Order Code RL33310
Recess Appointments Made by President
George W. Bush, January 20, 2001-
October 31, 2008
Updated November 3, 2008
Henry B. Hogue
Analyst in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Maureen Bearden
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group

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Recess Appointments Made by President George W.
Bush, January 20, 2001-October 31, 2008
Summary
Under the Constitution, the President and the Senate share the power to make
appointments to the highest-level politically appointed positions in the federal
government. The Constitution also empowers the President unilaterally to make a
temporary appointment to such a position if it is vacant and the Senate is in recess.
Such an appointment, termed a recess appointment, expires at the end of the
following session of the Senate. This report identifies recess appointments made by
President George W. Bush from the time he took office on January 20, 2001, through
October 31, 2008. Basic descriptive statistics regarding these appointments are also
provided.
As of October 31, 2008, President Bush had made 171 recess appointments.
President William J. Clinton, in comparison, made a total of 139 recess appointments
during the course of his presidency. Of President Bush’s 171 recess appointments,
99 were to full-time positions, and the remaining 72 were to part-time positions.
Thirty were made during recesses between Congresses or between sessions of
Congress (intersession recess appointments). The remaining 141 were made during
recesses within sessions of Congress (intrasession recess appointments). The
duration of the 24 recesses during which President Bush made recess appointments
ranged from 10 to 47 days. The average (mean) duration of these recesses was 25
days, and the median duration was 26 days.
In 165 of the 171 cases in which President Bush made a recess appointment, the
individual was also nominated, by October 31, 2008, to the position to which he or
she had been appointed. In 162 of these 165 cases, the individuals being appointed
had previously been nominated to the position. In the three remaining cases, the
individuals were first nominated to the position after the recess appointment. Of the
165 cases in which the President submitted a nomination for the recess appointee, as
of October 31, 2008, 95 had resulted in confirmation, 6 were pending in the Senate,
and the remaining 64 had failed to be confirmed. In 31 of these 64 recess
appointment cases, the President withdrew the nominations of the appointees, and in
the remaining 33 cases, the nominations were returned to the President.
Additional information may be found in other CRS reports. For general
information on recess appointments practice, see CRS Report RS21308, Recess
Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions, by Henry B. Hogue. For information on
related legal issues, see CRS Report RL32971, Judicial Recess Appointments: A
Legal Overview, and CRS Report RL33009, Recess Appointments: A Legal
Overview, both by T.J. Halstead.
This report will be updated periodically, as additional recess appointments are
made.

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Contents
Table 1. Recess Appointments by President George W. Bush to Full- and
Part-Time Positions, January 20, 2001- October 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 2. Summary Information Concerning Recess Appointments
by President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001- October 31, 2008 . . . . . . . 4
Table 3. Senate Intersession Recesses, Intrasession Recesses of Four
or More Days, and Numbers of Recess Appointments,
January 20, 2001-October 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 4. Recess Appointments to Full-Time Positions
by President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001- October 31, 2008a . . . . . 11
Table 5. Recess Appointments to Part-Time Positions
by President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001- October 31, 2008a . . . . . 16

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Recess Appointments Made by President
George W. Bush, January 20, 2001-
October 31, 2008
Under the Constitution, the President and the Senate share the power to make
appointments to the highest-level politically appointed positions in the federal
government.1 The Constitution also empowers the President unilaterally to make a
temporary appointment to such a position if it is vacant and the Senate is in recess.2
Such an appointment, termed a recess appointment, expires at the end of the
following session of the Senate.3 The records of debate at the Constitutional
Convention and the Federalist Papers provide little evidence of the framers’
intentions in the recess appointment clause. Opinions by later Attorneys General,
however, suggested that the purpose of the clause was to allow the President to
maintain the continuity of administrative government through the temporary filling
of offices during periods when the Senate was not in session, at which time his
nominees could not be considered or confirmed.4 This interpretation is bolstered by
the fact that both Houses of Congress had relatively short sessions and long recesses
during the early years of the Republic. In fact, until the beginning of the 20th century,
the Senate was, on average, in session less than half the year.5
This report identifies recess appointments made by President George W. Bush
from the time he took office on January 20, 2001, through October 31, 2008.6 Basic
1 U.S. Constitution, Article 2, § 2, cl. 2.
2 Article 2, Section 2, clause 3 reads, “The President shall have Power to fill up all
Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions
which shall expire at the End of their next Session.”
3 As discussed in detail later in this report, each Congress covers a two-year period,
generally composed of two sessions.
4 An opinion by Attorney General William Wirt in 1823 concerning the meaning of the word
“happen” in the clause provides one example. (The clause states, “[t]he President shall have
Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting
Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session” [Article 2, Section 2, cl.
3].) In part, he stated, “The substantial purpose of the constitution was to keep these offices
filled; and the powers adequate to this purpose were intended to be conveyed.” 1 Op. A.G.
at 632.
5 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, 2007-2008 Official Congressional Directory
110th Congress, S. Pub. 110-13, 110th Cong. (Washington: GPO, 2007), pp. 516-520.
6 Information was obtained from news releases from the White House website, available at
[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/], the White House Executive Clerk, and the Legislative
Information System (LIS) nominations database, available at [http://www.congress.gov/

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CRS-2
descriptive statistics regarding these appointments are also provided. Additional
information concerning recess appointment practice, judicial recess appointments,
and legal issues related to recess appointments may be found in other CRS reports.7
As of October 31, 2008, President Bush had made 171 recess appointments.
President William J. Clinton, in comparison, made a total of 139 recess appointments
during the course of his presidency. Of President Bush’s 171 recess appointments,
99 were to full-time positions, and the remaining 72 were to part-time positions.
Table 1 provides the number of recess appointments in each of these categories for
each year of the Bush presidency. In general, the top leadership positions in the
federal government are full-time positions to which appointments are made through
the advice and consent process. For example, among the full-time offices to which
President Bush made recess appointments, five were deputy secretary positions and
two were federal appeals court judgeships. Part-time positions can also be vested
with statutory policy-making authority that can have broad impact. The members of
the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission, who received recess
appointments from President Bush, could be considered among the positions in this
category.
Table 1. Recess Appointments by President George W. Bush to
Full- and Part-Time Positions, January 20, 2001-
October 31, 2008
Positions
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008a
Total
Full-time
1
19
14
30
8
23
4
0
99
Part-time
0
3
24
15
13
17
0
0
72
Total
1
22
38
45
21
40
4
0
171
Sources: Table developed by the Congressional Research Service using data obtained from news
releases from the White House website, available at [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/]; the White
House Executive Clerk; and the Legislative Information System (LIS) nominations database, available
at [http://www.congress.gov/nomis/], accessed on October 31, 2008.
a. Through October 31.
The text of the Constitution states that the President has the authority to exercise
this power during “the Recess of the Senate.”8 The precise meaning of that phrase
has been a matter of some debate related to two types of congressional recess. The
Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution provides that Congress will meet annually
6 (...continued)
nomis/].
7 For information on recess appointments generally, see CRS Report RS21308, Recess
Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions, by Henry B. Hogue. For information on related
legal issues, see CRS Report RL32971, Judicial Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview,
and CRS Report RL33009, Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview, both by T.J. Halstead.
8 Article 2, § 2, cl. 3.

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CRS-3
on January 3, “unless they shall by law appoint a different day.”9 In recent decades,
each Congress has consisted of two 9-12 month sessions separated by an intersession
recess. The period between the second session of one Congress and the first session
of the following Congress is also referred to as an intersession recess. Within each
of the sessions, Congress has typically adjourned for 5-11 intrasession recesses of
four days or longer, usually in conjunction with national holidays.
Some scholars have asserted that recess appointments may be made only during
intersession recesses.10 Others take a broader view of the meaning of “Recess” as
used in the recess appointments clause and assert that the President may also make
recess appointments during intrasession recesses.11 Notwithstanding the ongoing
discourse in this area, recent Presidents have made recess appointments during both
kinds of recesses. Of the 171 recess appointments by President Bush, as of October
31, 2008, 30 were intersession recess appointments and 141 were intrasession recess
appointments. (See Table 2.)
In 165 of the 171 cases in which President Bush made a recess appointment, by
October 31, 2008, the individuals were also nominated to the position to which they
had been appointed.12 Table 2 shows the disposition of these cases. In 162 of these
165 cases, the individuals being appointed had previously been nominated to the
position. In three additional cases, the individuals were first nominated to the
position after the recess appointment.
Of the 165 cases in which the President submitted a nomination for the recess
appointee, as of October 31, 2008, 95 had resulted in confirmation, 6 were pending
in the Senate, and the remaining 64 had failed to be confirmed. In 31 of these 64
cases, the President withdrew the nominations of the appointees. In the remaining
33 cases, the nominations were returned to the President. Table 2 shows the
disposition of these cases.
As Table 2 shows, nearly all of President Bush’s recess appointments, as of
October 31, 2008, had been to positions in the executive branch. Six of the 171
appointments had been to positions in the judicial branch. Two of these — those of
Charles W. Pickering and William H. Pryor — were to federal judgeships. The
remaining four were to full- and part-time membership positions on the United States
Sentencing Commission.13
9 U.S. Constitution, 20th Amend., § 2.
10 See, for example, Michael B. Rappaport, “The Original Meaning of the Recess
Appointments Clause,” UCLA Law Review, vol. 52, June 2005, p. 1487.
11 See, for example, Edward A. Hartnett, “Recess Appointments of Article III Judges: Three
Constitutional Questions,” Cardozo Law Review, vol. 26, January 2005, p. 377.
12 The remaining 6 of the 171 recess appointees had not been nominated, by October 31,
2008, to the positions to which they had been appointed.
13 The chair and three vice chairs are full-time positions; the remaining member slots are
part-time positions.

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CRS-4
Table 2. Summary Information Concerning Recess
Appointments by President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001-
October 31, 2008
Total Number of Recess Appointments
171
Appointments during intersession recesses — between sessions of Congress
30
Appointments during intrasession recesses — within sessions of Congress
141
Appointments to executive branch positions
165
Appointments to judicial branch positions
6
Recess appointments for which a nomination was made by
165
October 31, 2008
Nomination timing
Recess appointments preceded by nomination
162
Recess appointments followed by nomination
3
Nomination disposition as of October 31, 2008a
Resulted in confirmation
95
Pending in the Senate
6
Withdrawn by the President
31
Returned to the President
33
Sources: Table developed by the Congressional Research Service using data obtained from news
releases from the White House website, available at [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/]; the White
House Executive Clerk; and the Legislative Information System (LIS) nominations database, available
at [http://www.congress.gov/nomis/].
a. The number shown is the number of cases, rather than the number of nominations. Some recess
appointments were associated with more than one nomination. For example, the President
usually submits a new nomination of an individual after the Senate reconvenes following his or
her recess appointment in order to comply with 5 U.S.C. § 5503. For more information, see
CRS Report RS21308, Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions, by Henry B. Hogue.
In 17 of the 162 cases in which the President had previously submitted a
nomination to the Senate, the nominations had been under Senate consideration for
more than a year at the time of the recess appointment. In 25 cases, the nominations
had been under Senate consideration for less than a month at the time of the recess
appointment. The elapsed times between initial nomination and recess appointment
ranged from five days to 965 days (approximately 32 months).14 The mean elapsed
14 Beryl A. Howell and John R. Steer were recess-appointed to be members of the United
States Sentencing Commission five days after their initial nominations to those positions.
(Steer was also designated as the organization’s vice chair.) Charles W. Pickering was
recess-appointed to be a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 965 days
after his first nomination to that position.

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CRS-5
time for the 162 cases in which a nomination preceded the recess appointment was
184 days. The median elapsed time was 161 days (between five and six months).15
As previously noted, until the beginning of the 20th century, the Senate was, on
average, in session for less than half the year. In recent decades, by contrast, the
Senate has been in session through most of the year, but has taken a series of recesses
within each session. As a result, recent recesses of the Senate, which have occurred
both within and between sessions, have been generally shorter than were the recesses
of earlier times, which occurred chiefly between sessions.16
The Recess Appointments Clause does not specify the length of time that the
Senate must be in recess before the President may make a recess appointment. Over
the last century, as shorter recesses have become more commonplace, Attorneys
General and the Office of Legal Counsel have offered differing views on this issue.
In 1993, a Department of Justice brief implied that the President may make a recess
appointment during a recess of more than three days.17 It stated, “The Constitution
restricts the Senate’s ability to adjourn its session for more than three days without
obtaining the consent of the House of Representatives.... It might be argued that this
means that the Framers did not consider one, two and three day recesses to be
constitutionally significant.”
It has become commonplace for Presidents to make recess appointments during
recesses of less than 30 days. Between January 20, 1981, the beginning of the
Reagan presidency, and October 31, 2008,18 it appears that the shortest intersession
recess during which a President made a recess appointment was 10 days,19 and the
15 Two measures of central tendency are presented here: the mean, or average, and the
median. The mean is the more familiar measure, and it was calculated by adding together
the elapsed times for all of the cases and dividing the resulting sum by the total number of
cases (162 — each appointment that had been preceded by a nomination is a case in this
instance). The median is the middle number in a set of observations (or, in this case,
because of an even number of observations, the average of the two middle numbers). In data
sets, such as this one, where the data are skewed because of a limited number of extreme
values, the median is often considered to be the more accurate of the two measures of central
tendency.
16 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, 2007-2008 Official Congressional Directory
110th Congress, S. Pub. 110-13, 110th Cong. (Washington: GPO), pp. 516-532.
17 Mackie v. Clinton, Civil Action 93-0032-LFO, July 2, 1993, p. 25. The constitutional
provision to which the brief refers states, “Neither House, during the Session of the
Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to
any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.”
18 This is the period for which comprehensive data on recesses during which recess
appointments have been made are readily available.
19 President Ronald W. Reagan recess appointed John C. Miller to be a member of the
National Labor Relations Board on December 23, 1982, during a recess that began that day
and lasted until the Senate reconvened on January 3, 1983. (U.S. President (Reagan),
“Digest of Other White House Announcements,” Weekly Compilation of Presidential
Documents, vol. 18, December 23, 1982, p. 1662.) Ten days elapsed between these two
(continued...)

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CRS-6
shortest intrasession recess during which a President made a recess appointment was
nine days.20
On November 16, 2007, the Senate Majority Leader announced that the Senate
would “be coming in for pro forma sessions during the Thanksgiving holiday to
prevent recess appointments.”21 The Senate recessed later that day and pro forma
meetings22 were convened on November 20, 23, 27, and 29, with no business
conducted. The Senate next conducted business after reconvening on December 3,
2007. The President made no recess appointments during that period. On December
19, 2007, the Senate Majority Leader announced that similar pro forma meetings
would be held in the following days, again for the purpose of preventing the
President from making recess appointments.23 Later that day, the Senate agreed, by
unanimous consent, to hold a series of pro forma meetings until sine die adjournment
of the first session, and to hold another series beginning with the convening of the
second session.24 The Senate recessed on December 19, 2007, and pro forma
meetings were held on December 21, 23, 26, 28, and 31. The Senate adjourned sine
die on December 31, 2007. On January 3, 2008, the Senate convened its second
session, but no other business was conducted. Pro forma meetings of the Senate were
held on January 7, 9, 11, 15, and 18. On January 22, the Senate reconvened and
conducted business. The President made no recess appointments between December
19, 2007, and January 22, 2008.
Similar procedures were followed during other periods, in 2008, that would
otherwise have been Senate recesses of a week or longer in duration.25 On September
19 (...continued)
dates.
20 On May 31, 1996, President William J. Clinton recess appointed Johnny H. Hayes to be
a member of the Tennessee Valley Authority. (U.S. President (Clinton), “Digest of Other
White House Announcements,” Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 32,
May 31, 1996, p. 980.) The Senate had adjourned on May 24, 1996, and reconvened on
June 3. Nine days elapsed between these two days.
21 Sen. Harry Reid, “Recess Appointments,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record,
daily edition, vol. 153, November 16, 2007, p. S14609.
22 A pro forma session is a short meeting of the House or Senate during which it is
understood that no business will be conducted.
23 Sen. Harry Reid, “Order of Business,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily
edition, vol. 153, December 19, 2007, p. S15980.
24 Sen. Harry Reid, “Order of Procedure,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record,
daily edition, vol. 153, December 19, 2007, p. S16069.
25 See Sen. Harry Reid, “Order of Procedure,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record,
daily edition, vol. 154, February 14, 2008, p. S1085; Sen. Harry Reid, “Order of Procedure,”
remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 154, March 14, 2008, p.
S219; Sen. Harry Reid, “Orders of Procedure,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional
Record, daily edition, vol. 154, May 22, 2008, p. S4849; Sen. Carl Levin, “Orders for
Monday, June 30, and Monday July 7,2008,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record,
daily edition, vol. 154, June 27, 2008, p. S6336; and Sen. Harry Reid, “Order for Pro Forma
(continued...)

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CRS-7
17, 2008, the Senate Majority Leader announced, with regard to the Senate, “We are
going to have to get some committee hearings underway, which is why we are not
going to adjourn. We will be in pro forma session so committees can still meet,
though we won’t have any activities here on the floor as relates to these markets.”26
On October 2, 2008, the Senate agreed, by unanimous consent, to hold a series of pro
forma meetings between that date and November 17, 2008, when they would
reconvene and conduct business.27
Table 3 identifies, for the period from January 20, 2001, to October 31, 2008,
(1) each intersession recess; (2) each intrasession recess of four or more days; (3) the
dates the Senate adjourned for, and reconvened from, each of these recesses; (4) the
number of days between those two dates; and (5) the number of recess appointments
made by the President during these days. The duration of the recesses in which
President Bush made recess appointments ranged from 10 to 47 days. The average
(mean) duration was 25 days, and the median duration was 26 days.
As of October 31, 2008, the elapsed time between the recess appointment and
the reconvening of the Senate ranged from one day to 36 days. The average elapsed
time was 14 days, and the median elapsed time was 11 days. President Bush made
29 recess appointments three days or less before the end of the recess. He made 50
recess appointments 21 or more days before the end of the recess.
The individual recess appointments are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Table 4
provides, for each appointment to a full-time position, the name of the appointee, the
position to which he or she was appointed, and the date on which the appointment
was made. Table 5 provides the same information for appointments to part-time
positions. For both tables, entries in bold are recess appointments that were made
during a recess within a session of Congress (intrasession recess appointments). All
other entries are recess appointments that were made during a recess between
Congresses or between sessions of Congress (intersession recess appointments).
25 (...continued)
Sessions,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 154, August 1,
2008, p. S8077.
26 Sen. Harry Reid, “The Economy,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily
edition, vol. 154, September 17, 2008, p. S8907.
27 Sen. Carl Levin, “Orders for Monday, October 6, 2008, through Monday, November 17,
2008,” remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 154, October 2,
2008, p. S10504.

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CRS-8
Table 3. Senate Intersession Recesses, Intrasession Recesses
of Four or More Days, and Numbers of Recess Appointments,
January 20, 2001-October 31, 2008
Number of days
Number of recess
Date adjourned
Date reconvened
adjourned a
appointments
(The first session of the 107th Congress convened on 01/03/01. The Senate adjourned on
01/08/01 and reconvened on 01/20/01.)
02/15/01
02/26/01
10
0
04/06/01
04/23/01
16
0
05/26/01
06/05/01
9
0
06/29/01
07/09/01
9
0
08/03/01
09/04/01
31
1
10/18/01
10/23/01
4
0
11/16/01
11/27/01
10
0
The Senate adjourned sine die on 12/20/01. The second session of the
9
107th Congress convened 01/23/02. The intersession (period between
these two dates) was 33 days long. a
01/29/02
02/04/02
5
0
02/15/02
02/25/02
9
0
03/22/02
04/08/02
16
5
05/23/02
06/03/02
10
0
06/28/02
07/08/02
9
0
08/01/02
09/03/02
32
7
The Senate adjourned sine die on 11/20/02. The first session of the
1
108th Congress convened on 01/07/03. The intersession (period
between these two dates) was 47 days long. a
02/14/03
02/24/03
9
0
04/11/03
04/28/03
16
11
05/23/03
06/02/03
9
0
06/27/03
07/07/03
9
0
08/01/03
09/02/03
31
15
10/03/03
10/14/03
10
0
11/25/03
12/09/03
13
0

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CRS-9
Number of days
Number of recess
Date adjourned
Date reconvened
adjourned a
appointments
The Senate adjourned sine die on 12/09/03. The second session of the
13
108th Congress convened 01/20/04. The intersession (period between
these two dates) was 41 days long. a
02/12/04
02/23/04
10
1
03/12/04
03/22/04
9
0
04/08/04
04/19/04
10
4
05/21/04
06/01/04
10
12
06/09/04
06/14/04
4
0
06/25/04
07/06/04
10
4
07/22/04
09/07/04
46
20
10/11/04
11/16/04
35
2
11/24/04
12/07/04
12
0
The Senate adjourned sine die on 12/08/04. The first session of the
1
109th Congress convened on 01/04/05. The intersession (period
between these two dates) was 26 days long. a
01/06/05
01/20/05
13
4
01/26/05
01/31/05
4
0
02/18/05
02/28/05
9
0
03/20/05
04/04/05
14
10
04/29/05
05/09/05
9
0
05/26/05
06/06/05
10
0
07/01/05
07/11/05
9
0
07/29/05
09/01/05
33
7
09/01/05
09/06/05
4
0
10/07/05
10/17/05
9
0
11/18/05
12/12/05
23
0
The Senate adjourned sine die on 12/22/05. The second session of the
0
109th Congress convened on 01/03/06. The intersession (period
between these two dates) was 11 days long. a
01/03/06
01/18/06
14
21
02/17/06
02/27/06
9
0
03/16/06
03/27/06
10
0
04/07/06
04/24/06
16
8
05/26/06
06/05/06
9
0

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CRS-10
Number of days
Number of recess
Date adjourned
Date reconvened
adjourned a
appointments
06/29/06
07/10/06
10
0
08/04/06
09/05/06
31
3
09/30/06
11/09/06
39
2
11/16/06
12/04/06
17
0
The Senate adjourned sine die on December 9, 2006. The first session
6
of the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007. The intersession
(period between these two dates) was 25 days long. a
02/17/07
02/26/07
8
0
03/29/07
04/10/07
11
4
05/25/07
06/04/07
9
0
06/29/07
07/09/07
9
0
08/03/07
09/04/07
31
0
10/05/07
10/15/07
9
0
The Senate adjourned sine die on December 31, 2007. The second
0
session of the 110th Congress convened on January 3, 2008. The
intersession (period between these two dates) was 2 days long. a
Source: Table created by the Congressional Research Service using data from the Congressional
Record.
a. The entries for the number of days adjourned include all days between the day the Senate adjourns
and the day it reconvenes. They do not include the days of adjournment or reconvening because
the Senate is able to act on nominations on these days.

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CRS-11
Table 4. Recess Appointments to Full-Time Positions by
President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001-
October 31, 2008a
(Intrasession appointments bolded)
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
Peter J. Hurtgen
Member (designated Chairman), National
8/31/2001
Labor Relations Board
John Magaw
Under Secretary — Security, Department of
1/7/2002
Transportation
Otto J. Reich
Assistant Secretary — Western Hemisphere
1/11/2002
Affairs, Department of State
Eugene Scalia
Solicitor, Department of Labor
1/11/2002
Michael J. Bartlett
Member, National Labor Relations Board
1/22/2002
William B. Cowen
Member, National Labor Relations Board
1/22/2002
Cynthia A. Glassman
Member, Securities and Exchange Commission
1/22/2002
Isaac C. Hunt Jr.
Member, Securities and Exchange Commission
1/22/2002
JoAnn Johnson
Board Member, National Credit Union
1/22/2002
Administration
Deborah Matz
Board Member, National Credit Union
1/22/2002
Administration
Emil H. Frankel
Assistant Secretary — Transportation
3/29/2002
Policy, Department of Transportation
Gerald Reynolds
Assistant Secretary — Civil Rights,
3/29/2002
Department of Education
Dennis L. Schornack
Commissioner on the Part of the United
3/29/2002
States, International Joint Commission,
United States and Canada
Jeffrey Shane
Associate Deputy Secretary, Department of
3/29/2002
Transportation
Michael E. Toner
Member, Federal Election Commission
3/29/2002
Thomas C. Dorr
Under Secretary — Rural Development,
8/6/2002
Department of Agriculture
Tony Hammond
Commissioner, Postal Rate Commission
8/6/2002
Susanne T. Marshall
Chairman, Merit Systems Protection Board
8/6/2002
W. Scott Railton
Member (designated Chairman),
8/6/2002
Occupational Safety and Health Review
Commission
Ellen L. Weintraub
Member, Federal Election Commission
12/6/2002
Naomi C. Earp
Member (designated Vice Chairman), Equal
4/22/2003
Employment Opportunity Commission
Peter Eide
General Counsel, Federal Labor Relations
4/22/2003
Authority
April H. Foley
Board Member, Export-Import Bank
4/22/2003

---

CRS-12
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
R. Bruce Matthews
Member, Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety
4/22/2003
Board
Neil McPhie
Member (designated Vice Chairman), Merit
4/22/2003
Systems Protection Board
Stanley C. Suboleski
Member, Federal Mine Health and Safety
4/22/2003
Review Commission
A. Paul Anderson
Commissioner, Federal Maritime
8/22/2003
Commission
Charlotte A. Lane
Member, United States International Trade
8/22/2003
Commission
Daniel Pearson
Member, United States International Trade
8/22/2003
Commission
John P. Woodley Jr.
Assistant Secretary — Civil Works,
8/22/2003
Department of the Army
Clark K. Ervin
Inspector General, Department of Homeland
12/23/2003
Security
Robert Lerner
Commissioner — Education Statistics,
12/23/2003
Department of Education
Ronald E. Meisburg
Member, National Labor Relations Board
12/23/2003
Raymond Simon
Assistant Secretary — Elementary and
12/23/2003
Secondary Education, Department of
Education
Charles W. Pickering
Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth
1/16/2004
Circuit
William H. Pryor
Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the
2/20/2004
Eleventh Circuit
Linda M. Combs
Assistant Secretary — Budget and
4/16/2004
Programs, Department of Transportation
Linda M. Conlin
Board Member, Export-Import Bank
4/16/2004
Eugene Hickok
Deputy Secretary, Department of Education
4/16/2004
Edward R.
Under Secretary, Department of Education
4/18/2004
McPherson
Romolo A. Bernardi
Deputy Secretary, Department of Housing
5/28/2004
and Urban Development
Charles Johnson
Chief Financial Officer, Environmental
5/28/2004
Protection Agency
Ann R. Klee
Assistant Administrator (General Counsel),
5/28/2004
Environmental Protection Agency
Cathy M.
Assistant Secretary — Public Affairs,
5/28/2004
MacFarlane
Department of Housing and Urban
Development
Dennis C. Shea
Assistant Secretary — Policy Development
5/28/2004
and Research, Department of Housing and
Urban Development

---

CRS-13
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
Deborah A. Spagnoli
Commissioner, U.S. Parole Commission
5/28/2004
Kirk Van Tine
Deputy Secretary, Department of
5/28/2004
Transportation
Sue Ellen
Solicitor, Department of the Interior
5/28/2004
Wooldridge
Michael D.
Assistant Secretary — Communications and
7/2/2004
Gallagher
Information, Department of Commerce
Theodore W.
Deputy Secretary, Department of
7/2/2004
Kassinger
Commerce
Carin M. Barth
Chief Financial Officer, Department of
8/2/2004
Housing and Urban Development
Jonathan W. Dudas
Under Secretary — Intellectual Property/
8/2/2004
Director — U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office, Department of Commerce
Albert A. Frink Jr.
Assistant Secretary — Manufacturing and
8/2/2004
Services, Department of Commerce
Susan J. Grant
Chief Financial Officer, Department of
8/2/2004
Energy
Ricardo H. Hinojosa
Chairman, United States Sentencing
8/2/2004
Commission
Stephen L. Johnson
Deputy Administrator, Environmental
8/2/2004
Protection Agency
James R. Kunder
Assistant Administrator — Bureau for Asia
8/2/2004
and the Near East, U.S. Agency for
International Development
John D. Rood
Ambassador, Commonwealth of the
8/2/2004
Bahamas
Charles G.
Ambassador, State of Qatar
8/2/2004
Untermeyer
Gary L. Visscher
Member, Chemical Safety and Hazard
8/2/2004
Investigation Board
Aldona Wos
Ambassador, Republic of Estonia
8/2/2004
Deborah P. Majoras
Commissioner (designated Chairman),
8/16/2004
Federal Trade Commission
Jon D. Leibowitz
Commissioner, Federal Trade Commission
9/1/2004
Ronald Rosenfeld
Director (designated Chairman), Federal
12/14/2004
Housing Finance Board
Gregory B. Jaczko
Member, Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1/19/2005
Peter B. Lyons
Member, Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1/19/2005
Michael W. Wynne
Under Secretary — Acquisition, Technology
4/1/2005
and Logistics, Department of Defense
John R. Bolton
Representative of the U.S. to the United
8/1/2005
Nations

---

CRS-14
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
Peter C. W. Flory
Assistant Secretary — International
8/2/2005
Security Policy, Department of Defense
Eric S. Edelman
Under Secretary — Policy, Department of
8/9/2005
Defense
Alice S. Fisher
Assistant Attorney General — Criminal
8/31/2005
Division, Department of Justice
Peter Schaumber
Member, National Labor Relations Board
8/31/2005
Gordon England
Deputy Secretary of Defense
1/4/2006
Tracy A. Henke
Executive Director — Office of State and
1/4/2006
Local Government Coordination and
Preparedness, Department of Homeland
Security
Peter N. Kirsanow
Member, National Labor Relations Board
1/4/2006
Robert D. Lenhard
Member, Federal Election Commission
1/4/2006
Ronald E. Meisburg
General Counsel, National Labor Relations
1/4/2006
Board
Julie L. Myers
Assistant Secretary — Bureau of
1/4/2006
Immigration and Customs Enforcement,
Department of Homeland Security
Benjamin A. Powell
General Counsel, Office of the Director of
1/4/2006
National Intelligence
Arthur F. Rosenfeld
Director, Federal Mediation and
1/4/2006
Conciliation Service
Ellen R. Sauerbrey
Assistant Secretary — Population,
1/4/2006
Refugees, and Migration, Department of
State
Dorrance Smith
Assistant Secretary — Public Affairs,
1/4/2006
Department of Defense
Hans von Spakovsky
Member, Federal Election Commission
1/4/2006
Steven T. Walther
Member, Federal Election Commission
1/4/2006
Steven K. Mullins
U.S. Attorney, District of South Dakota
1/9/2006
C. Boyden Gray
Ambassador, European Union
1/17/2006
Dennis P. Walsh
Member, National Labor Relations Board
1/17/2006
Bertha K. Madras
Deputy Director — Demand Reduction,
4/19/2006
Office of National Drug Control Policy
James F. X. O’Gara
Deputy Director — Supply Reduction,
4/19/2006
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Paul DeCamp
Administrator — Wage and Hour Division,
8/31/2006
Department of Labor
Michael F. Duffy
Member (designated Chairman), Federal
8/31/2006
Mine Safety and Health Review
Commission
Daniel Meron
General Counsel, Department of Health and
8/31/2006
Human Services

---

CRS-15
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
Richard E. Stickler
Assistant Secretary - Mine Safety and
10/19/2006
Health Administration, Department of
Labor
John R. Steer
Member (designated Vice Chair), United
12/12/2006
States Sentencing Commission
Wayne C. Beyer
Member, Federal Labor Relations Authority
12/20/2006
Andrew G. Biggs
Deputy Commissioner, Social Security
04/04/2007
Administration
Susan E. Dudley
Administrator - Office of Information and
04/04/2007
Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management
and Budget
Sam Fox
Ambassador, Belgium
04/04/2007
Carol W. Pope
Member, Federal Labor Relations
04/04/2007
Authority
Sources: Table created by the Congressional Research Service using data from various volumes of
the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents; the Senate nominations database of the
Legislative Information System, found at [http://www.congress.gov/nomis/], accessed October 31,
2008; White House press releases, found at [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/], accessed October 31,
2008; and telephone conversations with the White House Executive Clerk’s Office.
a. This table covers the period from the day President Bush took office until October 31, 2008.
Entries in bold are recess appointments that were made during a recess within a session of
Congress (intrasession recess appointments). All other entries are recess appointments that
were made during a recess between Congresses or between sessions of Congress (intersession
recess appointments).

---

CRS-16
Table 5. Recess Appointments to Part-Time Positions by
President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001-
October 31, 2008a
(Intrasession appointments bolded)
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
Albert Casey
Governor, United States Postal Service
8/6/2002
Thomas C. Dorr
Board Member, Commodity Credit
8/6/2002
Corporation
Cheryl F. Halpern
Board Member, Corporation for Public
8/6/2002
Broadcasting
Lillian R. BeVier
Board Member, Legal Services Corporation
4/22/2003
Thomas A. Fuentes
Board Member, Legal Services Corporation
4/22/2003
James C. Miller III
Governor, United States Postal Service
4/22/2003
William A. Schambra
Board Member, Corporation for National
4/22/2003
and Community Service
Donna N. Williams
Board Member, Corporation for National
4/22/2003
and Community Service
Ephraim Batambuze
Board Member, African Development
8/22/2003
Foundation
David W. Fleming
Member (public) — Board of Trustees,
8/22/2003
James Madison Memorial Fellowship
Foundation
Jose A. Fourquet
Board Member, Inter-American Foundation
8/22/2003
Adolfo A. Franco
Board Member (government representative),
8/22/2003
Inter-American Foundation
Jay P. Greene
Member (academic) — Board of Trustees,
8/22/2003
James Madison Memorial Fellowship
Foundation
Walter H. Kansteiner
Board Member, African Development
8/22/2003
Foundation
Patrick L. McCrory
Member — Board of Trustees, Harry S.
8/22/2003
Truman Scholarship Foundation
Roger F. Noriega
Board Member (government representative),
8/22/2003
Inter-American Foundation
John R. Petrocik
Member (academic) — Board of Trustees,
8/22/2003
James Madison Memorial Fellowship
Foundation
Daniel Pipes
Board Member, United States Institute of
8/22/2003
Peace
Juanita A. Vasquez-
Member — Board of Trustees, Harry S.
8/22/2003
Gardner
Truman Scholarship Foundation
Bradley D. Belt
Member, Social Security Advisory Board
12/23/2003
Cynthia Boich
Board Member, Corporation for National and
12/23/2003
Community Service
Albert Casey
Governor, United States Postal Service
12/23/2003

---

CRS-17
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
Gay Hart Gaines
Board Member, Corporation for Public
12/23/2003
Broadcasting
Dorothy A. Johnson
Board Member, Corporation for National and
12/23/2003
Community Service
Henry Lozano
Board Member, Corporation for National and
12/23/2003
Community Service
Claudia Puig
Board Member, Corporation for Public
12/23/2003
Broadcasting
Fayza V. B. Rodman
Member, Broadcasting Board of Governors
12/23/2003
Edward Brehm
Board Member (designated Chairperson),
5/28/2004
African Development Foundation
Adam M. Lindemann
Member, Advisory Board for Cuba
5/28/2004
Broadcasting
Kiron K. Skinner
Member, National Security Education Board
5/28/2004
Juanita A. Vasquez-
Member — Board of Trustees, Harry S.
5/28/2004
Gardner
Truman Scholarship Foundation
Floyd Hall
Member, Reform Board (Amtrak)
7/2/2004
Jack E. McGregor
Member — Advisory Board, Saint Lawrence
7/2/2004
Seaway Development Corporation
Nadine Hogan
Board Member (designated Vice Chairman
8/2/2004
[private representative]), Inter-American
Foundation
Paul Jones
Member, Internal Revenue Service Oversight
8/2/2004
Board
Enrique J. Sosa
Member, Reform Board (Amtrak)
8/2/2004
Jack Vaughn
Board Member (private representative),
8/2/2004
Inter-American Foundation
Richard K. Wagner
Member — Advisory Board, National
8/2/2004
Institute for Literacy
Scott K. Walker
Member — Advisory Board, Saint Lawrence
8/2/2004
Seaway Development Corporation
Roger W. Wallace
Board Member, (designated Chairman
8/2/2004
[private representative]), Inter-American
Foundation
Carolyn L. Gallagher
Governor, United States Postal Service
11/3/2004
Louis J. Giuliano
Governor, United States Postal Service
11/3/2004
Adolfo A. Franco
Board Member (government representative),
1/19/2005
Inter-American Foundation
Roger F. Noriega
Board Member (government representative),
1/19/2005
Inter-American Foundation
James H. Bilbray
Member, Defense Base Closure and
4/1/2005
Realignment Commission
Philip Coyle
Member, Defense Base Closure and
4/1/2005
Realignment Commission

---

CRS-18
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
Harold W. Gehman
Member, Defense Base Closure and
4/1/2005
Jr.
Realignment Commission
James V. Hansen
Member, Defense Base Closure and
4/1/2005
Realignment Commission
James T. Hill
Member, Defense Base Closure and
4/1/2005
Realignment Commission
Lloyd W. Newton
Member, Defense Base Closure and
4/1/2005
Realignment Commission
Anthony J. Principi
Member (designated Chairman), Defense
4/1/2005
Base Closure and Realignment Commission
Samuel K. Skinner
Member, Defense Base Closure and
4/1/2005
Realignment Commission
Sue Ellen Turner
Member, Defense Base Closure and
4/1/2005
Realignment Commission
John R. Bolton
Representative of the U.S. in the United
8/1/2005
Nations Security Council
John R. Bolton
Representative of the U.S. to Sessions of the
8/1/2005
United Nations General Assembly
Stephen Goldsmith
Board Member, Corporation for National
1/4/2006
and Community Service
Floyd Hall
Member, Reform Board (Amtrak)
1/4/2006
Nadine Hogan
Board Member (designated Vice Chairman
1/4/2006
[private representative]), Inter-American
Foundation
Enrique J. Sosa
Member, Reform Board (Amtrak)
1/4/2006
Roger W. Wallace
Board Member (designated Chairman
1/4/2006
[private representative]), Inter-American
Foundation
John Gardner
Governor, United States Postal Service
1/6/2006
John L. Palmer
Member, Board of Trustees of the Federal
4/19/2006
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust
Fund and the Federal Disability Trust Fund
John L. Palmer
Member, Board of Trustees of the Federal
4/19/2006
Hospital Insurance Trust Fund
John L. Palmer
Member, Board of Trustees of the
4/19/2006
Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust
Fund
Thomas R. Saving
Member, Board of Trustees of the Federal
4/19/2006
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust
Fund and the Federal Disability Trust Fund
Thomas R. Saving
Member, Board of Trustees of the Federal
4/19/2006
Hospital Insurance Trust Fund
Thomas R. Saving
Member, Board of Trustees of the
4/19/2006
Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust
Fund

---

CRS-19
Appointment
Recess appointee
Position
date
Jeffrey R. Brown
Member, Social Security Advisory Board
10/19/2006
Dabney L. Friedrich
Member, United States Sentencing Commission
12/12/2006
Beryl A. Howell
Member, United States Sentencing Commission
12/12/2006
Warren Bell
Board Member, Corporation for Public
12/20/2006
Broadcasting
Mark McKinnon
Member, Board of Broadcasting Governors
12/20/2006
Sources: Table created by the Congressional Research Service using data from various volumes of
the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents; the Senate nominations database of the
Legislative Information System, found at [http://www.congress.gov/nomis/], accessed October 31,
2008; White House press releases, found at [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/], accessed October 31,
2008; and telephone conversations with the White House Executive Clerk’s Office.
a. This table covers the period from the day President Bush took office until October 31, 2008.
Entries in bold are recess appointments that were made during a recess within a session of
Congress (intrasession recess appointments). All other entries are recess appointments that
were made during a recess between Congresses or between sessions of Congress (intersession
recess appointments).

---