair) |
R |
05/26/06 |
06/30/11 |
II |
|
Edward McGaffigan Jr. |
D |
08/02/96 |
06/30/10 |
III |
|
Jeffrey S. Merrifield |
R |
10/21/98 |
06/30/07 |
III |
|
Gregory B. Jaczko |
D |
05/26/06 |
06/30/08 |
III |
|
Peter B. Lyons |
R |
05/26/06 |
06/30/09 |
III |
|
Inspector General |
||||
|
Hubert T. Bell |
naa |
06/11/96 |
Indefiniteb |
IV |
Note: na=not applicable
a. The provision establishing the inspector general position does not include requirements with regard to political affiliation.
b. The position does not have a fixed term. The President may remove an incumbent from office. During the period covered by this report, the Inspector General Act directed the President to "communicate the reasons for any such removal to both Houses of Congress." (5 U.S.C. Appendix, § 3(b))
NRC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Albert H. Konetzi |
R |
Member |
Richard A. Meserve |
01/04/05 |
Withdrawn 07/29/05 |
|
|
Gregory B. Jaczko |
D |
Member |
Greta J. Dicus |
01/04/05 |
05/26/06 |
463 |
|
Gregory B. Jaczko |
D |
Member |
Recess Appointment 01/19/05a |
|||
|
Peter B. Lyons |
R |
Member |
Recess Appointment 01/19/05a |
|||
|
Gregory B. Jaczkob |
D |
Member |
Greta J. Dicus |
02/14/05 |
05/26/06 |
422 |
|
Peter B. Lyons |
R |
Member |
Richard A. Meserve |
02/14/05 |
05/26/06 |
422 |
|
Edward McGaffigan Jr. |
D |
Member |
Reappointment |
07/28/05 |
10/07/05 |
38 |
|
Dale Klein |
R |
Member |
Nils J. Diaz |
04/27/06 |
05/26/06 |
29 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
275 |
|||||
a. Jaczko's and Lyons's recess appointments would have expired at the end of the 109th Congress, by which time they had been confirmed.
b. When a recess appointment is made, the President generally submits a new nomination for the nominee, even when an old nomination is pending, in compliance with 5 U.S.C. § 5503. In Jaczko's case, both nominations were confirmed.
The OSHRC consists of three members (political balance is not required), who serve six-year terms. When a term expires, the member must leave office. The President designates the chair. (29 U.S.C. § 661)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
W. Scott Railton (Chair) |
na |
07/31/03 |
04/27/07 |
III |
|
Thomasina Rogers |
na |
07/31/03 |
04/27/09 |
IV |
|
Horace A. Thompson III |
na |
05/19/06 |
04/27/11 |
IV |
OSHRC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Horace A. Thompson III |
na |
Member |
James M. Stephens |
09/28/05 |
05/19/06 |
222 |
The PRC consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve six-year terms. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve for one year, unless a successor is appointed before that time. The President designates the chair. The commissioners designate the vice chair. (39 U.S.C. § 3601)
[The Postal Rate Commission became the Postal Regulatory Commission, as provided in Section 604 of P.L. 109-435, the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act, enacted on December 20, 2006.]
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
George A. Omasa (Chair) |
R |
06/11/97 |
10/14/06 |
III |
|
Dawn A. Tisdalea (Vice Chair) |
D |
11/21/04 |
11/22/06 |
IV |
|
Tony Hammond |
R |
11/12/02 |
10/14/10 |
IV |
|
Ruth Y. Goldway |
D |
11/12/02 |
11/22/08 |
IV |
|
Mark D. Acton |
R |
08/03/06 |
10/14/10 |
IV |
a. The terms of the incumbents shown in italics had expired. They continued to serve under the holdover provision noted above. Dan G. Blair, who was confirmed on December 9, 2006, as shown below, replaced Omas in the days following the sine die adjournment of the Senate, and he was designated chair on December 15, 2006.
PRC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Tony Hammond |
R |
Commissioner |
Reappointment |
01/24/05 |
05/26/05 |
122 |
|
Mark D. Acton |
R |
Commissioner |
Dana B. Covington Sr. |
11/07/05 |
08/03/06 |
258 |
|
Dan G. Blair |
R |
Commissioner |
George A. Omas |
11/13/06 |
12/09/06 |
26 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
135 |
|||||
The board consists of three members (political balance is not required), who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President appoints the chair, and an inspector general, with the advice and consent of the Senate. (45 U.S.C. § 231f and 5 U.S.C. Appendix 3)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Board |
||||
|
Michael S. Schwartz (Chair; Member-at-Large) |
na |
05/23/03 |
08/28/07 |
III |
|
Virgil M. Speakman Jr.a (Labor Member) |
na |
08/12/92 |
08/28/04 |
IV |
|
Jerome F. Kevera (Management Member) |
na |
05/24/00 |
08/28/03 |
IV |
|
Inspector General |
||||
|
Martin J. Dickman |
na |
10/08/94 |
Indefiniteb |
IV |
Note: na=not applicable
a. The terms of the incumbents shown in italics had expired. They continued to serve under the holdover provision noted above.
b. This position does not have a fixed term. The President may remove an incumbent from office. During the period covered by this report, the Inspector General Act directed the President to "communicate the reasons for any such removal to both Houses of Congress." (5 U.S.C. Appendix, § 3(b))
No RRB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
The commission consists of five members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve until the end of the next session of Congress, unless a successor is appointed before that time. The President designates the chair. (15 U.S.C. § 78d)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Christopher Cox (Chair) |
R |
07/29/05 |
06/05/09 |
III |
|
Paul S. Atkins |
R |
07/25/02 |
06/05/08 |
IV |
|
Roel C. Campos |
D |
07/25/02 |
06/05/10 |
IV |
|
Annette L. Nazareth |
D |
07/29/05 |
06/05/07 |
IV |
|
Kathleen L. Casey |
R |
06/15/06 |
06/05/11 |
IV |
SEC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Christopher Cox |
R |
Member |
Harvey J. Goldschmid |
06/30/05 |
07/29/05 |
29 |
|
Roel C. Campos |
D |
Member |
Reappointment |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Annette L. Nazareth |
D |
Member |
William H. Donaldson |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Kathleen L. Casey |
R |
Member |
Cynthia A. Glassman |
05/18/06 |
06/15/06 |
28 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm a nomination |
18 |
|||||
The STB, located within the Department of Transportation, consists of three members (no more than two may be from the same political party), who serve five-year terms. When a term expires, the member may continue to serve until a successor takes office, but not for more than one year after expiration. The President designates the chair. (49 U.S.C. § 701)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Charles D. Nottingham (Chair) |
R |
08/03/06 |
12/31/10 |
III |
|
Francis P. Mulvey (Vice Chair) |
D |
05/21/04 |
12/31/07 |
IV |
|
W. Douglas Buttrey |
R |
05/21/04 |
12/31/08 |
IV |
STB Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Charles D. Nottingham |
R |
Member |
Roger P. Nober |
06/05/06 |
08/03/06 |
59 |
The USITC consists of six members (no more than three may be from the same political party), who serve nine-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office. The President designates the chair and vice chair for two-year terms of office, but they may neither belong to the same political party nor be the two most recently appointed members of the commission. A new chair may not belong to the same political party as the chair being replaced, unless the replacement is to complete an unexpired term. (19 U.S.C. § 1330)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Daniel R. Pearson (Chair) |
R |
11/21/04 |
06/16/11 |
III |
|
Shara L. Aranoff (Vice Chair) |
D |
07/29/05 |
12/16/12 |
IV |
|
Jennifer A. Hillman |
D |
07/30/98 |
12/16/06 |
IV |
|
Stephen Koplana |
D |
07/30/98 |
06/16/05 |
IV |
|
Deanna T. Okun |
R |
11/19/99 |
06/16/08 |
IV |
|
Charlotte R. Lane |
R |
11/21/04 |
12/16/09 |
IV |
USITC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
Shara L. Aranoff |
D |
Member |
Marcia E. Miller |
04/27/05 |
07/29/05 |
93 |
|
Dean A. Pinkert |
D |
Member |
Jennifer A. Hillman |
09/07/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
Irving A. Williamson |
D |
Member |
Stephen Koplan |
09/07/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
The USPC is an independent agency in the Department of Justice. The commission consists of five commissioners (political balance is not required) who serve for six-year terms. When a term expires, a member may continue to serve until a successor takes office, but no commissioner may serve more than 12 years. The President designates the chair. (18 U.S.C. § 4202) The commission was previously scheduled to be phased out, but its life has been extended several times by Congress. Under P.L. 110-312, § 2 (122 Stat. 3013), it was extended until November 1, 2011. (18 U.S.C. § 4202)
Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Edward F. Reilly, Jr. (Chair) |
na |
08/12/91 |
For all positions, 6 years from appointment or when commission is phased out |
IV |
|
Cranston J. Mitchell (Vice Chair) |
na |
03/06/03 |
V |
|
|
Deborah Ann Spagnoli |
na |
11/21/04 |
V |
|
|
Isaac Fulwood, Jr. |
na |
11/21/04 |
V |
|
|
Patricia Cushwa |
na |
11/21/04 |
V |
No USPC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
The USSC consists of seven voting members, who are appointed to six-year terms. Only the chair and three vice chairs, selected from among the members, serve full-time. The President appoints the chair, with the advice and consent of the Senate, and designates the vice chairs. No more than three members may be federal judges, and no more than four may be of the same political party. No more than two vice chairs may be of the same political party. No voting member may serve more than two full terms. When a term expires, an incumbent may continue to serve until he or she is reappointed, a successor takes office, or Congress adjourns sine die at the end of the session that commences after the expiration of the term, whichever is earliest. The Attorney General (or designee) serves ex officio. (28 U.S.C. § 991-992) The chair of the United State Parole Commission is also an ex officio member of the commission. (18 U.S.C. § 3551 note)
Full-Tme Membership at the End of the 109th Congress
|
Incumbent |
Party |
Date first confirmed |
Term expires |
Pay level |
|
Ricardo Hinojosa (Chair) |
R |
11/21/04 |
10/31/07 |
Same as rate for federal appeals court judges |
|
Ruben Castillo (Vice Chair) |
11/10/99 |
10/31/09 |
||
|
William K. Sessions III (Vice Chair) |
D |
11/10/99 |
10/31/09 |
|
|
John R. Steerb (Vice Chair) |
R |
11/10/99 |
10/31/05 |
a. Party balance is statutorily required, as discussed above, but the commission staff does not collect this information. For this member, alternative sources of information could not be located.
b. The term of the incumbent shown in italics had expired. Because his term expired during the first session of the 109th Congress, he would have been able to continue to serve until the sine die adjournment of Congress at the end of the second session under the holdover provision noted above. The House and Senate each adjourned sine die on December 9, 2006. The President recess appointed Steer to a succeeding term in the same position on December 12, 2006, as shown below, and he designated Steer as a vice chair. This term as commissioner was to expire on October 31, 2011. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In this case, the incumbent's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
USSC Appointment Action in the 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Party |
Position |
To replace |
Date nominated |
Date confirmed |
Days to confirm |
|
John R. Steer |
R |
Commissioner |
Reappointment |
12/06/06 |
Returned 12/09/06a |
|
|
John R. Steer |
R |
Commissioner |
Recess appointment 12/12/06b |
|||
a. Returned to the President at the end of the 109th Congress under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
b. Steer was recess appointed to this position with a term that was to expire on October 31, 2011. Recess appointments are always limited in duration, however, regardless of the term of office of a particular position. In this case, the incumbent's recess appointment expired at the end of the first session of the 110th Congress, prior to the expiration of the term of the position.
Appendix A. Nominations and Appointments to Regulatory and Other Collegial Boards and Commissions, 109th Congress
|
Nominee/recess appointee |
Board/Commissiona |
Nomination date |
Confirmation date |
Days to confirm |
|
Mark D. Acton |
PRC |
11/07/05 |
08/03/06 |
258 |
|
Shara L. Aranoff |
USITC |
04/27/05 |
07/29/05 |
93 |
|
Geoffrey S. Bacino |
FHFB |
06/16/06 |
07/26/06 |
40 |
|
Sheila C. Bair (Member) |
FDIC |
05/02/06 |
06/15/06 |
44 |
|
Sheila C. Bair (Member) |
FDIC |
05/02/06 |
06/15/06 |
44 |
|
Sheila C. Bair (Chair) |
FDIC |
05/02/06 |
06/15/06 |
44 |
|
Ben S. Bernanke (Member) |
FRS |
11/01/05 |
01/31/06 |
80 |
|
Ben S. Bernanke (Chair) |
FRS |
11/01/05 |
01/31/06 |
80 |
|
Wayne C. Beyer |
FLRA |
06/06/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Wayne C. Beyer |
FLRA |
Recess appointment 12/20/06 |
||
|
Dan G. Blair |
PRC |
11/13/06 |
12/09/06 |
26 |
|
Larry W. Brown |
DNFSB |
09/05/06 |
09/29/06 |
24 |
|
Roel C. Campos |
SEC |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Kathleen L. Casey |
SEC |
05/18/06 |
06/15/06 |
28 |
|
Steven R. Chealander |
NTSB |
09/21/06 |
12/09/06 |
79 |
|
Linda M. Conlin |
EXIMBANK |
06/26/06 |
07/26/06 |
30 |
|
Ronald S. Cooper |
EEOC |
03/27/06 |
07/26/06 |
121 |
|
Michael J. Copps |
FCC |
11/09/05 |
12/21/05 |
42 |
|
Christopher Cox |
SEC |
06/30/05 |
07/29/05 |
29 |
|
Donetta Davidson |
EAC |
07/21/05 |
07/28/05 |
7 |
|
Elizabeth Dougherty |
NMB |
05/25/06 |
Withdrawn 11/14/06 |
|
|
Elizabeth Dougherty |
NMB |
11/14/06 |
12/09/06 |
25 |
|
Elizabeth Dougherty |
NMB |
11/14/06 |
12/09/06 |
25 |
|
Michael F. Duffy |
FMSHRC |
08/01/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Michael F. Duffy |
FMSHRC |
Recess Appointment 8/31/06 |
||
|
Michael F. Duffy |
FMSHRC |
09/07/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Michael V. Dunn |
CFTC |
06/16/06 |
08/03/06 |
48 |
|
Rebecca F. Dye |
FMC |
07/12/05 |
07/22/05 |
10 |
|
Naomi C. Earp |
EEOC |
07/29/05 |
10/21/05 |
51 |
|
Andrew J. Eggenberger |
DNFSB |
06/29/05 |
12/09/06 |
453 |
|
Ellen G. Engleman (Conners) (Chair) |
NTSB |
04/04/05 |
Withdrawn 12/13/05 |
|
|
J. Joseph Grandmaison |
EXIMBANK |
06/26/06 |
07/26/06 |
30 |
|
Christine M. Griffin |
EEOC |
07/28/05 |
10/21/05 |
52 |
|
Martin J. Gruenberg (Member) |
FDIC |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Martin J. Gruenberg (Member) |
FDIC |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Martin J. Gruenberg (Vice Chair) |
FDIC |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Tony Hammond |
PRC |
01/24/05 |
05/26/05 |
122 |
|
Kathryn O. Higgins |
NTSB |
07/28/05 |
12/17/05 |
109 |
|
Harry R. Hoglander |
NMB |
03/27/06 |
12/09/06 |
226 |
|
Arlene Holen |
FMSHRC |
05/23/05 |
Returned 09/29/06 |
|
|
Arlene Holen |
FMSHRC |
11/14/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Rodney E. Hood |
NCUA |
05/09/05 |
11/07/05 |
149 |
|
Caroline C. Hunter |
EAC |
09/15/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Gigi Hyland |
NCUA |
09/29/05 |
11/07/05 |
39 |
|
Gregory B. Jaczko |
NRC |
01/04/05 |
05/26/06 |
463 |
|
Gregory B. Jaczko |
NRC |
Recess Appointment 01/19/05 |
||
|
Gregory B. Jaczko |
NRC |
02/14/05 |
05/26/06 |
422 |
|
Reuben Jeffery III (Commissioner) |
CFTC |
05/17/05 |
06/30/05 |
44 |
|
Reuben Jeffery III (Chair) |
CFTC |
05/17/05 |
06/30/05 |
44 |
|
Colleen D. Kiko |
FLRA |
06/23/05 |
10/07/05 |
73 |
|
Peter N. Kirsanow |
NLRB |
11/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Peter N. Kirsanow |
NLRB |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06 |
||
|
Peter N. Kirsanow |
NLRB |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Dale Klein |
NRC |
04/27/06 |
05/26/06 |
29 |
|
Donald L. Kohn (Vice Chair) |
FRS |
05/18/06 |
06/19/06 |
32 |
|
Albert H. Konetzi |
NRC |
01/04/05 |
Withdrawn 07/29/05 |
|
|
William E. Kovacic |
FTC |
07/28/05 |
12/17/05 |
109 |
|
Randall S. Kroszner |
FRS |
01/27/06 |
02/17/06 |
21 |
|
James H. Lambright |
EXIMBANK |
02/13/06 |
07/26/06 |
163 |
|
Robert D. Lenhard |
FEC |
12/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Robert D. Lenhard |
FEC |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06 |
||
|
Robert D. Lenhard |
FEC |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Wilma B. Liebman |
NLRB |
08/01/06 |
08/03/06 |
2 |
|
Walter Lukken |
CFTC |
05/25/05 |
06/30/05 |
36 |
|
Peter B. Lyons |
NRC |
Recess Appointment 01/19/05 |
||
|
Peter B. Lyons |
NRC |
02/14/05 |
05/26/06 |
422 |
|
John E. Mansfield |
DNFSB |
09/05/06 |
09/29/06 |
24 |
|
Kevin J. Martin |
FCC |
04/25/06 |
11/16/06 |
174 |
|
David M. Mason |
FEC |
12/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Robert M. McDowell |
FCC |
02/06/06 |
05/26/06 |
109 |
|
Edward McGaffigan Jr. |
NRC |
07/28/05 |
10/07/05 |
38 |
|
Ronald E. Meisburg (Member) |
NLRB |
01/24/05 |
Withdrawn 06/29/05 |
|
|
Ronald E. Meisburg (General Counsel) |
NLRB |
06/29/05 |
08/03/06 |
356 |
|
Ronald E. Meisburg (General Counsel) |
NLRB |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06 |
||
|
Ronald E. Meisburg (General Counsel) |
NLRB |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Frederic S. Mishkin |
FRS |
06/29/06 |
07/26/06 |
27 |
|
Philip D. Moeller |
FERC |
03/07/06 |
07/14/06 |
129 |
|
Annette L. Nazareth |
SEC |
07/22/05 |
07/29/05 |
7 |
|
Nancy A. Nord |
CPSC |
02/28/05 |
04/28/05 |
59 |
|
Nancy A. Nord |
CPSC |
02/28/05 |
04/28/05 |
59 |
|
Charles D. Nottingham |
STB |
06/05/06 |
08/03/06 |
59 |
|
David Palmer |
EEOC |
09/15/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Dean A. Pinkert |
USITC |
09/07/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Bijan Rafiekian |
EXIMBANK |
07/21/06 |
09/29/06 |
39 |
|
Rosemary E. Rodriguez |
EAC |
12/06/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
J. Thomas Rosch |
FTC |
09/29/05 |
12/17/05 |
79 |
|
Mary M. Rose |
MSPB |
06/23/05 |
12/17/05 |
144 |
|
Ronald A. Rosenfeld |
FHFB |
01/24/05 |
03/16/05 |
51 |
|
Mark V. Rosenker (Member) |
NTSB |
04/04/05 |
12/17/05 |
224 |
|
Mark V. Rosenker (Chair) |
NTSB |
04/24/06 |
08/03/06 |
101 |
|
Jon T. Rymer |
FDIC |
02/14/06 |
06/22/06 |
128 |
|
Peter C. Schaumber |
NLRB |
06/29/05 |
08/03/06 |
356 |
|
Peter C. Schaumber |
NLRB |
Recess Appointment 08/31/05 |
||
|
Peter C. Schaumber |
NLRB |
09/19/05 |
08/03/06 |
307 |
|
Jill E. Sommers |
CFTC |
12/05/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Marc Spitzer |
FERC |
06/12/06 |
07/14/06 |
32 |
|
John R. Steer |
USSC |
12/06/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
John R. Steer |
USSC |
Recess Appointment 12/12/06 |
||
|
Leland A. Strom |
FCA |
08/01/06 |
12/09/06 |
99 |
|
Robert L. Sumwalt III |
NTSB |
06/06/06 |
08/03/06 |
58 |
|
Robert L. Sumwalt III |
NTSB |
06/06/06 |
08/03/06 |
58 |
|
Mauricio J. Tamargo |
FCSC |
02/06/06 |
03/13/06 |
35 |
|
Michael W. Tankersley |
EXIMBANK |
12/05/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Deborah T. Tate |
FCC |
11/09/05 |
12/21/05 |
42 |
|
Horace A. Thompson III |
OSHRC |
09/28/05 |
05/19/06 |
222 |
|
Peter W. Tredick |
NMB |
03/27/06 |
Withdrawn 11/14/06 |
|
|
Peter W. Tredick |
NMB |
07/18/06 |
Withdrawn 11/14/06 |
|
|
Peter W. Tredick |
NMB |
11/14/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Hans von Spakovsky |
FEC |
12/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Hans von Spakovsky |
FEC |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06 |
||
|
Hans von Spakovsky |
FEC |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Dennis P. Walsh |
NLRB |
04/27/05 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Dennis P. Walsh |
NLRB |
Recess Appointment 01/17/06 |
||
|
Dennis P. Walsh |
NLRB |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Steven T. Walther |
FEC |
12/16/05 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Steven T. Walther |
FEC |
Recess Appointment 01/04/06 |
||
|
Steven T. Walther |
FEC |
02/10/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
William B. Wark |
CSB |
06/26/06 |
09/15/06 |
50 |
|
Kevin M. Warsh |
FRS |
01/27/06 |
02/17/06 |
21 |
|
Jon Wellinghoff |
FERC |
03/07/06 |
07/14/06 |
129 |
|
Irving A. Williamson |
USITC |
09/07/06 |
Returned 12/09/06 |
|
|
Peter S. Winokur |
DNFSB |
09/05/06 |
09/29/06 |
24 |
|
William E. Wright |
CSB |
06/26/06 |
09/15/06 |
50 |
|
Mean number of days to confirm |
96 |
|||
|
Median number of days to confirm |
50 |
|||
Appendix B. Appointment Action, Regulatory and Other Collegial Boards and Commissions, 109th Congress
|
Agencya |
Total Positions |
Vacantb positions |
Incumbent serving; term expiredb |
Nominations submitted |
Individual nominees |
Positions to which nominations were madec |
Nominations confirmed |
Nominations Returned |
Nominations Withdrawn |
Recess appoint-ments |
|
CSB |
5 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
CFTC |
5 |
1 |
0 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
CPSC |
5 |
3 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
DNFSB |
5 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
EAC |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
EEOC |
6 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
EXIMBANK |
6 |
1 |
0 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
FCA |
3 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
FCC |
5 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
FDIC |
4 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
3 |
3 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
FEC |
6 |
0 |
1 |
7 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
3 |
|
FERC |
5 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
FHFB |
4 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
FLRA |
4 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
FMC |
5 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
FMSHRC |
5 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
1 |
|
FRS |
7 |
1 |
0 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
6 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
FTC |
5 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
FCSC |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
MSPB |
3 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
NCUA |
3 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
NLRB |
6 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
4 |
|
NMB |
3 |
0 |
1 |
7 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
|
NTSB |
5 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
5 |
4 |
6 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
|
NRC |
6 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
|
OSHRC |
3 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
PRC |
5 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
RRB |
4 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
SEC |
5 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
STB |
3 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
USITC |
6 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
|
USPC |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
USSC |
4 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
TOTALS |
151 |
12 |
12 |
111 |
87 |
84 |
79 |
26 |
6 |
12 |
a. A list of abbreviations may be found in Appendix D.
b. As of the end of the 109th Congress.
c. For some agencies, appointment of an individual to be chair or vice chair requires two separate nominations: one to be a member and the other to be chair. This column counts such instances as one position to which a nomination was made. During the 109th congress seven nominations to be chair or vice chair were submitted. For those agencies in which members have fixed terms, a single individual may be nominated for successive terms in a single membership seat. This column also counts such instances as one position to which a nomination was made. During the 109th Congress, six nominations to successive terms were submitted.
Appendix C. Number of Recess Appointments to Regulatory and Other Collegial Boards and Commissions During Senate Intersession Recesses and Intrasession Recesses of Four or More Days, 109th Congress
|
Date adjourned |
Date reconvened |
Number of days adjourneda |
Number of recess appointments to specified positions |
|
The first session of the 109th Congress convened on 01/04/05. |
|||
|
Intrasession recesses during the 109th Congress, 1st session |
|||
|
01/06/05 |
01/20/05 |
14 |
2 |
|
01/26/05 |
01/31/05 |
5 |
0 |
|
02/18/05 |
02/28/05 |
10 |
0 |
|
03/20/05 |
04/04/05 |
15 |
0 |
|
04/29/05 |
05/09/05 |
10 |
0 |
|
05/26/05 |
06/06/05 |
11 |
0 |
|
07/01/05 |
07/11/05 |
10 |
0 |
|
07/29/05 |
09/01/05 |
34 |
1 |
|
09/01/05 |
09/06/05 |
5 |
0 |
|
10/07/05 |
10/17/05 |
10 |
0 |
|
11/18/05 |
12/12/05 |
24 |
0 |
|
Intersession recess: The Senate adjourned sine die on 12/22/05. The second session of the 109th Congress convened on 01/03/06. |
12 |
0 |
|
|
Intrasession recesses during the 109th Congress, 2nd session |
|||
|
01/03/06 |
01/18/06 |
15 |
6 |
|
02/17/06 |
02/27/06 |
10 |
0 |
|
03/16/06 |
03/27/06 |
11 |
0 |
|
04/07/06 |
04/24/06 |
17 |
0 |
|
05/26/06 |
06/05/06 |
10 |
0 |
|
06/29/06 |
07/10/06 |
11 |
0 |
|
08/04/06 |
09/05/06 |
32 |
1 |
|
09/30/06 |
11/09/06 |
40 |
0 |
|
11/16/06 |
12/04/06 |
18 |
0 |
|
Intersession recess: The Senate adjourned sine die on 12/09/06. The first session of the 110th Congress convened on 01/04/07. |
26 |
2 |
|
Source: Table created by the Congressional Research Service using data from the Congressional Record.
Notes: For the purposes of determining the length of an intrasession recess for inclusion in this table, Sundays were not counted. Under congressional precedents, Sunday is considered a "dies non," or a day on which Congress is not expected to meet, for purposes of determining whether Congress has adjourned for "not more than three days."
a. The number of days adjourned was counted starting on the first calendar day after an adjournment and ending on the day of reconvening, including in the count the day the Senate reconvened. This is consistent with the House practice for counting recess days for the purposes of meeting congressional adjournment requirements in the Constitution ("Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days …." Art. I, § 5, cl. 4). Under House precedents, "The House of Representatives in adjourning for not more than three days must take into the count either the day of adjourning or the day of the meeting, and Sunday is not taken into account in making this computation" U.S. Congress, House, Constitution, Jefferson's Manual and Rules of the House of Representatives of the United States, One Hundred Tenth Congress, 109th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Doc. 109-157 (Washington: GPO, 2007), p. 37. Senate practice appears to be consistent with this approach (Floyd M. Riddick and Alan S. Frumin, Riddick's Senate Procedure: Precedents and Practices, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., S.Doc. 101-28, (Washington: GPO, 1992), pp. 15-16). Inasmuch as it has been argued that the periods during which the President could make recess appointments might be those in which the Senate is in recess pursuant to the constitutional provision just quoted, it appears that this method of calculating recess days would provide a relevant measure of recess length in the context of discussions of recess appointments. Other methods might be used in other contexts. For example, a method in which neither the day of adjournment nor the day of reconvening were counted has been used elsewhere, including in earlier versions of this report. This method takes into account that the Senate could act on nominations on either of these days, obviating the need for a recess appointment.
Appendix D. Board/Commission Abbreviations
|
CSB |
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board |
|
CFTC |
Commodity Futures Trading Commission |
|
CPSC |
Consumer Product Safety Commission |
|
DNFSB |
Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board |
|
EAC |
Election Assistance Commission |
|
EEOC |
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |
|
EXIMBANK |
Export-Import Bank |
|
FCA |
Farm Credit Administration |
|
FCC |
Federal Communications Commission |
|
FDIC |
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Board of Directors |
|
FEC |
Federal Election Commission |
|
FERC |
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |
|
FHFB |
Federal Housing Finance Board |
|
FLRA |
Federal Labor Relations Authority |
|
FMC |
Federal Maritime Commission |
|
FMSHRC |
Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission |
|
FRS |
Federal Reserve System, Board of Governors |
|
FTC |
Federal Trade Commission |
|
FCSC |
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission |
|
MSPB |
Merit Systems Protection Board |
|
NCUA |
National Credit Union Administration, Board of Directors |
|
NLRB |
National Labor Relations Board |
|
NMB |
National Mediation Board |
|
NTSB |
National Transportation Safety Board |
|
NRC |
Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
|
OSHRC |
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission |
|
PRC |
Postal Rate Commission |
|
RRB |
Railroad Retirement Board |
|
SEC |
Securities and Exchange Commission |
|
STB |
Surface Transportation Board |
|
USITC |
United States International Trade Commission |
|
USPC |
United States Parole Commission |
|
USSC |
United States Sentencing Commission |
| 1. |
A succinct historical and contemporary overview of the appointment power is found in [author name scrubbed], "Appointment Powers," in his Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President, 5th ed. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2007), pp. 21-47. |
| 2. |
Article II, § 2, cl. 2, provides that the President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments." |
| 3. |
3 U.S.C. 102 note. |
| 4. |
For more on the role of Senators in the appointment of U.S. district judges, see CRS Report RL34405, Role of Home State Senators in the Selection of Lower Federal Court Judges, by [author name scrubbed]. |
| 5. |
P.L. 105-277, Div. C, Title I, sec. 151; 5 U.S.C. § 3345-3349d. For more on the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, see CRS Report 98-892, The New Vacancies Act: Congress Acts to Protect the Senate's Confirmation Prerogative, by [author name scrubbed]. |
| 6. |
5 U.S.C. § 3349c. |
| 7. |
For further information, see CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure, by [author name scrubbed], and CRS Report RL31948, Evolution of the Senate's Role in the Nomination and Confirmation Process: A Brief History, by [author name scrubbed]. |
| 8. |
G. Calvin Mackenzie, The Politics of Presidential Appointments (New York: The Free Press, 1981), pp. 97-189. |
| 9. |
For more, see CRS Report RL30959, Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations, by [author name scrubbed], Maureen Bearden, and [author name scrubbed] (pdf). |
| 10. |
For more information, see CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure, by [author name scrubbed], p. 7. |
| 11. |
The rule may be found in U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Manual, 107th Cong., 1st sess., S. Doc. 107-1 (Washington: GPO, 2002), p. 55, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate. For an example of a waiver of the rule, see Sen. William H. Frist, "Nomination to Remain in Status Quo," Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 152, Sept. 29, 2006, p. S10762. |
| 12. |
Art. II, § 2, cl. 3. |
| 13. |
For further information, see CRS Report RS21308, Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions, by [author name scrubbed]. |
| 14. |
P.L. 109-115, Div. A, Sec. 809; 119 Stat. 2497. The provision reads, "No part of any appropriation for the current fiscal year contained in this or any other Act shall be paid to any person for the filling of any position for which he or she has been nominated after the Senate has voted not to approve the nomination of said person." This provision has been part of this funding bill since at least 1950. |
| 15. |
Exceptions are as follows: (1) the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), located in the Department of Energy (DOE); (2) the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission (FCSC) and (3) the United States Parole Commission (USPC), both located in the Department of Justice (DOJ); and (4) the Surface Transportation Board (STB), located in the Department of Transportation (DOT). FERC's enabling statute designates it as an independent entity in DOE, and provides that its members and employees are not subject to the supervision or direction of department officials (42 U.S.C. § 7171). The FCSC is designated as an independent entity within DOJ, with a specific provision that decisions of the commission shall not be subject to review by the Attorney General (22 U.S.C. § 1622g). The enabling statute of the STB provides that "members, employees, and other personnel of the board shall not be responsible to or subject to the supervision or direction of any officer, employee, or agent" of DOT (49 U.S.C. § 703(c)). The enabling statute of the USPC establishes it as an independent agency within the Department of Justice (18 U.S.C. § 4202). |
| 16. |
For 3 of these 25 organizations, the Election Assistance Commission, the Federal Election Commission, and the United States International Trade Commission, the number of member positions is even, and no more than half may be of the same party. |
| 17. |
The enabling statutes for some boards and commissions provide for the continuation of a member's service past the end of his or her term for an additional specified period of time, or until replaced by successor. Such provisions are known as holdover provisions. A member of the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, for example, serves for a term of five years, but "may serve after the expiration of that member's term until a successor has taken office" (42 U.S.C. § 2286(d)(3)). |
| 18. |
This median is the middle number when the "days to confirm" data for all the confirmed nominations are arranged in numerical order. |
| 19. |
U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Manual, 107th Cong., 1st sess., S.Doc. 107-1 (Washington: GPO, 2002), p. 55, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate. |
| 20. |
This report was compiled from data from the Senate nominations database of the Legislative Information System http://www.congress.gov/nomis/, telephone discussions with agency officials, agency websites, the United States Code, and the 2004 "Plum Book" (U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Reform, United States Government Policy and Supporting Positions, 108th Cong., 2nd sess., Committee Print, Nov. 22, 2004 (Washington: GPO, 2004)). |
| 21. |
The pay rates for the Executive Schedule, as of the end of the 109th Congress (2006), were as follows: Level I, $183,500; Level II, $165,200; Level III, $152,000; Level IV, $143,000; and Level V, $133,900. U.S. Office of Personnel Management "Salary Table 2006-EX," available at http://www.opm.gov/oca/06tables/html/ex.asp. |
| 22. |
This median is the middle number when the "days to confirm" data for all the confirmed nominations are arranged in numerical order. |