The Transition to Digital Television: Is
America Ready?
Lennard G. Kruger
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
May 14, 2009
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RL34165
CRS Report for Congress
P
repared for Members and Committees of Congress
The Transition to Digital Television: Is America Ready?
Summary
The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171), as amended by the DTV Delay Act, directs
that on June 12, 2009, all over-the-air full-power television broadcasts—which are currently
provided by television stations in both analog and digital formats—will become digital only.
Digital television (DTV) technology allows a broadcaster to offer a single program stream of high
definition television (HDTV), or alternatively, multiple video program streams (multicasts).
Households with over-the-air analog-only televisions will no longer be able to receive full-power
television service unless they either: (1) buy a digital-to-analog converter box to hook up to their
analog television set; (2) acquire a digital television or an analog television equipped with a
digital tuner; or (3) subscribe to cable, satellite, or telephone company television services, which
will likely provide for the conversion of digital signals to their analog customers.
The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 established a digital-to-analog converter box program—
administered by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the
Department of Commerce—that partially subsidizes consumer purchases of converter boxes.
NTIA provides up to two forty-dollar coupons to requesting U.S. households. The coupons are
being issued between January 1, 2008, and July 31, 2009, and must be used within 90 days after
issuance towards the purchase of a stand-alone device used solely for digital-to-analog
conversion. The DTV Delay Act allows expired coupons to be replaced.
The preeminent goal for Congress is ensuring that American households are prepared for the
DTV transition deadline, thereby minimizing a scenario where television sets across the nation
“go dark.” At issue is whether the federal government’s current programs and reliance on private
sector stakeholders will lead to a successful digital transition with a minimum amount of
disruption to American TV households.
On January 8, 2009, then-President-elect Obama’s transition team asked leaders of the House and
Senate Commerce Committees to consider postponing the digital transition date, citing the
current unavailability of converter box coupons and what they viewed as insufficient federal
support and education efforts to ensure that the most vulnerable populations are ready for the
transition. Proposals for postponing the transition date were sparked by the announcement from
NTIA on January 5, 2009, that the funding ceiling for converter box coupons had been reached,
that all new requests would be put on a waiting list, and that growing numbers of households
would not receive their coupons in time for the February 17 transition.
Consequently, concerns arose in Congress that further legislation would be necessary to ensure, to
the extent possible, a successful digital transition with a minimum amount of disruption to
American TV households. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-5),
signed by the President on February 17, 2009, contains an appropriation of $650 million to NTIA
for the DTV coupon program. Meanwhile, on February 11, 2009, the DTV Delay Act (P.L. 111-
4), which changes the digital transition deadline from February 17 to June 12, 2009, was signed
by the President. Despite the extended deadline, hundreds of full-power television broadcast
stations, having notified the FCC, ceased their analog service on February 17.
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Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
DTV Delay Act ........................................................................................................................... 1
Senate ................................................................................................................................... 2
House ................................................................................................................................... 3
P.L. 111-4.............................................................................................................................. 3
Early Termination of Analog Signal....................................................................................... 4
Impacts on February 17, 2009 ............................................................................................... 4
What Is Digital Television? ......................................................................................................... 5
Why Is the Nation Transitioning to Digital Television?................................................................ 5
Who Is Likely to be Most Affected by the Transition? ................................................................. 6
How Will the Digital Transition Affect Cable and Satellite Households?...................................... 8
The Digital-to-Analog Converter Box Program ........................................................................... 8
Supply of Coupons.............................................................................................................. 10
Converter Box Supply......................................................................................................... 10
Coupon Expiration .............................................................................................................. 11
Coupon Eligibility............................................................................................................... 11
Reception of Digital Signals...................................................................................................... 12
Status of DTV Public Education................................................................................................ 14
NTIA Funding and Activities .............................................................................................. 14
FCC Funding and Activities ................................................................................................ 15
Role of the Private Sector.................................................................................................... 17
Key Issues ................................................................................................................................ 18
Tables
Table 1. Readiness of U.S. Households for the Digital Transition................................................. 6
Table E-1. DTV Hearings Held in the 110th and 111th Congresses .............................................. 25
Appendixes
Appendix A. DTV Test Pilot Program in Wilmington, North Carolina ....................................... 19
Appendix B. Short-Term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act ...................................... 21
Appendix C. DTV Border Fix Act ............................................................................................. 22
Appendix D. Low-Power Television and the Digital Transition.................................................. 23
Appendix E. Legislation and Hearings in the 110th and 111th Congresses ................................... 25
Appendix F. Sources for Further Information ............................................................................ 28
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Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 28
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Introduction
After June 12, 2009, households with over-the-air analog-only televisions will no longer be able
to receive full-power television service unless they either (1) buy a digital-to-analog converter box
to hook up to their analog television set; (2) acquire a digital television or an analog television
equipped with a digital tuner;1 or (3) subscribe to cable, satellite, or telephone company television
services, which are expected to provide for the conversion of digital signals to their analog
customers. The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171), as amended by the DTV Delay Act,
directs that on June 12, 2009, over-the-air full-power television broadcasts—which are currently
provided by television stations in both analog and digital formats—will become digital only.2
Analog broadcast television signals, which have been broadcast for over 60 years, will cease, and
full-power television stations will broadcast exclusively digital signals over channels 2 through
51.
The preeminent issue for Congress is ensuring that American households are prepared for the
transition, thereby minimizing a scenario whereby television sets across the nation “go dark” on
June 12, 2009. Specifically, Congress is actively overseeing the activities of federal agencies
responsible for the digital transition—principally the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)—while
assessing whether additional federal efforts are necessary. The Congress is also monitoring the
extent to which private sector stakeholders take appropriate and sufficient steps to educate the
public and ensure that all Americans are prepared for the digital transition.
DTV Delay Act
On January 8, 2009, then-President-elect Obama’s transition team asked leaders of the House and
Senate Commerce Committees to consider postponing the digital transition date, citing the
unavailability of converter box coupons and what they viewed as insufficient federal support and
education efforts to ensure that the most vulnerable populations are ready for the transition.3
Arguments for postponing the transition date, possibly by several months,4 were sparked by an
announcement from NTIA on January 5, 2009 that the funding ceiling for converter box coupons
had been reached, that all new requests would be put on a waiting list, and that growing numbers
1 As of March 1, 2007, all analog televisions manufactured, imported, or shipped across state lines are required to have
a built-in digital tuner, and will therefore not require a converter box. Retailers are permitted to sell analog-only devices
from existing inventory, but are required by the FCC to display a “consumer alert” label explaining that the device will
require a converter box in order to receive over-the-air television signals after the transition.
2 The June 12, 2009, deadline applies only to full-power television stations. Low-power television stations, including
Class A stations and translator stations, will transition to digital broadcasting at a date yet to be determined by the FCC.
3 Letter from John Podesta, Co-Chair, Obama-Biden Presidential Transition Team to Chairmen and Ranking Members
of Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation and House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
January 8, 2009. Available at http://change.gov/page/-/images/20090109_Podesta_DTV_letter.pdf
4 Eggerton, John, Broadcasting & Cable, “Markey: Feb. 17 Date May Have to Move,” January 7, 2009. Also see letters
to Members of Congress from Consumers Union arguing for a postponement of the transition deadline, available at
http://www.consumersunion.org/pub/core_telecom_and_utilities/006502.html.
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of households would not receive their coupons in time for the deadline of February 17. Groups
also expressed concerns over the sufficiency of the FCC’s DTV call center efforts.5
Postponing the DTV transition date was supported by numerous entities, many of whom argued
that a delay would provide the extra time needed to enable sufficient additional federal resources
to be directed towards helping households prepare for the transition. A few additional months,
they argued, would enable Congress to adequately fund the coupon program and ensure that all
requesting households would receive coupons in advance of the transition date. A delay would
also allow more resources to be directed towards public outreach and education efforts (including
enhanced call centers), and provide consumers and broadcasters with more time to address local
DT V signal reception issues. On January 16, 2009, Democratic FCC Commissioners wrote a
letter to Congressional leaders supporting a delay, arguing that FCC efforts to prepare for the
digital transition have been inadequate, and that factors such as coordination, consumer
education, reception issues, and call center support might be ameliorated with the extra time
offered by a delay.6
Opponents of delaying the transition7 argued that changing the date would sow confusion
throughout the American public, who had been long exposed to a wide variety of outreach efforts
(public service announcements, flyers, billboards, etc.) reiterating the February 17 transition date.
Opponents also argued that delaying the date would be a hardship for many local broadcast
stations, who would bear the added expense and logistical complications of operating and
maintaining their analog signals for several more months. Additionally, opponents argued, a DTV
transition date delay could disrupt plans to use the vacated analog spectrum for a variety of public
safety and commercial wireless services. On January 14, 2009, then-Secretary of Commerce
Carlos Gutierrez wrote Congressional leaders a letter opposing the delay and recommending that
Congress give NTIA $250 million in increased budget authority, which would enable the
immediate distribution of coupons.8
Senate
On January 15, 2009, Senator Rockefeller, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation filed a bill that would delay the digital transition until June 12, 2009,
and extend the deadline for coupon applications (from March 31 to July 31, 2009).9 On January
16, 2009, there was a unanimous consent request for the Senate to immediately consider the bill.
5 See January 8, 2009 letters to Members of Congress from Consumers Union arguing for a postponement of the
transition deadline, available at http://www.consumersunion.org/pub/core_telecom_and_utilities/006502.html.
6 See letter from FCC Commissioners Michael Copps and Jonathan Adelstein to Chairmen and Ranking Minority
Members of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and
Transportation, January 16, 2009. Available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-287974A1.pdf.
7 See letter from Hon. Joe Barton, Ranking Member, House Energy and Commerce Committee and 14 House
Republicans to President-elect Obama, January 14, 2009, available at http://republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/
Media/File/News/1.14.09_Barton_DTV_Letter_to_Obama.PDF.
Also see Press Release, Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Commerce,
Science and Transportation, “Senator Hutchison: Too Early to Call for DTV Delay,” January 8, 2009. Available at
http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_id=70978a3d-8d72-
4faf-99e2-e586b8c86e7b&Month=1&Year=2009.
8 Letter is available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/.
9 Press Release, “Rockefeller Files DTV Delay Bill,” January 15, 2009. Available at http://rockefeller.senate.gov/press/
record.cfm?id=306824&.
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However, the unanimous consent request was withdrawn due to the understanding that there
would be an objection. Democratic and Republican Senators subsequently reached agreement on
revised legislative language, and on January 27, 2009, the Senate passed the DTV Delay Act (S.
328) by unanimous consent. However the House failed in its attempt to pass S. 328 under
suspension of the rules (2/3 vote required).
On January 29, 2009 the Senate again passed, by unanimous consent, a slightly revised version of
the DTV Delay Act (S. 352). The revisions match modifications made by the House, namely that
public safety users would not have to await FCC approval in order to use vacated analog
spectrum, and that modifications of the coupon program (including clearing the waiting list of
coupon requests) could not proceed until additional budget authority was made available
(expected from the $650 million for the DTV coupon program in the economic stimulus
package).
House
On January 28, 2009, the House considered Senate-passed S. 328 under suspension of the rules.
However, the motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill as amended failed by a vote of 258-
168 (a 2/3 vote necessary to pass). Subsequently, on January 29, 2009 the Senate passed by
unanimous consent S. 352, a modified version of S. 328 that matches the attempted House
amendment that was not passed under the suspension. The House passed S. 352 on February 4,
2009.
P.L. 111-4
S. 352 was signed by the President on February 11, 2009 (P.L. 111-4). The law changes the
digital transition deadline from February 17 to June 12, 2009. P.L. 111-4 also includes the
following provisions:
• Extension of coupon program—moves the deadline for coupon applications
from March 31, 2009, to July 31, 2009; removes requirement that coupons be
sent via the U.S. Postal Service.
• Treatment of expired coupons—allows households whose coupons have
expired to request and receive one replacement coupon for each expired coupon;
• Condition of coupon box program modifications – program modifications
cannot proceed until enactment of additional budget authority to carry out the
analog-to-digital converter box program;
• Permissive early termination under existing requirements—allows
broadcasters, as long as they comply with existing FCC requirements, to switch
off their analog signal and go exclusively digital before the new deadline;
• Public safety radio services—allows public safety service licensees to use
vacated and available analog spectrum before June 12, 2009, subject to relevant
FCC rules and regulations;
• Extension of license terms – extends license period of recovered analog
spectrum by 116 days; and
• Extension of auction authority – extends FCC auction authority through 2012.
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P.L. 111-4 contains a provision specifying that modifications of the coupon program – which
would include clearing the waiting list of coupon requests—cannot proceed until additional
budget authority is made available. Additional budget authority has been obtained from the $650
million appropriated for the DTV coupon program in the American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act (P.L. 111-5), signed by the President on February 17, 2009. Of the $650 million, P.L. 111-5
includes $90 million for education and outreach to vulnerable populations. Outreach funding may
be transferred to the FCC, at the discretion of the Secretary of Commerce and with notification of
the House and Senate Appropriations Committees.
Early Termination of Analog Signal
While the DTV Delay Act postpones the digital transition deadline to June 12, 2009, many full-
power television stations have already terminated their analog signal, either before or on February
17, 2009. P.L. 111-4 allows broadcasters to turn off their analog signals before the June 12
deadline, provided they give sufficient prior notification to the FCC and to their customers, and
provided that the FCC determines that early termination is not contrary to the public interest and
that those stations who would switch from a pre-transition digital channel to a different post-
transition digital channel will not create interference problems.
The FCC has announced that 417 stations terminated their analog service on February 17. Along
with the 220 stations that had already terminated their analog signals before February 17, this
constitutes 637 stations, or 36% of all full-power stations nationwide. The 637 stations represent
13 entire Designated Market Areas (DMAs), 2.5% of all television households, and 2% of
households relying solely on over-the-air television.10 In markets where all affiliates of the four
major networks sought to turn off their analog signal, the FCC required at least one affiliate to
maintain an analog signal that provides, at a minimum, local news and emergency information.11
On March 17, 2009, the FCC announced that 158 additional full-power television stations intend
to terminate their analog signals between April 16 and June 12, 2009 (subject to FCC approval),
while the remaining 927 stations will turn off their analog signal on June 12.12 Most major
network affiliates, particularly those in the more populous DMAs, will not be turning off their
analog signal before June 12.
Impacts on February 17, 2009
Because hundreds of full-power television stations voluntarily turned off their analog signals on
February 17, 2009, many view that date as a further “dress rehearsal” for the digital transition.
While over-the-air households in early analog termination markets will not be completely cut off
10 Statement of Eloise Gore, Associate Bureau Chief, Media Bureau, FCC Open Commission Meeting, En Banc on
Digital Television Transition, March 5, 2009, available at http://www.fcc.gov/realaudio/presentations/2009/030509/
Eloise_Gore_Statement.pdf.
11 FCC, News Release, “Preparations in High Gear for Stations Going All-Digital This Week,” February 16, 2009,
available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-288530A1.pdf.
12 A list of stations transitioning on June 12 is available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-09-
589A2.pdf. A list of stations transitioning before June 12 is available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/
attachmatch/DA-09-589A3.pdf.
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from analog television service, they may be unable to receive one or more channels on their
analog televisions unless they have installed a converter box.
The FCC’s national DTV call center (1-888-CALL-FCC) prepared for peak activity during the
week of February 17.13 According to the FCC, early results of the digital transition were
“encouraging,” but large challenges remain because most of the stations terminating their analog
signals are located in smaller markets. According to FCC call center data, over 32% of calls on
February 18 were from consumers who had questions on reception and technical issues.14
What Is Digital Television?
Digital television (DTV) is a new television service representing the most significant
development in television technology since the advent of color television. DTV can provide
movie-quality pictures and sound far superior to traditional analog television. Digital television
technology allows a broadcaster to offer a single program stream of high definition television
(HDTV) or, alternatively, multiple video program streams (“multicasts”) of standard or enhanced
definition television, which provide a lesser quality picture than HDTV, but a generally better
picture than analog television. DTV technology also makes possible an interactive capability,
such as “pay-per-view” service over-the-air.
In order to receive and view digital television service, consumers must have a digital television
set equipped with a digital tuner capable of receiving the digital signal that is provided either
over-the-air (in which case an antenna is required) or via cable or satellite television systems.
Additionally, consumers can view high definition programs with a digital high definition TV
attached to a high definition DVD player (i.e., a Blu-Ray Disc player).
Why Is the Nation Transitioning to Digital
Television?
One of the key drivers behind the digital transition is reclaiming a portion of the analog spectrum
(broadcast channels 52 through 69, also known as the 700 MHZ band) currently occupied by
television broadcasters. Digital television uses radio frequency spectrum more efficiently than
traditional analog television, thereby “freeing up” bandwidth. The goal of the FCC and Congress
has been to complete the transition to DTV as quickly as is possible and feasible, so that analog
spectrum could be reclaimed and subsequently reallocated for other purposes. Some of the analog
spectrum has been auctioned for commercial wireless services (including wireless broadband),
and some will be used for new public safety communications services. Additionally, it is
mandated that some of the revenue raised in the spectrum auction will be returned to the U.S.
Treasury, thereby contributing toward federal deficit reduction.
13 Michael D. Berg, TV Newsday, “Coping with the ‘Sturm and Drang’ of DTV,” February 13, 2009, available at
http://www.tvnewsday.com/articles/2009/02/13/daily.8/.
14 FCC, News Release, “Initial Phase of DTV Transition Encouraging,” February 19, 2009, available at
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-288731A1.pdf. A detailed breakdown of DTV calls is
available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-288731A2.pdf.
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Another rationale often cited for the digital transition is that—aside from offering a superior
television viewing experience to consumers—DTV will give over-the-air broadcasters the
capability to offer more channels of programming (via multicasting, if they so choose) as well as
the ability to offer similar digitally-based services (such as pay-per-view or other interactive
services) offered by cable and satellite television providers.
Who Is Likely to be Most Affected by the
Transition?
Households using analog televisions for viewing over-the-air television broadcasts are likely to be
most affected by the digital transition. Estimates vary over the number of analog TV sets and
households affected. According to Nielsen Media Research, as of May 10, 2009, 2.9% of TV
households (about 3.3 million) were completely unready for the digital transition.15 Table 1
shows the percentages of households completely unready for the digital transition from May 2008
through May 2009.
A telephone survey poll released on May 1, 2009 by the National Association of Broadcasters
(NAB) found that 2.1 million over-the-air households have not yet taken action to get ready for
the transition. The NAB poll, conducted between March 26 and April 8, defines prepared
households as those already prepared, or those that have applied for or received a converter box
coupon.16 In total, the NAB has estimated 69 million analog television sets impacted by the
digital transition, consisting of 19.6 million households (17% of all households) relying
exclusively on over-the-air analog television sets (2.27 TV sets per household, equaling about 45
million sets) and an additional 24 million broadcast only sets in cable and satellite households.17
Table 1. Readiness of U.S. Households for the Digital Transition
Percent of households
completely unready
May 2008
9.8%
June 2008
9.6%
July 2008
9.3%
August 2008
8.9%
September 2008
8.4%
October 2008
7.7%
November 2008
7.4%
15 The Nielsen Company, “Fewer than 3% of U.S. Homes Unready for Digital TV Transition,” May 13, 2009, available
at http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/tag/DTV.
16 National Association of Broadcasters, “More than 4 in 5 Most At-Risk Homes Fully Ready for Digital TV Switch,”
May 1, 2009, available at http://www.dtvanswers.com/presskit/090501.html.
17 Testimony of David K. Rehr, President and CEO, National Association of Broadcasters, hearing before the House
Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, September 16, 2008, p.
3.
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Percent of households
completely unready
December 2008
6.8%
January 2009
5.7%
February 1, 2009
5.1%
February 15, 2009
4.4%
March 1, 2009
3.9%
March 15, 2009
3.6%
March 29, 2009
3.4%
April 12, 2009
3.2%
April 26, 2009
3.1%
May 10, 2009
2.9%
Source: Nielsen Media Research
Of particular concern to many policymakers are low-income, elderly, disabled, non-English
speaking, minority, and rural populations. Many of these groups tend to rely more on over-the-air
television, and are thus more likely to be impacted by the digital transition. A survey
commissioned by the Association of Public Television Stations (APTS) indicated that Americans
aged 65 and older are consistently more likely to receive television signals via an over-the-air
antenna than are Americans under 65. The survey found that during the first quarter of 2007, 24%
of households with Americans 65 and older received their TV programming over-the-air, while
only 19% of younger households were over-the-air.18
A 2008 Government Accountability Office (GAO) survey (conducted March and April of 2008)
found that households at risk of losing all television service (“high risk households”) are more
likely to be lower income. Specifically, the GAO survey found that households with yearly
incomes of less than $50,000 contain 19% high risk households, as opposed to households with
incomes of $50,000 to $100,000 (14% high risk) and households with incomes over $100,000
(7% high risk).19
According to Nielsen Media Research, African-American and Hispanic households would
currently be most impacted by the DTV transition, with (as of May 10, 2009) 5.7% of African-
American and 4.9% of Hispanic households completely unready for the transition, as compared to
2.3% of White and 3.4% of Asian households completely unready.20
18 Association of Public Television Stations, “APTS Study Shows Older Americans Less Prepared for the Digital TV
Transition,” Press Release, July 24, 2007.
19 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Statement of Mark L. Goldstein, Testimony before the House
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Digital Television
Transition: Broadcasters’ Transition Status, Low-Power Station Issues, and Information on Consumer Awareness of
the DTV Transition, June 10, 2008, p. 12. Available at http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-ti-
hrg.061008.Goldstein-testimony.pdf.
20 The Nielsen Company, “Fewer than 3% of U.S. Homes Unready for Digital TV Transition,” May 13, 2009, available
at http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/tag/DTV.
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How Will the Digital Transition Affect Cable and
Satellite Households?
Multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD) households—consisting of households
receiving cable, satellite, or telephone company television services—constitute approximately
85% of all U.S. television households. Many of these households will likely continue to use
analog televisions after the transition. For those customers, it is expected that providers will
handle the digital-to-analog conversion, either at the “head end” by providing downconverted
analog signals, or at the customer premises via a set top box provided by the cable or satellite
company. At the same time, many cable and satellite households also have spare televisions
relying on over-the-air broadcasts. These stand-alone over-the-air analog televisions will no
longer function unless they are equipped with a converter box.
On September 11, 2007, the FCC adopted rules intended to ensure that cable customers continue
to receive local TV stations after the transition. Specifically, the FCC requires cable operators to
comply with a “viewability requirement” by choosing to either (1) carry the must carry signal in
analog as well as digital formats, or (2) carry the must carry signal in a digital only format,
provided that all subscribers have set-top boxes which will enable them to view digital broadcasts
on their analog TVs. The viewability requirement extends to February 2012, at which time the
FCC will reassess the need for the requirement. On August 21, 2008, the FCC adopted an order
which exempts small cable systems from the requirement to include must carry digital broadcast
signals as long as that signal is available to all subscribers in a viewable analog format.
The Digital-to-Analog Converter Box Program
After June 12, 2009, analog-only televisions will no longer be able to receive over-the-air
broadcast signals from full-power stations, unless those televisions are equipped with a digital-to-
analog converter box that is attached to an antenna. A separate converter box, available for $40 to
$70, will be required for each analog over-the-air television set. Converter boxes will not only
enable analog televisions to function, they should also provide better reception, additional
features such as closed captioning and parental controls, and allow the viewing of multicasted
channels. However, a converter box hooked up to an analog TV will not enable the viewer to
watch a broadcast in the high-definition format.
The 109th Congress acted to establish a digital-to-analog converter box program that will partially
subsidize consumer purchases of converter boxes. Title III of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005
(P.L. 109-171) directed the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)
of the Department of Commerce to provide up to two forty-dollar coupons to requesting U.S.
households. According to the statute, as amended by the DTV Delay Act, the coupons are to be
issued between January 1, 2008, and July 31, 2009, and must be used within three months after
issuance towards the purchase of a stand-alone device used solely for digital-to-analog
conversion. However, the DTV Delay Act (P.L. 111-5) allows expired coupons to be replaced.
The converter box program is funded by receipts from the auction of the analog television
spectrum. P.L. 109-171 initially designated $990 million for the converter box program, including
up to $100 million for administrative costs (of which no more than $5 million can be used for
consumer education). P.L. 109-171 provided that in the event that NTIA notified Congress that
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additional funding was needed, the total may be raised up to $1.5 billion, including up to $160
million for administrative costs.
On March 12, 2007, NTIA released its final rule implementing the converter box program.21 The
final rule stated that starting on January 1, 2008, for the initial $990 million program (the “Initial
Period”), up to two forty-dollar coupons is available to any and all requesting U.S. households to
be used towards the purchase of up to two digital-to-analog converter boxes. Coupons mailed to
consumers are accompanied by information listing converter box models and local (and online)
retailers certified to participate in the converter box coupon program. The rule stated that in the
event that NTIA determines that the additional $510 million is needed, only exclusively over-the-
air households will be eligible for coupons during this “Contingent Period.”
During the “Contingent Period,” households are required to self-certify that they are exclusively
over-the-air and do not subscribe to cable, satellite, or other pay television services. Cable and
satellite households that contain extra over-the-air televisions will be eligible for coupons during
the “Initial Period” of the program (the first $990 million), but will not be eligible for coupons
during the second phase (“Contingent Period”) of the program (the additional $510 million).
The rule also set forth procedures and requirements for manufacturers and retailers who wish to
participate in the converter box program. Participation in the converter box program is voluntary.
Manufacturers must submit test results and sample converter boxes to NTIA for approval.
Approved devices must meet prescribed technical specifications that are intended to ensure an
affordable state-of-the-art converter box. Additional permitted features include a smart antenna
interface connector and program guide. Features that would disqualify a converter box from being
covered by the coupon program include video recording, playback capability, or other capabilities
that allow more than simply converting a digital over-the-air signal.22
Meanwhile, retailers must receive a certification from NTIA in order to participate in the
converter box coupon program. Certified retailers must agree to have systems in place capable of
processing coupons electronically for redemption and payment, track every transaction and
provide reports to NTIA, train employees on the purpose and operation of the coupon program
with NTIA-provided training materials, use commercially reasonable methods to order and
manage inventory, and assist NTIA in minimizing incidents of waste, fraud, and abuse, including
reporting suspicious patterns of customer behavior. Retailers are not responsible for verifying
household eligibility.23
On August 15, 2007, NTIA announced it had entered into a contract with IBM to run the Digital-
to-Analog Converter Box Coupon program. The total award is $119,968,468, which breaks down
to $84,990,343 for the initial period and $34,978,125 for the contingent period. The contract
performance began immediately and is to close out on September 30, 2009. The IBM-led team
will provide services in three areas: consumer education, coupon distribution to consumers and
21 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, “Rules to Implement
and Administer a Coupon Program for Digital-to-Analog Converter Boxes,” 47 CFR 301, Federal Register, Vol. 72,
No. 51, March 15, 2007, pp. 12097-12121.
22 National Telecommunications and Information Administration, DTV Converter Box Program Information Sheet for
Manufacturers, March 2007, available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/dtvcoupon/DTVmanufacturers.pdf.
23 National Telecommunications and Information Administration, DTV Converter Box Program Information Sheet for
Retailers, September 2007, available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/dtvcoupon/DTVretailers.pdf.
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retail store participation, and financial processing to reimburse retailers, to maintain records, and
to prevent fraud, waste, and abuse.
As of January 1, 2008, consumers could apply to NTIA for up to two converter box coupons,
either by logging onto http://www.dtv2009.gov/, or by calling the toll-free number: 1-888-DTV-
2009 (1-888-388-2009). The following are some issues that have surfaced since the converter box
program has begun.
Supply of Coupons
By law (section 3005 of P.L. 109-171), NTIA could not exceed the $1.34 billion ceiling in total
funding obligated for the value of converter box coupons sent to households.24 Over the latter part
of 2008, consumer demand for and redemption of coupons became heavier than expected. As the
transition date neared, more people requested coupons and a higher percentage of those people
redeemed their coupons. An increase in demand and redemption rates also may have been due to
the current economic downturn, which could necessitate that more households would choose
over-the-air television with converter boxes rather than choosing more expensive options such as
purchasing digital televisions or subscribing to cable or satellite service.
On January 5, 2009, NTIA announced that this funding ceiling had been reached, and new
requests for coupons were placed (as of January 4) on a first-come-first-served waiting list.
Between January and March of 2009, the waiting list grew to over 4 million coupon requests
representing over 2 million households. Coupons continued to be sent out, but only as soon as
recycled money became available from expired coupons (i.e. coupons that had previously been
sent out to households and not redeemed after 90 days).
Subsequently, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), signed by the
President on February 17, 2009 (P.L. 111-5), included a provision that appropriated $650 million
to NTIA for the converter box coupon program. Of the $650 million, the ARRA designated $90
million for education and outreach to vulnerable populations. Minus administrative costs and the
$90 million for education, $490 million is available for the cost of 12.25 million additional
coupons. On March 21, 2009, NTIA completed clearing the coupon request waiting list, and is
now distributing all coupons using first class mail.25
Converter Box Supply
Another issue is the possibility of a converter box shortage due to higher demand for boxes than
was previously projected by NTIA. According to NTIA estimates in December 2008, assuming
the distribution capability of 51.5 million coupons and a 60% redemption rate, “it is therefore
possible that total demand for CECBs (coupon-eligible converter boxes) using a coupon could
outpace availability by approximately 2.5 million boxes,” and that additional purchases of boxes
24 Funds are obligated when a $40 coupon is sent to a household. If, after 90 days, the coupon is not redeemed and
expires, the $40 is again available to be obligated for another coupon request.
25 Testimony of Anna M. Gomez, Acting Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information, NTIA, before the
House Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet, Committee on Energy and Commerce, March
26, 2009, available at http://www.ntia.doc.gov/congress/2009/DTV_House_090326.html.
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could be made by consumers without coupons.26 NTIA sent a letter to retailers emphasizing the
increase in coupon demand and urging them to maintain sufficient inventory through the end of
the program.27
At a March 26, 2009 hearing before the House Energy and Commerce Committee, the Consumer
Electronics Association stated that its survey data suggested that while manufacturers and
retailers will likely be able to meet consumer demand for converter boxes and antennas through
the transition, they cannot be sure this will be the case until the transition actually takes place.28
On April 9, 2009 the House Energy and Commerce Committee sent letters to major retailers and
manufacturers requesting information to determine whether the supply of converter boxes will be
sufficient to meet consumer demand through the duration of the DTV transition. The Committee
requested a response on April 24 and subsequent updates every three weeks thereafter.
Coupon Expiration
According to the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171), “all coupons shall expire 3
months after issuance” (section 3005(c)(1)(C)). Coupons first issued in February 2008 expired in
May 2008. Because some lower-cost or more desirable converter box models were initially not
readily available (particularly boxes with “analog pass-through” necessary to watch analog low-
power television stations) there were calls to allow consumers to reapply for new coupons if their
unused coupons expire after 90 days. The DTV Delay Act (P.L. 111-4) reverses the prohibition on
replacing expired coupons, allowing households to request and receive one replacement coupon
for each expired coupon. On March 24, 2009, NTIA announced it was accepting requests for
replacement coupons.29
Coupon Eligibility
Under the March 12, 2007, rule implementing the converter box program, households eligible for
converter box coupons were required to have a United States Postal Service (USPS) mailing
address. Post office (P.O.) box addresses were not accepted unless the applicant was a resident of
an Indian reservation, Alaskan Native Village, or other rural area without home mail delivery. The
effect of this regulation was that NTIA denied applications from nursing home residents (who do
not have a unique USPS mailing address) and from residents who prefer to utilize post office
boxes.
On April 24, 2008, the NTIA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking proposing certain waivers
to NTIA regulations regarding household eligibility and the necessity of a USPS mailing address.
On September 19, 2008, NTIA published a revised rule that allows residents of nursing homes,
26 Baker, Responses to Questions from Chairman Markey, December 24, 2008, p.5.
27 Ibid.
28 Testimony of Gary Shapiro, President and Chief Executive Office, Consumer Electronics Association, before the
House Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet, Committee on Energy and Commerce, March
26, 2009, available at http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_111/20090326/testimony_shapiro.pdf.
29 NTIA, Press Release, “Commerce’s TV Converter Box Program Now Accepting Requests to Replace Expired
Coupons to Assist More Americans with Transition to Digital TV,” March 24, 2009, available at
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/press/2009/DTV_ReplacementCoupons_090324.html.
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intermediate care facilities, and assisted living facilities to be eligible for the coupon program if
they provide their name, the name of their facility, and how they receive television service.
Alternatively, a family member or representative from the facility may apply for one coupon for a
nursing home resident. The revised rule also permits applicants using post office boxes to receive
coupons if they provide their physical residence in addition to their post office box number. The
rule became effective on October 20, 2008.30
Reception of Digital Signals
A converter box must be attached to an antenna in order to receive digital signals over-the-air.
Antennas can range from simple indoor “rabbit ears” to large rooftop antennas of various shapes
and configurations. According to the FCC, over-the-air households that currently receive good
quality reception of an analog television signal should be able to receive a digital signal (via a
converter box or digital television) with the same antenna previously used to receive analog TV
signals. However, some viewers—particularly those living near obstructions or towards the outer
edges of a station’s broadcasting range—may have difficulty receiving a digital signal, and may
require a repositioned, bigger, or different type of antenna. Also, some television stations are
temporarily operating their digital signal at a reduced power level or at a different channel than
will be used after the transition date.31 The FCC provides a website focused on fixing DTV
reception problems.32 Also available from the FCC is a trouble shooting guide for digital-to-
analog converter boxes and digital televisions,33 a publication, Antennas and Digital Television,
which offers tips and advice for consumers with over-the-air digital signal reception problems,34
and an online interactive DTV reception map.35
Results of the test pilot program in Wilmington, NC (see Appendix A), identified DTV signal
reception issues as a major challenge of the DTV transition. There are two separate digital
reception issues: the “digital cliff effect” and reduced DTV coverage areas. The “digital cliff
effect” can be a problem for viewers who currently receive a weak analog signal. Unlike analog
signals, which when weak or obstructed may be received with fuzzy yet watchable reception,
digital signals are received either perfectly or not at all. Viewers experiencing the “digital cliff
effect” will likely require an antenna modification. The FCC has estimated that about 5% of over-
the-air viewers may need a new antenna due to the “digital cliff effect,” equivalent to about 1% of
all TV households. According to the FCC, the Wilmington data suggest a similar estimate.36
30 Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Final Rule, 47 CFR Part
301, “Household Eligibility and Application Process of the Coupon Program for Individuals Residing in Nursing
Homes, Intermediate Care Facilities, Assisted Living Facilities and Households that Utilize Post Office Boxes,”
Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 183, September 19, 2008, pp. 54325-54334.
31 In a survey conducted December 2007 through February 2008, the General Accountability Office (GAO) found that
68% of responding stations were operating their digital signals at full power, and that 68% of stations were transmitting
their digital signal on the channel from which they will broadcast after the transition. See GAO, Digital Television
Transition: Majority of Broadcasters Are Prepared for the DTV Transition, but Some Technical and Coordination
Issues Remain, GAO-08-510, April 2008, 34 pp. Available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08510.pdf.
32 Available at http://www.dtv.gov/fixreception.html.
33 Available at http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/troubleshootguide.html.
34 Available at http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/dtvantennas.pdf.
35 Available at http://www.fcc.gov/mb/engineering/maps/.
36 Written statement of Kevin Martin, Chairman, Federal Communications Commission, before the House Committee
(continued...)
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The second DTV digital reception issue stems from the fact that some digital stations will have a
reduced service contour compared with their current analog service contour. In other words, their
digital broadcasts may not reach all the households that these stations previously served. In
Wilmington, a reduced service contour of the NBC affiliate was the leading single cause of
consumer complaints to the FCC. According to FCC estimates, about 15% of television markets
may have a station with significantly reduced coverage after the transition. The FCC is
identifying these markets and analyzing how stations can fill these coverage gaps through such
options as an additional antenna, a distributed transmission system or multiple towers, or
translator or repeater stations.37 On November 3, 2008, the FCC approved an order which permits
stations to deploy distributed transmission systems (small antennas that would fill gaps in
coverage areas).
Meanwhile, the House Energy and Commerce Committee, on November 7, 2008, asked the FCC,
NTIA, and broadcasters for specific information on how consumers should address digital
reception problems and which stations and markets may have reduced service contours after the
digital transition. On December 23, 2008, the FCC released data and maps showing digital and
analog coverage areas for each of the 1,749 full-power television stations in the U.S. The FCC
found that 89% of stations (1,553 stations) will experience an overall net gain in the population
that can receive their signals, while 11% of stations (196 stations) will experience a net loss. Also
on December 23, the FCC released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that would create a new
“replacement” digital television translator service to permit full-service television stations to
continue to provide service to areas that would otherwise lose service after the digital transition.38
On May 8, 2009, the FCC adopted the final rule which allows broadcasters, if they choose, to
implement “replacement” digital translators to provide digital signals to areas which would
otherwise lose service.39
On March 13, 2009, the FCC adopted and released a report and order40 requiring broadcasters to
provide ample notification to viewers on three digital reception issues:
• Signal loss: Stations must provide on-air and other notifications of potential
signal loss if 2%or more of their analog viewers are predicted to lose service,
regardless of whether stations gain viewers in other areas;
• Antennas: All stations must include information about the use of antennas as part
of their consumer education campaigns, including additional information if they
(...continued)
on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, September 16, 2008, p. 5.
37 BNA, Daily Report for Executives, “FCC to Refocus DTV Outreach on Technical Aspects of Transition,” September
17, 2008.
38 FCC Press Release, “FCC Reports Show Analog and Digital Coverage of TV Stations,” December 23, 2008.
Available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-287579A1.pdf.
39 FCC, Report and Order, “In the Matter of Amendment of Parts 73 and 74 of the Commission’s Rules to Establish
Rules for Replacement Digital Low Power Television Translator Stations,” MB Docket 08-253, FCC 09-36, adopted
and released May 8, 2009, 25 pages, available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-09-36A1.pdf.
40 FCC, Third Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration, “In the Matter of: Implementation of the DTV Delay
Act (MB Docket No. 09-17), DTV Consumer Education Initiative (MB Docket No. 07-148), Third Periodic Review of
the Commissions Rules and Policies Affecting the Conversion to Digital Television (MB Docket No. 07-91), and
Digital Television Distributed Transmission System Technologies (MB Docket No. 05-312),” FCC 09-19, adopted and
released March 13, 2009, available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-09-19A1.pdf.
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are changing from the VHF to UHF bands and viewers may need additional or
different equipment to avoid loss of service; and
• Scanning: Stations must inform and remind viewers about the importance of
periodically using the rescan function of their digital televisions and digital
converter boxes. During the time surrounding the conclusion of the transition,
many stations will be changing the service areas and the broadcast frequencies of
their digital transmissions. As a result, viewers will need to periodically rescan
during this period in order to ensure that they are correctly receiving all the
digital broadcast services available to them.
Citing concerns that adequate digital TV signals may be unavailable in some parts of a television
market area, Senator Snowe introduced S. 899 (DTV Cliff Effect Assistance Act), which would
direct the Department of Commerce to make payments not to exceed $125 million during
FY2009 through FY2012 to local civil government bodies for construction and equipment of
digital TV translators to fill gaps in digital coverage of full-power television stations, in cases
where such gaps were caused by the analog to digital transition. The funding would be drawn
from the Digital Television Transition and Public Safety Fund, which was established from the
auctioning of the analog TV spectrum.
Status of DTV Public Education
With the June 12, 2009 deadline for the digital transition approaching, Congressional concern is
focusing on the adequacy of efforts to inform the public of the digital transition. Based on
previous DTV transition experiences—the September 2008 pilot DTV conversion in Wilmington,
NC, and the early analog signal terminations of February 17, 2009 – it has become apparent that
while virtually all consumers have heard of the DTV transition, many are not aware of exact steps
they must take—even if they have converter boxes—to ensure that their over-the-air televisions
will receive digital signals. NTIA and the FCC have refocused consumer outreach on such issues
as scanning and rescanning converter boxes, as well as addressing digital signal reception issues
such as repositioning or replacing antennas.
NTIA Funding and Activities
Two federal agencies—the NTIA and the FCC—are directly engaged in consumer education
efforts regarding the digital transition. P.L. 109-171 (the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005) funded
NTIA at “not more than $5,000,000 for consumer education concerning the digital television
transition and the availability of the digital-to-analog converter box program.” The NTIA’s DTV
consumer education effort is focused on raising awareness of the coupon program, particularly
with five target groups most likely to be affected by the digital transition: senior citizens, the
economically disadvantaged, rural residents, people with disabilities, and minorities. To reach
those groups and the American public in general, the NTIA is pursuing a strategy of leveraging its
resources by partnering with private sector stakeholder groups representing those constituencies
most at risk. NTIA is also working with the DTV Transition Coalition, a broad-based coalition of
business, trade, and industry groups as well as grass roots and membership organizations. In
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addition to working with private sector groups, NTIA is working with federal government
agencies that target economically disadvantaged Americans.41
On May 15, 2008, the Senate Appropriations Committee adopted an amendment to the War
Supplemental Appropriations bill (H.R. 2642) that sought to increase NTIA funding for DTV
consumer education. Although the DTV provision was not included in the final Senate bill, the
DTV consumer education provision was subsequently incorporated into S. 2607 (The DTV
Transition Assistance Act), which was passed by the Senate on June 19, passed by the House on
July 9, and signed into law (P.L. 110-295) by the President on July 30, 2008. P.L. 110-295 gives
NTIA the authority to take unused funds from the low-power television Digital-to-Analog
Conversion grant program and use remaining amounts for consumer education and technical
assistance. Such an education program is directed to address the DTV transition needs of
vulnerable populations and the need for education plans regarding analog pass-through converter
boxes in areas served by low-power or translator stations.
Pursuant to P.L. 110-295, on August 28, 2008, NTIA announced it was reducing available grant
funding for the low-power television Digital-to-Analog Conversion grant program from $8
million to $3.5 million, and to no more than $1 million after November 17, 2008. This allows for
$4.5 million to become available for consumer education and technical assistance related to the
DTV transition and the coupon program. On November 18, 2008, NTIA announced it was
awarding $2.7 million to the National Association of Area Agencies on Aging to help seniors
transition to DTV. On November 21, 2008, NTIA announced an award of $1.65 million to the
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund to help vulnerable populations transition
to DTV, particularly focusing on television markets with large over-the-air populations.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, signed by the President on February 17,
2009 (P.L. 111-5), provides an appropriation to NTIA of $650 million for the DTV coupon
program, and of that amount, allows up to $90 million for DTV education, outreach, and
assistance to vulnerable populations such as senior citizens, minority communities, people with
disabilities, low-income individuals, and people living in rural areas. Outreach funding may be
transferred to the FCC, at the discretion of the Secretary of Commerce and with notification of
the House and Senate Appropriations Committees.
FCC Funding and Activities
Similar to the NTIA, the FCC is also pursuing collaborative partnerships with private and public
sector entities to target outreach to vulnerable populations and to raise the general awareness of
the American public about the DTV transition and how to prepare for it. The FCC has become a
member of the DTV Transition Coalition, has prepared and issued consumer publications and
web materials, and is promoting DTV awareness by attending and holding events and
conferences.42
41 For information on NTIA DTV consumer education efforts, see Testimony of John Kneuer, Assistant Secretary for
Communications and Information, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, hearings held by the
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, “Preparing Consumers for the Digital Television
Transition,” July 26, 2007. Available at http://commerce.senate.gov/public/_files/JohnMRKneuerTestimonyv2.pdf.
42 Testimony of Catherine Seidel, Chief, Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau, Federal Communications
Commission, hearings held by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, “Preparing
Consumers for the Digital Television Transition,” July 26, 2007. Available at http://commerce.senate.gov/public/_files/
(continued...)
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The Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008 (P.L.
110-161) provided the FCC with $2.5 million for the digital television consumer education and
outreach initiative, an increase of $1 million over the Administration’s FY2008 budget request.
Additionally, the FCC requested and received approval from the House and Senate
Appropriations Committees to reprogram $12 million of unspent FY2008 funds for DTV
consumer education.43 Therefore, with reprogrammed funding, the total FY2008 level was $14.5
million for the FCC’s DTV consumer education activities.
In the Administration’s FY2009 budget proposal, the FCC requested $20 million for DTV
education and outreach. On June 25, 2008, the House Committee on Appropriations approved $20
million for FCC DTV education as part of the FY2009 Financial Services and General
Government appropriations. On July 10, 2008 the Senate Committee on Appropriations also
approved $20 million for the FCC’s FY2009 DTV consumer education and outreach. P.L. 110-
329, the Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2009,
provided $20 million to the FCC for DTV public education through March 6, 2009.
The FCC’s FY2010 budget requested $1 million to address the aftermath of the DTV transition of
full power television stations, and to begin to address the impending DTV transition of low power
and translator stations.
On January 16, 2009, the FCC announced it is awarding IBM up to $12 million for call center
support which will allow the FCC to handle up to two million agent-assisted calls during the
week of the digital transition, including up to 400,000 calls on the day after the transition.44 The
FCC is anticipating 2.15 million calls during the week of the transition, with peak days generating
1.475 million agent-answered calls. According to the FCC, the FCC’s call center effort alone is
insufficient to handle the entire volume of consumer calls anticipated nationally, and the FCC is
working to coordinate with other entities planning to provide DTV call centers (for example, the
National Association of Broadcasters, the National Cable Television Association, and local
broadcasters, governments, and community groups).45
In addition to increased funding for call centers, the FCC is spending the $20 million on
publications ($1 million); distribution, including grassroots outreach ($10 million); and events,
conferences, and awareness sessions ($2 million). On January 6, 2009, the FCC announced it is
awarding a total $8.4 million to 12 grassroots groups for DTV outreach, with a focus on reaching
seniors, people with disabilities, and Spanish-speaking households in areas with high over-the-air
populations.46 Additional outreach funding from NTIA (via the ARRA funding) is being used to
(...continued)
WrittenStatementofCathySeidel7262007Hearing.pdf.
43 Communications Daily, “Senate Subcommittee Gives FCC Extra Funds for DTV, Broadband,” July 10, 2008.
44 FCC, Press Release, “FCC Announced $12 Million Call Center Contract to Assist DTV Call Center Capability,”
January 16, 2009.
45 For further details, see Kevin Martin, Chairman, Federal Communications Commission, Responses to December 19,
2008 Questions from Chairman Edward J. Markey, December 23, 2008, pp. 4-6. Available at http://markey.house.gov/
docs/telecomm/martin_response_dtv_qa_122308.pdf.
46 FCC Press Release, “FCC Announces Selection of 12 Grassroots Groups for DTV Outreach Valued at $8.4 Million,”
January 6, 2009. Available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-287750A1.pdf.
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support local organizations providing hands-on assistance including walk-in centers and in-home
assistance.47
Role of the Private Sector
The significant reliance of the FCC and the NTIA on the private sector for DTV public education
has led some to question whether the federal government should assume a more proactive role in
promoting DTV public education activities. In response to criticisms and suggestions on DTV
consumer education raised by a May 24, 2007, letter48 from the House Energy and Commerce
Committee, the FCC released on March 3, 2008, a Report and Order on DTV consumer
education.49 The FCC order requires various stakeholders (e.g., broadcasters, MVPDs, television
manufacturers, 700 MHZ spectrum auction winners, and others) to provide and promote DTV
consumer education. On March 13, 2009, the FCC released an order mandating that stations still
broadcasting an analog signal to provide service loss notices, antenna information, information on
rescanning converter boxes, local consumer referral telephone numbers, publicity for consumer
help centers, 60-day countdowns preceding the analog signal termination, and 30 minute
informational videos.50
According to GAO, private sector stakeholders have committed over $1 billion for consumer
education efforts.51 A major component of any DTV public education campaign is likely to be the
airing of public service announcements (PSAs). On October 15, 2007, the National Association of
Broadcasters (NAB) announced a consumer education campaign, including DTV spots, crawls,
and 30-minute educational programs.52 In September 2007, the National Cable &
Telecommunications Association (NCTA) began running on cable channels an English and
Spanish language advertising campaign on the digital transition; NCTA will continue the
advertising spots through the transition.53 The NAB and NCTA consumer education advertising
campaigns are estimated at a value of $1.4 billion.54 The FCC Report and Order imposes
education and reporting requirements on broadcast stations, but gives broadcasters the option of
complying with alternate plans and guidelines developed either by the FCC, the NAB, or (for
noncommercial stations) the Association of Public Television Stations. The FCC also asked
47 FCC, News, “30 Days and Counting to DTV Transition: FCC Concentrates on Preparing Consumers for June 12
Deadline,” May 13, 2009, available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-290711A1.pdf.
48 Available at http://energycommerce.house.gov/Press_110/FCC.052407.Martin.ltr.DTV.pdf.
49 FCC, Report and Order, In the Matter of DTV Consumer Education Initiative, MB Docket No. 07-148, FCC 08-56,
82 p.
50 FCC, Third Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration, “In the Matter of: Implementation of the DTV Delay
Act (MB Docket No. 09-17), DTV Consumer Education Initiative (MB Docket No. 07-148), Third Periodic Review of
the Commissions Rules and Policies Affecting the Conversion to Digital Television (MB Docket No. 07-91), and
Digital Television Distributed Transmission System Technologies (MB Docket No. 05-312),” FCC 09-19, adopted and
released March 13, 2009, available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-09-19A1.pdf.
51 Government Accountability Office, Digital Television Transition: Implementation of the Converter Box Subsidy
Program is Under Way, but Preparedness to Manage an Increase in Subsidy Demand is Unclear, GAO-08-1040,
September 2008, p. 7.
52 Associated Press, “Broadcasters unveil $697 million digital TV campaign,” October 15, 2007.
53 National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Press Release, “Cable Launches $200 Million Digital TV
Transition Consumer Education Campaign,” September 6, 2007.
54 Government Accountability Office, Digital Television Transition: Implementation of the Converter Box Subsidy
Program is Under Way, but Preparedness to Manage an Increase in Subsidy Demand is Unclear, GAO-08-1040,
September 2008, p. 7.
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broadcasters nationwide to conduct a voluntary “soft test” on May 21, 2009, in which analog
programming will be interrupted three times on that day with DTV education messages.
Key Issues
The key issue for Congress is the extent to which American households will be ready for the
digital transition, and whether measures taken by the government and the private sector are
sufficient to minimize the number of televisions across America that may “go dark” on the
transition deadline.
Two lines of inquiry have repeatedly been raised in Congressional hearings on the digital
television transition. First, are public education and outreach efforts sufficient, and is the federal
government playing a sufficient role in leading that effort? With limited funding, both the FCC
and the NTIA have relied heavily on a strategy of leveraging private sector efforts. On the one
hand, private sector groups have a market incentive to ensure that the public is ready for the
digital transition: for example, the consumer electronics industry wants to sell DTV products, and
broadcasters want their viewers to be able to continue watching their local broadcasts.
Accordingly, industry groups have launched multifaceted public outreach campaigns. On the
other hand, critics question whether market forces will ensure that public outreach efforts are
sufficiently targeted to those segments of American society (the elderly, non-English speakers,
rural areas, disabled citizens, minorities, the economically disadvantaged) that may be more at
risk of being adversely affected by the digital switch-over.
A second major question is the extent to which NTIA’s converter box program will meet the
needs of analog television households, and the extent to which coupon and converter box supply
problems, equipment and installation problems, and reception issues may surface for consumers.
Will retail outlets—whether large or small stores, whether in urban, suburban, or rural areas—
stock sufficient numbers of boxes to meet the demand of consumers seeking to redeem the $40
coupons? Will NTIA, manufacturers, and retailers be prepared and able to meet the spike in
demand for coupons and boxes as the transition date nears? And finally, will anticipated
consumer problems with converter box set-up, antennas, and digital signal reception be
adequately addressed?
The announcement from NTIA on January 5, 2009, that the funding ceiling for converter box
coupons had been reached, that all new coupon requests would be put on a waiting list, and that
growing numbers of households would not receive their coupons in time for the February 17
transition raised concerns in Congress that ultimately led to passage of the DTV Delay Act (P.L.
111-4), which delays the digital transition deadline to June 12, 2009. While most agree that the
partial DTV transition of February 17, 2009 (the 36% of full-power stations that voluntarily
turned off their analog signal early) went relatively smoothly, the FCC and others have cautioned
that only 2.5% of all households were affected on February 17, and that a much larger challenge
remains on June 12, 2009.
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Appendix A. DTV Test Pilot Program in
Wilmington, North Carolina
On September 8, 2008, most55 broadcast television stations in Wilmington, NC, permanently
ceased transmitting programs with their analog signal and went digital-only in response to an
FCC pilot program announced on May 8, 2008. Wilmington is the 135th largest television market
in the United States (about 180,000 households) and about 8% of Wilmington’s television
households (approximately 14,000) are reliant on over-the-air broadcasting.56 In preparation for
the early transition, the FCC coordinated with local officials and community groups in the
Wilmington, NC, area to accelerate and broaden consumer education outreach efforts. The early
DTV transition is intended to give the FCC, the NTIA, and broadcasters a “test case” that will
supply valuable data and experiences that can be applied to the nationwide.
The FCC and the broadcasters collected feedback and data on the results of the test pilot program.
After the cut-off at noon on September 8, analog programming was replaced with a screen telling
consumers about the digital transition and how to get help. Over the first five days following the
cut-off, the FCC received 1,828 calls to its DTV help line (about 1% of the total number of TV
households in Wilmington). Of the total number of calls, 5% were from consumers who were
unaware of the transition, 18% from consumers who had problems with their converter boxes,
22.9% from consumers who had antenna and reception issues, and 30% from households in out of
market communities (as far south as Myrtle Beach, SC, and as far north as Raleigh, NC) who
could no longer receive the Wilmington NBC affiliate (whose digital coverage area no longer
extends to these out of market areas).57
A general consensus has emerged that while the Wilmington test proceeded relatively smoothly,
the experience has raised a number of challenges that must be met in order to ensure the most
successful transition possible. While consumer awareness of the DTV transition in Wilmington
was at a very high level, a much greater problem was consumers experiencing technical problems
involving converter boxes, antennas, and/or signal reception. Former FCC Chairman Kevin
Martin testified before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce that “though our
consumer education efforts appear to have been effective, our focus now turns to resolving
technical challenges.”58 FCC Commissioner Michael Copps recommended that the FCC take a
number of steps, including conduct additional field testing, dedicate a special FCC team to the
needs of at-risk communities, ramp up the FCC call center, prepare comprehensive DTV
contingency plans, create an online DTV consumer forum, educate consumers on DTV trouble-
shooting (including antenna issues and the need to “re-scan” converter boxes and sets), ensure
that broadcasters meet their construction deadlines, encourage the rapid deployment of small
battery-powered DTV sets, and find a way to broadcast an analog message to consumers
55 The Wilmington PBS station, WUNJ, will continue broadcasting programs in both analog and digital through the
transition.
56 Nielsen Media Research, DMA Household Universe Estimates: July 2008. Available at TVB Online,
http://www.tvb.org.
57 Written statement of Kevin Martin, Chairman, Federal Communications Commission, before the House Committee
on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, September 16, 2008. Data available
at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-285403A5.pdf.
58 Written statement of Kevin Martin, Chairman, Federal Communications Commission, before the House Committee
on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, September 16, 2008, p. 4.
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following the transition.59 Meanwhile, on November 7, 2008, the House Committee on Energy
and Commerce sent letters to the FCC, NTIA, NAB, and the major television networks asking
how they will specifically address the issues of consumer education with respect to the need to re-
scan converter boxes, antenna issues, and signal contour issues.
In response to the Wilmington test, both the FCC and NTIA refocused their outreach and public
education efforts on consumer preparedness in addition to consumer awareness. Specifically,
consumers are being encouraged to apply for coupons as early as possible, and to try out
converter boxes in advance of the transition date in order to proactively address equipment issues
(such as re-scanning the converter box, or repositioning or upgrading antennas). Meanwhile,
many television stations across the nation conducted “soft” analog cutoffs in which the analog
signals were temporarily discontinued and replaced by an educational message on the DTV
transition.
59 Letter from Michael J. Copps to the Kevin J. Martin, September 12, 2008, available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/
edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-285373A1.pdf.
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Appendix B. Short-Term Analog Flash and
Emergency Readiness Act
During the Wilmington test, stations were able to continue broadcasting DTV consumer
information on their analog channels. Consumers who had not upgraded their analog televisions
were still able to receive a screen explaining what was happening and providing telephone
numbers and websites for more information and assistance. Under current law, full-power
television stations are prohibited from broadcasting anything on their analog channels after the
transition deadline. Legislation has been introduced in the 110th Congress which would give
stations short-term authority to maintain operation of their analog channel for a short period after
the transition. The Short-Term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness (SAFER) Act (H.R.
7013/S. 3663) would allow many television stations the option of broadcasting on their analog
channels digital television transition and emergency public safety information.
On November 20, 2008, the Senate passed S. 3663 by Unanimous Consent. The bill would
require the FCC to develop and implement a program by January 15, 2009, which would
encourage and permit television stations (to the extent technically feasible and subject to
limitations) to broadcast public safety and digital transition information on their analog service
for 30 days after the transition date. In designing the program and determining broadcaster
eligibility, the FCC would be required to take into consideration such factors as market-by-market
needs such as channel and transmitter availability, avoiding harmful interference with digital
television signals, prohibiting analog service on spectrum already designated for auction or for
public safety use, and other factors. The 30-day analog signal would not be required to be carried
or retransmitted by cable or satellite systems.
The legislation was passed by the House on December 10, 2008, and signed into law by the
President on December 23, 2008 (P.L. 110-459). On December 31, 2008, the FCC adopted a
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to implement the Short-Term Analog Flash and Emergency
Readiness Act (also referred to as the “Analog Nightlight Act”). On January 15, 2009 the FCC
adopted and released the Analog Nightlight Order.
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Appendix C. DTV Border Fix Act
Concerns have been raised that many over-the-air Spanish-speaking households near the U.S.-
Mexican border may choose not to convert to digital because they will continue to watch analog
signals from Mexican television stations not expected to convert to digital until 2021. The impact
of households exclusively watching Mexican analog television broadcasts after the transition are
two-fold. First, these households will lose access to important information broadcast on U.S.
digital-only stations in the event of an emergency or natural disaster, including Emergency Alert
System and AMBER Alert messages. Second, U.S. broadcast stations near the U.S.-Mexican
border could lose significant numbers of analog-only viewers (both in the United States and in
Mexico) after these stations convert to digital-only.
In response to these concerns, the DTV Border Fix Act was introduced in the Senate (S. 2507,
introduced by Senator Hutchison) and the House (H.R. 5435, introduced by Representative Solis).
S. 2507 was reported by the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (S.Rept. 110-
424) and passed the Senate by voice vote on August 1, 2008. On September 8, 2008, S. 2507 was
referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.
S. 2507, as passed by the Senate, would give television stations within 50 miles of the U.S.-
Mexican border the option of continuing their analog signal through February 17, 2013, provided
they can establish to the satisfaction of the FCC that continued analog broadcasting is in the
public interest. Stations must also broadcast between channels 2 through 51. Continued analog
service cannot prevent the auction or public safety use of recovered spectrum, cannot interfere
with any channel reserved for public safety use, and cannot interfere with any digital station.
Opposition to S. 2507 has been expressed by many English-language television stations along the
U.S.-Mexico border. These stations argue that prolonging the analog option for some stations
would create a confusing transition, that a future transition in four or five years for the border
region will be problematic in the absence of a national DTV transition effort, and that stations
planning to go all-digital on the transition date, may be compelled by competitive pressures to
continue their analog signals, thereby adding additional and otherwise unnecessary expense.60 On
the other hand, supporters of S. 2507 (including Spanish-language stations) argue that Hispanic
households in the border region are significantly more reliant on over-the-air television than the
general population, and are likely to be less prepared for the digital transition, especially given
that they can continue to watch analog over-the-air broadcasts from Mexican television stations.
The legislation is particularly necessary, they argue, to ensure that these groups continue to
receive important information over their televisions during an emergency or natural disaster.
60 Eggerton, John, Broadcasting & Cable, “Border Stations Don’t Speak the Same Language,” September 9, 2008.
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Appendix D. Low-Power Television and the Digital
Transition
Unlike full-power television stations, low-power television (LPTV) stations, along with Class A
stations and translator television stations,61 are not required to convert to digital broadcasting by
the national transition date. With a later deadline for LPTV digital conversion (possibly in 2012)
still to be set by the FCC, most LPTV stations will continue to broadcast analog signals after the
transition date for full-power stations. A growing issue of concern to LPTV, Class A, and
translator stations is the capability of digital-to-analog converter boxes to either pass through or
receive broadcasted analog signals in addition to receiving and converting digital signals. A
household that receives both full-power and LPTV broadcast signals, and that installs a converter
box in order to receive the full-power station’s digital signal, will not be able to receive the LPTV
station’s analog signal unless the converter box is equipped with an analog signal pass-through
capability or an analog tuner. NTIA permitted but did not require manufacturers to install an
analog signal pass-through capability in certified converter boxes, arguing that such a
requirement could raise the cost of the boxes and pose possible interference problems for the
digital signal.62 Coupon-eligible converter boxes (CECBs) that receive an analog signal (with
tuners capable of receiving both digital and analog signals) are not eligible under the coupon
program.
The Community Broadcasters Association (CBA), representing LPTV and Class A stations,
argues that the widespread use of converter boxes without an analog reception or pass-through
capability would effectively cause many of these stations to go out of business. The CBA has
filed a complaint at the FCC asserting that the NTIA-certified converter boxes violate the All-
Channel Receiver Act of 1962 if they block reception of analog over-the-air television broadcast
signals.63 On February 12, 2008, FCC Chairman Martin wrote a letter to the broadcasting, cable,
satellite, consumer electronics, and consumer electronics retailing industries, asking each to
voluntarily take specific steps to lessen the adverse effects of the digital transition on LPTV, Class
A, and translator stations.64 On March 26, 2008, the CBA petitioned the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia Circuit to direct the FCC to immediately enforce the All-Channel
Receiver Act and to stop the marketing and distribution of all converter boxes that do not receive
an analog signal (e.g. all CECBs). However, on May 7, 2008, the Court dismissed the CBA
lawsuit.
61 Low-Power Television (LPTV) was created by the FCC in 1982 to serve rural areas and individual communities
within larger urban areas. Class A stations are former LPTV stations with certain interference protection rights not
available to LPTV stations. TV translator stations rebroadcast programs of full-power stations in remote or
mountainous areas. According to the FCC, as of December 31, 2007, there were 2,295 licensed LPTV stations, 556
Class A stations, and 4,271 TV translator stations. A list of LPTV, Class A, and translator stations is available at
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/dtvcoupon/LPTVmap.html.
62 For the latest listing of NTIA-approved coupon eligible converter boxes, see https://www.ntiadtv.gov/cecb_list.cfm.
63 Community Broadcasters Association, Petition for Declaratory Ruling, In the Matter of Compliance of Digital
Converter Boxes With the All Channel Receiver Act, filed before the Federal Communications Commission December
7, 2007, 11 p. Available at http://www.dtvnow.org/documents/dtvconv5.pdf.
64 Letter from FCC Chairman Kevin J. Martin to industry stakeholders. Available at http://www.fcc.gov/
commissioners/martin/cm_letter_021208.pdf.
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The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 established two grant programs administered by the NTIA
designed to assist low-power television stations with the digital transition.65 Section 3008
provides funding not to exceed $10 million during FY2008-FY2009 (starting October 1, 2007) to
compensate low-power television stations (including Class A, translator, or booster television
stations) for the cost of a digital-to-analog conversion device in order to convert the digital
signals received from their corresponding full-power television stations and provide analog
signals to their customers. In no case shall the compensation for a single digital-to-analog
converter device exceed $1,000. On October 29, 2007, NTIA announced the availability of $8
million in grant money for the LPTV Digital-to-Analog Conversion grant program that will help
low-power television stations continue analog broadcasts. The program provides funds to eligible
low-power stations that must purchase a digital-to-analog conversion device to convert the
incoming digital signal of a full-power television station to analog for transmission on the low-
power station’s analog channel. Applications are being accepted between October 29, 2007, and
June 12, 2009. On August 28, 2008, NTIA announced that, pursuant to the DTV Transition
Assistance Act (P.L. 110-295), the amount of money available for the grant program is reduced
from $8 million to $3.5 million, an amount NTIA has determined will cover payments to eligible
LPTV facilities. After November 17, 2008, available funding was to be reduced to $1 million.
Section 3009 provides funding not to exceed $65 million that will be made available on or after
February 18, 2009, to reimburse low-power television stations for equipment to upgrade stations
from analog to digital in eligible rural communities.66 Priority reimbursements will be given to
stations with licenses held by non-profit corporations and stations that serve rural areas with less
than 10,000 viewers. On May 12, 2009, NTIA announced the availability of $44 million in
awards for the Low-Power Television and Translator Upgrade Program.67
65 For further information on NTIA’s LPTV grant programs, see http://www.ntia.doc.gov/lptv/index.html.
66 Eligible rural community is defined as “any area of the United States that is not contained in an incorporated city or
town with a population in excess of 20,000 inhabitants.” (7 U.S.C. 950bb(b)(2))
67 National Telecommunications and Information Administration, "Low-Power Television and Translator Upgrade
Program: Notice of Availability of Funds," 74 Federal Register 22402, May 12, 2009.
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Appendix E. Legislation and Hearings in the 110th
and 111th Congresses
Congress is closely monitoring and overseeing federal and private sector efforts to ensure a
digital transition that proceeds as smoothly as possible. Table E-1 shows a listing of hearings
held in the 110th and 111th Congresses on the DTV transition.
Table E-1. DTV Hearings Held in the 110th and 111th Congresses
Date Committee
Topic
March 28,
House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
“The Status of the Digital Television
2007
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet
Transition”
July 26, 2007
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and
“Preparing Consumers for the Digital
Transportation
Television Transition”
September
Senate Special Committee on Aging
“Preparing for the Digital Television
10, 2007
Transition: Will Seniors Be Left in the
Dark?”
October 17,
House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
“Status of the DTV Transition—
2007
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet
Part 2”
October 17,
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and
“The Digital Television Transition:
2007
Transportation
Government and Industry
Perspectives”
October 31,
House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
“Status of the DTV Transition—
2007
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet
Part 3”
February 13,
House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
“Status of the DTV Transition—370
2008
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet
Days and Counting”
April 8, 2008
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and
“Oversight of the DTV Transition”
Transportation
May 7, 2008
House Committee on Smal Business
“The DTV Transition and Smal
Businesses: Smal Firms Contributing
to a Big Change”
June 10, 2008 House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
“Status of the DTV Transition: 252
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet
Days and Counting”
July 18, 2008
House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform,
“Management of the Digital TV
Subcommittee on Government Management, Organization,
Transition: Is New York Prepared?”
and Procurement
September
House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
“Status of the DTV Transition: 154
16, 2008
Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet
Days and Counting”
September
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and
“Oversight of the DTV Transition:
23, 2008
Transportation
Countdown to February 2009”
March 26,
House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
“Oversight of the Digital Television
2009
Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the
Transition”
Internet
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Enacted Bills in the 110th Congress
P.L. 110-161 (H.R. 2764). Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008. Provides $2.5 million to the
FCC for DTV consumer education in FY2008. Signed by President December 26, 2007.
P.L. 110-295 (S. 2607). DTV Transition Assistance Act. Makes technical corrections to section
3009 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 by directing NTIA to make grant money available for
low-power television and translator station digital upgrades on February 18, 2009, rather than on
October 1, 2010 (as is prescribed in current law). Additionally, gives NTIA the authority to take
unused funds from the low-power television Digital-to-Analog Conversion grant program and use
remaining amounts for consumer education and technical assistance focusing on vulnerable
populations and the need for education plans regarding analog pass-through converter boxes in
areas served by low-power or translator stations. Introduced by Senator Snowe February 7, 2008;
referred to Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. Ordered to be reported
favorably without amendment April 24, 2008. Reported without amendment June 10, 2008
(S.Rept. 110-348), and placed on Senate Legislative Calendar. Passed Senate with an amendment
by Unanimous Consent June 19, 2008. Passed House by voice vote under suspension of the rules
July 9, 2008. Signed by President July 30, 2008.
P.L. 110-329 (H.R. 2638). Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2009. Section 121 gives NTIA the authority to spend up to $20 million in
extra funding for administrative expenses, if needed. Section 136 provides $20 million to the FCC
for DTV public education. Signed by President September 30, 2008.
P.L. 110-459 (S. 3663). Short-term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness (SAFER) Act.
Requires the FCC to provide for a thirty day extension of the analog television broadcasting
authority so that essential public safety announcements and digital television transition
information may be provided for a short time during the transition to digital television
broadcasting. Introduced October 1, 2008; referred to Committee on Commerce, Science and
Transportation. Passed Senate (amended) by Unanimous Consent November 20, 2008. Passed
without objection by House December 10, 2008. Signed by President December 23, 2008.
DTV-Related Bills in the 111th Congress
P.L. 111-4 (S. 352). DTV Delay Act. Postpones the digital transition deadline from February 17,
2009, to June 12, 2009. Introduced in the Senate January 29, 2009. Passed Senate without
amendment by unanimous consent January 29, 2009. Passed House February 4, 2009. Signed by
President February 11, 2009.
P.L. 111-5 (H.R. 1). American Recovery and Reinvestment Bill of 2009. Includes $650 million in
appropriated funds to NTIA for DTV coupons and related activities including education,
consumer support, and outreach. Introduced January 26, 2009. Passed House January 28, 2009.
Passed Senate February 10, 2009. Conference report (H.Rept. 111-16) approved by House and
Senate February 13, 2009. Signed by President February 17, 2009.
H.R. 299 (Engel). National Digital Television Consumer Education Act. Provides consumers
with information about the digital transition. Provides $20 million in FY2009 for a grant program
for the purpose of coordinating and leading a national consumer education and outreach
campaign on the digital transition. Amends section 3005 of the Digital Television Transition and
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Public Safety Act of 2005 to provide $200 million in extra funding authority for the converter box
coupon program. Introduced January 8, 2009; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 339 (Platts). Digital Television Coupon Improvement Act. Extends the expiration date of
DTV converter box coupons to March 31, 2009. Introduced January 8, 2009; referred to
Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 508 (Braley). DTV Converter Box Rebate Act of 2009. Allows a refundable credit against
federal income tax for the purchase of converter boxes for taxpayers who did not use coupons.
Introduced January 14, 2009; referred to the Committee on Ways and Means, and in addition to
the Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 661 (Barton). To provide additional coupons for the digital-to-analog converter box
program and to expedite delivery of coupons under such program. Introduced January 23, 2009;
referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 681 (Waxman). Digital Television Transition Extension Act of 2009. Extends the digital
transition deadline to June 12, 2009. The legislation would also modify the coupon program by
extending the deadline for coupon applications (from March 31 to July 31, 2009); allowing
households whose coupons have expired to request one replacement coupon for each expired
coupon; directing NTIA to deliver coupons via first class mail; allowing broadcasters, as long as
they comply with FCC requirements, to switch off their analog signal and go exclusively digital
before the new deadline; allowing public safety use of vacated and available analog spectrum
before June 12, 2009, if the FCC determines that such use is in the public interest and does not
cause harmful interference to television broadcasting in the analog spectrum; extending the
license period of recovered analog spectrum by 116 days and extending FCC auction authority
through 2012; and directing NTIA to issue monthly detailed reports on the status of the DTV
converter box coupon program. Introduced January 26, 2009; referred to Committee on Energy
and Commerce.
S. 25 (Sanders). A bill to ensure access to basic broadcast television after the Digital Television
Transition. Introduced January 7, 2009; referred to Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation.
S. 300 (Gregg). TV Converter Box Coupon Relief Act. Enables NTIA to resume timely
processing and distribution of TV converter box coupons by increasing its fiscal authority by
$250 million. Introduced January 22, 2009; referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science,
and Transportation.
S. 899 (Snowe). DTV Cliff Effect Assistance Act. Establishes an assistance program for the
construction of digital TV translators to fill coverage gaps that are created by the transition from
analog to digital signals. Introduced April 27, 2009; referred to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation.
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Appendix F. Sources for Further Information
A variety of websites have been established to provide basic information to consumers on many
aspects of the digital transition. The following is a partial listing.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
http://www.dtv.gov
National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)
https://www.dtv2009.gov/ http://www.ntia.doc.gov/dtvcoupon/index.html
DTV Transition Coalition
http://www.dtvtransition.org/
National Association of Broadcasters (NAB)
http://www.dtvanswers.com/
Consumer Electronics Retailers Coalition (CERC)
http://www.ceretailers.org/transtodtv.htm
Consumer Electronics Association (CEA)
http://www.digitaltips.org/
National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA)
http://www.getreadyfordigitaltv.com/
Community Broadcasters Association
http://www.keepuson.com/index2.php
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)
http://www.naruc.org/dtv/
Consumers Union
http://www.hearusnow.org/tvradio/12/
Author Contact Information
Lennard G. Kruger
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
lkruger@crs.loc.gov, 7-7070
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