Order Code 97-765 A
Updated August 29, 2008
The Buy American Act: Requiring
Government Procurements to Come from
Domestic Sources
John R. Luckey
Legislative Attorney
American Law Division
Summary
The Buy American Act is the major domestic preference statute governing
procurement by the federal government. Essentially it attempts to protect domestic labor
by providing a preference for American goods in government purchases. It was enacted
in 1933 and has only been substantively amended four times in the succeeding years.
In determining what are American goods, the place of mining, production, or
manufacture is controlling. The nationality of the contractor is not considered when
determining if a product is of domestic origin.
In the 110th Congress a new reporting requirement was added to the Buy American
Act. Under P.L. 110-28, the head of each federal agency is required to annually report
to Congress concerning procurements from non-domestic sources. While there are
several bills that have been introduced in the 110th Congress which contain domestic
content provisions, S. 581, The Buy American Improvement Act of 2007, is the only one
which would directly amend the Buy American Act. This bill would make statutory the
definition of “American made,” increase the domestic content requirement from 50%
to 75%, and place limits upon the “inconsistent with the public interest” and “use
outside of the United States” exceptions to the act.
The Buy American Act1 is the major domestic preference statute governing
procurement by the federal government.2 Essentially, it attempts to protect domestic labor
1 41 U.S.C. §§ 10a through 10d.
2 There are numerous “little Buy American” provisions which generally govern specific types of
procurements that are for some reason exempt from the Buy American Act, usually because the
procurement is for articles for use outside of the United States. These provisions are beyond the
scope of this paper, but should be considered when researching whether or not a domestic
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by providing a preference for American goods in government purchases. It was enacted
in 19333 and has only been substantively amended four times in the succeeding years.4
In determining what are American goods, the place of mining, production, or manufacture
is controlling. The nationality of the contractor is not considered when determining if a
product is of domestic origin.5
While the act appears to control most procurements of the federal government, it
should be noted, when considering a particular procurement, that the application of the
act may be controlled by other legislation or international agreement. For example, the
Trade Agreements Act of 19796 authorizes the President to waive any otherwise
applicable “law, regulation or procedure regarding Government procurement” that would
accord foreign products less favorable treatment than that given to domestic products.7
Article 1004 of The North American Free Trade Agreement (between the United States,
Mexico, and Canada) disallows domestic protection legislation, such as the Buy-
American Act, in government procurement. Other treaties and agreements also place
limitations on the application of the act and must be considered when looking at any Buy
American question.
Coverage of the Buy American Act
The domestic preference requirement of the act is quite broad in its scope. The
federal government is required to buy domestic “articles, materials, and supplies” when
they are acquired for public use unless a specific exemption8 applies.9
2 (...continued)
preference affects a particular procurement. These provisions are often attached to the
appropriations acts for the agencies making the procurement in question. The most well known
of these Acts is commonly referred to as the “Berry Amendment” and applies to certain
procurements of the Department of Defense, see, CRS Report RL31236, The Berry Amendment:
Requiring Defense Procurement To Come From Domestic Sources, by Valerie Grasso. There
have been several such proposals introduced in the 110th Congress.
3 Ch. 212, 47 Stat. 1520, 72nd Congress, 2nd Session. (1933).
4 See, P.L. 100-418, Title VII; 102 Stat. 1545, 100th Congress, 2nd Session (1988), P.L. 103-355,
108 Stat. 3346-7, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session (1994), codified at 41 U.S.C. 10a., P.L. 104-201,
§ 827, 110 Stat. 2611 104th Congress, 2nd Session (1996), codified at 41 U.S.C. 10b-3, and P.L.
110-28, Title VIII, § 8306, 121 Stat. 112, 211, 110th Congress, 1st Session (2007), codified at 41
U.S.C. 10a(b).
5 See, E-Systems, Inc., 61 Comp. Gen. 431 (1982); and Patterson Pump Co., B-200165, 80-2 CPD
¶ 453 (1980).
6 19 U.S.C. §§ 2501 et seq.
7 19 U.S.C. § 2511. This provision was implemented by E.O. 12260, 46 Fed. Reg. 1653 (1981).
See, also, FAR § 25.4.
8 See discussion below.
9 41 U.S.C. §§ 10a & 10b. The act applies to leases as well as purchases. National Office
Equipment Co., B-191003, 78-1 CPD ¶ 413 (1978).

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The act applies to all federal procurements, but has separate provisions for supply
contracts10 and construction contracts.11 Most of the rules and definitions used in applying
the act are found in the Federal Acquisition Regulation part 25, not in the act itself. The
rules for determining whether products are of foreign or domestic origin are the same for
both types of procurements, but different terminology is used and the step in the
manufacturing or construction process at which the test is applied is different.12 The test
of origin is applied to supplies delivered to the government.13 In contrast, under
construction contracts, the test is applied to articles, materials, and supplies used by the
contractor and subcontractors in constructing, altering, or repairing the building or work.14
In the case of supply contracts the test is applied to “end products.”15 Construction
contracts are concerned with the origin of “construction materials.”16
The act differentiates between manufactured and un-manufactured articles. An un-
manufactured article will be deemed a domestic end product or construction material if
it has been mined or produced in the United States.17 Manufactured articles are
considered domestic if they have been manufactured in the United States from
components, “substantially all” of which have been mined, produced, or manufactured in
the United States.18 “Substantially all” means that the cost of foreign components does
not exceed 50% of the cost of all components.19
Exceptions to the Buy American Act
There are five primary exceptions to the Buy American Act. The act does not apply
to procurements to which application would be inconsistent with the public interest or
unreasonable in cost.20 The act does not apply to procurements of products for use outside
the United States or of products not produced or manufactured in the United States in
10 41 U.S.C. § 10a and Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) § 25.1.
11 41 U.S.C. § 10b and FAR § 25.2.
12 See Cibinic and Nash, Formation of Government Contracts, 1449 (3rd ed.) (1998).
13 FAR § 25.1.
14 41 U.S.C. § 10b and FAR § 25.2.
15 FAR § 25.101.
16 FAR § 25.201.
17 41 U.S.C. §§ 10a & 10b. The United States is defined to include “the United States and any
place subject to the jurisdiction thereof.” 41 U.S.C. § 10c(a).
18 41 U.S.C. §§ 10a & 10b. This two part test is only applied to end products or construction
materials. A component is of domestic origin if it was manufactured in the United States,
regardless of where its components were manufactured. Hamilton Watch Co., B-179939, 74-1
CPD ¶ 306 (1974).
19 FAR § 25.101; and E.O. 10582, 19 Fed. Reg. 8723 (1954).
20 41 U.S.C. § 10a.

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sufficient and reasonably available commercial quantities and of satisfactory quality.21
Lastly, the act does not apply to procurements under $2,500.22
Inconsistent with the public interest. The head of the procuring agency may
waive the requirements of the act if a determination is made that the application of the act
would be inconsistent with the public interest. This public interest exception has often
been used like a national security exception by the Department of Defense,23 but is also
available for non-defense purposes. This exception places considerable discretion in the
head of the agency. For example, this exception has been invoked after bids have been
opened.24
Unreasonable in cost. A federal agency is permitted to use a foreign product if
the head of the agency determines that the cost of the lowest domestic product is
“unreasonable.”25 A system of price differentials has been established for use in making
this determination.26 The general differential, applicable to most federal contracts, is 6%.
A 12% differential is used if the contract involves a small business or labor surplus area.
A 50% differential is applied to Department of Defense procurements.27
The differential is added to the lowest acceptable foreign offer and then compared
to the domestic offer. The differential is applied only to the bid price for material to be
delivered under the contact, not the total contract price.28 Generally the differential is
applied on an item by item basis, but a solicitation may provide that, for purposes of the
act, certain items will be lumped together.29
Use outside of the United States. The act exempts articles purchased “for use
outside of the United States.”30 This exception is not limited to only the country of use,
but to products of any origin.31 For example, the exemption has applied to Canadian steel
21 Id.
22 P.L. 103-355, 108 Stat. 3346-7, 103rd Cong., 2nd Sess. (1994), codified at 41 U.S.C. 10a.
23 See Self-Powered Lighting, Ltd., 492 F.Supp. 1267 (S.D.N.Y. 1980); and American Hospital
Supply, B-221357, 86-1 CPD ¶ 70 (1986).
24 E-Systems, Inc., 61 Comp. Gen. 431 (1982).
25 41 U.S.C. §§ 10a & 10b.
26 E.O. 10582, 19 Fed. Reg. 8723 (1954). These differentials have been codified in the FAR at
FAR §§ 25.105 and 25.204.
27 Id.
28 See Allis-Chalmers Corp. v. Freidkin, 635 F.2nd 248 (3rd Cir. 1980).
29 FAR § 25.105(b).
30 41 U.S.C. § 10a. As noted above, this exception is often the reason for enactment of “Little
Buy American Acts.”
31 B-166137, 49 Comp. Gen. 176 (1969).

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towers for use in West German communications system procured by the military32 and
military bases leased from foreign governments.33
Not produced or manufactured in the United States in sufficient and
reasonably available commercial quantities and of satisfactory quality. The
act exempts articles not produced or manufactured in the United States in sufficient and
reasonably available commercial quantities and of satisfactory quality.34 The FAR
provides a list of articles which come under this exemption.35 If an agency makes a
determination that an article not on the list is eligible for this exception, the agency must
document this determination and submit the documentation to the appropriate FAR
Council.36
Micro Purchase Threshold. The Buy American Act is not applicable to
procurements under $2,500 according to the Federal Acquisitions Act of 1994.37
Amendments to the Buy American Act
There have been four substantive amendments to the Buy American Act in its long
history. The first such amendment was the Buy American Act of 1988, enacted as part
of the Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.38 The act’s general purpose was to
prohibit federal procurement from countries that discriminate against the United States
in their procurement practices.39 The 1988 Act, by its terms, was to expire if not
specifically extended by Congress. Congress did not extend this act, and it expired on
April 30, 1996.
The 1988 Act did contain one general amendment which applied to the Buy
American Act as a whole (i.e., it was not just limited to the prohibition on procurement
from discriminating countries). This amendment provided a definition for the Buy
32 Id.
33 B-122519, 34 Comp. Gen. 448 (1955); see also B-221211, 85-2 Comp. Gen. Proc. Dec. P653
(1985).
34 41 U.S.C. § 10a; and FAR § 25.104. The provision of the act which covers construction
contracts includes an additional exception for situations where the head of an agency determines
that use of a domestic article would be impractical. See 41 U.S.C. § 10b. See also 48 C.F.R. §
25.202(a)(1). Neither the act or the regulations give any guidance as to the definition of this
term. The regulations do require that if any of the exceptions are used, the excepted materials
must be listed in the contract and a written finding must be produced and be available for public
inspection. See FAR. § 25.202(b). We were unable to find any case which discussed this term
in the context of the Buy American Act. It should be noted that this is a separate exception from
the one provided for situations where the material is unavailable. Therefore, one might conclude
that impractical is different from unavailable.
35 FAR § 25.104.
36 FAR § 25.103(b)(2).
37 P.L. 103-355, 108 Stat. 3346-7, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session (1994), codified at 41 U.S.C. 10a.
38 P.L. 100-418, 102 Stat. 1107, 100th Congress, 2nd Session (1988), codified at 41 U.S.C. 10b-1.
39 P.L. 100-418, § 7004, 102 Stat. 1552.

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American Act of the term “federal agency.”40 Because Congress placed this definition in
the 1988 Act after the expiration provision, one could argue that Congress did not intend
for this provision to expire with the rest of the amendments. However, due to the
unequivocal nature of the expiration language of the statute, the stronger argument
appears to be that the definition lapsed as well, and that there is no definition of “federal
agency” in the current Buy American Act.
The second substantive amendment to the Buy American Act added the micro
purchase threshold exception to the act.41 Under this exception the act does not apply to
purchases under $2,500.
The third amendment to the Buy American Act was contained in the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997.42 It requires the Secretary of Defense
to submit a report to Congress detailing the amount of purchases from foreign entities
each year. The report must contain the dollar value of items for which the act was waived
in that year.
The 110th Congress extended, for FY2007 to FY2011, the requirement of annual
reporting of purchases from foreign sources to all federal agencies.43 These reports must
include the total dollar value of procured non-domestic articles, an itemized list of all
waivers of the Buy American Act with a citation to the authority for the waiver, citation
of the specific exemption utilized, and a summary of all the agency’s procurements.
Current Legislation
Still pending in the 110th Congress is S. 581, The Buy American Improvement Act
of 2007.44 This bill would make statutory the definition of “American made,” increasing
the domestic content requirement from fifty percent to seventy-five percent, and place
limits upon the “inconsistent with the public interest” and “use outside of the United
States” exceptions to the act.

40 P.L. 100-418, § 7005, 102 Stat. 1552, codified at 41 U.S.C. § 10c.
41 P.L. 103-355, 108 Stat. 3346-7, 103rd Congress, 2nd Session (1994), codified at 41 U.S.C. 10a.
42 P.L. 104-201, § 827, 110 Stat. 2611 104th Congress, 2nd Session (1996), codified at 41 U.S.C.
10b-3.
43 P.L. 110-28, Title VIII, § 8306, 121 Stat. 112, 211, 110th Congress, 1st Session (2007), codified
at 41 U.S.C. 10a(b).
44 Introduced by Mr. Feingold, 153 Cong. Rec. S1963 (daily ed. Feb.14, 2007).

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