Order Code RS22402
Updated August 15, 2008
Increases in Tricare Costs:
Background and Options for Congress
Richard Best
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Don J. Jansen
Analyst in Defense Health Care Policy
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Summary
In its FY2007, 2008, and 2009 budget submissions, the Department of Defense
(DOD) proposed increases in Tricare enrollment fees, deductibles, and pharmacy co-
payments for retired beneficiaries not yet eligible for Medicare. The raises were
justified by DOD as necessary to constrain the growth of health care spending as a
proportion of the overall defense budget in the next decade. Many beneficiaries argued
that the proposed hikes were unfair and unnecessary. The proposed increases found
favor in neither chamber and Congress passed legislation to prohibit such increases. The
FY2007 Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 109-364) prohibited increases in premiums,
deductibles and co-payments prior to September 30, 2007. For FY2008, the
Administration based its budget submission on the assumption of fee increases but the
FY2008 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 110-181) extended the prohibition
of increases in co-payments and enrollment fee until October 2008. For FY2009, the
Administration’s budget submission assumed fee increases linked to recommendations
made by the Task Force on the Future of Military Health Care. However, both House
and Senate versions (H.R. 5658/S. 3001) of the defense authorization bill contain
provisions to prohibit fee increases in 2009. In July 2008, the Tenth Quadrennial
Review of Military Compensation recommended new fees linked to Medicare Part B
premiums. This report will be updated as necessary.
Background
The dollar amounts allocated to health care in the budget of the Department of
Defense (DOD) have more than doubled since FY2001, growing from about $17 billion
to over $39 billion in FY2007. DOD projections for health care indicate that even further
growth can be realistically anticipated, perhaps reaching $64 billion in FY2015. In 1990,

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according to DOD estimates, health-care expenses constituted 4.5% of DOD’s budget; by
2015 they could reach over 12%. This growth in health-care costs could have a
substantial effect on spending for other defense programs and/or the overall size of
defense spending within the federal budget.
The Defense health system, which is open to some 9.2 million potential
beneficiaries, is large and complicated, but, in brief, DOD provides varying kinds of care
to different elements of the eligible population: (1) a complete medical-care benefit to
active duty personnel and dependents; (2) a benefit program with annual enrollment fees
and co-payments to retired military personnel and their dependents who are not eligible
for Medicare; (3) a program for those retirees who are eligible for Medicare (and enrolled
in Medicare Part B), known as Tricare for Life (TFL), that covers almost all costs that
Medicare does not cover (and is funded with an accrual fund that is considered part of the
defense budget); and (4) a premium-based health care benefit for reservists and their
families known as Tricare Reserve Select. Military retirees aged 65 and above also
remain eligible for treatment in military medical facilities on a space or service-available
basis. As of 2007, 36% of Tricare beneficiaries were retirees under age 65 and their
dependents, approximately 20% were TFL retirees (generally age 65 and older), and 44%
were active duty personnel and their dependents.
Care is delivered through one of four plans. The first is Tricare Prime, a health
maintenance organization (HMO), which is required for active duty personnel and open
to dependents and many retirees. Two other plans are Tricare Extra, a preferred provider
option in which beneficiaries seek care from providers who have agreed to an established
fee structure, and Tricare Standard (formerly CHAMPUS) in which beneficiaries can seek
care from any licensed provider and obtain partial reimbursement.1 A fourth plan, TFL,
serves as a supplemental payer to Medicare for care by licensed providers. Prescriptions
are available from military pharmacies at no cost; they can also be obtained from civilian
pharmacies linked to DOD or by mail order with relatively low co-payments (e.g., $3 for
a generic prescription; $9 for a brand; $22 for a non-formulary prescription). Special
versions of these plans for beneficiaries in overseas and remote areas are also available.
Several factors associated with these plans have led to current and projected cost
growth. First, increases in costs of delivering medical services and of prescriptions reflect
trends in medical care delivery throughout the civilian economy.2 Pharmacy costs have
seen the fastest rate of growth in DOD health care spending, quadrupling from $1.6
billion in FY2000 to $6.5 billion in FY2007. Second, the establishment of TFL in the
FY2001 Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 106-398) greatly increased costs by extending
a significant medical benefit to millions of Medicare-eligible retirees and their
dependents. Third, expanded access to defense health care for non-active duty reservists
was provided in the Defense Authorization Act for FY2007 (P.L. 109-364). In addition,
co-payments in Tricare Prime have been eliminated and the catastrophic cap for retirees
has been lowered from $7,500 to $3,000, increasing costs to DOD.
1 This explanation is generalized; there are many special provisions. For further information, see
CRS Report RL33537, Military Medical Care: Questions and Answers, by Richard A. Best Jr.
For specific provisions, see the Tricare website [http://www.tricare.osd.mil]; relevant regulations
are at 32 C.F.R. 199.
2 See CRS Report RL32545, Health Care Spending: Context and Policy, by Jennifer Jenson.

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Several additional factors have contributed to concerns about the costs of defense
health care. In comparison to other plans, including those available to civil servants under
the Federal Employees Health Benefit Plan (FEHBP), DOD provides an especially
generous benefit with limited contributions and co-payments required of beneficiaries.
Observers also point out that most defense health care is not directly related to treating
combat injuries. In recent decades, the multi-billion dollar system has been directed
towards care of dependents, especially in the areas of obstetrics and pediatrics, and to the
care of retirees at stages of their lives when medical needs tend to increase. Even with the
need to care for injuries resulting from the U.S. commitment to Operation Iraqi Freedom,
the bulk of DOD medical care is currently provided to dependents and retirees — not to
the operating forces.
Furthermore, Tricare beneficiaries, both active duty and retired, tend to make greater
use of professional care than other sectors of the population. In FY2004, according to one
estimate, in Tricare Prime the outpatient utilization rate was 44% higher than in civilian
HMOs; the inpatient utilization rate was 60% higher.3 Health-care analysts tend to ascribe
this to lower out-of-pocket costs for DOD beneficiaries.4
Low cost to beneficiaries and increases in the quality and efficiency of Defense
health care in recent years have reportedly led many retirees with civilian jobs to choose
Tricare even when they have access to other plans through their civilian employers.
Special supplements by employers for Tricare beneficiaries are now illegal (see 10 U.S.C.
1097c).
In the FY2007 budget request, DOD first proposed changes to constrain the costs of
health care by focusing on care for retirees and their dependents who are not Medicare-
eligible. For these beneficiaries, DOD proposed charging, for the first time, annual
enrollment fees for Tricare Standard, and also significantly increased annual enrollment
fees for Tricare Prime. Annual deductibles would have also been increased. No
initiatives were proposed that would affect active duty military and their dependents, nor
were changes proposed for health-care benefits available to retirees eligible for Medicare
(those aged 65 and over along with a much smaller number of disabled retirees) who are
covered by TFL. The TFL-eligible beneficiaries would, however, have been required to
make somewhat higher co-payments for some prescriptions.
DOD also strongly urged that, in the future, cost shares be adjusted annually for
inflation. The fact that enrollment fees for Tricare Prime were set at $230 (for individuals)
and $460 (for individuals and their dependents) in 1995 and not subsequently adjusted has
been viewed as an important contributing factor to the current budgetary situation.
The Administration’s FY2008 budget submission was based on the assumption of
$1.8 billion in proposed assumed savings to be derived from unspecified benefit reforms.
For the FY2009 budget submission, the Administration endorsed the recommendations
of the Task Force on the Future of Military Health Care mandated by the Defense
3 Department of Defense, Evaluation of the Tricare Program: FY2005 Report to Congress,
March 1, 2005, pp. 63, 57.
4 Congressional Budget Office, Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense,
September 2003, p. 27.

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Authorization Act for FY2007 (P.L. 109-364) (see below) and assumed $1.2 billion in
savings from the increased Tricare premiums and co-payments.
In July, 2008, the presidentially-directed 10th Quadrennial Review of Military
Compensation (QRMC) issued its report on deferred and noncash compensation for
members of the uniformed services5. The QRMC recommended that Tricare Prime
premiums for single retirees under age 65 be set at 40% of Medicare Part B premiums
(which vary by the enrollee’s adjusted gross income). Tricare Standard/Extra premiums
for single retirees would be set at 15% of Part B premiums. Family rates would be set at
twice the single rate regardless of family size. Tricare deductibles would be linked to
Medicare rates with copayments waived for preventative care and prescription drug
payments limited to no more than two thirds of the average copayment faced by civilians
at retail pharmacies. In addition, the QRMC recommended that health care for retirees
under age 65 be financed through accrual accounting in order to illuminate how current
manning decisions will affect future costs.
Congressional Responses
The FY2007 and FY2008 defense authorization acts prohibited DOD from
increasing premiums, deductibles, co-payments, and other charges through September 30,
2008 (See section 704 and 708 of P.L. 109-364 and sections 701 and 702 of P.L. 110-
181). Provisions were also enacted (see section 707 of P.L. 109-364) to prohibit most
civilian employers (including state and local governments) from actively encouraging or
offering incentives to employees who are retired servicemembers to rely on Tricare.
The 2007 national defense authorization (see section 711 of P.L. 109-364) also
required the establishment of a DOD Task Force on the Future of Military Health Care,
composed of military and civilian officials with experience in health-care budget issues,
to examine and report on efforts to improve and sustain defense health care over the long
term including the “beneficiary and Government cost sharing structure required to sustain
military health benefits.” Another provision of the same act (section 713) required the
Government Accountability Office (GAO) in cooperation with the Congressional Budget
Office (CBO) to prepare an audit of the costs of health care to both DOD and
beneficiaries between 1995 and 2005.
The Task Force on the Future of Military Health Care submitted its final report in
December 2007 (available at [http://www.dodfuturehealthcare.net/images/103-06-2-
Home-Task_Force_FINAL_REPORT_122007.pdf]). It found existing cost-sharing
provisions anachronistic and recommended phased-in changes in enrollment fees and
deductibles that would restore cost-sharing relationships that existed when Tricare was
created. For instance, this would mean that average enrollment fees for the average
under-65 retiree family would gradually rise from $460 per year to $1,100 per year.
GAO released its report, Military Health Care: TRICARE Cost-Sharing Proposals
Would Help Offset Increasing Health Care Spending, but Projected Savings are Likely
Overestimated (GAO-07-647, available at [http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07647.pdf])
5 Department of Defense, Report of The Tenth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation:
Volume II - Deferred and Noncash Compensation, July, 2008, pp 41-64.

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in May 2007. GAO concluded that DOD had overestimated savings that would result
from higher cost-shares. GAO judged that DOD estimated more retirees would elect non-
DOD medical care than is likely to be the case. GAO concluded, however, that DOD’s
proposed fee and deductible increases would save at least $2.3 billion over five years.
As part of the FY2009 budget request DOD asked for authority to implement the
recommendations of the Task Force on the Future of Military Health Care for retirees and
DOD’s budget submission assumed savings of $1.2 billion. Sections 701 and 702 of the
House bill, H.R. 5658, preclude DOD from altering co-payment levels and enrollment
fees through the end of FY2009. However, the Senate defense authorization bill for 2009
(S. 3001), authorizes an additional $1.2 billion over the Administration budget request to
retain current Tricare fee levels.6
More Ambitious Approaches
The fact that both armed services committees called for extensive outside reviews
of military health-care financing indicates that Congress may revisit proposals for fee
increases at some point as part of more comprehensive changes in defense health-care
budgeting. A number of different approaches have already been suggested. One option
that has been mentioned by CBO would provide an opportunity for retirees to forego
defense health care until they turn 65 in exchange for a lump-sum payment.7 The size of
the payment would be adjusted to a level that would be less costly to DOD over the longer
term than the current programs. The acceptability of this approach to retirees is uncertain;
the number of retirees who would take such a payout is unknown and might be very
limited given the attractiveness of Tricare.
Another approach would be to offer beneficiaries a “cafeteria plan” under which they
would receive an annual cash allowance for health care. Using this allowance they could
then select a Tricare plan, a new option involving lower enrollment fees and higher co-
payments and deductibles, or apply some of the funds against premiums for civilian health
insurance. This could in effect allow retirees to establish health savings accounts (HSAs)
for themselves and their dependents. CBO estimates that such an approach could reduce
DOD’s outlays by 25% not including the cost of the cash allowance.8 However, HSAs
are controversial and making them available to military retirees could raise concerns
among both beneficiaries and others with an interest in government health programs.9
Still another option would be to readjust budgetary categories to remove health-care
spending for retirees — both for those not yet eligible for Medicare and the accrual fund
for TFL — from defense appropriation acts. Some have argued that this approach would
encourage more meaningful analyses of current defense issues by removing the need to
consider trade-offs with retiree health care. Others have countered that such a maneuver
6 See S.Rept. 110-33, May 12, 2008, p. 410.
7 See CBO, Growth in Medical Spending, pp. 18-19.
8 Ibid., pp. 19-20.
9 For additional background on HSAs, see CRS Report RL32467, Health Savings Accounts, by
Bob Lyke, Chris L. Peterson, and Neela K. Ranade.

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would undermine analysis by obscuring the true costs of decisions affecting military
manpower.
Conclusion
DOD has maintained since 2006 that there is a need to adjust fees to make up for
frozen fee structures over the past decade and that the proposed rates are still much lower
than the fee structures of civilian plans including those in the FEHBP.10 Retiree
organizations have continued to argue that proposed raises in enrollment fees and co-
payments were unfair, that the requirements of military service are unique and
extraordinary and that health-care premiums have been paid in service and sacrifice. They
also claim that DOD’s health-care benefit has significant influence on recruiting and
retaining an all-volunteer force. Some further argue that fee hikes are especially
inappropriate for retiring servicemembers who have borne the costs of the war on terror
during the past several years.
There are complex considerations with regard to any of the various approaches to
dealing with the growth of miliary medical spending. To a considerable extent, the issues
involving defense health care reflect larger health-care issues that affect the entire country.
In the case of retired servicemembers and their dependents, most recognize a special
responsibility inasmuch as health care after retirement is undoubtedly an important
incentive to follow a difficult and often dangerous career. Nevertheless, many observers
also appear to believe that competing requirements for defense funds exist and that funds
for medical care should not be seen as unlimited. These issues have been present ever
since DOD proposed fee increases in 2006 and are not expected to disappear in the near
future.
10 Department of Defense, Final Report of the Task Force on the Future of Military Health Care,
December 2007, p. 92.

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