Order Code RS22602
Updated August 1, 2008
Public Health and Medical Preparedness
and Response: Issues in the 110th Congress
Sarah A. Lister
Specialist in Public Health and Epidemiology
Domestic Social Policy Division
Summary
The 2001 terrorist attacks, Hurricane Katrina, and concerns about an influenza
(“flu”) pandemic have sharpened congressional interest in the nation’s systems to track
and respond to public health threats. The 109th Congress reauthorized or established
relevant programs in the Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS) and
Homeland Security (DHS). In its second session, the 110th Congress has focused its
oversight of these programs on (1) the fitness of HHS and DHS — in terms of authority,
funding, policies, and workforce — to respond to complex health emergencies; (2) how
well they and other federal agencies coordinate their efforts; (3) the status of major
federal initiatives, such as pandemic flu preparedness and disaster planning for at-risk
populations; and (4) the effect of the upcoming presidential transition on authorities and
programs that were established during the current administration. This report, which
will be updated, discusses key issues in public health and medical preparedness and
response, citing additional CRS reports and other resources.
Background and Legislation in the 109th Congress
The Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA, P.L. 109-417), passed
in 2006, extended programs for public health emergency preparedness and response
activities in HHS, and established a Biomedical Advanced Research and Development
Authority (BARDA) in HHS to develop medical countermeasures (e.g., diagnostic tests,
drugs, and vaccines). The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006
(PKA, Title VI of P.L. 109-295) reorganized DHS and, within it, the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA). PKA also codified the position of Chief Medical Officer,
with primary responsibility within DHS for medical issues related to natural and man-
made disasters and terrorism.1
1 See CRS Report RL33589, The Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (P.L. 109-417):
Provisions and Changes to Preexisting Law, by Sarah A. Lister and Frank Gottron (hereafter
CRS Report RL33589), and CRS Report RL33729, Federal Emergency Management Policy
(continued...)

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Issues in the 110th Congress
Federal Leadership and Coordination. Pursuant to PAHPA and PKA, HHS’s
efforts are led by the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, and related
activities in DHS are led by the Assistant Secretary for Health Affairs and Chief Medical
Officer.2 The PKA provided that the DHS Chief Medical Officer “shall have the primary
responsibility within the Department for medical issues related to natural disasters, acts
of terrorism, and other man-made disasters,” while PAHPA provided that the “Secretary
of [HHS] shall lead all Federal public health and medical response to public health
emergencies and incidents....”3 (Emphasis added.) The Government Accountability
Office (GAO) noted, in the context of pandemic flu planning, that “... these leadership
roles involve shared responsibilities, and it is not clear how these would work in
practice.”4 GAO recommended that DHS and HHS conduct training and exercises to
ensure that federal leadership roles are clearly defined and understood.
The Presidential Transition. The transition to a new administration in January
2009 will mark the first such transition for agencies and programs that were established
following the 2001 terrorist attacks. These include the Office of the HHS ASPR and all
of the newly established (versus “legacy”) agencies and programs in DHS, including the
Office of Health Affairs (OHA). The transition may be especially challenging for OHA,
which is in the midst of rapid growth in funding and staffing. OHA was established (first
as the office of the Chief Medical Officer) in 2005, received $2 million in FY2006, and
grew to $117 million in FY2008, with $161 million requested for FY2009. OHA is in the
process of hiring permanent staff to carry out a variety of new responsibilities.
HHS Response Capability. The 110th Congress may consider the adequacy of
permanent authorities of the HHS Secretary for responding to public health threats,
including authority to declare a public health emergency. Members of Congress may also
consider how HHS funds disaster response activities that are not reimbursable by FEMA.
Though the HHS Secretary has authority for a no-year Public Health Emergency Fund,
Congress has not appropriated monies to the fund for many years.5
State Grants for Public Health and Hospital Preparedness. Since 2002,
Congress has provided more than $9 billion in grants to states to strengthen public health
and hospital preparedness for public health threats. The PAHPA extended the programs,
adding authority to withhold funds for failure to meet program requirements, a state
1 (...continued)
Changes After Hurricane Katrina: A Summary of Statutory Provisions, by Keith Bea,
Coordinator (hereafter CRS Report RL33729).
2 See HHS, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, at [http://www.hhs.gov/aspr], and
DHS, Office of Health Affairs, at [http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/editorial_0880.shtm].
3 P.L. 109-295, 120 Stat. 1409; P.L. 109-417, §101, 120 Stat. 2832.
4 GAO, “Influenza Pandemic: Opportunities Exist to Clarify Federal Leadership Roles and
Improve Pandemic Planning,” GAO-07-1257T, September 26, 2007. See also CRS Report
RL33579, The Public Health and Medical Response to Disasters: Federal Authority and
Funding, by Sarah A. Lister (hereafter CRS Report RL33579).
5 See CRS Report RL33579.

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matching requirement, and a requirement that the Secretary of HHS publish certain
information about program activities and performance on a public website.6
Biodefense Research. Several federal agencies support biodefense research.
These include the Science and Technology Directorate in DHS, the National Institutes of
Health in HHS, the Department of Defense, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA). The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) was
recently established by DHS to study biological threats, assess vulnerabilities and
potential consequences, and establish a national capability for forensic analysis of
evidence from bio-crimes and terrorism. DHS has also requested funding to build a new
facility, the National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), to house high-containment
laboratories for the study of foreign animal diseases, such as Foot and Mouth Disease.7
Project BioShield. The 108th Congress launched Project BioShield to encourage
the development of countermeasures that lack commercial markets. The 109th Congress
required, in PAHPA, that the HHS Secretary develop and publish a strategic plan to guide
HHS countermeasures research, development, and procurement. PAHPA also established
the Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) in HHS to
help implement the strategic plan, support countermeasure development, and facilitate
communication between the government and developers. The 110th Congress has
remained interested in the progress of Project BioShield and the establishment and
effectiveness of BARDA.8
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness. To prepare for the threat of a human flu
pandemic, the 109th Congress provided $6.1 billion in emergency supplemental funding
for FY2006. Most of this funding supports an HHS initiative to expand domestic vaccine
production capacity. In addition to oversight of federal spending for pandemic flu,
Congress may be interested in other matters, such as (1) federal coordination of pandemic
preparedness and response; (2) state, local, and private sector pandemic preparedness; (3)
the impact of avian flu on affected countries; and (4) the possible effects of a flu
pandemic on global trade and commerce.9
6 See CRS Report RL33589.
7 See CRS reports on homeland security research and development at
[http://apps.crs.gov/cli/cli.aspx?PRDS_CLI_ITEM_ID=589&from=3&fromId=19].
8 See CRS Report RS21507, Project BioShield: Purposes and Authorities, by Frank Gottron;
CRS Report RL33907, Project BioShield: Appropriations, Acquisitions, and Policy
Implementation Issues for Congress, by Frank Gottron; and CRS Report RL33589.
9 See CRS Report RS22576, Pandemic Influenza: Appropriations for Public Health
Preparedness and Response, by Sarah A. Lister; CRS Report RL33145, Pandemic Influenza:
Domestic Preparedness Efforts, by Sarah A. Lister; CRS Report RL34190, Pandemic Influenza:
An Analysis of State Preparedness and Response Plans, by Sarah A. Lister and Holly Stockdale;
CRS Report RL33219, U.S. and International Responses to the Global Spread of Avian Flu:
Issues for Congress, by Tiaji Salaam-Blyther; CRS Report RL33795, Avian Influenza in Poultry
and Wild Birds, by Jim Monke and M. Lynne Corn; CRS Report RL33871, Foreign Countries’
Response to the Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus: Current Status, by Emma Chanlett-Avery,
Coordinator; and CRS Report RS22453, Avian Flu Pandemic: Potential Impact of Trade
Disruptions, by Danielle Langton.

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Disaster Victims and Health Care. There is no federal assistance program
designed purposely to cover the uninsured or uncompensated costs of individual health
care that may be needed as a consequence of a disaster, nor is there consensus that this
should be a federal responsibility.10 Faced with a catastrophic incident, hospitals,
physicians, and other providers could be under considerable pressure to deliver care to
uninsured individuals without a clear source of reimbursement. Proposals introduced in
the 110th Congress (H.R. 6569/S. 3312) would authorize the HHS Secretary to use a
special fund to provide temporary emergency health care coverage for uninsured
individuals affected by public health emergencies. Several bills in the 110th Congress
would address the health care needs of responders and others who were exposed to
hazards at the World Trade Center following the 2001 terrorist attack, and who are now
experiencing health problems.11 Following Hurricane Katrina, Congress provided $2
billion to cover the state share of Medicaid costs associated with evacuees and individuals
living in declared disaster areas (for states with approved federal waivers), and to restore
access to care in affected areas.12 The Louisiana Health Care Redesign Collaborative was
developed to propose options for rebuilding the healthcare system in southern Louisiana
through a Medicaid waiver and Medicare demonstration proposal.13
Health emergencies often involve scarcities of resources, including personnel,
equipment, drugs, and vaccines. Prioritizing the use of these resources to maximize
benefit requires careful study of scientific and medical evidence, and raises complex legal
and ethical questions that are best considered before emergencies arise.14 Also, many are
concerned that the nation’s health care system, which is often overburdened by routine
demands, would not be able to handle surges in demand that could result from some types
of disasters.15 The PAHPA requires the HHS Secretary to assess national medical
response capability in a quadrennial National Health Security Strategy, and authorizes
HHS to acquire mobile medical assets, such as field hospitals.16 Finally, Congress may
10 See “Federal Assistance for Disaster-Related Healthcare Costs,” in CRS Report RL33579, and
CRS Report RL33927, Selected Federal Compensation Programs for Physical Injury or Death,
by Sarah A. Lister and C. Stephen Redhead.
11 See, for example, H.R. 1414/S. 201, H.R. 1247, and H.R. 3543.
12 See Government Accountability Office (GAO), Hurricane Katrina: Allocation and Use of $2
Billion for Medicaid and Other Health Care Needs, GAO-07-67, February 28, 2007.
13 See hearing on “Post Katrina Health Care: Continuing Concerns and Immediate Needs in the
New Orleans Region,” House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight
and Investigations, March 13, 2007, and the Louisiana Healthcare Redesign Collaborative, at
[http://www.dhh.louisiana.gov/offices/?ID=288]. See also CRS Report RL33579; CRS Report
RL33083, Hurricane Katrina: Medicaid Issues, by Evelyne P. Baumrucker et al.; and CRS
Report RL33738, Gulf Coast Hurricanes: Addressing Survivors’ Mental Health and Substance
Abuse Treatment Needs, by Ramya Sundararaman, Sarah A. Lister, and Erin D. Williams
(hereafter CRS Report RL33738).
14 See CRS Report RL33381, The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Allocation of Scarce
Medical Resources During a Pandemic, by Nancy Lee Jones.
15 See GAO, Emergency Preparedness: States Are Planning for Medical Surge, but Could Benefit
from Shared Guidance for Allocating Scarce Medical Resources, GAO-08-668, June 13, 2008.
16 See CRS Report RL33589.

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consider the effectiveness of programs to deliver mental health counseling services to
disaster victims, and whether these services are well coordinated and well targeted.17
Vulnerable Populations. The terrorist attacks of 2001 and the hurricanes of 2005
showed that some people may be at greater risk, or more in need of special services,
during and following a disaster. The PAHPA required the Secretary of HHS to consider,
in planning, the needs of at-risk individuals, defined as children, pregnant women, senior
citizens, and others as determined by the Secretary. The PKA required the head of FEMA
to appoint a Disability Coordinator, charged, among other things, with coordinating
emergency management policies and practices for individuals with disabilities.18
Authorities to Control Communicable Diseases. The response to
communicable disease threats may involve movement restrictions, business and school
closures, compulsory treatments, and other constraints. While state and local governments
have the primary authority over these domestic containment measures, a comprehensive
response to a public health emergency may involve overlapping governmental authorities
and attendant legal and economic issues. Recent incidents have expanded Congress’s
longstanding interest in the security of U.S. borders to include concerns about
communicable diseases in travelers, which is a matter of federal jurisdiction. These
incidents have brought into question the divisions of authority and effectiveness of
coordination among federal agencies that are responsible for disease control, and for the
security of the borders and the transportation infrastructure. Policy makers have noted that
if these systems are unable to respond to common and expected infectious disease threats
such as tuberculosis, they may also be unable to respond to more serious threats such as
pandemic flu or bioterrorism. Effective solutions are elusive, but would ideally address
scientific, technical, and economic constraints; the balance of individual and collective
rights; and the roles of federal, state, and local authorities, and foreign governments.19
Workforce Surge Capacity. HHS manages several health professions programs
geared toward alleviating shortages and maldistributions of physicians, nurses, and others
who provide individual health care services. The public health workforce has, in
contrast, received little federal attention until recently. The PAHPA authorized a loan
repayment demonstration project for individuals who serve in state or local health
departments in defined areas of need. Other efforts to bolster the ranks of health
professionals for emergency response also include ensuring civil liability protection for
volunteer health professionals and establishing a system to verify their licenses and
17 See CRS Report RL33738.
18 See CRS Report RS22254, The Americans with Disabilities Act and Emergency Preparedness
and Response, by Nancy Lee Jones; CRS Report RL33589; and CRS Report RL33729.
19 See CRS Report RL33201, Federal and State Quarantine and Isolation Authority, by Kathleen
S. Swendiman and Jennifer K. Elsea; CRS Report RL34144, Extensively Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis (XDR-TB): Emerging Public Health Threats and Quarantine and Isolation, by
Kathleen S. Swendiman and Nancy Lee Jones; CRS Report RL33609, Quarantine and Isolation:
Selected Legal Issues Relating to Employment, by Nancy Lee Jones and Jon O. Shimabukuro;
CRS Report RS22219, The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Coverage of Contagious
Diseases, by Nancy Lee Jones; and CRS Report RS21414, Mandatory Vaccinations: Precedent
and Current Laws, by Kathleen S. Swendiman.

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credentials. While efforts are ongoing among states and on the federal level, a uniform
system for protection of volunteer health professionals does not yet exist.20
Liability, Compensation, and Intellectual Property Issues. In December
2005, Congress passed Department of Defense Emergency Supplemental Appropriations,
2006 (P.L. 109-148), including Division C, titled the “Public Readiness and Emergency
Preparedness Act” (PREP Act). Upon a declaration of emergency, the PREP Act
eliminates liability, except in the case of willful misconduct, of manufacturers and others
involved in the production and use of countermeasures.21 In February 2007, HHS
Secretary Leavitt made such a declaration with respect to pandemic flu vaccine.22 The law
also establishes, in the U.S. Treasury, a “Covered Countermeasure Process Fund,” and
requires the HHS Secretary to develop a compensation mechanism for those who may be
harmed by a covered countermeasure. As of FY2008, the fund has not received an
appropriation; none is requested for FY2009. Finally, intellectual property protections
may affect the availability of countermeasures by making them more commercially
attractive to developers, or more costly to purchasers, including governments.23
Expired Program Authorities. The 110th Congress may consider reauthorization
of some expired preparedness and response programs.24 Proposed legislation (S.
3127/H.R. 6671) would reauthorize the Select Agent Program, which is jointly managed
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and USDA’s Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to regulate certain biological pathogens and toxins
that could be used for bioterrorism. Program authority expired at the end of FY2007.25
Authority for HHS health professions programs expired in 2002. These programs have
not focused on emergency preparedness and response in the past, though the last
reauthorization in 1998 preceded heightened concerns in this area.26 Finally, authority for
the Strategic National Stockpile of countermeasures has been amended since the terror
attacks of 2001, but general program authority expired at the end of FY2006 and has not
been extended.27
20 See CRS Report RS22255, Emergency Response: Civil Liability of Volunteer Health
Professionals, by Kathleen Swendiman and Nathan Brooks; CRS Report RL32546, Title VII
Health Professions Education and Training: Issues in Reauthorization, by Bernice
Reyes-Akinbileje (hereafter CRS Report RL32546); and CRS Report RL33589.
21 See CRS Report RS22327, Pandemic Flu and Medical Biodefense Countermeasure Liability
Limitation, by Henry Cohen and Vanessa K. Burrows.
22 72 Federal Register 4710-4711, February 1, 2007.
23 See CRS Report RL32917, Bioterrorism Countermeasure Development: Issues in Patents and
Homeland Security, by Wendy H. Schacht and John R. Thomas, and CRS Report RL33159,
Influenza Antiviral Drugs and Patent Law Issues, by Brian T. Yeh.
24 See Congressional Budget Office, “Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations,”
January 2008, at [http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=8920&type=1].
25 42 U.S.C. §262a and 7 USCS §8401. See CDC Select Agent Program, at [http://www.cdc.gov/
od/sap/], and APHIS Agricultural Select Agent Program, at [http://www.aphis.usda.gov/
programs/ag_selectagent/].
26 See CRS Report RL32546.
27 See CRS Report RL33589.

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