Order Code RL33831
Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy Legislation
in the 110th Congress
Updated May 15, 2008
Fred Sissine
Specialist in Energy Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Lynn J. Cunningham
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group
Mark Gurevitz
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Legislation
in the 110th Congress
Summary
This report reviews the status of energy efficiency and renewable energy
legislation introduced during the 110th Congress. Most action in the second session
is focused on the FY2009 budget request, the Farm Bill (H.R. 2419), and three bills
(H.R. 6049, H.R. 5984/H.R. 3221 [S. 2821], and S. 2886) that would extend or
modify selected renewable energy and energy efficiency tax incentives.
The proposed Energy and Tax Extenders Act (H.R. 6049) was approved by the
House Committee on Ways and Means by a vote of 25-12. It would extend or re-
establish tax incentives to support renewable electricity production, biofuels
production, transportation efficiency and conservation, buildings efficiency, and
equipment efficiency. The Administration has opposed similar energy provisions of
the predecessor bill, H.R. 5351, because of its proposal to generate revenue offsets
from the repeal of certain oil and natural gas subsidies. In contrast, H.R. 6049 would
derive offsets from a tax change for deferred compensation in offshore companies
and delayed relaxation of a foreign tax credit limit.
The proposed Clean Energy Tax Stimulus Act appears as Title X of the Senate’s
Foreclosure Prevention Act (H.R. 3221). H.R. 5984 has identical provisions. For
renewables, the bill would extend or modify the production tax credit, the business
solar tax credit, the residential solar tax credit, and the clean renewable energy bonds
(CREBs). For energy efficiency, it would extend or modify the credit for existing
homes, the credit for new homes, the commercial building deduction, and the
appliance credit for manufacturers. Title IV of the proposed Alternative Minimum
Tax and Extenders Tax Relief Act (S. 2886) contains the same eight incentives, but
with more limited extension periods and without several credit expansions proposed
in H.R. 3221. Neither H.R. 3221 nor S. 2886 contains revenue offsets.
The conference version of the Farm Bill (H.R. 2419/S. 2302) contains
provisions that would extend or expand upon energy efficiency and renewable energy
funding provisions of the Farm Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-171). It also contains
a few tax provisions for biofuels.
DOE’s FY2009 budget request seeks $1,256.1 million for DOE’s Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) programs, compared to FY2008
appropriations of $1,722.4 million for EERE.
More than 350 bills on energy efficiency and renewable energy have been
introduced. About one-third of these bills are focused on renewable fuels and about
one-third would provide a tax incentive for investment, energy production, fuel use,
or fuel reduction. For each bill listed in this report, a brief description and a
summary of action are given, including references to committee hearings and reports.
Also, a selected list of congressional hearings, CRS reports, and Government
Accountability Office (GAO) documents on energy efficiency and renewable energy
are included. This report will be updated periodically.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tax Incentives Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Energy and Tax Extenders Act (H.R. 6049) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Alternative Minimum Tax and Extenders Tax Relief Act (S. 2886) . . . . . . . 3
Renewable Energy Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Energy Efficiency Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Clean Energy Tax Stimulus Act (H.R. 5984/H.R. 3221/S. 2821) . . . . . . . . . 4
Renewable Energy Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Energy Efficiency Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Tax Act (H.R. 5351) . . . . . . . 5
House Floor Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Renewable Electricity Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Biofuels Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Transportation Efficiency and Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Buildings Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Equipment Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Revenue Offsets Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Farm Bill (H.R. 2419): Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Provisions . . 10
Common/Similar Provisions in House and Senate Versions . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Tax Provisions in the Senate Version (H.R. 2419/S. 2302) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
FY2009 Budget Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
DOE FY2009 Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) . . 11
DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) . . . . 13
Other FY2009 Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Department of Agriculture (USDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-140) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Key Provisions of the Enacted Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Controversial Provisions That Were Not Included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Brief Legislative History of H.R. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Enacted Funding-Related Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
FY2008 DOE Appropriations (P.L. 110-161) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
DOE Budget Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
House Action (H.R. 2641) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Senate Action (S. 1751) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Enacted Law (P.L. 110-161, H.R. 2764) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Other FY2008 Appropriations Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Energy Reserve Fund in the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
House Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Senate Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Conference Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
FY2007 Appropriations (P.L. 110-5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Public Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
House Bills (with Senate Companions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Senate Bills (with House Companions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Congressional Hearings, Reports, and Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Hearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Senate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
CRS Reports and Memos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Transportation: Fuels and Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
109th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Government Accountability Office (GAO) Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
List of Tables
Table 1. Tax Incentives Bills Compared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 2. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 3. EPA Energy Efficiency Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 4. Action on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Legislation,
110th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 5. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Bills by Topic,
110th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25


Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Legislation in the 110th Congress
Introduction
This report summarizes action on more than 350 energy efficiency and
renewable energy bills introduced during the 110th Congress.1 These bills cover a
wide range of policy and issue areas that include appropriations, authorizations,
budget, research and development (R&D), grants, loans, financing, regulation
(including a renewable fuel standard), tax incentives, goals, plans, impacts, and the
environment/climate change.2 Most of these bills have focused on grants and tax
incentives. The bills also cover a range of sectors and topics that include buildings,
defense, education, federal lands and energy management, farms, American Indians,
and international activities. Thus far, the sector of international activities has
generated the greatest number of bills. Table 2 groups the bills by topic.
The bills can also be categorized by type of renewable resource, type of energy
efficiency measure, and technology. They cover a broad range of energy efficiency
measures and technologies, including distributed generation, net metering, equipment
and appliance standards, fuel economy standards, and transportation efficiency. Most
of these bills address transportation and fuel economy. These bills also cover a broad
range of renewable energy resources and technologies, including alcohol fuels,
biofuels, biodiesel, biopower, biomass, geothermal, hydrogen, hydropower, solar, and
wind. So far, the fuels area has generated the greatest number of bills.
For each bill listed in this report, a brief description and a summary of action are
given, including references to committee hearings and reports.
Tax Incentives Bills
The Congress is considering three bills that would extend or modify selected
renewable energy and energy efficiency tax incentives. Title IV of the Alternative
Minimum Tax and Extenders Tax Relief Act (S. 2886), which was introduced on
April 17, 2008, would extend eight incentives. Title X of the Foreclosure Prevention
1 This report is intended to complement CRS Report RL33599, Energy Efficiency Policy:
Budget, Electricity Conservation, and Fuel Conservation Issues
, and CRS Report RL33588,
Renewable Energy Policy: Tax Credit, Budget, and Regulatory Issues, both by Fred Sissine.
2 Bills on climate change are discussed in CRS Report RL33846, Greenhouse Gas
Reduction: Cap-and-Trade Bills in the 110th Congress
, by Larry Parker and Brent D.
Yacobucci.

CRS-2
Act (H.R. 3221), which passed the Senate on April 10, 2008, incorporates eight
renewable energy and energy efficiency tax incentives from the Clean Energy Tax
Stimulus Act (S. 2821). The Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Tax Act
(H.R. 5351), which passed the House on February 27, 2008, includes 16 incentives
for renewable energy and energy efficiency. Table 1 below compares some selected
provisions of these three bills. A description of each bill follows Table 1.
Table 1. Tax Incentives Bills Compared
H.R. 5984
H.R. 6049
H.R. 3221
S. 2886
(S. 2821)
Renewable Energy
Electricity Production Tax Credit Extension
1 year
1 year
1 year
+ marine/hydrokinetic energy eligible
yes
yes
no
+ electric utilities eligible
yes
yes
no
+3 years for geothermal, biomass, hydro,
yes
no
no
landfill gas, municipal solid waste
Business Solar Tax Credit Extension
6 years
8 years
1 year
+ electric utilities eligible
yes
yes
no
+ offset alternative minimum tax
yes
no
no
Residential Solar Tax Credit Extension
6 years
6 years
1 year
+ lift credit cap
yes
yes
no
+ small wind, ground source geothermal
yes
no
no
+ offset alternative minimum tax
yes
yes
no
Clean Renewable Energy Bonds
$2 billion
$400
$400
million
million
Biofuels Production and Distribution
yes
no
no
Energy Efficiency
New Homes

2 years
1 year
Existing Homes
2 years
2 years
2 years
Commercial Buildings Deduction
5 years
1 year
1 year
Appliances
3 years
3 years
2 years
Energy Conservation Bonds
yes
no
no
Transportation
yes
no
no
Revenue Offsets
Offsets by reducing subsidies for offshore
yes
no
no
compensation and by delaying tax benefits
for the companies operating overseas

CRS-3
Energy and Tax Extenders Act (H.R. 6049)
On May 14, 2008, the House Committee on Ways and Means approved (25-12)
the proposed Energy and Tax Extenders Act of 2008. The nearly $15.4 billion of
energy efficiency and renewable energy tax provisions of this bill are very similar to
those of H.R. 5351, which the House passed in late February 2008. H.R. 5351
proposed to derive offsets for its energy provisions mainly by reducing oil and gas
subsidies, which has been highly controversial and drew a veto threat from the
Administration. In contrast, H.R. 6049 would derive offsets for $54.3 billion in
energy and other tax provisions from two different sources: a policy change on
deferred compensation paid by certain people employed in offshore companies ($24.3
billion) and a delayed phase-in of a 2004 law that would liberalize the foreign tax
credit limit for certain taxpayers ($30.0 billion).3
H.R. 6049 would extend or re-establish several tax incentives that would
support renewable electricity production, biofuels production, transportation
efficiency and conservation, buildings efficiency, and equipment efficiency. These
new incentives would include $10.1 billion in renewable energy production
(electricity and transportation biofuels) tax incentives and $5.3 billion in energy
efficiency (plug-in hybrid vehicles and buildings/equipment) tax incentives. The
renewable energy incentives would include $7.0 billion for the renewable energy
electricity production tax credit (PTC), $1.4 billion for business solar (and fuel cell)
tax credits, $666 million for residential solar tax credits, and $538 million for clean
renewable energy (tax credit) bonds.4 (For more about the background and debate
on the renewable energy incentives, CRS Report RL34162, Renewable Energy:
Background and Issues for the 110th Congress
.)
Alternative Minimum Tax and Extenders Tax Relief Act
(S. 2886)

On April 17, 2008, the Alternative Minimum Tax and Extenders Tax Relief Act
of 2008 was introduced. The bill would extend eight tax incentives for renewable
energy and energy efficiency. There are no revenue offsets in the bill.
Renewable Energy Incentives. There are four incentives for renewable
energy. The business renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) would
be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§404). For business solar and
fuel cell property, the 30% investment tax credit (ITC) would be extended for one
year, through the end of 2009 (§406). Also, a 10% credit for microturbines would
be extended for one year. For residential solar property, the 30% ITC would be
extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§402). For non-profit entities, an
3 Committee on Ways and Means. H.R. 6049 Energy and Tax Extenders Act of 2008
(Summary).
May 16, 2008. p. 12. [http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/110/bill.pdf]
More details are available in Joint Committee on Taxation. Description of the Chairman’s
Mark of H.R. 6049.
May 14, 2008. p. 171.
[http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/110/DCM6049.pdf]
4 The Joint Committee on Taxation scores the estimated costs of the tax provisions at
[http://www.house.gov/jct/x-42-08.pdf].

CRS-4
additional $400 million of clean renewable energy bonds (CREBs) would be
authorized for issuance before the end of 2009 (§407).
Energy Efficiency Incentives. S. 2886 would also extend four incentives
for energy efficiency measures. For homeowners, the 10% ITC for energy efficiency
improvements to existing homes would be extended for one year, through the end of
2009 (§403). For contractors and developers of new energy-efficient homes, the ITC
would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§405). For commercial
buildings, the tax deduction for energy-efficiency improvements would be extended
for one year, through the end of 2009 (§408). For manufacturers, the ITC for energy-
efficient appliances (dishwashers, clothes washers, and refrigerators) would be
extended for two years, through the end of 2009 (§401) Introduced April 17, 2008;
referred to Committee on Finance.
Clean Energy Tax Stimulus Act (H.R. 5984/H.R. 3221/S. 2821)
On April 3, 2008, the Clean Energy Tax Stimulus Act of 2008 was introduced,
with extensions and modifications of eight tax incentives for renewable energy and
energy efficiency. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that the incentives
would reduce revenue to the U.S. Treasury by about $8.3 billion over 11 years.5
There are no revenue offsets in the bill.
Renewable Energy Incentives. This bill would extend or modify four
renewable energy tax incentives. The business renewable energy electricity
production tax credit (PTC) would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009
(§101). Also, the PTC would be expanded to include marine and hydrokinetic
power. Further, in cases when a utility is part owner of the facility, the credit would
be allowed to reduce the cost of power sold to utility customers. For business solar
and fuel cell property, the 30% investment tax credit (ITC) would be extended for
eight years, through the end of 2016 (§102). The 0.5 kilowatt cap for fuel cell
property would be removed. Utilities would become eligible to claim the ITC. Also,
a 10% credit for microturbines would be established. For residential solar property,
the 30% ITC would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§103). The
$2,000 cap for solar electric property would be removed. A new round of $400
million in clean renewable energy bonds (CREBs) would be authorized for issuance
before the end of 2009 (§104).
Energy Efficiency Incentives. S. 2821 would also extend or modify four
energy efficiency tax incentives. For homeowners, the 10% ITC for energy
efficiency improvements to existing homes would be extended for one year, through
the end of 2009 (§201). Pellet stoves would be included as eligible equipment. For
contractors and developers of new energy-efficient homes, the ITC would be
extended for two years, through the end of 2010 (§202). For commercial buildings,
the tax deduction for energy-efficiency improvements would be extended for one
year, through the end of 2009 (§203). The maximum deduction would be increased
to $2.25 per square foot. Building subsystems would be eligible for a partial
5 Joint Committee on Taxation. Estimated Revenue Effects of the Tax Provisions in H.R.
3221.
April 18, 2008. See [http://www.house.gov/jct/x-33-08.pdf].

CRS-5
deduction of $0.75 per square foot. For manufacturers, the credit for energy-efficient
appliances (dishwashers, clothes washers, and refrigerators) would be extended for
three years, through the end of 2010 (§204).
Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Tax Act
(H.R. 5351)

On February 12, 2008, the House Committee on Ways and Means approved the
proposed Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Tax Act of 2008.6 This bill
is similar to H.R. 2776,7 which the House passed during the first session — but it was
not sent to the Senate.8 On February 27, 2007, the House passed H.R. 5351 by a vote
of 236-182.9
H.R. 5351 would extend or re-establish several tax incentives that would
support renewable electricity production, biofuels production, transportation
efficiency and conservation, buildings efficiency, and equipment efficiency. These
new incentives would include $8.9 billion in renewable energy production (electricity
and fuels) tax incentives and $7.8 billion in energy efficiency (transportation and
buildings/equipment) tax incentives. The renewable energy incentives would include
$6.6 billion for the renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC), $634
million for residential solar tax credits, $621 million for business solar (and fuel cell)
credits, and $640 million for clean renewable energy (tax credit) bonds.10 (For more
about the background and debate on the renewable energy incentives, see the
discussion below, and see CRS Report RL34162, Renewable Energy: Background
and Issues for the 110th Congress.
)
6 House Committee on Ways and Means. H.R. 5351 Renewable Energy and Energy
Conservation Tax Act of 2008.
February 25, 2008. This document has a summary and cost
estimate for each provisions of the bill. [http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/110/
februarybillsummary.pdf].
7 The Joint Committee on Taxation published a description of the provisions in H.R. 2776.
It is available at [http://www.house.gov/jct/x-35-07.pdf].
8 In the engrossment of H.R. 3221, the adopted rule (H.Res 615) provided that the text of
H.R. 2776, as passed (221-189) by the House, be added at the end of H.R. 3221as Division
B, and H.R. 2776 was tabled. After informal House-Senate negotiations over the House-
passed bill (H.R. 3221) and the Senate-passed bill (Senate amendment to H.R. 6), the House
passed (235-181) a substitute amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 6. The House
substitute contained virtually all of the tax incentives in H.R. 2776. Senate floor action to
adopt the House substitute failed on a cloture vote (53-42). The ensuing Senate amendment
(S.Amdt. 3850) did not include the tax incentives. This bill was adopted by both chambers
and enacted as P.L. 110-140.
9 H.Res. 1001 provided the rule that brought the bill to the floor.
10 The Joint Committee on Taxation scores the estimated costs of the tax provisions at
[http://www.house.gov/jct/x-20-08.pdf]. The Congressional Budget Office provides a
summary of the scored costs at [http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/90xx/doc9001/hr5351.pdf].

CRS-6
The bill proposes to offset the cost of those incentives primarily by reducing two
subsidies for oil and natural gas production. There would also be some offset derived
from a provision to close the “Hummer” tax credit loophole.
House Floor Debate. In the House floor debate,11 opponents of H.R. 5351
argued that the proposed repeal of oil and natural gas subsidies (§301 and §302)
would raise gasoline prices and lead to higher energy costs generally. Further, they
contended that such a repeal would cause a decline in oil industry jobs. Also, some
opponents argued that the proposed 35% cap on the renewable energy production tax
credit would severely impair the ability of the credit to stimulate the development of
new wind farms.12
Proponents argued that the repeal would focus mainly on the five largest oil
companies, which have recently made historical record-breaking profits and, thus, do
not need the subsidies. Further, they contended that the subsidies currently favor
conventional fuels and that the bill would help to bring support into a more equal
balance. Proponents also argued that the incentives would spur the development of
greater numbers of “green jobs” and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.13 (For
more details about the proposed revenue offsets, see the discussion below, and see
CRS Report RL33578, Energy Tax Policy: History and Current Issues.)
Renewable Electricity Production. The bill proposes four incentives for
electricity production: the production tax credit, two solar investment tax credits, and
new clean energy (tax credit) bonds.

Renewable Energy Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC). For
business owners, the PTC of two cents per kilowatt-hour for windfarms and other
power facilities would be extended for three years, through the end of 2011 (§101).14
For 2010 and 2011, the credit would be capped at 35% of a project’s value. Also,
marine/hydrokinetic facilities would become eligible for the credit (§102). Such
facilities produce electricity from river currents or from ocean waves, tides, and
temperature differences (ocean thermal energy).15
11 Congressional Record. February 27, 2008. p. H1091-H1131.
12 The Administration has threatened to veto the bill, stating its opposition to repeal of the
oil industry subsidies and to proposals for clean renewable energy (tax credit) bonds and
qualified energy conservation bonds. Executive Office of the President. Statement of
Administration Policy on H.R. 5351.
February 26, 2008. 2 p. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/
omb/legislative/sap/110-2/saphr5351-r.pdf]
13 Many of these points were also stated in a letter from the Speaker of the House to the
President. Office of the Speaker. Pelosi, Hoyer, Clyburn and Emanuel Send Letter to
White House on House-Passed Energy Legislation.
Press Release. February 28, 2008. 2
p. [http://speaker.house.gov/newsroom/pressreleases?id=0544]
14 For more background, see CRS Report RL34162, Renewable Energy Issues for the 110th
Congress
, by Fred Sissine.
15 For more discussion of marine/hydrokinetic energy, see CRS Report RL33883, Issues
Affecting Tidal, Wave, and In-Stream Generation Projects,
by Nic Lane.

CRS-7
Solar Tax Credits. For business property owners, the 30% investment tax
credit would be extended for eight years for the installation of solar, geothermal, fuel
cell, and microturbine equipment (§127). Further, the credit would be allowed to
offset the alternative minimum tax. Also, public utilities would become eligible for
the credit.

For home owners, the 30% investment tax credit for residential solar electric,
solar hot water, and fuel cell equipment would be extended for six years, through the
end of 2014 (§106).16 Further, the annual cap on the credit would be increased from
$2,000 to $4,000. Also, residential wind equipment and ground source heat pumps
would become eligible for the credit.
New Clean Renewable Energy (Tax Credit) Bonds. Certain non-tax-
paying entities are eligible under current law, through the end of 2008, to be
“qualified issuers” of clean renewable energy bonds (CREBs).17 The bill would
authorize an additional $2 billion in authority for CREBs to be issued through end
of 2009. Taxpayers holding the CREBs on a credit allowance date would be entitled
to a tax credit.18 The amount of the tax credit would be determined by multiplying
the bond’s credit rate by the face amount on the holder’s bond.
Biofuels Production. For biofuels producers, the bill has two tax
incentives.19 First, a new production tax credit of 50 cents per gallon would be
created for cellulosic fuel ethanol (§213). It would be available through the end of
2010. That credit would be available in addition to the existing 51 cents per gallon
ethanol credit and the 10 cents per gallon small producer credit. Second, the existing
$1.00 per gallon production credit for biodiesel and the 50 cents per gallon credit for
small biodiesel producers would be extended for two years, through the end of 2010
(§211). Also, the provision clarifies that the $1.00 per gallon production credit for
renewable diesel would be limited to fuel produced only from biomass.20
For biofuels distributors, the existing investment tax credit for alternative
refueling stations would be extended for two years, through the end of 2010 (§202).
Further, the credit value would be increased from 30% (capped at $30,000) to 50%
(capped at $50,000). Also, section 212 would clarify that the production incentives
16 For a description of the existing solar investment tax incentives, and the debate over their
proposed extension, see CRS Report RL34162, Renewable Energy Issues for the 110th
Congress.

17 Qualified issuers include state and local governments, American Indian tribes, public
power providers (non-profit electric utilities), and cooperative electric companies. For more
background about CREBs, see CRS Report RL34162, Renewable Energy Issues for the 110th
Congress.

18 For more background, see CRS Report RL34162, Renewable Energy Issues for the 110th
Congress.

19 For more information about biofuels incentives, see CRS Report RL33572, Biofuels
Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs
, by Brent D. Yacobucci.
20 However, diesel produced by co-processing biomass with petroleum or other feedstocks
would be eligible for the 50 cents per gallon tax credit for alternative fuels.

CRS-8
in sections 213, 211, and 202 would be available only for fuels produced in the
United States.
Transportation Efficiency and Conservation. For automobile
manufacturers, the bill would establish a new tax credit for each qualified plug-in
hybrid vehicle placed in service (§201). The base amount of the credit would be
$4,000. If the vehicle’s battery capacity exceeds five kilowatt-hours (kwh), the credit
would be increased by $200 for each additional kwh, up to a maximum of $6,000.
Each company that reaches 60,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles in sales would have the
credit terminated at the end of the following business quarter.
Employers would be allowed to provide a tax deductible fringe benefit to
employees that use a bicycle to commute to work (§221). The benefit would be
available to offset bicycle storage cost and other commuting costs.
For businesses, an existing tax benefit (loophole) for fuel-inefficient sport utility
vehicles and other heavy vehicles would be eliminated (§203). The tax benefit would
be retained for trucks and vans that are designed strictly for business use. Further,
the tax benefit would be retained for certain heavy vehicles needed for farming and
heavy freight transportation. Also, the tax benefit would be extended to lighter-
weight and more fuel-efficient vehicles needed for farming and heavy freight
transportation.
Buildings Efficiency. For states, local governments, and tribal governments,
a new category of tax-exempt “qualified energy conservation bonds” would be
created to support “green” community initiatives that involve energy efficiency,
renewable energy, mass transit, and other measures that reduce greenhouse gas
emissions (§231).21 Proceeds from the bonds must be spent within a three-year
period. The program’s total national bond authority would be capped at $3.6 billion.
Five categories of projects would be eligible for bond support. One category would
be for reducing energy use in public buildings by 20%. The second category would
include research support for cellulosic ethanol, carbon dioxide (CO ) sequestration,
2
and other technologies to improve energy efficiency in buildings and transportation.
The third category would cover public transit (mass commuting) facilities. The
fourth category would include demonstration projects for green buildings, biomass
conversion to fuel, peak-load power reduction, and CO sequestration. The fifth
2
category would cover public education about energy efficiency.
For home owners, a recently expired investment tax credit for residential energy
efficiency equipment and building shell measures would be re-established and
extended through the end of 2009 (§232). Also, energy-efficient biomass fuel stoves
would become eligible for a tax credit worth up to $300.
21 Joint Committee on Taxation, Description of the Tax Provisions in H.R. 2776, p. 44-46.
The Committee describes “Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds” as a type of qualified
private activity bonds, which permit states and local governments to “act as conduits
providing tax-exempt financing for certain private activities.” The definition includes
exempt facility bonds that can be used to finance certain transportation, utility, educational,
and “qualified green building and sustainable design projects.”

CRS-9
For commercial building owners, the existing investment tax deduction for the
installation of energy efficiency equipment and building shell measures would be
extended for five years, through the end of 2013 (§233).
Equipment Efficiency. For manufacturers of energy-efficient appliances, an
expired tax credit would be re-established and extended for nearly three years,
through the end of 2010 (§234). Depending on the level of efficiency achieved, each
energy-efficient dishwasher produced would be eligible for a credit that ranges from
$45 to $75. For each clothes washer, the available credit would range from $75 to
$250. For each refrigerator, the credit would range from $50 to $200. The total tax
benefit that could be claimed by each company would be capped at $75 million.
For electric utilities, the installation of “smart electric meters” would benefit
from a shortened depreciation period of five years (§235). The meter must be
capable of providing time-of-use data and “net metering” services for home owners
and occupants.22 Also, the device must provide energy use data to the utility
company.
Revenue Offsets Debate. Title III of H.R. 5351 proposes $18.0 billion in
oil and natural gas revenue offsets to support $16.7 billion in new incentives for
renewables (Title I) and efficiency (Title II).23 The first subsidy is the 6% deduction
for domestic oil and natural gas producers (IRS §199). Title V of the bill would
repeal that deduction for certain large integrated oil companies. For other companies,
it would freeze the deduction at the 6% level. This is a scaled-back version of the
proposal in H.R. 2776 that would have repealed the deduction for all companies.24
The second proposal would restrict oil and gas companies from claiming foreign tax
credits by changing the method used to calculate “Foreign Oil and Gas Extraction
Income.” This is identical to the provision in H.R. 2776.25 The revenue offset
provisions are the most controversial part of the bill.
Debate over the revenue offset provisions in H.R. 5351 directly parallels the
House and Senate floor debates over similar proposals for H.R. 6 during the first
session. In those debates, opponents argued that the reduction in oil and natural gas
incentives would dampen production, cause job losses, and lead to higher prices for
gasoline and other fuels. Proponents counter-argued that record profits show that the
oil and natural gas incentives were not needed and that the new incentives would help
spur the development of “green” jobs.
22 Net metering is an arrangement wherein the occupant may generate power on the premises
and sell it to the utility company.
23 H.R. 5351 also includes $1.83 billion for “New York Liberty Zone” tax credits for
transportation infrastructure projects proposed in the Administration’s FY2009 budget. For
more discussion of the revenue offset provisions, see CRS Report RL33578, Energy Tax
Policy: History and Current Issues
, by Salvatore Lazzari.
24 Joint Committee on Taxation, Description of the Tax Provisions in H.R. 2776, p. 62-66.
25 Joint Committee on Taxation, Description of the Tax Provisions in H.R. 2776, p. 67-72.

CRS-10
Farm Bill (H.R. 2419): Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy Provisions
The House passed its version of the 2007 farm bill (H.R. 2419; the Farm,
Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007) on July 27, 2007.26 The Senate approved its
version of the farm bill (Senate substitute amendment to H.R. 2419; the Farm
Security Act of 2007), on December 14, 2007.27 Both bills contain provisions that
extend or expand upon energy efficiency and renewable energy provisions of the
Farm Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-171).
Common/Similar Provisions in House and Senate Versions
Both versions would provide grants and loan guarantees for biofuels research,
development, deployment, and production. Further, both bills would reauthorize
biofuels R&D at the Department of Agriculture. Also, both versions would establish
a new program — the Bioenergy Reserve Program in the House version and the
Biomass Crop Transition Assistance Program in the Senate version — with
mandatory funding to promote the production, harvest, storage, and processing of
cellulosic biomass feedstock. In addition, both versions include several new studies,
research and demonstration projects, and pilot programs on renewable energy — all
of which would be subject to the availability of funding from the annual
appropriations process. (For more details, see CRS Report RL34239, Biofuels in the
2007 Energy and Farm Bills: A Side-by-Side Comparison
; and see CRS Report
RL34130, Renewable Energy Policy in the 2007 Farm Bill.)
Tax Provisions in the Senate Version (H.R. 2419/S. 2302)
Title XII of the Senate-passed farm bill contains tax provisions for renewable
energy. There are several provisions for the production, blending, and use of biofuels
(ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel). Also, there are investment incentives for
infrastructure (fueling stations) and for the development of production facilities. (For
more details on the tax provisions, see CRS Report RL33578, Energy Tax Policy:
History and Current Issues
.)
26 The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the Joint Committee on Taxation scored the
estimated spending and revenue effects of the House-passed bill. [http://www.cbo.gov/
ftpdocs/90xx/doc9057/hr2419March08Baseline.pdf].
27 The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the Joint Committee on Taxation scored the
estimated spending and revenue effects of the Senate-passed bill. [http://www.cbo.gov/
ftpdocs/90xx/doc9061/hr2419senateMarch08baseline.pdf]

CRS-11
FY2009 Budget Requests
DOE FY2009 Request
DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE).
The President’s 2008 State of the Union address set out goals to strengthen energy
security and confront global climate change, and stated that “... the best way to meet
these goals is for America to continue leading the way toward the development of
cleaner and more energy-efficient technology.”28 As part of that effort, the
Administration proposes to continue its support for the Advanced Energy Initiative
(AEI, an element of the American Competitiveness Initiative), which “aims to reduce
America’s dependence on imported energy sources.” The AEI includes hydrogen,
biofuels, and solar energy initiatives that are supported by programs in EERE.29
According to the FY2009 budget document, the Hydrogen Initiative has a “long-
term aim” of developing hydrogen technology that will help the Nation achieve a
“cleaner, more secure energy future.”30 Further, current research aims to “enable
industry to commercialize a hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell vehicles by 2020.”
The Biofuels Initiative seeks to make cellulosic ethanol cost competitive by 2012
using a wide array of regionally available biomass sources. The Solar America
Initiative aims to “... accelerate the market competitiveness of photovoltaic systems
using several industry-led consortia which are focused on lowering the cost of solar
energy through manufacturing and efficiency improvements.”31 Further, the Budget
states that there is a goal to make solar power “cost-competitive with conventional
electricity by 2015.”32
As Table 2 shows, DOE’s FY2009 request seeks $1,255.4 million for the EERE
programs.33 Compared to the FY2008 appropriation, the FY2009 request would
reduce EERE funding by $467.0 million, or 27.1%. Three proposed cuts would
comprise most of this reduction. First, the request would eliminate $186.7 million
in Congressionally-Directed Assistance. Second, it would reduce Facilities
construction spending by $57.3 million.34 Third, the request would cut $227.2
28 The White House. State of the Union 2008. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/
2008/01/print/20080128-13.html]
29 U.S. Executive Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal
Year 2007
, Appendix, p. 390. Also see DOE, FY2007 Congressional Budget Request:
Budget Highlights
, p. 41.
30 U.S. Executive Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal
Year 2009
, Appendix, p. 393.
31 U.S. Executive Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal
Year 2009
, Appendix, p. 393.
32 U.S. Budget, p. 59.
33 DOE. FY2009 Congressional Budget Request. v. 3. [http://www.cfo.doe.gov/budget/
09budget/Content/Volumes/Volume3a.pdf]
34 Facilities funding for construction tends to be provided in a lump sum. No major
(continued...)

CRS-12
million in funding to terminate the Weatherization Assistance Program. At February
2007 hearings on the FY2009 DOE budget request, concerns were raised about
DOE’s proposed termination of that program.35
For renewable energy technologies, Table 2 shows that, compared to the
FY2008 appropriation, the key increases are for Biomass Energy ($26.8 million) and
Geothermal Energy ($10.2 million). The key decreases are for Water/Hydrokinetic
Power (-$6.9 million) and Solar Energy (-$12.3 million). Overall, funding for
renewable energy technologies would increase by $20.7 million (4.6%). For
deployment programs, the main increase is for the Asia Pacific Partnership ($7.5
million).36 Also, the request would terminate the Renewable Energy Production
Incentive (-$5.0 million).37

For energy efficiency technologies, Table 2 shows that, compared to the
FY2008 appropriation, the main increase is for Buildings ($14.8 million) and the
only decrease is for Industrial programs (-$2.3 million). Overall, energy efficiency
technologies would increase by $22.7 million (5.6%). For deployment programs, the
main increase is for State programs ($5.9 million). Also, the request seeks to
terminate the Weatherization Program (-$227.2 million).
Weatherization Program funding has often been a source of tension between
Congress and the Administration. In 2001, the Administration launched an initiative
to increase DOE Weatherization Program funding by $1.2 billion over 10 years.38
The DOE request took a big jump for FY2002, and subsequent requests increased
steadily, though modestly, through FY2005. For each of those fiscal years, the final
appropriation was somewhat lower than the request. In FY2006, both trends
reversed. The FY2006 request was well below the FY2005 request, and requests
continued to decline annually through FY2008. Also, for FY2006 through FY2008,
the final appropriations exceeded the request each year. For FY2009, the DOE
request seeks to terminate the Program, citing a higher benefit-cost ratio for
34 (...continued)
construction projects would be cancelled as a result of this proposed reduction.
35 The Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources held a hearing on the DOE
FY2009 Budget Request on February 6, 2008. [http://energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?
FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing_ID=1673]. The House Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources held its hearing February 7, 2007. [http://energycommerce.
house.gov/membios/schedule.shtml]
36 DOE Request, p. 482-483. The Asia Pacific Partnership (APP) is a multinational
undertaking that the federal government supports through several agencies. The Department
of State is the lead agency for APP. DOE’s request for APP in FY2009 would support new
renewable power generating capacity, best manufacturing practices for targeted industries,
and best design and construction practices for buildings and efficient appliance standards.
37 For a brief discussion of the Renewable Energy Production Incentive, see the section on
Clean Renewable Energy Bonds in CRS Report RL34162, Renewable Energy: Background
and Issues for the 110th Congress
.
38 The White House. National Energy Policy. Report of the National Energy Policy
Development Group. May 2001. p. 2-12. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/energy/National-
Energy-Policy.pdf]

CRS-13
technology programs than for the Weatherization Program.39 A major study of the
program’s benefits and costs in 1989 was published in 1993. In 2007, DOE launched
a plan for a comprehensive review of program benefits and costs based on data
collected during program year (PY) 2006.40

DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE). The
FY2009 request includes $134.0 million for the Office of Electricity Delivery and
Energy Reliability (OE). Compared to the FY2008 appropriation, the FY2009
request would reduce funding by $4.6 million, or 3.3%.
39 DOE states that “EERE’s Energy Efficiency portfolio has historically provided
approximately a 20 to 1 benefit to cost ratio. In comparison, Weatherization has a benefit
cost ratio of 1.53 to 1.” DOE, FY 2009 Congressional Budget Request, vol. 3, p. 44.
40 The 1993 study and the 2007 plan are discussed in DOE. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
National Evaluation of the Weatherization Assistance Program: Preliminary Evaluation
Plan for Program Year 2006.
February 2007. p. 1.

CRS-14
Table 2. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs
($ millions)
FY2009-
FY2009 FY2009- FY2008
Program
FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 Request
FY2008 Percent
Hydrogen Technologies
153.5
189.5
211.1
146.2
-64.8
-30.7
Biomass & Biorefinery Systems
89.8
196.3
198.2
225.0
26.8
13.5
Solar Energy
81.8
157.0
168.5
156.1
-12.3
-7.3
— Photovoltaics
58.8
138.4
136.7
137.1
0.4
-0.3
Wind Energy
38.3
48.7
49.5
52.5
3.0
6.0
Geothermal Technology
22.8
5.0
19.8
30.0
10.2
51.4
Water Power (Hydro/Ocean)
0.5
0.0
9.9
3.0
-6.9
-69.7
Subtotal, Renew. & Hydrogen
386.6
596.5
657.0
612.8
-44.1
-6.7
Vehicle Technologies
178.4
183.6
213.0
221.1
8.0
3.8
Building Technologies
68.2
103.0
109.0
123.8
14.8
13.5
Industrial Technologies
55.9
55.8
64.4
62.1
-2.3
-3.6
Federal Energy Management
19.0
19.5
19.8
22.0
2.2
11.0
Subtotal, Efficiency R&D
321.4
361.8
406.3
429.0
22.7
5.6
Facilities & Infrastructure
26.1
107.0
76.2
14.0
-62.2
-81.6
Program Management
115.2
110.2
114.9
141.8
27.0
23.5
R&D Subtotal
849.2
1,175.5
1,254.3
1,197.6
-56.6
-4.5
Federal Assistance
— Weatherization Grants
242.6
204.6
227.2
0.0
-227.2
-100.0
— State Energy Grants
36.1
58.8
44.1
50.0
5.9
13.4
— Renewables Deployment
38.2
18.4
10.9
8.5
-2.4
-22.0
— Cong.-Directed Assistanceb

0.0
186.7
0.0
-186.7
-100.0
— Prior Year Balances


(0.7)
-0.7
0.0
-0.7
Federal Assistance Subtotal
316.9
281.7
468.1
57.8
-410.4
(87.7)
Total Appropriation, EE & RE
1,166.1
1,457.2
1,722.4
1,255.4
-467.0
-27.1
Office of Electricity Delivery &
Energy Reliability (OE)a
158.2
134.4
138.6
134.0
-4.6
-3.3
Sources: DOE FY2007 Operating Plan; H.Rept. 110-185; S.Rept. 110-127; Joint Explanatory Statement on
the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2007 (Cong. Record, Dec. 17, 2007, p. 15587 and p. H15940).
a. The Distributed Energy Program was moved from EERE to OE in FY2006.
b. In FY2006, there was $159.0 million in congressionally-directed funds spread over EERE accounts. For
FY2008, the House approved (H.Rept. 110-185, part 2) $104.3 million for congressionally-directed
assistance to be taken from available funds. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $90.3
million in assistance, to be provided from a separate (new) account line.

CRS-15
Other FY2009 Requests
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA’s Climate Protection
Programs (CPP) involve energy efficiency and clean energy measures to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and mobile sources. EPA’s FY2009
request for CPP is $98.4 million, which is $10.3 million less than the FY2008
appropriation.41 Table 3 shows the differences between the FY2008 appropriation
and the FY2009 request.
Table 3. EPA Energy Efficiency Funding
($ millions)
FY2006
FY2007
FY2008
FY2009
Difference
Appn.
Appn.
Appn.
Request
CPP - Sci. & Tech.
19.7
14.6
18.3
11.4
-6.9
CPP - Env. Prog. &
83.7
91.3
90.4
87.0
-3.4
Management
Totals
103.3
105.9
108.7
98.4
-10.3
Source: EPA FY2009 Budget Request and FY2008 Budget Request.
Department of Agriculture (USDA). The FY2009 budget document states
that the Administration’s 2007 farm bill proposal “... provides more than $1.6 billion
in new renewable energy funding and targets programs to cellulosic ethanol
projects.”42 In its FY2009 request document, the USDA states that, “While
discretionary funding is not being requested, the Administration’s farm bill proposal
includes funding for renewable energy/energy efficiency loans and grants, and
biomass research and development grants.43 (For more details, see CRS Report
RL34130, Renewable Energy Policy in the 2007 Farm Bill.)
41 EPA’s FY2009 Budget Request is at [http://www.epa.gov/ocfo/budget/2009/2009cj.htm].
42 FY2009 Budget of the U.S. Government. Appendix. p. 120.
43 USDA. FY2009 Budget Summary and Annual Performance Plan. February 2008. p. 44.
[http://www.obpa.usda.gov/budsum/fy09budsum.pdf]

CRS-16
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
(P.L. 110-140)
Key Provisions of the Enacted Law
At the end of its first session, the 110th Congress enacted a major omnibus
energy bill focused on improving energy efficiency and increasing the availability of
renewable energy. Highlights of the major provisions enacted are:
! Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE). Title I sets a target of 35
miles per gallon for the combined fleet of cars and light trucks by
model year 2020.
! Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS). Title II sets a modified standard
that starts at 8.5 billion gallons in 2008 and rises to 36 billion
gallons by 2022.
! Appliance and Lighting Standards. Title III legislates new standards
for broad categories of incandescent lamps (light bulbs),
incandescent reflector lamps, and fluorescent lamps. Further, a
required target is set for lighting efficiency, and energy efficiency
labeling is required for consumer electronic products. Efficiency
standards are set by law for external power supplies, residential
clothes washers, dishwashers, dehumidifiers, refrigerators,
refrigerator freezers, freezers, electric motors, residential boilers,
commercial walk-in coolers, and commercial walk-in freezers.
Further, DOE is directed to set standards by rulemaking for furnace
fans and battery chargers.
(For more details about the provisions in P.L. 110-140, see CRS Report RL34294,
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: A Summary of Major Provisions.)
Controversial Provisions That Were Not Included
The two most controversial provisions of H.R. 6 that were not included in the
enacted law were the proposed Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and most
of the proposed tax provisions, which included repeal of several tax subsidies for oil
and gas and proposed new incentives for energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Highlights of key provisions not enacted into law are:
! Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS or RES). The House
approved a version of H.R. 6 that would have set a minimum
standard that started at 2.75% in 2010 and then climbed steadily to
a peak of 15% in 2020. The Senate did not approve an RPS
provision.
! Repeal of Oil and Gas Tax Incentives. The House approved a
version of H.R. 6 that would have obtained tax revenue offsets by
eliminating about $21 billion in subsidies for oil and natural gas
production. The Senate did not approve a similar provision.
! Renewable Energy Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC). The
House approved a version of H.R. 6 that would have extended the

CRS-17
PTC for four years, and expanded it to include some additional
resources. The Senate did not approve a PTC provision.
! Other Tax Incentives. The House approved a version of H.R. 6 that
would have extended several investment tax credits covering solar
energy and energy efficiency in residential and commercial sectors.
The Senate did not approve a similar provision.
Brief Legislative History of H.R. 6
On January 18, 2007, the House passed the 14-page CLEAN Energy Act (H.R.
6) by a vote of 264-163. The bill proposed to repeal certain oil and natural gas
subsidies, thus generating revenue for an Energy Efficiency and Renewables Reserve.
The Reserve was designed to reduce foreign oil dependence and serve other
purposes. The actual uses of the reserve would have been determined at a later date
by further legislation.44
On June 21, 2007, the Senate passed its first degree amendments to H.R. 6 as
the proposed Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of
2007. This action transformed H.R. 6 into a 500-page omnibus energy policy bill,
with a primary focus on energy efficiency and renewable energy. The Senate’s
amendments were drawn primarily from the proposed Energy Savings Act of 2007
(S. 1321).45 The key provisions of the Senate-passed H.R. 6 were appliance
efficiency standards, an increase of the renewable fuel standard to 36 billion gallons
by 2022, and an increase of the combined corporate average fuel economy standards
to 35 miles per gallon (mpg) by 2020.
On August 4, 2007, the House passed the omnibus energy policy bill, H.R.
3221, which had two divisions and 13 titles. Division A contained provisions of the
New Direction for Energy Independence, National Security, and Consumer
Protection Act. An adopted floor amendment (H.Amdt. 748) added a 15% renewable
energy portfolio standard (RPS). Division B, the Renewable Energy and Energy
Conservation Tax Act of 2007, was also added as a floor amendment and contained
the House-approved version of H.R. 2776. It added four titles to H.R. 3221 that
included a four-year extension of the renewable electricity production tax credit and
other efficiency and renewables incentives.
Because the House omnibus bill (H.R. 3221) and the Senate omnibus bill (H.R.
6) had different bill numbers, the bills could not be taken directly to conference
committee.46 However, after the House completed action on H.R. 3221, informal
44 For more details about the reserve, see CRS Report RS22571, The Strategic Energy
Efficiency and Renewables Reserve in the CLEAN Energy Act of 2007
(H.R. 6), by Fred
Sissine.
45 S. 1321 was, in turn, derived from several other Senate bills. Additional details about
legislation that was incorporated into H.R. 6 are available in CRS Report RL33831, Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Legislation in the 110th Congress
, by Fred Sissine, Lynn
J. Cunningham, and Mark Gurevitz.
46 More details about the House and Senate bills developed up to that point are available in
(continued...)

CRS-18
bipartisan negotiations over the omnibus energy bills began between the House and
Senate. Key issues included CAFE, the renewable fuel standard, the RPS provision
in H.R. 3221, and a proposed repeal of certain oil and natural gas subsidies to offset
costs for new energy efficiency and renewable energy tax incentives.
On December 6, 2007, the House passed by a vote of 235-181 its second-degree
amendments to the Senate-passed amendments to H.R. 6. This “second version” of
a House omnibus energy bill was derived primarily by trimming and modifying H.R.
3221 and adding major new provisions on CAFE and RFS. The House-passed bill
included a proposed increase of the CAFE standard to 35 miles per gallon by 2020
and an increase of the renewable fuel standard to 36 billion gallons per year by 2022.
The House bill also included a proposed 15% renewable electricity portfolio standard
and $21 billion of new tax incentives for energy efficiency and renewable energy
measures. The bill proposed to offset the new tax incentives with a repeal of about
$21 billion in tax subsidies for oil and natural gas.
The White House threatened to veto the House-passed bill mainly because of
the presence of provisions for an RPS and for the repeal of oil and gas tax subsidies.47
On December 7, 2007, a Senate cloture vote on the House-passed version of H.R. 6
— with provisions for an RPS and for the repeal of oil and gas subsidies — failed
(52-43). After stripping out the RPS and modifying the tax package, a cloture vote
on S.Amdt. 3841 failed (59-40).
On December 13, 2007, the Senate adopted S.Amdt. 3850, its second-degree
substitute amendment to H.R. 6 by a vote of 86-8. The Senate substitute was nearly
identical to the House-passed bill, except that the RPS provision and most tax
provisions had been taken out. The House approved the Senate bill on December 18,
2007. The President signed the bill into law on December 19, 2007 (P.L. 110-140).
Enacted Funding-Related Bills
FY2008 DOE Appropriations (P.L. 110-161)
DOE Budget Request. The Administration’s Advanced Energy Initiative
(AEI, part of the American Competitiveness Initiative) “aims to reduce America’s
dependence on imported energy sources.” The AEI includes hydrogen, biofuels, and
solar energy initiatives that would be supported by programs in DOE’s Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). The Hydrogen Initiative aims to
“facilitate a decision by industry to commercialize hydrogen infrastructure and fuel
46 (...continued)
CRS Report RL34135, Omnibus Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Legislation: A
Side-by-Side Comparison of Major Provisions in House-Passed H.R. 3221 with Senate-
Passed H.R. 6
, by Fred Sissine.
47 Office of Management and Budget, Statement of Administration Policy on H.R. 6, Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007
, December 6, 2007 [http://www.whitehouse.gov/
omb/legislative/sap/110-1/hr6sap-h_2.pdf].

CRS-19
cell vehicles by 2015.”48 The Biofuels Initiative seeks to develop transportation
fuels, such as cellulosic ethanol. The Solar America Initiative’s goals are to cut the
cost of photovoltaics (PV) technology, increase its commercial use, and displace
natural gas use for electric power generation. The President’s 2007 State of the
Union address set out a goal to reduce gasoline use by 20% and to increase the
production of “alternative” fuels, including cellulosic ethanol, to 35 billion gallons
by 2017. To support the AEI and those fuels goals, the FY2008 EERE budget
request proposed significant increases for the Biofuels, Hydrogen, and Solar
programs. DOE’s FY2008 request seeks $1,236.2 million for the EERE programs.
At hearings on the FY2008 DOE budget request, concerns were raised about DOE’s
proposed termination of the Geothermal and Hydropower programs.49
House Action (H.R. 2641). The House Appropriations Committee report
(H.Rept. 110-185) includes funding for DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy (EERE) Program. For FY2008, the Committee recommended $1,873.8
million for EERE, which is $637.6 million, or 52%, more than the DOE request.50
The Hydrogen R&D Program would be cut by $18.4 million. Key increases for
renewable energy R&D include Biomass/Biofuels ($70.7 million), Solar Energy
($51.7 million), Geothermal Energy ($44.3 million), and Hydro/Ocean Energy
($22.0 million). Major increases for energy efficiency R&D include Buildings ($60.0
million) and Vehicles ($59.3 million). The Committee also recommended large
increases for Facilities Construction ($188.7 million) and Weatherization grants
($97.0 million).51
Senate Action (S. 1751). The Senate Appropriations Committee
recommended $1,715.6 million for EERE, which is $158.3 million, or 8%, less than
the House Appropriations Committee recommended. Compared with the House
Appropriations Committee recommendations, the main difference is a decrease of
$195.7 million (zero funding) for Facilities Construction. Additional decreases for
renewable energy R&D include Hydro/Ocean (-$12.0 million), Solar Energy (-$20.0
million), and Geothermal Energy (-$19.3 million). Also, International Renewables
would be terminated (-$10.0 million). Under energy efficiency R&D programs,
Hydrogen would get an increase of $33.4 million.
48 U.S. Executive Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal
Year 2007
, Appendix, p. 390. Also see DOE, FY2007 Congressional Budget Request:
Budget Highlights
, p. 41.
49 Secretary Bodman’s Senate testimony is available at [http://energy.senate.gov/public/
_files/BodmanTestimony.pdf].
50 The DOE FY2008 budget document is available at [http://www.mbe.doe.gov/budget/
08budget/Content/Volumes/Vol_3_ES_New.pdf].
51 The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is the premier national lab for solar
energy R&D and has major programs in hydrogen, biomass/biofuels, wind energy, and
vehicles. The large increase recommended for the Facilities Construction program includes
$8 million for solar R&D equipment, $13 million for infrastructure to test plug-in hybrid
vehicles, $77 million for NREL’s distributed energy systems integration facility, and $91
million to design and build a facility for biological and chemical research.

CRS-20
Enacted Law (P.L. 110-161, H.R. 2764). Title III of Division C in the
Consolidated Appropriations Act for 2008 provides $1,722.4 million for FY2008,52
which is $486.2 million more than the request and $248.1 million more than the
FY2007 appropriation.53 Relative to FY2007, the FY2008 appropriation (adjusted
for the rescission) provides key increases of $25.0 million for Vehicles, $22.7 for
Weatherization, $17.5 million for Hydrogen, $14.8 million for Geothermal, $9.9
million for Water (Marine and Hydrokinetic) technologies, and $9.1 million for
Solar. The FY2008 appropriation also includes $30.9 million less for Facilities. This
reduction does not affect the level of funding for facilities operations. Instead, it
reflects a reduced level of spending on construction of new buildings. The main cuts
in FY2008 are $9.5 million less for International Renewables (which terminates the
program) and $5.4 million less for State Grants.
(For more details, see CRS Report RL34009, Energy and Water Development:
FY2008 Appropriations, coordinated by Carl E. Behrens.)
Other FY2008 Appropriations Bills
Division J of P.L. 110-161 contains the Department of State, Foreign Operations
and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 2008 (H.R. 2764). Title II directs the
Export-Import Bank (ExIm Bank) to channel at least 10% of its resources to
renewable energy and “environmentally beneficial” products and services.54 Also,
under Development Assistance in Title III, the law directs the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID) to provide $195 million for programs that
“promote energy efficiency and renewable and cleaner technology.”55

Division A of P.L. 110-161 contains the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food
and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2008. The
law provides $36 million for U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Renewable
Energy Program. Of the $36 million, $16 million would be used to provide direct
grants and $20 million would be used to support $207 million in loan guarantees.56
52 Prior to the enactment of P.L. 110-161, three continuing resolutions had been enacted for
FY2008 appropriation. P.L. 110-92 (H.J.Res. 52) extended appropriations through
November 16, 2007; P.L. 110-116 (H.R. 3222, Division B) extended appropriations through
December 14, 2007; and P.L. 110-137 (H.J.Res. 69) extended appropriations through
December 21, 2007.
53 Congressional Record, December 17, 2007 (Book II). p. H15913, H15914, and H15940.
The 0.91% DOE rescission is described in Book I, Section 312, on p. H15587.
54 Given the $68.0 million appropriation for ExIm Bank, the 10% minimum requirement
would amount to $6.8 million or more. Congressional Record, December 17, 2007 (Book
III). p. H16437.
55 Congressional Record, December 17, 2007 (Book III). p. H16438. The law follows the
Senate recommendation. The House bill called for $501 million to be available to promote
“clean energy” and protect biodiversity.
56 Congressional Record, December 17, 2007 (Book II). p. H15763. The House bill (H.R.
3161) proposed $46 million, including support for $350 million in loan guarantees. The
(continued...)

CRS-21
Several appropriations bills included a provision that would require all new light
bulbs purchased by federal agencies to have either EPA “Energy Star” or Federal
Energy Management Program (FEMP) energy efficiency designation.
Energy Reserve Fund in the Budget Resolution
House Action. On January 18, 2007, the House passed the CLEAN Energy
Act (H.R. 6) by a vote of 264-163. The bill proposes to use revenue from certain oil
and natural gas policy revisions to create an Energy Efficiency and Renewables
Reserve aimed at reducing foreign oil dependence and serving other purposes.57 The
actual uses of the reserve would be determined at a later date by legislation that
would establish uses for the financial resources of the reserve.
In House floor debate on H.R. 6, opponents argued that the reduction in oil and
natural gas incentives would dampen production, cause job losses, and lead to higher
prices for gasoline and other fuels. Opponents also complained that the proposal for
the reserve does not identify specific policies and programs that would receive
funding. Proponents of the bill counter-argued that record profits show that the oil
and natural gas incentives were not needed. They also contended that the reserve
could be used to support a variety of R&D, deployment, and tax incentives for
renewable fuels, and that the specifics would evolve as legislative proposals come
forth for using resources from the reserve.58
On March 28, the House passed the concurrent resolution on the budget for
FY2007 and FY2008 (H.Con.Res. 99) by a vote of 216-210. The resolution provides
additional funding for energy (Function 270) above the President’s request that
“could be used for research, development, and deployment of renewable and
alternative energy.” Section 207 would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund that
fulfills the purposes of H.R. 6 to “facilitate the development of conservation and
energy efficiency technologies, clean domestic renewable energy resources, and
alternative fuels that will reduce our reliance on foreign oil.”
Senate Action. On March 23, the Senate passed S.Con.Res. 21, its version
of the concurrent resolution on the budget for FY2007. In parallel to the House
resolution, Section 307 of S.Con.Res. 21 would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund
that could be used for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and “responsible
development” of oil and natural gas. Additionally, Section 332 would create a
deficit-neutral reserve fund for extension through 2015 of certain energy tax
incentives, including the renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC),
56 (...continued)
Senate bill (S. 1859) proposed $28.5 million. For more details on renewable energy in
agriculture, see CRS Report RL34130, Renewable Energy Policy in the 2007 Farm Bill, by
Randy Schnepf and Tom Capehart.
57 For more details about the reserve, see CRS Report RS22571, The Strategic Energy
Efficiency and Renewables Reserve in the CLEAN Energy Act of 2007 (H.R. 6)
, by Fred
Sissine.
58 Congressional Record, January 18, 2007, pp. H688 through H729.

CRS-22
Clean Renewable Energy Bonds, and provisions for energy efficient buildings,
products, and power plants. Further, Section 338 would create a deficit-neutral
reserve fund for manufacturing initiatives that could include tax and R&D measures
that support alternative fuels, automotive technologies, energy technologies, and the
infrastructure to support the technologies. The House passed its version of
S.Con.Res. 21 on May 8, 2007.
Conference Report. Section 308 of the adopted report establishes a deficit-
neutral reserve fund for energy legislation. Section 308(a) applies only to the Senate,
with provisions similar to those in sections 307 and 332 of the Senate version.
Reserve fund uses will be allowed that “reduce our Nation’s dependence on foreign
sources of energy, expand production and use of clean alternative fuels and
alternative fuel vehicles, promote renewable energy development, improve electricity
transmission, encourage responsible development of domestic oil and natural gas
resources, or reward conservation and efficiency....” Further, such legislation may
include “tax legislation such as a proposal to extend energy tax incentives like the
production tax credit for electricity produced from renewable resources, the Clean
Renewable Energy Bond program, or provisions to encourage energy efficient
buildings, products, and power plants.”
Section 308(b) applies only to the House, with language similar to Section 207
of the House version. Reserve fund uses would be permitted for legislative actions
that “fulfill the purposes of section 301(a) of H.R. 6, the Clean Energy Act of
2007....”
FY2007 Appropriations (P.L. 110-5)
The Department of Energy (DOE), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
and Department of Agriculture (USDA) receive annual appropriations for energy
efficiency and renewable energy programs.59 In the 109th Congress, the
appropriations process for FY2007 was not completed. A continuing resolution (P.L.
109-383, H.J.Res. 102) provided funding through February 15, 2007.
In the 110th Congress, H.J.Res. 20 was introduced to continue FY2007
appropriations through the end of the fiscal year. It was enacted on February 15 as
P.L. 110-5. The law sets funding for DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy (EERE) Programs at $1.47 billion, about $308 million above the FY2006
appropriation. Also, the law eliminates earmarks and sets conditions on the EPACT
Title 17 loan guarantee program, fixing a cap at $4 billion, prohibiting awards until
final regulations are issued, and requiring annual program evaluations by an
independent auditor.
59 Several other agencies receive less regular appropriations for energy efficiency or
renewable energy projects and activities. These agencies have included Department of
State, Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD), Department of Transportation, and Architect of the Capitol.

CRS-23
DOE’s FY2007 operating plan was transmitted to the House and Senate
appropriation committees on March 16, 2007. It provides the detailed breakdown of
funding for EERE programs in FY2007.
H.R. 1591, the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Bill, would have
amended the FY2007 appropriations provided in P.L. 110-5 and DOE’s FY2007
Operating Plan. The total amount appropriated by P.L. 110-5 would have remained
unchanged. However, the bill would have provided $22.8 million for EERE’s
Geothermal Energy Program, an increase of $17.8 million over the $5.0 million
provided in DOE’s Operating Plan. Also, the bill would have provided $229.5
million for the Weatherization Grants Program, an increase of $25.0 million over the
$204.5 million provided in DOE’s Operating Plan. However, the President vetoed
the bill.
Table 4. Action on Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy Legislation, 110th Congress
Bill
Category
Action
Date
Conference Action
Senate agreed to
5/15/2008
conference report
H.R. 2419
Farm/Bioenergy Act
House agreed to
5/14/2008
conference report
Aluminum Energy Conservation
S. 2739
Enacted
5/8/2008
Authorization
House failed to
H.R. 2082
Intelligence Authorization
3/11/2008
override veto
Omnibus Energy Bill, Senate
Senate cloture
H.R. 6
12/13/2007
substitute to House-passed bill
failed
Omnibus Energy Bill (House
Senate cloture
H.R. 6
12/6/2007
amendments to Senate
failed
(H.Res. 846)
amendments)
House passed
12/5/2007
House agreed to
H.R. 1585
Defense Authorization
12/12/2007
Conference Report
Labor, HHS, Education
House failed to
H.R. 3043
11/15/2007
Appropriations
override veto
Transportation, HUD, and Related
House agreed to
H.R. 3074
11/14/2007
Agencies Appropriations
conference report
President Signed;
H.R. 2272
R&D/Competition (ARPA-E)
8/9/2007
P.L. 110-69
House and Senate
S.Con.Res. 21
Budget Resolution
Agreed to
5/17/2007
Conference Report
H.R. 1591
Supplemental Appropriations
President Vetoed
5/1/2007

CRS-24
House Action
Tax Incentives for Renewables and
Committee
H.R. 6049
5/15/2008
Energy Efficiency
Approved
Renewable Energy/Energy
H.Res. 1117
Passed House
4/22/2008
Efficiency R&D
H.Con.Res.
Budget Resolution
Passed House
3/13/2008
312
H.R. 5351
Renewable Energy Tax Act
Passed House
2/27/2008
H.R. 4137
Green Colleges
Passed House
2/7/2008
H.R. 4986
Defense Authorization
P.L. 110-181
1/28/2008
H.R. 2764
State - Foreign Ops. Appropriations
P.L. 110-161
12/26/2007
H.R. 3776
Energy Storage Technology Passed
House
10/22/2007
H.R. 3775
Industrial Energy Efficiency R&D
Passed House
10/22/2007
H.Res. 651
U.S.-Brazil Biofuels Cooperation
Passed House
10/9/2007
H.Con.Res. 25
Renewable Energy Policy
Reported
9/24/2007
H.R. 3221
Omnibus Energy Bill (+ H.R. 2776)
Passed House
8/4/2007
H.R. 2776
Renewable Energy Tax Incentives
House Approved
8/4/2007
H.R. 3238
Renewable Fuels/Carbon Storage
Reported
8/3/2007
H.R. 3161
Agriculture Appropriations
Passed House
8/2/2007
H.R. 3239
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Reported
7/31/2007
H.R. 2798
Clean Energy Exports
Passed House
7/23/2007
H.R. 2641/
Energy Appropriations Bill,
Passed House
7/17/2007
S. 1751
FY2008
Senate Reported
7/9/2007
H.R. 632
Hydrogen Energy Prize
Passed House
6/6/2007
H.R. 1716
Buildings
Passed House
6/6/2007
H.R. 798
Solar Power in DOE Hdqtrs. Bldg.
Ordered Reported
6/6/2007
H.R. 1332
Small Business Lending
Passed House
4/25/2007
New Climate Committee
H.Res. 202
Passed House
3/8/2007
Established
H.J.Res. 20
FY2007 Appropriations
P.L. 110-5
2/15/2007
H.R. 798
DOE Solar Project
Passed House
2/12/2007
H.R. 547
Biofuels/Hydrogen
Passed House
2/8/2007
H.R. 6 (House) CLEAN Energy Act
Passed House
1/18/2007
Senate Action
H.R. 3221
Renewable Energy Tax Credits
Passed Senate
4/10/2008
(S. 2821)
Provision of Housing Bill
S. 2739
Authorization
Passed Senate
4/10/2008
H.R. 4986
Defense Authorization
Passed Senate
1/22/2008
H.R. 2764
State - Foreign Ops. Appropriations
P.L. 110-161
12/26/2007
S. 2338
FHA Modernization Act
Passed Senate
12/14/2007
H.R. 798
Solar Power in DOE Hdqtrs. Bldg.
Reported
11/7/2007
Tax Incentives for Conservation
S. 2242
Reported
10/25/2007
and Alternative Sources

CRS-25
H.R. 1585
Defense Authorization
Passed Senate
10/1/2007
S. 1543
Geothermal Energy
Hearing Held
9/26/2007
S. 838
U.S.-Israel Energy Cooperation
Reported
9/17/2007
H.R. 1126
Steel/Metals Industry
Reported
9/17/2007
H.R. 85
Technology Transfer Grants
Reported
9/17/2007
S. 2017
Energy Efficiency for Lighting
Hearing Held
9/12/2007
H.R. 2642
Lighting
Passed Senate
9/6/2007
S. 1617
Plug-in Electric Drive Vehicles
Ordered Reported
8/1/2007
S. 280
Climate Change
Hearing Held
7/24/2007
H.R. 6 (Senate) Omnibus Energy Bill
Passed Senate
6/21/2007
S. 506
Green Bldgs. in the Federal Gov’t.
Ordered Reported
6/6/2007
S. 357
Fuel Economy
Ordered Reported
5/8/2007
S. 875
Fuel Efficiency, Biofuels
Hearing Held
5/8/2007
S. 1321
Efficiency, Biofuels, CO
Reported
5/7/2007
2
S. 992
Energy Efficiency in Public Bldgs.
Reported
5/3/2007
S. 193
International Cooperation
Reported
4/12/2007
S.Res. 30
Climate Change
Reported
3/29/2007
Table 5. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Bills
by Topic, 110th Congress
Topic and Bill Numbers
I. Policy and Issue Areas
Omnibus Energy Bills. H.R. 6, H.R. 3221
Appropriations. H.J.Res. 20, H.R. 6, H.R. 1591, H.R. 2641/S. 1751, H.R. 2642/S. 1645, H.R.
2643/S. 1696, H.R. 2764, H.R. 2771/S. 1686, H.R. 3043/S. 1710, H.R. 3074/S. 1789, H.R.
3161/S. 1859, S. 818
Authorizations. H.R. 121/S. 506, H.R. 1126, H.R. 1551/S. 919, H.R. 1585/S. 1547, H.R. 2036,
H.R. 2154, H.R. 2420, H.R. 3945, H.R. 4773, H.R. 4986, H.R. 5401, S. 298, S. 696, S. 761, S.
987, S. 1115, S. 1321, S. 1419, S. 1547, S. 154, S. 2483, S. 2739, S. 2925
Budget. H.Res. 6, H.R. 6, H.Con.Res. 99/S.Con.Res. 21, H.Con.Res. 312/S.Con.Res. 70
Research and Development. H.Res. 1117, H.R. 80, H.R. 364, H.R. 547, H.R. 931, H.R. 1133,
H.R. 1259, H.R. 1920/S. 1151, H.R. 2036, H.R. 2079, H.R. 2339, H.R. 2428, H.R. 2656, H.R.
2773/H.R. 2763, H.R. 2641, H.R. 2881, H.R. 3274, H.R. 3775, H.R. 3776, H.R. 3878, H.R.
5917, S. 167/H.R. 395, S. 309, S. 339/H.R. 670, S. 426, S. 696, S. 701, S. 761, S. 987, S. 1020,
S. 1115, S. 1238, S. 1321, S. 1419, S. 2307, S. 2925, S. 2940
Grants. H.R. 84, H.R. 85, H.R. 182, H.R. 570/S. 331, H.R. 589, H.R. 1133, H.R. 1259, H.R.
1920/S. 1151, H.R. 1300, H.R. 1451, H.R. 1591, H.R. 1600, H.R. 2079, H.R. 2154, H.R. 2428,
H.R. 2447, H.R. 2536, H.R. 2656, H.R. 2890, H.R. 2984, H.R. 3021, H.R. 3031, H.R. 3044,
H.R. 3072/S. 1797, H.R. 3197, H.R. 3236, H.R. 3239, H.R. 3246, H.R. 3274, H.R. 3637/S.
2444, S. 167/H.R. 395, H.R. 3775, H.R. 3945, H.R. 4137, H.R. 4773, H.R. 5161, H.R. 5401,
H.R. 5437, H.R. 5819, H.R. 5867, H.R. 6052, S. 280/H.R. 620,, S. 298, S. 317, S. 838/H.R.
1838, S. 859, S. 1115, S. 1242, S. 1321, S. 1419, S. 1562, S. 2179, S. 2302, S. 2306, S. 2307, S.
2483, S. 2546, S. 2616, S. 2739

CRS-26
Loans/Loan Guarantees/Financing. H.J.Res. 20, H.R. 80, H.R. 1215, H.R. 1300, H.R. 1332,
H.R. 2036, H.R. 2054/S. 1154, H.R. 2154, H.R. 2218, H.R. 2441, H.R. 2656, H.R. 2776, H.R.
2838, H.R. 3031, H.R. 3044, H.R. 3236, H.R. 3239, H.R. 5437, S. 317, S. 672, S. 701, S. 1115,
S. 1242, S. 1321, S. 1419, S. 1491, S. 1508, S. 1656, S. 1657, S. 2302, S. 2349, S. 2730, S.
2734, S. 2958
Energy Efficiency Performance Standard. S. 309, S. 1554
Low Carbon Fuel Standard. H.R. 2215, S. 1324
Renewable Fuel Standard. H.R. 6, H.R. 349, H.R. 635, H.R. 517, H.R. 791, H.R. 2037, H.R.
2178, H.R. 3781, H.R. 4306, H.R. 5911, H.R. 5964, S. 23, S. 309, S. 386, S. 987, S. 1158, S.
1297, S. 1321, S. 1358, S. 1616/H.R. 3781, S. 2202, S. 2302
Renewable Portfolio Standard/Tradable Credits. H.R. 6, H.R. 823, H.R. 969, H.R. 1133,
H.R. 1590, H.R. 1945, H.R. 2950, S. 1567, S. 309, S. 1554, S. 1602, S. 2444
Tax Incentive for Investment. H.R. 76, H.R. 86, H.R. 345, H.R. 550/S. 590, H.R. 589, H.R.
604, H.R. 765, H.R. 778, H.R. 1133, H.R. 1331, H.R. 1451, H.R. 1500, H.R. 1618, H.R. 1821,
H.R. 1888, H.R. 1965, H.R. 1977, H.R. 2039, H.R. 2137, H.R. 2261, H.R. 2372, H.R. 2652,
H.R. 2776, H.R. 2966, H.R. 3221, H.R. 3807, H.R. 3823, H.R. 4086, H.R. 4297, H.R. 4612,
H.R. 5231, H.R. 5373, H.R. 5437, H.R. 5597, H.R. 6049, S. 12, S. 23, S. 339, S. 539, S.
673/H.R. 1772, S. 701, S. 1207, S. 1291, S. 1370, S. 1407, S. 1601, S. 1617, S. 2129, S. 2242, S.
2314, S. 2642, S. 2821/H.R. 5984, S. 2886
Tax Incentive for Energy Production. H.R. 197, H.R. 517, H.R. 683, H.R. 793, H.R. 794,
H.R. 1133, H.R. 1945, H.R. 1954, H.R. 2038/S. 1154, H.R. 2261, H.R. 2361, H.R. 2776, H.R.
3072/S. 1797, H.R. 3221, H.R. 5351, H.R. 5437, H.R. 5713, H.R. 5911, H.R. 5986, H.R. 6049,
S. 411/H.R. 1924, S. 425, S. 701, S. 1291, S. 1370, S. 1508, S. 1554, S. 1601, S. 2242, S.
2821/H.R. 5984, S. 2886
Tax Incentive for Fuel Use. H.R. 604, H.R. 805, H.R. 825, H.R. 927, S. 23, S. 162, S. 167/H.R.
395, H.R. 2256, H.R. 2505, H.R. 2741, H.R. 4306, H.R. 5351, H.R. 5713, H.R. 6049, S. 701, S.
872, S. 1370, S. 2129
Tax Incentive for Fuel Reduction. H.R. 139/S. 894, H.R. 1385/S. 822, H.R. 1500, H.R. 2459,
H.R. 3823, H.R. 6000, S. 1619
Goals/Plans/Studies/Impact Information. H.R. 121/S. 506, H.R. 157, H.R. 589, H.R. 817,
H.R. 1300, H.R. 1590, H.R. 2036, H.R. 2261, S. 129, S. 280/H.R. 620, S. 339/H.R. 670, H.R.
2171/H.R. 2196, H.R. 2426, , H.R. 3239, H.R. 5401, H.R. 5402, S. 992, S. 1115, S. 1419, S.
1600, S. 1828, S. 2302, S. 2349, S. 2958
Environment/Climate Change. H.Con.Res. 96, H.Res. 202, H.Res. 1117, H.R. 620, H.R. 823,
H.R. 1126, H.R. 1590, H.R. 1728/S. 1389, H.R. 2144, H.R. 2215, H.R. 2337, H.R. 2420, H.R.
2701, H.R. 2764, H.R. 3238, H.R. 3274, H.R. 4226, H.R. 5452, H.R. 5560, H.R. 5656, H.R.
5867, S.Res. 30/H.Con.Res. 104, S. 6, S. 280/H.R. 620, S. 309, S. 317, S. 357, S. 485, S. 1073,
S. 1324, S. 1411, S. 1766, S. 2149, S. 2155, S. 2191, S. 2555, S. 2806
II. Sectors
Buildings. H.R. 84, H.R. 121/S. 506, H.R. 165, H.R. 345, H.R. 1133, H.R. 1385/S. 822, H.R.
1259, H.R. 1451, H.R. 1591, H.R. 1716, H.R. 1768, H.R. 1888, H.R. 1945, H.R. 2154, H.R.
2389, H.R. 2536, H.R. 2641, H.R. 2701, H.R. 2776, H.R. 2947, H.R. 2950, H.R. 3021, H.R.
3031, H.R. 3524, H.R. 4086, H.R. 4126, H.R. 4137, H.R. 4297, H.R. 5351, H.R. 5401, H.R.
5597, H.R. 5867, S. 280/H.R. 620, S. 317, S. 539, S. 701, S. 1115, S. 1165, S. 1207, S. 1321, S.
1407, S. 1419, H.R. 2528/S. 1434, S. 1657, S. 2191, S. 2338, S. 2734, S. 2821/H.R. 5984
Defense/Security. H.R. 559, H.R. 1300, H.R. 1585/S. 1547, H.R. 1591, H.R. 2354/S. 133, H.R.
3207, S. 6, S. 23, S. 339/H.R. 670, S. 1547, S.1548, S. 1602, S. 2787
Education/Job Training. H.R. 1716, H.R. 1728/S. 1389, H.R. 2428, H.R. 2441, H.R. 2496,
H.R. 2847, H.R. 2857, H.R. 3031, H.R. 3239, H.R. 3637/S. 2444, H.R. 3945, H.R. 4137, H.R.
5401, H.R. 5402, S. 2191, S. 2302, S. 2483, S. 2616, S. 2739
Federal Lands/Energy Management. H.R. 277, H.R. 589, H.R. 792, H.R. 798, H.R. 823, H.R.
1133, H.R. 1300, H.R. 1500, H.R. 1705, H.R. 2337, H.R. 2752, H.R. 2947, H.R. 798, H.R. 3248,
H.R. 3989, H.R. 5805, H.R. 5860, H.R. 6052, S. 146, S. 309, S. 992, S. 1000, S. 1059, S. 1072,
S. 1115, S. 1165, S. 1419, S. 1637, S. 2306

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Farms/American Indians. H.Con.Res. 25/ S.Con.Res. 3, H.R. 80, H.R. 872, H.R. 1551/S. 919,
H.R. 1596, S. 541, S. 673/H.R. 1772, H.R. 1766, H.R. 1954, H.R. 2038/S. 1154, H.R. 2144,
H.R. 2154, H.R. 2218, H.R. 2261, H.R. 2419, H.R. 2656, H.R. 3044, S. 36, S. 828, S. 1403, S.
1424
Industry. H.R. 1126, H.R. 1920/S. 1151, H.R. 3239, H.R. 3775, S. 317, S. 1115, S. 1419, S.
2307, S. 2821/H.R. 5984
International/Trade. H.Res. 12, H.Res. 651, H.R. 196, H.R. 1186, H.R. 1838, H.R. 2229, H.R.
2420, H.R. 2764, H.R. 2798, H.R. 3274, H.R. 5529, H.R. 5911, S.Res. 30/H.Con.Res. 104, S.
193, S. 309, S. 426, S. 838/H.R. 1838, S. 1007, S. 1106
III. Energy Efficiency Measures and Technologies
Distributed Generation/Net Metering/Electric Power. H.R. 550/S. 590, H.R. 589, H.R. 729,
H.R. 805, H.R. 1133, H.R. 1451, H.R. 1590, H.R. 1705, H.R. 1945, H.R. 2144, H.R. 2171/H.R.
2196, H.R. 2305, H.R. 2555, H.R. 2774, H.R. 3776, H.R. 4059, S. 309, S. 317, S. 992, S.
1016/H.R. 2848, S. 1321, S. 1370, S. 1508, S. 2079
Energy Audits. H.R. 1551/S. 919, S. 280/H.R. 620, H.R. 2528/S. 1434
Equipment/Lighting/Appliances. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 872, H.R. 1547, H.R. 1585/S. 1547,
H.R. 1705, H.R. 2082, H.R. 2751, H.R. 3534, H.R. 3593, H.R. 3807, H.R. 3823, H.R. 4072, S.
129, S. 992, S. 1101/H.R. 2083, H.R. 2137, H.R. 2389, H.R. 3657, H.R. 5232, H.R. 5351, H.R.
5373, S. 1115, S. 1321, S. 1419, S. 1562, S. 1525, S. 1526, S. 1527, S. 2017, S. 2191, S.
2821/H.R. 5984
Fuel Economy. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 6, H.R. 570/S. 331, H.R. 656, H.R. 1133, H.R. 1500,
H.R. 1945, H.R. 2296, H.R. 2454, H.R. 2496, H.R. 2513, H.R. 2641, H.R. 2927, H.R. 2950,
H.R. 3059, H.R. 5860, H.R. 6000, S. 183, S. 298, S. 309, S. 339/H.R. 670, S. 357, S. 767/H.R.
1506, S. 875, S. 1118, S. 1076/H.R. 1356, S. 1554, S. 1602, S. 1619
Electric/Hybrid Vehicles. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 765, H.R. 2079, H.R. 2112, H.R. 2557, H.R.
2776, H.R. 2966, H.R. 3226, H.R. 3239, H.R. 3776, H.R. 5351, H.R. 5437, S. 1055/H.R. 1915,
S. 1617
Transportation. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 139/S. 894, H.R. 157, H.R. 498, H.R. 589, H.R. 1215,
H.R. 1300, H.R. 1331, H.R. 1590, H.R. 1618, H.R. 1945, H.R. 2079, H.R. 2296, H.R. 2426,
H.R. 2513, H.R. 2594, H.R. 2701, H.R. 2767, H.R. 2857, H.R. 2881, H.R. 3715, H.R. 5161,
H.R. 5560, H.R. 6052, S. 146, S. 298, S. 701, S. 818, S. 875, S. 894, S. 1000, S. 1073, S. 1115,
S. 1321, S. 1324, S. 1419, S. 2555
IV. Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Alcohol Fuels/Biofuels/Biodiesel. H.R. 6, H.Con.Res. 153, H.Con.Res. 157, S.Con.Res. 3,
H.Res. 651, H.R. 76, H.R. 86, H.R. 182, H.R. 196, H.R. 277, H.R. 349, H.R. 517, H.R. 547,
H.R. 559, H.R. 570/S. 331, H.R. 604, H.R. 635, H.R. 682, H.R. 765, H.R. 791, H.R. 792, H.R.
825, H.R. 872, H.R. 927, H.R. 931, H.R. 1186, H.R. 1300, H.R. 1551/S. 919, H.R. 1766, H.R.
1987, H.R. 2037, H.R. 2039, H.R. 2144, H.R. 2154, H.R. 2178, H.R. 2218, H.R. 2256, H.R.
2261, H.R. 2354/S. 133, H.R. 2419, H.R. 2426, H.R. 2454, H.R. 2641, H.R. 2656, H.R. 2752,
H.R. 2773/H.R. 2763, H.R. 2776, H.R. 2858, H.R. 2867, H.R. 3101, H.R. 3113, H.R. 3238, H.R.
3781, H.R. 3997, H.R. 4306, H.R. 5351, H.R. 5437, H.R. 5656, H.R. 5713, H.R. 5911, H.R.
5917, H.R. 5986, H.R. 6049, H.R. 6052, S. 23, S. 36, S. 162, S. 167/H.R. 395, S. 280/H.R. 620,
S. 339/H.R. 670, S. 386, S. 426, S. 541, S. 701, S. 828, S. 859, S. 872, S. 875, S. 987, S. 1007, S.
1106, S. 1238, S. 1242, S. 1297, S. 1321, S. 1324, S. 1403, S. 1424, S. 1491, S. 1601, S. 1602,
S. 1616, S. 1618, S. 1791, S. 1813, S. 1828, S. 2191, S. 2242, S. 2302, S. 2306, S. 2345, S. 2958
Biopower/Biomass. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 197, H.R. 517, H.R. 683, H.R. 1133, H.R. 1186,
H.R. 1551/S. 919, H.R. 1600, H.R. 2038/S. 1154, H.R. 2144, H.R. 2337, H.R. 2428, H.R. 2641,
H.R. 2656, H.R. 2742, H.R. 2810, H.R. 3101, H.R. 3107, H.R. 4306, H.R. 5216; S. 280/H.R.
620, S. 36, S. 541, S. 2546, S. 2558
Geothermal. H.R. 197, H.R. 1133, H.R. 1591, H.R. 1977, H.R. 2298, H.R. 2304, H.R. 2641,
H.R. 2990, H.R. 5146, H.R. 6049, S. 298, S. 1020, S. 1543, S. 1637, S. 2314
Hydrogen. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 498, H.R. 805, H.R. 2641, H.R. 5146, S. 280/H.R. 620, S.
2129

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Hydropower/Tidal/Wave/Ocean. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 197, H.R. 490/S. 306, H.R. 632, H.R.
1133, H.R. 2036, H.R. 2313, H.R. 2776, H.R. 2838, H.R. 3105, H.R. 4773, H.R. 5146, H.R.
5452, H.R. 6049, S. 298, S. 425, S. 1020
Solar. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 197, H.R. 550/S. 590, H.R. 798, H.R. 1133, H.R. 1451, H.R. 1977,
H.R. 2337, H.R. 2641, H.R. 2774, H.R. 2776, H.R. 2848, H.R. 2890, H.R. 3248, H.R. 3807,
H.R. 5146, H.R. 5351, H.R. 5805, H.R. 6049, S. 828, S. 1016/H.R. 2848, S. 1508, S. 2821/H.R.
5984, S. 2787
Wind. H.Con.Res. 153, H.R. 197, H.R. 517, H.R. 794, H.R. 1133, H.R. 2261, H.R. 2337, H.R.
2691, H.R. 2776, H.R. 2881, H.R. 3089, H.R. 5146, H.R. 5452, H.R. 6049, S. 673/H.R. 1772, S.
828, S. 1291, S. 2242, S. 2821/H.R. 5984
Electricity Transmission Lines. H.R. 809, H.R. 810, H.R. 829, H.R. 4059, S. 2076, S. 2242
Legislation
Public Laws
P.L. 110-229 (S. 2739)
Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008. DOE is directed to create a grant
program to support technology transfer for advanced energy efficiency equipment.
Signed into law May 8, 2008.
P.L. 110-181 (H.R. 4986)
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008. DOD would be
allowed to use up to $70 million of its authorized appropriations for energy
conservation projects. The Pentagon complex would be required to use high-energy
efficiency light bulbs throughout its buildings. An annual report to Congress would
be required that describes the extent to which energy from renewable energy sources
is used to meet DOD electricity needs. Renewable energy use would be stated as a
percentage of total facility electricity use for the previous fiscal year. Signed into
law January 28, 2008. (For further description, see “H.R. 4986” in section on “House
Bills (with Senate Companions)” later in this report.)
P.L. 110-161 (H.R. 2764)
Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2008. Title III of Division C makes
appropriations for DOE’s EERE Program. Title II of Division J makes
appropriations for support of renewable energy products at ExIm Bank and for energy
efficiency and renewable energy activities under USAID’s Development Assistance
Program. Title III of Division A makes appropriations for USDA’s Renewable
Energy Program. Signed into law December 26, 2007.
P.L. 110-140 (H.R. 6)
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Includes key provisions for
CAFE, RFS, and appliance/lighting efficiency standards. Signed into law December
19, 2007.
P.L. 110-116 (H.R. 3222)
Department of Defense Appropriations Act, FY2008. Division B makes further
continuing appropriations for DOE and other agencies from November 17, 2007,
through December 14, 2007. Conference committee reported (H.Rept. 110-434)

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November 6, 2007. Passed House and Senate, November 8, 2007. Signed into law
November 13, 2007.
P.L. 110-69 (H.R. 2272)
America COMPETES Act of 2007. Section 2005 (Division B) establishes an
Advanced Research Projects Authority-Energy (ARPA-E) at DOE. The new
Authority is directed to focus on overcoming the “long-term and high-risk
technological barriers” in the development of renewable energy, energy efficiency,
and other technologies. “Such sums” as necessary are authorized for each fiscal year
from 2008 through 2011. Signed into law August 9, 2007.
P.L. 110-5 (H.J.Res. 20)
Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007. Provides continuing
FY2007 appropriations through September 30, 2007. Funding for DOE’s Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs is set at $1.47 billion, about $280
million above the FY2006 appropriation. Also, the resolution eliminates earmarks
and sets conditions on the EPACT Title 17 loan guarantee program, fixing a cap at
$4 billion, prohibiting awards until final regulations are issued, and requiring annual
program evaluations by an independent auditor. Signed into law February 15, 2007.
House Bills (with Senate Companions)
H.Con.Res. 25 (Peterson)/S.Con.Res. 3 (Salazar)
The sense of the Congress would be expressed that it is the goal of the United
States that, not later than January 1, 2025, the agricultural, forestry, and working land
of the United States should provide from renewable resources not less than 25% of
the total energy consumed in the United States and continue to produce safe,
abundant, and affordable food, feed, and fiber. House bill introduced January 10,
2007; referred to Committees on Agriculture, Energy and Commerce, and Natural
Resources. Senate bill introduced January 17, 2007; referred to Committee on
Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Reported (H.Rept. 110-344, Part 1) September
24, 2007.
H.Con.Res. 96 (Dicks)
The sense of the Congress would be expressed that there should be enacted a
mandatory national program to slow, stop and reverse emissions of greenhouse gases.
The program would include mandatory, market-based limits and incentives on
emissions of greenhouse gases that slow, stop, and reverse the growth of such
emissions at a rate and in a manner that would not significantly harm the U.S.
economy; and would encourage comparable action by other nations that are major
trading partners and key contributors to global emissions. Introduced March 21,
2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.Con.Res. 99 (Spratt)/S.Con.Res. 21 (Conrad)
This resolution would revise the congressional budget for FY2007, establish
the budget for FY2008, and set forth appropriate budgetary levels for FY2009
through FY2012. The House resolution provides funding for energy (Function 270)
above the President’s request that “could be used for research, development, and
deployment of renewable and alternative energy.” Section 207 of the House
resolution would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund that fulfills the purposes of

CRS-30
H.R. 6 (CLEAN Energy Act, §301a), namely to “facilitate the development of
conservation and energy efficiency technologies, clean domestic renewable energy
resources, and alternative fuels that will reduce our reliance on foreign oil.” Section
307 of the Senate resolution would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund that could be
used for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and responsible development of oil and
natural gas. Section 332 would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund for extension
through 2015 of certain energy tax incentives, including the renewable energy
electricity production tax credit (PTC), Clean Renewable Energy Bonds, and
provisions for energy efficient buildings, products, and power plants. Section 338
would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund for manufacturing initiatives that could
include tax and R&D measures that support alternative fuels, automotive
technologies, energy technologies, and the infrastructure to support the technologies.
House Committee on the Budget reported (H.Rept. 110-69) March 23, 2007. Passed
House (216-210) March 29, 2007. Senate Committee on the Budget reported
(without written report) March 16, 2007. Passed Senate March 23, 2007. Senate bill
passed in House (212-207) May 8, 2007. Senate appointed conferees May 9, 2007.
H.Con.Res. 104 (Carnahan)/S.Res. 30 (Biden)
The sense of the Congress would be expressed that the United States should
return to international negotiations on climate change and take a leadership role in
those negotiations. The resolution would recognize that there are security and
economic benefits from reducing greenhouse gas emissions and from markets for
new, climate-friendly technologies. House bill introduced April 23, 2007. Referred
to Committee on Foreign Affairs April 29, 2007. Senate bill introduced January 16,
2007; referred to Committee on Foreign Relations. Reported (without a written
report) March 29, 2007.
H.Con.Res. 153 (Gilchrist)
The sense of the Congress would be expressed regarding the need for a
nationwide diversified energy portfolio. The resolution states that Congress and the
Executive Branch should pursue the development and commercial deployment of a
diverse portfolio of energy technologies, including biofuels, wind, solar, ocean
energy, and hydrogen fuel cells. The resolution states that Congress should pursue
development of policies to promote major energy efficiency initiatives, including fuel
economy standards, energy efficient light bulbs, energy efficient appliances, hybrid
vehicles, and public transportation. Introduced May 22, 2007; referred to Committee
on Energy and Commerce.
H.Con.Res. 157 (Radanovich)
Congress would reaffirm its commitment to developing alternative and
renewable energy, in particular biodiesel and other biofuels. To support efforts to
combat air pollution in California, the resolution would support R&D in California
on biodiesel and biofuels obtained from agricultural products and byproducts.
Introduced May 23, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and Technology.
H.Con.Res. 245 (Perlmutter)
Commending the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for its work of
promoting energy efficiency for 30 years. Introduced November 1, 2007; referred to
Committee on Science and Technology.

CRS-31
H.Con.Res. 251 (Perlmutter)
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory would be commended for its 30
years of work promoting energy efficiency. Introduced November 8, 2007; referred
to Committee on Science and Technology. Passed House by voice vote December
5, 2007. In the Senate, the bill was referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources.
H.Con.Res. 252 (Burgess)
This resolution expresses the sense of Congress that no federal or state
requirement to increase energy efficient lighting in public buildings should require
a hospital, school, day care center, mental health facility, or nursing home to install
or utilize lighting that contains mercury. Introduced November 9, 2007; referred to
Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and Energy and Commerce.
H.Con.Res. 312 (Spratt)
The House budget resolution would set forth the FY2009 federal budget and the
appropriate budgetary levels for FY2010 through FY2013. Section 305 would
establish a deficit-neutral reserve fund for renewable energy and energy efficiency.
The Committee on the Budget reported (H.Rept. 110-543) the resolution on March
7, 2008. Passed House (212-207) on March 13, 2008.
H.J.Res. 20 (Obey)
Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007. P.L. 109-383 would be
superseded to extend FY2007 appropriations through September 30, 2007. Funding
in FY2007 for DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs would be
increased by $300 million above the FY2006 level of $1.17 billion. The resolution
would otherwise eliminate earmarks. Also, the resolution would set conditions on
the loan guarantee program established in Title 17 of EPACT. It would set the
program cap at $4 billion, prohibit awards until final regulations are issued, and
require annual evaluations of the program by an independent auditor. Introduced
January 29, 2007; referred to Committee on Appropriations. Passed House (286-
140) January 31, 2007. Cloture motion filed on Senate floor February 8. Passed
Senate (81-15) February 14, 2007. Signed into law February 15, 2007 (P.L. 110-5).
H.Res. 12 (Bartlett)
The sense of the House of Representatives would be expressed that the United
States (1) must move rapidly to increase the productivity with which it uses fossil
fuel, and to accelerate the transition to renewable fuels and a sustainable, clean
energy economy; and (2) should establish, in collaboration with other international
allies, an energy project with the magnitude, creativity, and sense of urgency of the
“Man on the Moon” project to develop a comprehensive plan to address the
challenges presented by Peak Oil (the peak in the world’s oil production believed by
some petroleum experts likely to occur in the next decade). Introduced January 4,
2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.Res. 202 (Millender-McDonald)
Funding would be provided for the operating costs of certain committees of the
House of Representatives during the 110th Congress. Section 4 would establish a
Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming in the House of
Representatives. The select committee would not have legislative jurisdiction and

CRS-32
would have no authority to take legislative action on any bill or resolution. Its sole
authority would be to investigate, study, make findings, and develop
recommendations on policies, strategies, technologies, and other innovations
intended to reduce the dependence of the United States on foreign sources of energy
and achieve substantial and permanent reductions in emissions and other activities
that contribute to climate change and global warming. Introduced February 28, 2007;
referred to Committee on House Administration. Reported (H.Rept. 110-29) March
5, 2007. Passed House (269-150) March 8, 2007.
H.Res. 651 (Engel)
The importance of the March 9, 2007 United States-Brazil Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) on biofuels cooperation would be recognized. Also, the
joint efforts by the United States and Brazil, and their commitment to provide
technical assistance for biofuels industries in certain other countries, would be
commended. Introduced September 17, 2007; referred Committee on Foreign
Affairs. Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere held hearing September 19,
2007. Passed House by voice vote October 9, 2007.
H.Res. 1105 (McDermott)
The President would be urged to issue a proclamation that calls for an
observance of “Earth Hour” and looks to promote awareness of Earth Hour in future
years to encourage efficient energy usage behaviors and strategies. Introduced April
14, 2008; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.Res. 1117 (McNerney)
DOE would be encouraged to step up RD&D on renewable energy technology
and energy conservation techniques. Further, it calls on American society to work
together to ensure that R&D needed to uncover solutions to major environmental
problems occurs in a timely manner. Introduced April 17, 2008. Passed House by
voice vote April 22, 2008.
H.R. 6, House Version #1 (Rahall)
CLEAN Energy Act of 2007. Certain tax and royalty policies for oil and natural
gas would be revised, and the resulting revenue would be used to support a reserve
for new energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives. The bill is one part of the
“100 hours” initiatives put forward by the Democratic Leadership of the House.
Introduced January 12, 2007; referred to Committees on Ways and Means, Natural
Resources, Budget, and Rules. Brought to the House Floor and passed House (264-
163) January 18, 2007.
H.R. 6, Senate Version #1 (Reid)
Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007. The
Senate version of H.R. 6 is an omnibus energy policy bill that consists mainly of
provisions for energy efficiency and renewable energy. Title I, the Biofuels for
Energy Security and Transportation Act, would increase the renewable fuel standard,
set some standards for greenhouse gas emissions reductions, and provide support for
fuel infrastructure, feedstocks, and biorefineries. Title II, the Energy Efficiency
Promotion Act, would set some new standards for energy efficient equipment,
establish goals for fuel savings, strengthen federal energy efficiency requirements,
and authorize several new programs for vehicles and grants. Title III, the Carbon

CRS-33
Capture and Storage Research, Development, and Demonstration Act, would call for
large-scale testing of carbon dioxide (CO ) storage in geological formations, establish
2
competitive funding awards, direct that a national storage capacity assessment be
conducted, and require that the Department of Energy (DOE) demonstrate the use of
large-scale capture technologies at industrial facilities. Title IV, Cost-Effective and
Environmentally Sustainable Public Buildings, would direct the General Services
Administration (GSA) to establish a program to speed the use of cost-effective
energy-efficient lighting equipment and other technologies and practices. Further,
GSA would be required to prepare a five-year plan to replace inefficient lighting in
GSA buildings using available funds. Also, an EPA matching grant program would
be created to help local governments renovate buildings to improve energy efficiency.
For this program, $20 million would be authorized. Title V, the Ten-in-Ten Fuel
Economy Act of 2007, would require that the corporate average fuel economy
standard (CAFE) for new cars and light trucks be increased to 35 miles per gallon
(mpg) by 2020 and require a 4% annual increase for 10 years thereafter. Starting in
2011, a 4% annual increase would also be required for medium- and heavy-duty
trucks. On May 8, 2007, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation marked up an amendment in the nature of a substitute. With little
debate, the amended bill was ordered reported by voice vote. Title VI, Price
Gouging
, would criminalize price gouging in fuel markets during an energy
emergency. Title VII, the Energy Diplomacy and Security Act of 2007 would
express the sense of Congress on several aspects of international energy cooperation,
with a special emphasis on increasing the use of sustainable energy sources. The
Department of State would be encouraged to establish four new types of
administrative mechanisms. One type of mechanism would be strategic energy
partnerships with the governments of major energy producers and consumers, and
with governments of other countries. A second type would be petroleum crisis
response mechanisms with the governments of China and India. A third would be
a Western Hemisphere energy crisis response mechanism. A fourth would be a
regionally-based ministerial Hemisphere Energy Cooperation Forum. Also, the
Department of State would be encouraged to approach other governments in the
Western Hemisphere to cooperate in establishing a “Hemisphere Energy Industry
Group” of industry and government representatives, which would be coordinated by
the U.S. government. The President would be encouraged to introduce the topic of
“the merits of establishing an international energy program application procedure”
for discussion at the Governing Board of the International Energy Agency. Also, the
bill would establish a “Hemisphere Energy Cooperation Forum,” that would be
encouraged to implement an Energy Crisis Initiative, an Energy Sustainability
Initiative, and an Energy for Development Initiative. Title VIII, Miscellaneous,
would require that DOE study and report on the laws and regulations that affect the
siting of privately owned electric distribution wires on and across public
rights-of-way. The House version of H.R. 6 was amended on the Senate floor.
S.Amdt. 2105, an amendment in the nature of a substitute, replaced the House
version with the text of S. 1419. Several second degree amendments to S.Amdt.
2105 were adopted. The Senate approved the amended bill by a vote of 65-27 on
June 21, 2007.
H.R. 6, House Version #2, Amendments to Senate Amendments (Rahall)
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. On December 5, 2007, the
House passed (235-181) its amendments to the Senate-passed amendments to H.R.

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6. The House version of the bill included a proposed increase of the corporate
average fuel economy (CAFE) standard to 35 miles per gallon by 2020 and an
increase of the renewable fuel standard to 36 billion gallons per year by 2022. The
House bill also included a proposed 15% renewable electricity portfolio standard and
$21 billion of new tax incentives for energy efficiency and renewable energy
measures. The bill proposed to offset the new tax incentives with a repeal of certain
tax subsidies for oil and natural gas. On December 6, 2007, a Senate cloture vote on
the House bill failed (53-42). After that vote, Members of the Senate indicated that
work would now begin on a new Senate amendment to H.R. 6.
H.R. 6, Senate Version #2, Amendments to Senate Amendments (Reid)
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. On December 13, 2007, the
Senate took up S.Amdt. 3841, its substitute amendment to the House-passed version
#2 of H.R. 6. The Senate substitute was nearly identical to the House-passed bill,
except that the RPS provision had been taken out and the package of tax provisions
had been modified somewhat. A cloture vote on the amendment failed (59-40). The
RPS and most tax provisions were subsequently removed. The remaining text was
placed in S.Amdt. 3850 to H.R. 6. That amendment was adopted by the Senate (8-8)
December 13, 2007. The House adopted the Senate amendment (314-100) December
18, 2007. The bill was signed into law as P.L. 110-140 on December 19, 2007.
H.R. 76 (Bartlett)
For the alternative motor vehicle tax credit available to consumers, the number
of eligible vehicles sold for use in the United States that would trigger the credit
phase-out period would increase from 60,000 to 250,000. Introduced January 4,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 80 (Bartlett)
R&D, demonstration, and commercial application activities would be required
to enable the development of farms that are net producers of both food and energy.
DOE would be directed to enter into an arrangement with the National Academy of
Sciences to (1) develop recommendations for evaluation measures and criteria for
programs under this act; and (2) evaluate the feasibility of prize and best practices
award programs as tools to promote self-powered farms. Further, it would direct
DOE to (1) establish an award program for up to 30 state agricultural research
programs for self-powered farm demonstrations; (2) provide low-cost revolving loans
and loan guarantees to eligible entities for the commercial application of energy or
other technologies that will contribute to establishing self-powered farms, with
highest preference given to applicants who propose to meet their energy needs from
biobased feedstocks or other renewable energy sources produced on that farm; and
(3) enter into an arrangement with the National Academy of Sciences for a review of
the programs under this act. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committees on
Science and Technology and on Agriculture.
H.R. 84 (Biggert)
Energy Efficient Buildings Act of 2007. Directs DOE to (1) establish a pilot
program to award grants to businesses and organizations for new construction or
major renovations of energy efficient buildings that will result in innovative energy
efficiency technologies, especially those sponsored by DOE; and (2) give due
consideration to proposals for buildings that are likely to serve low and moderate

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income populations. Defines “energy efficient building” as one that, after
construction or renovation, (1) uses heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems
that perform at no less than Energy Star standards; or (2) if Energy Star standards are
not applicable, uses Federal Energy Management Program recommended heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning products. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to
Committee on Science and Technology.
H.R. 85 (Biggert)
Energy Technology Transfer Act. Directs DOE to award grants for a five-year
period to nonprofit institutions, state and local governments, cooperative extension
services, or universities (or consortia thereof) to establish a geographically dispersed
network of Advanced Energy Technology Transfer Centers, located in areas DOE
determines have the greatest need of their services. Requires DOE to give priority
to applicants already operating or partnered with an outreach program capable of
transferring such knowledge and information about advanced energy efficiency
methods and technologies. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on
Science and Technology. Reported (H.Rept. 110-38) March 8, 2007. Passed House,
March 12, 2007. In Senate, referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Ordered Reported without amendment July 25, 2007. Reported (S.Rept. 110-162)
September 17, 2007.
H.R. 86 (Biggert)
Oil and Gas-to-Alternatives Swap (OGAS) Act of 2007. Certain fossil energy
tax incentives would be repealed and the limitation on the number of new qualified
hybrid and advanced lean-burn technology vehicles eligible for the tax credit for
alternative motor vehicles would be repealed. Also, the bill would extend through
2012 the alternative motor vehicles tax credit for (1) advanced lean burn technology
motor vehicles; (2) qualified hybrid motor vehicles; and (3) qualified alternative fuel
vehicles. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 121 (Doyle)/S. 506 (Lautenberg)
High-Performance Green Buildings Act of 2007. Title I would establish a
federal office of green buildings in the General Services Administration (GSA) to
coordinate efforts in federal agencies. This activities of this office would include
outreach to federal agencies, review related R&D findings, and develop guidance for
life-cycle costing and contracting. Section 107 would authorize $4 million for Title
I activities. Title II would identify incentives and procurement practices to promote
federal use of green building activities. Section 203 directs GAO to audit the
performance of this act’s provisions and report to Congress. Title III directs GSA to
conduct an annual demonstration project from 2009 through 2014 and authorizes a
total of $10 million for those projects, and it calls for annual demonstration projects
at universities with an additional $10 million authorization. House bill introduced
January 4, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Oversight and
Government Reform, Science and Technology, and Transportation and Infrastructure.
Senate bill introduced February 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and
Public Works.
H.R. 139 (Granger)/S. 894 (Lincoln)
Idling Reduction Tax Credit Act of 2007. A business tax credit of 25% of the
cost of a qualifying idling reduction device, up to $1,000, would be created. Defines

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“qualifying idling reduction device” as any device that is (1) installed on a
heavy-duty diesel-powered on-highway vehicle to provide services that would
otherwise require the operation of the main drive engine while the vehicle is
temporarily parked or stationary; and (2) certified by DOE to reduce long-duration
idling. DOE would be directed to publish standards for certifying such devices.
House bill introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
Senate bill introduced March 15, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 157 (Holt)
Fuel Savings, Smarter Travel, and Efficient Roadways Act. Directs DOE to
study and report to Congress on the potential fuel savings from intelligent
transportation systems that help businesses and consumers plan travel and avoid
delays. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
H.R. 165 (Jindal)
Realistic Roofing Tax Treatment Act of 2007. Roof systems would be
categorized as 20-year property for depreciation purposes. (See related bill, H.R.
4126.) Introduced January 7, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 182 (Lofgren)
To Encourage Alternatively-fueled vehicle Manufacturing up for Energy
Independence Act of 2007; also referred to as the “TEAM up for Energy
Independence Act.” An excise tax on non-alternative-fueled vehicles and gas-guzzler
vehicles would be established. The revenue would be used to establish a trust fund
at the Department of the Treasury. DOE would be directed to use the trust fund to
make grants to fueling stations owned by entities which own or control 10 or fewer
such businesses for alternative fuel refueling infrastructure projects, including new
dispensing facilities and additional equipment or upgrades and improvements to
existing refueling sites for alternative fuel vehicles. Introduced January 4, 2007;
referred to Committees on Ways and Means and on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 196 (Pomeroy)
Renewable Fuels and Energy Independence Promotion Act of 2007. Section 2
would make permanent certain tax incentives for biodiesel and alcohol fuels. Section
3 would modify the ethanol import duty. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 197 (Pomeroy)
Extends the renewable energy production tax credit (PTC) for five years, from
the end of 2008 through the end of 2013. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 277 (Cleaver)
Congress Leads by Example through Alt-fuel Resources (CLEAR) Act. Would
prohibit Members of the House from using any portion of their representational
allowance to provide any individual with a vehicle, including providing an individual
with a vehicle under a long-term lease, which is not an alternative fuel vehicle.
Introduced January 5, 2007; referred to Committee on House Administration.

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H.R. 345 (Hoekstra)
Cool and Efficient Buildings Investment Act. A 20-year depreciation recovery
period, calculated on a straight line basis, would be created for heating, ventilation,
air conditioning, or commercial refrigeration systems installed in nonresidential
buildings and placed in service during calendar years 2007 and 2008. Introduced
January 9, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 349 (Kline)
10-by-10 Act. Would require that motor fuels have a minimum renewable fuels
content of 10% by the beginning of 2010. Introduced January 9, 2007; referred to
Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 364 (Gordon)
An Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) would be
established at DOE. Its goal would be to reduce the energy imports from foreign
sources by 20% over a 10-year period. The ARPA-E Director would manage an
Energy Independence Acceleration Fund to award competitive grants, cooperative
agreements, or contracts to institutions of higher education, companies, or consortia,
including federally funded research and development centers, to achieve specified
goals through targeted acceleration of: (1) energy-related research; (2) development
of resultant techniques, processes, and technologies, and related testing and
evaluation; and (3) demonstration and commercial application of the most promising
technologies and research applications. DOE would be directed to establish
procedures and criteria for recoupment of the federal share of each project supported
under this act. The President’s Committee on Science and Technology would be
required to evaluate for Congress and the public how well ARPA-E achieves its goals
and mission. Introduced January 10, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and
Technology. Hearing held April 25, 2007. Ordered to be reported May 23, 2007.
Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as Subtitle A of Title IV on Science and Technology.
H.R. 395 (Salazar)/S. 167 (Boxer)
Cellulosic Ethanol Development and Implementation Act of 2007. DOE would
be required to provide grants to eligible entities to carry out R&D and demonstration
projects on cellulosic ethanol and construct infrastructure that enables retail gas
stations to dispense cellulosic ethanol for vehicle fuel to reduce the consumption of
petroleum fuels. House bill introduced January 10, 2007; referred to Committees on
Energy and Commerce and on Science and Technology. Senate bill introduced
January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
H.R. 490 (McNulty)/S. 306 (Schumer)
Mohawk River Hydroelectric Projects Licensing Act of 2007. The Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) would be prohibited from issuing a new
license for a hydroelectric project on the Mohawk River in New York state if the
project has been operating under annual licenses for 10 or more years, unless FERC
(1) issues a public notice that it will accept other valid license applications to develop
or dispose of the project works or water resource (including certain nonpower license
applications) and (2) approves a license application, according to the requirements
of this act, if other valid license applications are submitted, or if FERC has issued a
new license that is not yet final. Also, processing and approval procedures would be
established. Any new power license issued for such a project would be required to

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include the same license conditions relating to the use of affected waters, as provided
in the license for a specified Potomac Light & Power Company Project. Further, this
act would be declared as applicable to specified hydroelectric projects for which (1)
a new license has been issued at the time of this act but which has not yet become
final under law, (2) there are pending judicial appeals, (3) the time has not yet lapsed
for filing such appeals, or (4) there is a pending appeal of the Clean Water Act
section 401 Water Quality Certificate. House bill introduced January 16, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce. Senate bill introduced January 16,
2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
H.R. 498 (Wynn)
Energy Policy Reinvestment Act of 2007. Section 2 would repeal certain oil and
natural gas tax subsidies and Section 3 would direct that the resulting revenue be
used to support certain DOE hydrogen and fuel cell technology programs. Introduced
January 16, 2007; referred to Committees on Ways and Means, Science and
Technology, Oversight and Government Reform, and Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 517 (J. Davis)
Independence from Oil with Agriculture Act of 2007. Section 2 would extend
certain tax credits for alcohol and biodiesel fuels and fuel mixtures. Section 3 would
make permanent the renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) for
wind, open-loop biomass, and closed-loop biomass. Section 4 would make
permanent the tax credit for clean fuel vehicle refueling property. Section 5 would
increase the renewable fuel standard (RFS) set by EPACT from 7.5 billion gallons
to 12.0 billion gallons in 2012. Introduced January 17, 2007; referred to Committees
on Ways and Means and on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 539 (Schwartz)
Buildings for the 21st Century Act. The tax deduction for energy efficient
commercial building costs (P.L. 109-432, §204) would be increased, and the period
of eligibility would be extended five years, through 2013. Introduced January 17,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 547 (Gordon)
Advanced Fuels Infrastructure Research and Development Act. Section 3 would
direct DOE, in consultation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology,
to conduct a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial
application of materials to be added to alternative biobased fuels to make them more
compatible with existing infrastructure used to store and deliver petroleum-based
fuels to the point of final sale. Introduced January 18, 2007; referred to Committee
on Science and Technology. Reported (H.Rept. 110-7) February 5, 2007. Passed
House, amended, February 8, 2007. H.Amdt. 6 was approved, which would allow
fuel distributors and retailers to transform their businesses by dispensing hydrogen,
reformed on site from various feedstocks, or delivered by pipeline or tube trucks.
H.Amdt. 9 was approved, which would establish an energy security fund and an
alternative fuel grant program.
H.R. 550 (McNulty)/S. 590 (Smith)
Securing America’s Energy Independence Act of 2007. The residential
investment tax credit for energy efficient property, and the commercial investment

CRS-39
tax credit for solar energy property and qualified fuel cell property, would be
extended for eight years, from the end of 2008 to the end of 2016. Also, such credits
would be allowed to be applied against alternative minimum tax liability. The
definition of “energy property” would be expanded to include certain equipment that
uses solar energy to generate or store excess electricity. A special credit amount
based on kilowatt capacity would be set for solar photovoltaic energy property and
residential energy efficient property. A tax credit would be allowed for the full
amount of qualified photovoltaic property expenditures. That credit is currently
limited to 30%. A three-year recovery period would be allowed for accelerated
depreciation for solar energy and fuel cell property. House bill introduced January
18, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means. Senate bill introduced
February 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 559 (Delahunt)/S. 23 (Harkin)
Biofuels Security Act of 2007. Section 101 would modify the EPACT (§ 1501)
requirement that renewable fuel content reach 7.5 billion gallons in 2012,
accelerating the requirement to 10 billion gallons by 2010 and then rising to 30
billion gallons by 2020 and 60 billion gallons by 2030. Other provisions would
require E85 pumps at branded gasoline stations (§102), increased use of alternative
fuels in the federal fleet (§103), increased manufacturers percentage of dual-fueled
vehicles (§201), and increased manufacturers incentives for dual-fueled vehicles
(§202). House bill introduced January 18, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy
and Commerce, Oversight and Government Reform, and Judiciary. Senate bill
introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation.
H.R. 570 (Rogers)/S. 331 (Thune)
Moneys collected from violations of the corporate average fuel economy
(CAFE) program would be placed in an Energy Security Fund to provide grants that
support infrastructure needed to increase the availability of alternative fuels. House
bill introduced January 18, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
Senate bill introduced January 18, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources.
H.R. 589 (Inslee)
Get Real Incentives to Drive Plug-in Act. Section 3 would authorize $500
million for the Department of Transportation (DOT) to make grants to domestic
vehicle manufacturers for R&D on plug-in hybrid vehicles (PIHVs). Section 4 would
direct DOT to establish a pilot project to explore the integration of plug-in hybrid
vehicles into the electric power grid. Section 5 would direct DOT to test battery
technologies. Section 6 would require DOT and DOE to prepare a report on PIHVs.
Section 7 would create a $3,000 investment tax credit for taxpayer purchases of
PIHVs. Section 8 would require that at least 10% of federal agency vehicle
purchases are PIHVs. Introduced January 19, 2007; referred to Committees on
Science and Technology, Ways and Means, and Oversight and Government Reform.
H.R. 604 (Hayes)
E-85 Investment Act of 2007. Tax incentives for E-85 fuel vehicle refueling
property would be modified by: (1) increasing to 75% the rate of such credit for
property using 85% ethanol fuel; (2) reducing the maximum dollar amount of such

CRS-40
credit in 2013 and 2014 for ethanol-related refueling property; and (3) extending such
credit through 2016 for ethanol-related refueling property. Introduced January 22,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 620 (Olver)/S. 280 (Lieberman)
Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act of 2007. A program to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions would be established through a market-driven system of
tradeable allowances and support for the deployment of new climate change-related
technologies. House bill introduced January 22, 2007; referred to Committees on
Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, and Natural Resources. Senate bill
introduced January 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and Public
Works.
H.R. 632 (Lipinski)/S. 365 (Graham)
H-Prize Act of 2007. DOE would be authorized to establish monetary prizes
for achievements in overcoming scientific and technical barriers associated with
hydrogen energy. House bill introduced January 23, 2007; referred to Committee on
Science and Technology. Reported amended (H.Rept. 110-171) June 5, 2007.
Passed House (408-8) June 6, 2007. Senate bill introduced January 23, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
H.R. 635 (Upton)
After the year 2012, all gasoline sold to consumers in the United States for
motor vehicles would be required to contain at least 10% renewable fuel. Introduced
January 23, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 656 (Reichert)
Higher standards of automobile fuel efficiency would be required, with the goal
of reducing the amount of oil used for automobile fuel by 10% starting in 2017.
Introduced January 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 670 (Engel)/S. 339 (Bayh)
Dependence Reduction through Innovation in Vehicles and Energy (DRIVE)
Act. The national security and stability of the United States economy would be
promoted by reducing oil dependence through the use of alternative fuels and new
technology. Title I would establish a national oil savings target and action plan.
Title II would set a broad range of policies for improving the fuel efficiency of
vehicles. The provisions would include tire efficiency, idling reduction, plug-in
hybrids, R&D, advanced diesel vehicles, manufacturing credits, consumer incentives,
federal fleet requirements, reduced incentives for gas-guzzlers, and vehicle
efficiency. Title III would set a broad range of policies for renewable energy and
alternative fuels. The provisions would include modifications to tax credits for
refueling property, biodiesel, and small ethanol producers. A minimum requirement
would be set for cellulosic biofuels and sugar ethanol. Production incentives would
be established for cellulosic biofuels. Low-interest loan and grant programs would
be established for E85 fuel. Also, Transit-Oriented Development Corridors would
be designated in certain urban areas. House bill introduced January 24, 2007;
referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, Ways
and Means, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Oversight and Government
Reform. Senate bill introduced January 18, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.

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H.R. 682 (Kaptur)
The Strategic Petroleum Reserve would be expanded to cover alternative fuels,
including ethanol and biodiesel. Introduced January 24, 2007; referred to Committee
on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 683 (R. Lewis)
Investment in Energy Independence Act of 2007. Biomass tax incentives would
be promoted as a way to support energy independence. Introduced January 24, 2007;
referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 729 (Inslee)
Home Energy Generation Act. Each state regulatory authority and non-
regulated electric utility would be required to conduct a hearing, and on the basis of
such hearing, adopt a net metering standard. Retail electric suppliers would be
required to offer to arrange to make net metering available to retail customers on a
first-come-first-served basis. Also, implementation requirements would be
prescribed regarding (1) net energy measurement, (2) billing practices, (3) ownership
of credits, (4) safety and performance standards, (5) interconnection and model
standards, and (6) consumer friendly contracts. Introduced January 30, 2007; referred
to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 765 (Weller)/H.R. 2557 (Weller)
New flexible fuel hybrid motor vehicles would be made eligible for the
alternative motor vehicle tax credit through the end of 2014. They are defined to
include a hybrid motor vehicle that is capable of operating on an alternative fuel, on
gasoline, and on any blend thereof, and which is certified by EPA to have achieved
a certain level of city fuel economy using E-85 ethanol fuel. Introduced January 31,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 778 (Weller)
The residential energy efficient property credit (P.L. 109-432, § 206) would be
made permanent. Introduced January 31, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and
Means.
H.R. 791 (Weller)
The renewable fuel content standard (RFS) for gasoline sold in the United States
would be increased to 8.9 billion gallons in 2013 and then rise to 25 billion gallons
by the year 2025. Introduced January 31, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
H.R. 792 (Weller)
Growing Responsible Energy and Environment Nationally through Federal
Energy Decisions Act. Each federal agency would be directed to ensure that, in areas
in which ethanol-blended gasoline is reasonably available at a generally competitive
price, the federal agency purchases ethanol-blended gasoline containing at least 10%
ethanol rather than non-ethanol-blended gasoline, for agency vehicles that otherwise
would use gasoline. Introduced January 31, 2007; referred to Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform.

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H.R. 793 (Weller)
The renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) would be made
permanent. Introduced January 31, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and
Means.
H.R. 794 (Weller)
The renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) would be made
permanent for wind energy. Introduced January 31, 2007; referred to Committee on
Ways and Means.
H.R. 798 (Oberstar)
The General Services Administration (GSA) would be directed to install a solar
photovoltaic system for the DOE headquarters building. Introduced February 5,
2007; referred to Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on
Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management held hearing
February 6. Committee markup held February 7; reported (H.Rept. 110-11) February
12, 2007. Passed House February 12, 2007. In Senate, referred to Committee on
Environment and Public Works. Ordered to be reported June 6, 2007. Reported
without amendment (S.Rept. 110-224). For further action see Title IV of H.R. 3248.
H.R. 805 (Doyle)
For hydrogen used as a vehicle fuel or to produce electricity, a permanent 30%
fuel tax credit, capped at $1,500, would be created (§1). Also, the residential energy
efficiency tax credit for fuel cells and the commercial energy credit for fuels cells and
microturbines would be extended for five years, through the end of 2013 (§2).
Further, secondary (backup) fuel cell power sources would be required for all new
public buildings larger than 50,000 square feet (§3). In addition, DOT would be
directed to study and report on regulations needed for a transition to hydrogen fuels
(§4). Introduced February 5, 2007; referred to Committees on Ways and Means,
Transportation and Infrastructure, and Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 809 (Hinchey)
Section 216 of the Federal Power Act (as added by P.L. 109-58) providing for
the use of eminent domain authority for the construction of certain electric power
lines would be repealed. Introduced February 5, 2007; referred to Committee on
Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 810 (Hinchey)
Protecting Communities from Power Line Abuse Act. Certain provisions of the
Federal Power Act added by P.L. 109-58 relating to the use of eminent domain
authority for the construction of electric power lines would be modified. Introduced
February 5, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 817 (Price)
Finding the Ultimate Energy Lifeline Act of 2007. Also referred to as the FUEL
Act. A presidential working group would be created and charged with identifying
for the President strategies and methods to reduce foreign oil use to less than 25%
of total motor vehicle fuel use by 2015. Introduced February 5, 2007; referred to
Committee on Energy and Commerce.

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H.R. 823 (Welch)
Federal agencies and legislative branch offices would be authorized to purchase
greenhouse gas offsets and renewable energy credits. Introduced February 5, 2007;
referred to Committees on Oversight and Government Reform, House
Administration, and Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 824 (Weller)
Ethanol and biodiesel refining property would be classified as seven-year
property for purposes of the accelerated cost recovery system. Introduced February
5, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 825 (Weller)
Section 1 would extend the alternative motor vehicle tax credit through 2014,
for all types of alternative vehicles. Section 2 would extend the alternative fuel
vehicle refueling property tax credit through 2024 and increase the amount of the
credit. Section 3 would extend the volumetric excise tax credit for alternative fuels
and fuel mixtures through FY2014. Section 3d would extend the income tax credit
for biodiesel and renewable diesel used as fuel through 2024. Section 3e would
extend the small ethanol producer tax credit through 2024. Introduced February 5,
2007; referred to Committees on Oversight and Government Reform, House
Administration, and Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 829 (Wolf)
The Federal Power Act would be amended to make certain changes in
provisions relating to National Interest Transmission Corridors. Introduced February
5, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 872 (Braley)
The Department of Agriculture (USDA) would be authorized to make
competitive grants to community colleges, and advanced technology education
centers partnering with community colleges, to support the education and training of
technicians in the fields of bioenergy and other agriculture-based, renewable energy
resources. Introduced February 7, 2007; referred to Committee on Education and
Labor.
H.R. 927 (Burgess)
The biodiesel income tax credit would be doubled, from 50 cents per gallon to
$1 per gallon. Also, the biodiesel excise tax credit would be increased to $1 per
gallon. Introduced February 8, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 969 (T. Udall)
Title VI of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 would be amended
to establish a Federal renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS) for retail electric
utilities that would be administered by DOE. For each retail supplier, the RPS would
set a minimum electricity production requirement from renewable resources, starting
at 1% in 2010 and then rising annually until reaching a peak of 20% in 2020.
Resources eligible to meet the RPS would include wind, solar, geothermal, biomass,
landfill gas, ocean, tidal, and incremental hydropower. To supplement generation,
retail suppliers would be allowed to purchase power from other organizations or to
purchase tradable credits from suppliers with a surplus. Power generated on Native

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American lands would receive a double credit, and on-site generation used to offset
the requirement would receive a triple credit. An excess of tradable credits could be
carried forward (banked) for up to four years and a deficit of credits could be
“borrowed” from anticipated generation up to three years into the future. A credit
deficit would lead to a penalty that would be the lesser of 4.5 cents/kwh or 300% of
the average market value of the credits. A credit cost cap (adjusted for inflation)
would be set as the lesser of 3.0 cents/kwh or 200% of the average market value of
the credits. States would be allowed to have stronger RPS requirements. DOE
would be required to engage the National Academy of Sciences to evaluate the
program. Introduced February 8, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
H.R. 1126 (Lipinski)
Provisions of the Steel and Aluminum Energy Conservation and Technology
Competitiveness Act of 1988 would be reauthorized, with $12 million over FY2008
through FY2012. Also, technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions would be
made eligible for this funding. Introduced February 16, 2007; referred to Committee
on Science and Technology. Reported (H.Rept. 110-41) March 8, 2007. Passed
House March 12, 2007. In Senate, referred to Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources. Ordered Reported without amendment July 25, 2007. Reported (S.Rept.
110-181) September 17, 2007.
H.R. 1133 (Berkley)
Freedom Through Renewable Energy Expansion (FREE) Act. Section 8 would
increase CAFE fuel economy standards for new passenger cars to a minimum of 33
mpg by 2016. Section 9 would extend the renewable electricity production tax credit
for seven years, to the end of 2015. Section 10 would extend for seven years the
business investment tax credits for solar energy and fuel cell equipment, and it would
create a new credit for geothermal energy equipment. Section 11 would extend the
investment tax credit for residential energy efficient property for seven years.
Section 12 would create a new 30% investment tax credit for wind energy equipment
installed in residences and businesses. Section 13 would authorize $32.5 million for
geothermal energy research at DOE. Section 14 would establish a renewable
portfolio standard for retail electric suppliers, which could be met with generation
from solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas, incremental hydro, incremental geothermal,
current, wave, tidal, or ocean thermal energy. Section 15 would increase the amount
of renewable energy that federal agencies are required to purchase, rising from 3%
in 2007 to 20% in 2015. Section 16 would require DOE to establish a grant program
for renewable energy in school facilities. Introduced February 16, 2007; referred to
Committees on Ways and Means, Natural Resources, Energy and Commerce, and
Science and Technology.
H.R. 1186 (J. Wilson)
United States-India Energy Security Cooperation Act of 2007. Section 4 would
authorize the President to establish energy cooperation programs to support R&D and
deployment of various energy projects, including energy efficiency, ethanol, biomass,
and other renewable energy sources. Introduced February 16, 2007; referred to
Committee on Foreign Affairs.

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H.R. 1215 (Rogers)
DOE would be authorized $20 billion to make certain loan guarantees for
advanced conservation and fuel efficiency motor vehicle technology projects.
Introduced February 27, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce and
on Science and Technology.
H.R. 1259 (Adam Smith)
High Performance Buildings Act of 2007. A grant program would be authorized
to improve or carry out energy efficiency, conservation, and reuse of resources in
affordable housing. A Sustainable Building Institute would be established within the
National Science Foundation to undertake or support research, development, and
commercial application of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies for
buildings. Introduced March 1, 2007; referred to Committees on Financial Services
and on Science and Technology.
H.R. 1300 (Hoyer)
Program for Real Energy Security (PROGRESS) Act. Title I would establish
a commission to study and report on options for using alternative fuels to reduce oil
imports. Title II (§ 203) would create a public-private collaborative, “The New
Manhattan Center for High Efficiency Vehicles,” that would focus on battery,
advanced diesel and variable compression engines, plug-in hybrid vehicles with the
goals of doubling vehicle efficiency and diversifying fuels, especially those derived
from renewable resources. Also, Title II (§209) would establish a battery loan
guarantee program to provide incentives to domestic manufacturers. Title III would
establish a biofuels infrastructure grant program to support deployment of ethanol
and biodiesel fuels. Title IV would set renewable fuel regulations to support
investment in new cellulosic ethanol plants (§401), authorize $1 billion for a grant
program to support cellulosic ethanol production (§402), establish quality and
contents standards for biodiesel fuel (§403), require greater use of alternative fuels
in the federal fleet (§404), require a report on vehicles and infrastructure for
alternative fuels (§406), require that the Department of Defense (DOD) set aside a
minimum about of funds for alternative fuel infrastructure (§407), support the
development of alternative fuel refineries for military uses (§408), make plug-in
hybrid vehicles eligible to satisfy federal agency fleet alternative fuel requirements
(§409), and direct the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to study and
recommend procurement of alternative-fueled vehicles for congressional use (§410).
Title V would create an incentive for commuters to use transit (§501), establish a $2
billion grant for expansion of public transit services (§502), require a report on fuel
savings from intelligent transportation systems (§503), establish a mediator to reduce
delays in the development of local commuter rail projects (§513), and promote the
use of guaranteed loans and rail bonds to help state and local governments expand
intercity rail passenger service. Introduced March 1, 2007; referred to Committees
on Energy and Commerce, Armed Services, Oversight and Government Reform,
Science and Technology, Ways and Means, House Administration, and
Transportation and Infrastructure.
H.R. 1331 (Doggett)
Expands the alternative motor vehicle tax credit to include certain qualified
hybrid motor vehicles. Introduced March 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways
and Means.

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H.R. 1332 (Bean)
Small Business Lending Improvements Act of 2007. Sections 212 and 213
would authorize SBA loans for projects that reduce energy use by at least 10%.
Introduced March 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Small Business. Committee
markup held March 15, 2007; reported (H.Rept. 110-104) April 20. Passed House
(380-45) April 25, 2007.
H.R. 1356 (Oberstar)/ S. 1076 (Inouye)
Next Generation Air Transportation System Financing Reform Act of 2007.
Section 606 would require the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish
a research consortium with goals to increase aircraft fuel efficiency 25% relative to
1997 subsonic aircraft technology and to determine the feasability of using alternative
fuels in aircraft. Senate bill introduced March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on
Finance. House bill introduced March 6, 2007; referred to Committees on
Transportation and Infrastructure, Science and Technology, and Ways and Means.
H.R. 1385 (McDermott)/S. 822 (Snowe)
EXTEND the Energy Efficiency Incentives Act of 2007. Section 101 would
create a new performance-based investment tax credit for residential energy
efficiency improvements that produce an energy savings of 20% or more. The credit
would terminate at the end of 2011. Section 102 would extend the existing (EPACT
§1333) residential tax credit for energy efficiency measures in existing homes for
four years, from the end of 2007 through the end of 2011. Section 201 would extend
the existing (EPACT §1332) tax credit for energy efficiency measures in new homes
for three years, from the end of 2008 through the end of 2011. Section 202 would
extend the existing (EPACT §1331) tax deduction for energy efficiency measures in
commercial buildings through the end of 2012 and increase the amount of the
deduction. Section 203 would establish a new tax deduction for energy efficient
low-rise buildings. Section 204 would expand the list (EPACT §1331) of energy
efficiency measures in commercial buildings that qualify for a tax deduction and
make them eligible through the end of 2011. Section 301 would establish a new tax
credit for energy savings training and certification costs and certification equipment
expenditures. House bill introduced March 7, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways
and Means. Senate bill introduced March 8, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 1451 (Lundgren)
New Options Petroleum Energy Conservation Act of 2007. Section 2 would
create a 20% investment tax credit for “climate-neutral” combustion facilities.
Section 3 would extend the residential solar energy investment tax credit (EPACT
§ 1333) for four years, from the end of 2008 to the end of 2012. Section 4 would
extend the residential energy efficiency property (EPACT § 1335) investment tax
credit for four years, from the end of 2008 to the end of 2012. Section 5 would create
a $1 billion prize for the first U.S. automobile manufacturer that produces a car that
achieves 100 mpg. Section 6 would authorize $30 million for R&D on lithium ion
batteries. Section 7 would allow refiners to expense costs for property used to refine
ethanol, methanol, and biodiesel fuels. Introduced March 14, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.

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H.R. 1500 (DeFazio)
Gasoline Price Stabilization Act of 2007. Section 6 would set up a tax credit
schedule for American-made fuel-efficient passenger vehicles. The credit would be
capped at $3,000 for light trucks (LTs) and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) that have a
minimum fuel economy of 35 mpg and cars that attain a minimum of 45 mpg. The
cap would rise to $4,500 for LTs and SUVs that attain 45 to 55 mpg and cars that
reach 55 to 65 mpg. The cap would rise further to $6,000 for LTs and SUVs that
attain 55 to 65 mpg and for cars that exceed 65 mpg. Section 9 would direct DOT
to increase corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards to 37 mpg by 2017 and
to 40 mpg by 2022. Section 10 would direct federal agencies to establish a baseline
estimate of average fleet fuel economy in 2008. Each agency would then be directed
to increase fuel economy above that baseline by 3 mpg by 2010 and 6 mpg by 2013.
Introduced March 14, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Ways
and Means, Oversight and Government Reform, the Judiciary, Natural Resources,
and Foreign Affairs.
H.R. 1506 (Markey)/S. 767 (Obama)
CAFE Fuel Economy Reform Act of 2007. DOT’s National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA) would be directed to increase new passenger car
fuel economy by 4% annually for model year (MY) 2009 through MY2011 and for
MY2013 through MY2018, attaining no less than 35 mpg by MY2018. House bill
introduced March 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
Senate bill introduced March 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Commerce, Science,
and Transportation. Also, identical bill S. 768 was referred to Committee on
Finance.
H.R. 1547 (Harman)
DOE would be required to regulate a steadily increasing efficiency standard for
light bulbs, beginning at 60 lumens per watt in 2012, rising to 90 lumens per watt in
2016, and then to 120 lumens per watt in 2020. At each step, the sale of less-
efficient light bulbs would be prohibited. Also, DOE would be required to develop
a plan for incentives and other encouragement for consumers and businesses use to
use more efficient light bulbs. Introduced March 15, 2007; referred to Committee on
Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 1551 (Kind)/S. 919 (Menendez)
Healthy Farms, Foods, and Fuels Act of 2007. Title II would support energy
programs at USDA. This would include reauthorization of energy audit and
renewable energy development programs (§ 203), renewable energy systems and
energy efficiency programs (§ 204), bioenergy (§ 205), and biomass R&D (§ 206).
House bill introduced March 15, 2007; referred to Committees on Agriculture,
Education and Labor, and Armed Services. Senate bill introduced March 20, 2007;
referred to Committee on Agriculture.
H.R. 1585 (Skelton)/S. 1547 (Levin)
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008. In both bills, DOD
would be allowed to use up to $70 million of its authorized appropriations for energy
conservation projects (§ 2402). Under the House bill, Section 2853 would mandate
that the Pentagon use high-energy efficiency light bulbs throughout its buildings.
Section 2854 would require DOD to increase renewable energy purchases from 9%

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to 25% of total electricity use by the year 2025. House bill introduced March 20,
2007; referred to Committee on Armed Services. Reported (H.Rept. 110-146) May
11, 2007. Supplemental report (H.Rept. 110-146, pt. 2) filed May 14, 2007. Passed
House (397-27) May 17, 2007. Under the Senate bill, DOD would also be authorized
to enter into multi-year contracts to purchase electricity from renewable energy
sources for a period not to exceed 10 years (§ 826). Senate bill introduced June 5,
2007; referred to Committee on Armed Services. Reported (S.Rept. 110-77).
Referred to Committee on Intelligence, June 13, 2007. Committee reported (S.Rept.
110-125) June 29, 2007. Senate incorporated S. 1547 into H.R. 1585 as an
amendment in the nature of a substitute. Senate version of H.R. 1585 passed Senate
(92-3) October 1, 2007. Conference reported (H.Rept. 110-477) on December 6,
2007. House agreed to conference report (370-49) December 12, 2007. Senate
agreed to conference report (90-3) December 14, 2007. Vetoed by the President
December 28, 2007. Bill and veto message referred to House Committee on Armed
Services January 15, 2008. See H.R. 4986 for further action.
H.R. 1590 (Waxman)
Safe Climate Act of 2007. The level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions would
be frozen in 2010 and then gradually reduced each year through 2050. EPA would
be directed to establish a flexible, economy-wide cap-and-trade emissions reduction
program. Further, EPA would be required to set standards for reducing GHG from
motor vehicles that are at least as stringent as the California standards. DOE would
be directed to manage a renewable portfolio standard that would increase the share
of electricity generated by renewables to 20% in 2020. Further, DOE would be
required to set standards requiring utilities to obtain, each year, 1% of their energy
supplies through energy efficiency improvements at customer facilities. Also, the
National Academy of Sciences would be required to produce a report that
recommends additional measures for reducing emissions. Introduced March 20,
2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce and on Foreign Affairs.
H.R. 1591 (Obey)
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Bill, FY2007. Section 3201 of the
Senate-approved version would revise the FY2007 appropriations resolution (P.L.
110-5) to specify that the $1.474 billion for DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy (EERE) shall include $22.8 million for geothermal energy and
$229.5 million for the Weatherization Program. House Committee on
Appropriations reported (H.Rept. 110-60) March 20, 2007. Passed House (218-212)
March 23, 2007. Passed Senate with an amendment (51-47) March 29, 2007. House
disagreed with Senate amendment and agreed to a conference April 19, 2007.
Conference reported (H.Rept. 110-107) April 24, 2007. House agreed to conference
report (218-208) April 25, 2007. Senate agreed to conference report (51-46) April
26, 2007. Vetoed by the President May 1, 2007. House failed to override veto (222-
203) May 2, 2007.
H.R. 1596 (Ferguson)
Clean and Green Renewable Energy Tax Credit Act of 2007. Section 2 would
extend the business investment tax credit for solar and fuel cell equipment from the
end of 2008 through the end of 2030. The 30% credit percentage would be in place
through the end of 2015, drop to 25% in 2022, and then drop again to 20%. Section
3 would extend the residential solar credit through the end of 2015. Also, the cap

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would be lifted from $1,000/kw to $1,500/kw. Further, the credit would be allowed
to apply against the alternative minimum tax. Section 4 would establish a three-year
accelerated depreciation period for business solar and fuel cell equipment. Section
5 would extend the renewable energy production tax credit (PTC) for five years,
through the end of 2013. For businesses, Section 6a would establish a 30%
investment tax credit for equipment smaller than 100 kw. For home owners, Section
6b would make small wind equipment eligible for the 30% tax credit that currently
applies to residential energy efficiency measures. Section 7 would extend the tax
credit for residential property for two years, through the end of 2009. Incentives
would be established for energy efficiency and renewable energy. Introduced March
20, 2007; referred to Committees on Agriculture, Education and Labor, and Armed
Services.
H.R. 1600 (Cardoza)
EAT Healthy America Act. Title VII would require an inventory of specialty
crop biomass waste, reauthorize the USDA bioenergy program, and provide grants
for development of specialty crop bioenergy projects. Introduced March 29, 2007;
referred to Committees on Agriculture, Ways and Means, Education and Labor,
Energy and Commerce, and Financial Services.
H.R. 1618 (Camp)
A 10% investment tax credit would be provided for the cost of purchasing a
qualified plug-in hybrid vehicle. The credit would end after 2014. Introduced March
21, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 1705 (Lipinski)
The Bulb Replacement in Government with High-Efficiency Technology
(BRIGHT) Act. The Administrator of General Services would be directed to install
energy efficient lighting fixtures and bulbs in constructing, altering, and maintaining
public buildings. Introduced March 27, 2007; referred to Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure.
H.R. 1716 (McCaul)
Higher education curriculum development and graduate training in advanced
energy and green building technologies would be authorized. Introduced March 27,
2007; referred to Committee on Science and Technology. Reported (H.Rept. 110-
173) June 5, 2007. Passed House (416-0) June 6, 2007.
H.R. 1728 (Honda)/S. 1389 (Obama)
Global Warming Education Act. Section 4 would establish a national education
campaign to disseminate information on and promote implementation of new
technologies, programs, and incentives related to energy efficiency and renewable
energy. House bill introduced March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on Science
and Technology. Senate bill introduced May 14, 2007; referred to Committee on
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
H.R. 1766 (Van Hollen)/S. 1346 (Mikulski)
Chesapeake’s Healthy and Environmentally Sound Stewardship of Energy and
Agriculture Act (CHESSEA) Act of 2007. Section 11 would create, under § 9003
of the Farm Security Act, a program at USDA that provides grants, loans, and loan

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guarantees for biofuels and biorefineries in Chesapeake Bay Watershed states. A
total of $100 million would be provided annually from the Commodity Credit
Corporation (CCC) for FY2008 through FY2013. Under authority provided by §
9006 of the Farm Security Act, Section 12 would provide grants and loans for
renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, capped at 25% of the project cost.
Funding from the CCC would start at $60 million in FY2008 and increase to $250
million in FY2012. Introduced March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on
Agriculture.
H.R. 1768 (Gordon)
Federal Stimulus of Commercial Application of Energy Technology Act.
Innovative energy technologies derived from federally-sponsored R&D and
demonstration programs would be incorporated into Federal buildings. Introduced
March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and Technology.
H.R. 1772 (Blumenauer)/S. 673 (Salazar)
Rural Wind Energy Development Act. Investment tax credits would be
established for the installation of wind energy property by rural homeowners,
farmers, ranchers, and small businesses. House bill introduced March 29, 2007;
referred to Committee on Ways and Means. Senate bill introduced February 16,
2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 1821 (McDermott)/H.R. 1965 (Pomeroy)
Clean Renewable Energy for Public Power Act. The rules for clean energy
renewable bonds would be modified to remove the $400 million cap for public
utilities, redefine “public power entity” to include larger public power systems, and
extend the program for five years. Introduced March 29, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 1838 (Sherman)/S. 838 (Smith)
United States-Israel Energy Cooperation Act. Enhanced cooperation would be
focused on renewable energy R&D. DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy would be directed to administer a grant program that supports this
cooperation and to report on its results. A revolving fund, the Energy Research and
Development Activities Fund, would be created at the Department of the Treasury.
Also, $20 million per year would be authorized for FY2008 through FY2014. House
bill introduced March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
Senate bill introduced March 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources. Incorporated into H.R. 3221 under Title IX, Subtitle D, Part 2 on United
States — Israel Energy Cooperation.
H.R. 1888 (Hoekstra)
Cool and Efficient Buildings Act. A 20-year depreciation recovery period,
calculated on a straight line basis, would be created for heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, or commercial refrigeration systems installed in nonresidential
buildings. Introduced April 17, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 1915 (Castle)/S. 1055 (Biden)
American Automobile Industry Promotion Act of 2007. DOE would be directed
to establish a program for research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) and

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commercial application of innovative electric drive transportation technology (i.e.
plug-in hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles, engine dominant hybrid
vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles). DOE would be required to arrange with the
National Academy of Sciences to assess state-of-the-art battery technologies that
could be applied to electric drive transportation. Also, DOE would be directed to
carry out an Advanced Battery Initiative to support RD&D and commercial
application of battery technologies in on-road or non-road vehicles. Requirements
for the lean burn vehicle technology credit would be modified. EPA would be
empowered to define biodiesel fuel and biodiesel fuel blends, and would be required
set standards for each biodiesel blend. House Bill introduced April 18, 2007;
referred to Committees on Science and Technology, Ways and Means, and Energy
and Commerce. Senate bill introduced March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on
Finance.
H.R. 1920 (Inslee)/S. 1151 (Obama)
Health Care for Hybrids Act. A program would be created to provide up to 10%
of the health care costs for retired auto industry employees. In exchange, each
company would agree to invest half of its reduced costs into R&D, retooling,
manufacture, or employee retraining for the use of fuel-efficient and alternative fuel
technologies in its vehicle lines. House bill introduced April 18, 2007; referred to
Committees on Ways and Means and Energy and Commerce. Senate bill introduced
April 18, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 1924 (Meek)/S. 411 (Smith)
After 2006, the renewable energy production tax credit (PTC) would be
modified to eliminate the reduction in the credit rate for power produced by
open-loop biomass, small irrigation power, landfill gas, trash combustion, and
hydropower facilities. Thus, the same credit rate would be allowed for all renewable
resource facilities covered by the credit. House Bill introduced April 18, 2007;
referred to Committee on Ways and Means. Senate bill introduced January 26, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 1933 (Udall)/ S. 962 (Bingaman)
Department of Energy Carbon Capture and Storage Research, Development, and
Demonstration Act of 2007. This bill does not support energy efficiency or
renewable energy. However, its provisions for carbon sequestration are a key part
of the omnibus energy bills, H.R. 3221 and the Senate version of H.R. 6. DOE
would be directed to: (1) carry out fundamental science and engineering research to
develop and document new approaches to capture and store carbon dioxide; (2)
ensure that fundamental research is appropriately applied to energy technology
development activities and the field testing of carbon sequestration activities; (3)
promote regional carbon sequestration partnerships to conduct geologic sequestration
tests involving carbon dioxide in a variety of geological settings; and (4) conduct at
least seven initial large-volume sequestration tests for geological containment of
carbon dioxide. Further, DOE would be directed, in making competitive awards, to
give preference to proposals from partnerships among industrial, academic, and
government entities. House bill introduced April 14, 2007; referred to Committee
on Science and Technology. Reported amended (H.Rept. 110-301) August 3, 2007.
Senate bill introduced March 22, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural

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Resources. Hearing (S. Hrg. 110-83) held April 16, 2007. Incorporated into S. 1321
and then into the Senate-passed version of H.R. 6.
H.R. 1945 (Shays)
Energy For Our Future Act. Section 102 would repeal the limit on the number
of new hybrid and advanced lean-burn technology vehicles that would qualify for the
alternative motor vehicles manufacturers credit. Also, it would allow a composite
energy efficient motor vehicle manufacturing tax credit consisting of an initial
investment credit, a fuel economy achievement credit, and an eligible components
research and development credit. Section 103 would direct DOT to designate
transit-oriented development (TOD) corridors in urban areas, and award grants to
state and local governments to for public transit facilities, bicycle facilities, and
pedestrian walkways in such a corridor. Section 104 would amend federal
transportation law to prescribe phased increases in automobile fuel economy
standards. Section 105 would subject sport utility vehicles (SUVs) to the
depreciation limit for certain luxury automobiles. Section 106 would require DOT
to implement a tire efficiency program. Section 107 would direct DOT to set fuel
economy standards for heavy-duty vehicles. Section 201 would double the funding
authorization for the DOE weatherization program. Section 202 would authorize
funding for the Energy Star Program. Section 203 would extend the renewable
electricity production tax credit (PTC) for five years. It also would extend the
investment tax credit for residential energy efficient property for seven years.
Section 204 would set energy efficiency resource standards for retail electricity and
natural gas suppliers that would reach 3% by 2011. Section 205 would set a federal
renewable portfolio standard (RPS) that would start at 1% in 2009 and reach 20% by
2020. Section 206 would make net metering service available from all electric
utilities. Title II, Subtitle B, would extend and modify several existing tax incentives
for energy efficiency. It would also create some new incentives for efficiency.
Section 406 would repeal the federal preemption of state law for automobile fuel
economy standards. Title V would authorize funding for several renewable energy
R&D programs. Introduced April 19, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and
Commerce, Natural Resources, Science and Technology, Transportation and
Infrastructure, and Ways and Means.
H.R. 1954 (Grijalva)
For the renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC), tax benefits would be
allocated among multiple owners of a qualified facility. Further, Indian tribal
governments would be allowed to transfer the tax benefits other owners. Introduced
April 19, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 1965 (Pomeroy)/H.R. 1821 (McDermott)
For clean renewable energy bonds (CREBs), a limit of $1 billion per year would
be set for 2008 and 2009. Of these amounts, the amount available to governments
would be limited to $625 million per year. Also, certain modifications would be
made to the reimbursement period and amortization structure. Introduced April 19,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.

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H.R. 1977 (Berkley)
The solar and geothermal investment tax credit would be expanded to include
public utility property. Introduced April 20, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways
and Means.
H.R. 1987 (Jefferson)
The small agri-biodiesel tax credit would be expanded to include biodiesel
derived from waste vegetable oils. Introduced April 20, 2007; referred to Committee
on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2036 (Inslee)/S. 1511 (Akaka)
Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Promotion Act. DOE would be
directed to create a marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy R&D program.
Section 4 would establish a fund to make loans to projects producing marine and
hydrokinetic renewable energy. Section 5 would require programmatic
environmental impact statements for deployment in U.S. navigable waters. Section
6 would expand the renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC) to cover this
equipment. Section 7 would expand the 30% business investment credit and
five-year depreciation to include this equipment. House bill introduced April 25,
2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology,
Ways and Means, and Natural Resources. Senate bill introduced May 24, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 2037 (Kaptur)
Each state and the District of Columbia would be required to ensure that
gasoline contains a specified percentage of renewable fuel. The percentages would
be set at 15% after 2014, 25% after 2019, and 30% after 2024. Introduced April 25,
2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, and Agriculture.
H.R. 2038 (Kind)/S. 1154 (Nelson)
Biogas Production Incentive Act of 2007. A business tax credit for “biogas”
production and sales would be established. Eligible biogas must be derived by
processing a qualified feedstock — such as livestock manure and other waste
material — in an anaerobic digester that contains at least 60% methane and carbon
dioxide and trace gases. USDA would be directed to make counter-cyclical payments
to qualified biogas producers for facility development. Also, USDA would establish
loans, loan guarantees and grants for qualified providers to collect and transport
feedstocks to a biogas facility or for equipment and facilities that help collect and
transport feedstocks. House bill introduced April 25, 2007; referred to Committees
on Ways and Means, and Agriculture. Senate bill introduced April 18, 2007; referred
to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 2039 (Levin)
Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Act of 2007. The alternative fuel vehicle
refueling property tax credit would be increased from 30%, with a cap at $30,000, to
50%, with a cap at $50,000. Also, the credit termination date would be extended to
December 31, 2014. Introduced April 25, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and
Means.

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H.R. 2079 (L. Smith)
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Act of 2007. DOE would be directed to
conduct an R, D, and D program for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and related
advanced vehicle technologies. Also, a competitive grant program would be created
to support plug-in hybrid electric vehicle demonstration projects by state and local
governments and by regional transportation authorities. Introduced April 30, 2007;
referred to Committee on Science and Technology.
H.R. 2082 (Reyes)
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008. Section 405 would require
the Director of National Intelligence to develop and report to Congress on a plan to
implement the recommendations of a specified report concerning the use of
energy-efficient computer servers across the U.S. Intelligence Community.
Introduced May 1, 2007; referred to Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.
Reported (H.Rept. 110-131) on May 7, 2007. Passed House (225-197) on May 11,
2007. Referred to Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. On October 3, 2007, the
Senate substituted the language of S. 1539 passed the bill by Unanimous Consent.
Conference report (H.Rept. 110-478) filed December 6, 2007. The House agreed
(222-199) to conference report on December 13, 2007. The Senate agreed (51-45)
to conference report on February 13, 2008. Vetoed by President on March 8, 2008.
Passed House (225-188) without required 2/3 vote on March 11, 2008. The bill and
veto message were referred to the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and
Select Committee on Intelligence on March 11, 2008.
H.R. 2083 (Gordon)/S. 1101 (Lincoln)
The energy efficiency regulatory standard for residential clothes washers would
be put into law. The standard for residential dishwashers would by increased by 35%
in 2010 and thereafter. The standard for residential dehumidifiers would be increased
in 2012 and thereafter. Also, DOE would be directed to set a new standard for
refrigerators in a rulemaking that would take effect by 2014. House bill introduced
May 1, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce. Senate bill
introduced April 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
H.R. 2112 (Israel)
Purchasing Low-Emission Vehicles for Use in Government (PLUG) Act of
2007. The federal government would be directed to acquire at least 50,000 plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles over five fiscal years. Introduced May 2, 2007; referred to
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.
H.R. 2137 (Levin)
Super-Efficient Appliance Incentives and Market Transformation Act of 2007.
EPACT (P.L. 109-58) established investment tax credits for manufacturers of certain
types of energy efficient appliances. The bill would modify the credit for certain
dishwashers, clothes washers, refrigerators, and dehumidifiers produced after 2007.
The credit would be capped at $100 million per year. House bill introduced May 3,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means. Senate bill introduced May 24,
2007; referred to Committee on Finance.

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H.R. 2144 (DeLauro)
Farm, Nutrition, and Community Investment Act of 2007. Certain farm
programs would be reauthorized. Title III contains energy provisions. Funding
would be established, extended, or authorized for biomass and biorefinery R&D;
regional work on the climate carbon cycle, renewable energy, and climate change
programs; the farm and ranch energy efficiency rebate program, and the alternative
use for biofuel byproducts program. Also, electric utilities would be required to
provide net metering service to farm and rural customers. Introduced May 5, 2007;
referred to Committees on Agriculture, Energy and Commerce, Education and Labor,
and Ways and Means.
H.R. 2154 (Herseth)
Rural Energy for America Act of 2007. Section 9006 (the renewable energy
systems and energy efficiency improvement program) of the 2002 Farm Security Act
would be reauthorized through 2012, and it would be renamed as the Rural Energy
for America Program (REAP). Rural school districts would be eligible for REAP.
REAP would be authorized to provide assistance to those that produce and sell
electricity generated by new renewable energy systems. The maximum amount of
loan guarantees for most projects would be increased to $25 million. The maximum
amount of loan guarantees would be increased to $100 million for projects producing
renewable fuels from cellulosic biomass. States and other eligible entities could
receive grants to provide rebates to farmers, ranchers, rural school districts, and rural
small businesses to purchase renewable energy systems and make energy efficiency
improvements. Rebates would be limited to the lower of $10,000 or 50% of the
purchase cost. Overall funding authority for REAP would increase from $71 million
in FY2008 to $250 million in FY2012. Introduced May 3, 2007; referred to
Committee on Agriculture.
H.R. 2171 (Reyes)/H.R. 2196 (Reyes)
Knowledge Is Power Act. Electric utilities would be required to disclose to
consumers, through their periodic billing statements, the percentage mix of energy
technologies and fuels used to generate the electricity sold within the distribution
utility’s distribution area. In describing such mix, each such utility shall disclose the
percentage of electricity generated from coal, from gas, from nuclear, from any other
fuel, and from any particular type (including solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas, ocean
tidal, ocean wave, ocean current, ocean thermal, geothermal, municipal solid waste,
or hydroelectric) of renewable energy. H.R. 2171 introduced May 3, 2007; referred
to Committee on Energy and Commerce. H.R. 2196 introduced May 7, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 2178 (Walberg)
The Energy Independence Through Bio-diesel Act. Starting five years after
enactment, all diesel fuel would be required to contain a minimum of 2% biofuel.
Introduced May 3, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 2196 (Reyes)
Knowledge Is Power Act. This bill is identical to H.R. 2171. Introduced May
7, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.

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H.R. 2215 (Inslee)
EPA would be directed to establish a low-carbon fuel performance standard for
fuels used in motor vehicles. The standard would be expressed as an average over
a five-year period. Relative to an EPA-determined baseline, the standard would
require greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced by a 3% average over the period
from 2015 through 2019. The standard would increased gradually, until it reached
21% for the period from 2045 through 2049. A standard would also be set for
aircraft fuel. These standards would also likely have the effect of improving vehicle
fuel use efficiency. Introduced May 8, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
H.R. 2218 (Kaptur)
Biofuels Energy independence Act of 2007. USDA would be authorized to
create loan programs and loan guarantee programs to support the development,
production, distribution, and storage of biofuels. Also, USDA would be authorized
to establish a Biofuels Feedstocks Energy Reserve. Conditions would be set to guide
USDA in making purchases to the reserve, releases from the reserve, and storage
payments to producers. Introduced May 8, 2007; referred to Committee on
Agriculture.
H.R. 2229 (Gordon)
United States-Israel Energy Cooperation Act. A grant program would be
established at DOE to fund eligible ventures between the United States and Israel to
support R&D and commercialization renewable energy, energy efficiency, and
alternative fossil energy sources. (This bill is similar, but not identical, to H.R. 1838
and S. 838.) Introduced May 9, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and
Technology.
H.R. 2261 (Lucas)
Rural America Energy Act of 2007. Section 2 would authorize USDA’s
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) to make $25 million in loans for projects
involving cellulosic ethanol cogeneration, cellulosic hydrogen for fuel cells, and
biomass gasification. Section 3 would increase CCC funding for small renewable
energy (§ 9006) projects. Section 4 would extend the renewable energy production
tax credit (PTC) for five years, through the end of 2013. Section 5 would authorize
$1 million for feasibility studies of a dedicated ethanol pipeline. Section 6 would
promote production of biofuels crops. Section 7 would provide transitional
assistance to farmers that plant dedicated crops for a cellulosic ethanol refinery.
Section 8 would establish a tax credit for wind energy equipment installation by rural
home owners, ranchers, farmers, and small businesses. Introduced May 10, 2007;
referred to Committees on Agriculture, Ways and Means, Financial Services, and
Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 2272 (Gordon)/S. 761 (Reid)
America COMPETES Act of 2007. Section 2005 (Division B) would establish
an Advanced Research Projects Authority-Energy (ARPA-E) at DOE. The new
Authority would focus on overcoming the “long-term and high-risk technological
barriers” in the development of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other
technologies. “Such sums” as necessary would be authorized for each fiscal year
from 2008 through 2011. House bill introduced May 10, 2007; referred to

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Committee on Science and Technology. Passed House by voice vote May 21, 2007.
In Senate, S. 761 introduced March 5, 2007. Passed Senate (88-8), amended, April
25, 2007. Senate incorporated S. 761 into H.R. 2272 as an amendment in the nature
of a substitute, and passed the Senate version of H.R. 2272 by unanimous consent on
July 19, 2007. Conference report filed (H.Rept. 110-289) August 1, 2007. House
and Senate agreed to conference report August 2, 2007. Signed by President and
became P.L. 110-69 on August 9, 2007.
H.R. 2296 (Garlach)
Future Fuels Act. A tax credit would be made available to eligible
manufacturers for production of advanced technology motor vehicles. The fuel
economy calculations for manufacturer incentives for dual fueled vehicles would be
revised. A schedule would be set for increased the share of alternative fueled or
flexible fuel vehicles. An incentive program would be established for insurance
providers to sell auto insurance on a per-mile basis. Policies and procedures would
be set for testing and labeling tires for fuel economy. Introduced May 14, 2007;
referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Transportation and Infrastructure,
and Ways and Means.
H.R. 2298 (Gordon)/H.R. 2990 (Doggett)
Ground source (geothermal) heat pump systems would become eligible for the
business investment tax credit. This credit (IRC section 48[a][3]) is currently
available for solar and geothermal equipment. Introduced May 14, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2304 (McNerney)
Advanced Geothermal Energy Research and Development Act of 2007. DOE
would be instructed to focus R&D and commercial application programs on
expanding geothermal energy production from hydrothermal systems. In particular,
RD&D and commercial applications would focus on increasing the reliability of site
characterizations and cost-shared field demonstrations would be conducted (§ 4).
RD&D and commercial application would develop component technology, improve
reservoir performance models, and assess environmental impacts (§ 5). RD&D and
commercial applications would be employed to enhance geothermal technologies and
a collaboration with industry would focus on reservoir stimulation techniques at a
variety of different sites (§ 6). A grant program would be created to promote
geothermal energy production from oil and gas fields (§ 7). Federal cost share
requirements would be set in accordance with Section 988 of EPACT (§ 8). DOE
would be directed to award grants to universities and academic consortia to establish
two Centers for Geothermal Technology Transfer (§ 9). The Geothermal America
program would be created (§ 10). A report to Congress on advanced concepts and
technologies would be required (§ 11). A total of $90 million per year would be
authorized for FY2008 through FY2012 (§13). Introduced May 14, 2007; referred
to Committee on Science and Technology. Reported, amended (H.Rept. 110-203)
June 21, 2007. Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as Subtitle C of Title IV on Science and
Technology.
H.R. 2305 (Nunes)
Energy Conservation through ‘Smart Meters’ Act of 2007. A five-year
accelerated depreciation recovery period would be established for qualified energy

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management devices. Introduced May 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and
Means.
H.R. 2313 (Hooley)
Marine Renewable Energy Research and Development Act of 2007. R&D,
demonstration, and commercial application programs would be established at DOE
for marine (tidal, currents, waves, and ocean thermal) renewable energy technologies.
Introduced May 15, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and Technology.
Reported, amended (H.Rept. 110-203) June 21, 2007. Incorporated into H.R. 3221
as Subtitle B of Title IV on Science and Technology.
H.R. 2337 (Rahall)
Energy Policy Reform and Revitalization Act of 2007. Sections 231through 235
would require wind energy developers to assess and mitigate the impact of turbines
on birds and wildlife. Section 307 would establish a pilot program to develop a
strategic solar reserve, and would identify and assess potential sites on federal lands
for concentrating solar power (CSP) systems. Section 309 would establish a program
to use biomass from federal forest lands. Introduced May 16, 2007; referred to
Committee on Natural Resources, Committee on Agriculture, and Committee on
Science and Technology. Hearing held May 23, 2007. Ordered reported (amended)
June 13, 2007. Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as Title VII, Natural Resources
Committee Provisions. Reported amended (H.Rept. 110-296, Part I) August 3, 2007.
H.R. 2354 (Visclosky)/S. 133 (Obama)
American Fuels Act of 2007. Section 2 would create an Office of Energy
Security in the Executive Office of the President. Section 3 would provide a
production tax credit to manufacturers of flexible fuel vehicles. Section 4 would
establish a retail sales incentive for alternative fuels. Section 5 would prohibit certain
restrictions on the installation of alternative fuel pumps. Section 6 would create an
increasing percentage standard for biodiesel, or other alternative diesel fuel, content
in diesel fuels. Section 7 would create an excise tax credit for the production of
cellulosic ethanol from biomass. Section 8 would establish an incentive for federal
and state fleets to use medium- and heavy-duty hybrid vehicles. Section 9 would
establish an investment tax credit for qualified ethanol blending and processing
equipment. Section 10 would increase public access to alternative fuel refueling
stations on federal property. Section 11 would restrict the use of funds in the Mass
Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund to the purchase of clean fuel buses.
Section 12 would require the Department of Defense to increase the use of alternative
fuels. Section 13 would increase federal requirements for the use of electric vehicles
and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Introduced May 16, 2007; referred to Committee on
Energy and Commerce, Committee on Ways and Means, Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure, Committee on Armed Services, Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform, Committee on Judiciary. Senate bill introduced
January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 2361 (Doggett)
Responsible Renewable Energy Tax Credit Act of 2007. The tax credit for
renewable diesel would be disallowed whenever the fuel is produced in part from
petroleum, natural gas, or coal feedstocks. Introduced May 17, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.

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H.R. 2372 (DeLauro)
Windfall Energy Alternatives for the Nation (WEAN) Off of Oil Act of 2007.
Section 2 would impose a temporary windfall profit tax on crude oil. Section 3
would deposit revenues from the tax into a Strategic Energy Efficiency and
Renewables Reserve. Funds from the Reserve would be available to offset (make
deficit-neutral) the cost of subsequent legislation to invest in renewable energy and
energy efficiency measures. Introduced May 17, 2007; referred to Committees on
Ways and Means, on Budget, and on Rules.
H.R. 2389 (Shuler)
Small Energy Efficient Businesses Act. The bill would give small firms that are
acquiring or developing energy efficient technologies more flexible loan terms. The
Small Business Administration (SBA) would be directed to develop a strategy for
educating small firms about energy efficiency. An energy efficiency program would
be created to support Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs). Further, the
bill aims to spur investment in the production of biofuels and in the development of
energy efficient technology by expanding the Small Business Investment Corporation
(SBIC) and by increasing investment in small producers. A Renewable Fuel Capital
Investment (RFCI) program would also be created to help small firms develop
renewable energy sources and new technologies. Introduced May 17, 2007; referred
to Committee on Small Business. Hearings held, ordered reported May 23, 2007.
Incorporated in H.R. 3221 as Title III on Small Energy Efficient Businesses.
H.R. 2419/S. 2302, House Version (Peterson)
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007. Energy provisions are contained
primarily in Title IX. Agricultural-based energy programs established by the Farm
Security Act of 2002 would be expanded and continued through FY2012. A total of
about $3.2 billion in new funding is proposed including $1.4 billion for biofuels
production incentives, $800 million to underwrite up to $2 billion in loan guarantees
for biorefineries, $420 million for research on biomass feedstocks and production,
and new mandatory funding for a cellulosic biomass feedstock reserve. Most new
funding would be directed away from corn-based ethanol and toward cellulosic-based
biofuels and other new technologies. Section 2002 would include biobased products
composed of at least 5% intermediate ingredients and feedstocks in the procurement
preference program set by §9002 of the 2002 Farm Security Act (P.L. 107-171). The
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) would be required to issue criteria for
determining which products, intermediate ingredients, and feedstocks would qualify
for the USDA Certified Biobased Product label. Section 9003 would provide loan
guarantees for up to 90% of loans used to help pay for development, construction,
and retrofitting of biorefineries and biofuel production plants to demonstrate the
commercial viability of converting biomass to fuels or chemicals. Loan guarantees
may cover up to $2 billion in loans, split evenly between relatively small plants (up
to $100 million) and larger plants ($100 to $250 million). USDA would determine
the maximum loan term. Selection criteria for the loans would follow those for the
existing grants program in §9003 of the 2002 Farm Act. Further, the level of local
ownership would be added as a new selection criteria. Section 9004 would extend
the energy audit and renewable energy development program, which requires that
USDA make competitive grants to assist farmers, ranchers, and rural small
businesses in becoming more energy efficient and in using renewable energy
technology and resources. Section 9005 would rename and reauthorize the program

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in §9006 of the 2002 Farm Act, which makes grants and authorizes loans and loan
guarantees to farmers, ranchers, and rural businesses to cover up to 25% of the
purchase cost for renewable energy systems and energy efficiency improvements.
Funding would be increased from the current $3 million to $50 million in 2008, and
then rise to $150 million in 2012. The limit on the maximum amount of the
combined loan and grant would increase from 50% to 75% of the total. Also 15%
of funds would be reserved for projects that cost $50,000 or less. Section 9006
would modify findings of the Biomass R&D Act of 2000 to include biodiesel; and
it would amend the definition of technical study areas to clarify that research areas
include sugar processing and refining plants. The current law provision that would
authorize an additional annual appropriation of $200 million through 2015 would
remain in effect. Section 9007 would amend the program under section 9010 of the
2002 Farm Act, which provides payments that encourage producers to increase
purchases of eligible commodities that are used to expand production of bioenergy.
Also, it would clarify that — in addition to biodiesel and fuel grade ethanol — the
term “bioenergy” would include (a) the production of heat and power from an
eligible feedstock at a biofuels plant, (b) biomass gasification, and (c) hydrogen made
from cellulosic commodities for fuel cells. Corn starch would be excluded from the
list of eligible feedstocks under the program. The funding level would be increased
from the current level of $0 for 2007 to $1.5 billion for the period 2008 through
2012. Section 9008 would reauthorize Sun Grants (§9011 of the 2002 Farm Act) to
promote research, extension, and education related to biobased energy and product
technologies. The current authorization of $75 million per year for 2007 through
2010 would be extended through 2012. Section 9009 would create an Energy
Council at USDA to coordinate departmental energy policy and to consult with other
agencies. Section 9010 would direct USDA to establish a pilot grant program to help
farmers demonstrate the feasibility of making farms energy-neutral using existing
technologies. Section 9011 would authorize USDA to make cost-shared grants to
enable eligible rural communities to develop renewable energy systems to increase
their energy self-sufficiency. Appropriations of $5 million would be authorized in
2008 and such sums as necessary for 2009 through 2012. Section 9012 would
encourage students to pursue employment in renewable energy-related jobs. Section
9013 would require USDA to purchase sugar to produce bioenergy, if necessary to
avoid forfeitures of sugar to the Commodity Credit Corporation, and to ensure that
the sugar loan program is operated at no cost to the federal government. Section
9014 would provide $1 million for feasibility studies for the construction of a
dedicated ethanol pipeline; and it would require a report to Congress on the results
of such studies. Introduced May 22, 2007; referred to Committees on Agriculture
and Foreign Affairs. House Committee on the Agriculture reported (H.Rept. 110-
256, Part I) July 23, 2007. House passed, amended, by a vote of 231 to 191, July 27,
2007. Also, the energy provisions of this bill were incorporated into H.R. 3221 as
Title V on Agriculture Energy. Passed Senate amended as the “Food and Energy
Security Act” (79-14) on December 14, 2007. Conference reported (H.Rept. 110-
627) May 13, 2008. House approved (318-106) conference report May 14, 2008.
Senate approved (81-15) conference report May 15, 2008. (For more details, see
CRS Report RL34130, Renewable Energy Policy in the 2007 Farm Bill, and CRS
Report RL34239, Biofuels in the 2007 Energy and Farm Bills: A Side-by-Side
Comparison.)


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H.R. 2419/S. 2302, Senate Version
Food and Energy Security Act of 2007. This bill would establish several
provisions for biofuels, biomass, and bioenergy programs, energy efficiency
programs, and other renewable energy policies. Committee on Agriculture,
Nutrition, and Forestry reported (S.Rept. 110-220) November 2, 2007. Incorporated
into H.R. 2419 as an amendment in the nature of a substitute. The Senate passed (79-
14) its version of H.R. 2419 on December 14, 2007. Conference reported (H.Rept.
110-627) May 13, 2008. House approved (318-106) conference report May 14,
2008. Senate approved (81-15) conference report May 15, 2008. (For more details
see CRS Report RL34130, Renewable Energy Policy in the 2007 Farm Bill, and CRS
Report RL34239, Biofuels in the 2007 Energy and Farm Bills: A Side-by-Side
Comparison.)
. Conference committee began work April 14, 2008.
H.R. 2420 (Lantos)
International Climate Cooperation Re-engagement Act of 2007. Title I would
direct the Administration to resume international climate change negotiations that
would subject the U.S. to binding cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. It would also
establish an Office on Global Climate Change within the Department of State to be
headed by an Ambassador-at-Large for global climate change who would be the
United States’ chief negotiator in future climate talks. Title II would promote clean
and efficient energy technologies in foreign countries, provide assistance to
developing countries, provide educational outreach to India and China, expand or
create trade missions to encourage private sector trade and investment in clean energy
technologies, and would direct the Agency for International Development to work
with developing nations to improve energy efficiency and adopt clean energy
technology. Title III would establish the International Clean Energy Foundation to
make grants to promote alternative energy technology projects outside of the United
States, and would seek contributions from foreign governments to supplement U.S.
funding of such projects. Appropriations would be authorized. Introduced May 22,
2007; referred to Committee on Foreign Affairs. Reported (H.Rept. 110-215) June
28, 2007. Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as Title II on the International Climate
Cooperation Re-engagement Act of 2007.
H.R. 2426 (Boswell)/S. 859 (Harkin)
Ethanol Infrastructure Expansion Act of 2007. DOE would be required to fund
feasibility studies for constructing dedicated ethanol pipelines (§4). Also, DOE
would be directed to carry out a program to address technical factors that prevent
ethanol transportation in existing pipelines (§5). Funding at $1 million would be
authorized for each program (§6). House bill introduced May 22, 2007; referred to
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Senate bill introduced March 13,
2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
H.R. 2428 (Edwards)
Biofuels Research Initiative Act of 2007. A Bio Energy Consortium of
universities would be established to coordinate bioenergy and biomass R&D
programs. Competitive grants for such R&D would be distributed through regional
consortia to land grant universities. A funding level of $50 million would be
authorized. Introduced May 22, 2007; referred to Committee on Agriculture.

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H.R. 2437 (Israel)
A DOE advisory committee would be established to recommend strategies for
energy efficiency and renewable energy finance and investment options. Introduced
May 22, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 2441 (Matheson)
Renewable Schools Energy Act of 2007. Interest-free bonds would be provided
to public school districts in certain eligible states for the purchase of renewable
energy products and systems. Total bonding authority would be $50 million for
2008, $100 million for 2009, and $150 million for 2010. Introduced May 22, 2007;
referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2447 (Wynn)
Energy and Environment Block Grant Act of 2007. A program would be
established to provide grants to local governments for development and
implementation of an Energy Efficiency and Climate Protection Strategy. Funding
would be authorized. Introduced May 23, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy
and Commerce and on Science and Technology.
H.R. 2454 (Burgess)
Twenty percent biodiesel (B20) fuel blends would be qualified as an alternative
fuel for corporate average fuel economy purposes. Introduced May 23, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 2459 (Fossella)
Reduce Individuals’ Dependence on Energy Act of 2007 (RIDE Act of 2007).
An income tax deduction, capped at $1,320, would be provided to individuals for
certain mass public transportation expenses. Introduced May 23, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2483 (R. Hall)
Support would be provided for R&D and demonstration on energy technologies
to ensure the Nation’s continued supply and efficient use of affordable, reliable, and
clean energy. Introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and
Technology.
H.R. 2496 (Conaway)
Fuel Consumption Education Act. A public-private partnership between DOE
and industry groups would be established to create a public education campaign to
inform drivers about short term measures that conserve transportation fuel.
Introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 2505 (Donnelly)
Promoting the Use of Mixed Petroleum Act or the E85 PUMP Act. The
investment tax credit for alternative vehicle refueling property would be extended for
five years, from the end of 2008 through the end of 2013. Also, the ceiling on the
credit would be increased from 30% to 50% of the equipment cost and the cap would
be increased from $30,000 to $50,000. Introduced May 24, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means, and Committee on Judiciary.


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H.R. 2513 (J. Hall)
Advertising for any automobile model would be required to show fuel use and
fuel cost for that model. Introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy
and Commerce.
H.R. 2528 (Markey)/S. 1434 (Pryor)
Federal Building Renewal and Energy Savings Act of 2007. Section 2 would
require each federal agency to conduct an energy and water assessment of its
buildings and facilities every three years, implement water and energy efficiency
saving measures based on the assessment, use a web-based tracking system to certify
compliance, and record energy use data into a benchmarking system such as the
Energy Star Portfolio Manager. Section 3 would promote federal agency use of
energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs) and utility energy service contracts.
House bill introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce. Senate bill introduced May 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy
and Natural Resources.
H.R. 2536 (Olver)
HOPE VI Green Building and Technical Assistance Act of 2007. This bill
would amend the United States Housing Act of 1937 to prescribe green communities
requirements for grant applicants regarding revitalization programs for severely
distressed public housing. The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development would
be prohibited from approving grants unless the applicant’s revitalization plan
complies with both mandatory and some nonmandatory criteria found in the national
Green Communities program checklist. Also, the Secretary would be directed to
establish verification procedures. Introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committee
on Financial Services.
H.R. 2555 (H. Wilson)
Renewable Energy Credit Extension Act of 2007. Section 2 would extend the
electricity production tax credit (PTC) for certain renewable resources for five years,
to the end of 2013. Section 3 would allow otherwise unused portions of the credit
to be transferred to a third party. Introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committee
on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2556 (H. Wilson)/S. 1321 (Bingaman)
Energy Savings Act of 2007. Title I is the Biofuels for Energy Security and
Transportation Act. Subtitle A would extend and increase the Renewable Fuels
Standard, starting with 8.5 billion gallons in 2008 and rising to 36 billion gallons in
2022. Starting in 2016, an increasing portion of the requirement would have to be
met with advanced biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol, biobutanol, and other fuel
derived from unconventional biomass feedstocks. Subtitle B would provide grants
for renewable fueling infrastructure, increase the DOE bioenergy R&D funding
authorization, establish 11 bioenergy research centers, provide loan guarantees for
renewable fuel facilities, provide research grants for states with low rates of ethanol
production, provide grants for infrastructure for transportation of biomass to local
refineries, establish a biorefinery information center, and establish a national
biodiesel fuel quality standard. Title II is the Energy Efficiency Promotion Act.
Subtitle A would promote energy efficient lighting technologies and expand certain
lighting efficiency standards. Subtitle B would expedite new energy efficiency

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standards for heating and cooling products and home appliances, provide incentives
for the manufacture of energy efficient consumer electronics, and establish an
efficiency program for industrial and commercial facilities. Subtitle C would
authorize funding for a DOE R&D program on lightweight materials, provide loan
guarantees for fuel-efficient auto parts manufacturers, provide incentives for
advanced technology automobile manufacturing, authorize awards for qualified
investments to refurbish manufacturing facilities that produced advanced technology
vehicles, authorize a 10-year R&D program to support the ability of the U.S. to
remain globally competitive in global energy storage systems for motor
transportation, and authorize a five-year R&D program for electric drive
technologies. Subtitle D would set national goals for reducing gasoline usage in
transportation, set goals for improving overall energy productivity, authorize funding
to educate consumers about how to save energy, and direct modernization of the
electricity grid system. Subtitle E would require federal fleets to reduce gasoline
usage, increase federal purchase of renewable energy, authorize the Energy-Saving
Performance Contracts (ESPCs) program permanently, require federal buildings to
reduce energy use, require the identification of federal sites for combined heat and
power (CHP), require that fossil energy use in federal buildings be reduced, establish
an initiative for energy efficient commercial buildings, and require HUD to update
efficiency standards for all public and assisted housing. Subtitle F would increase
authorized funding for the DOE Weatherization program, reauthorize the State
Energy program, require state utility regulatory commissions to consider federal
standards to promote energy efficiency, authorize NREL to provide technical
assistance, authorize grants to local governments, authorize grants to universities for
demonstration projects, authorize workforce training programs, and authorize
assistance to states to reduce school bus idling. Senate bill introduced May 7, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Reported (S.Rept. 110-65)
May 7, 2007. House bill introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committees on
Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, Transportation and Infrastructure,
Oversight and Government, and Financial Services.
H.R. 2557 (Weller)/H.R. 765 (Weller)
The alternative motor vehicle credit would be increased and extended for certain
flexible fuel hybrid vehicles. Introduced June 5, 2007; referred to Committee on
Ways and Means.
H.R. 2594 (Knollenberg)
Safe and Fuel Efficient Driving Act of 2007. A public relations and education
campaign would be established to promote responsible and fuel-efficient driving.
Appropriations of $20 million would be authorized for each fiscal year from 2008
through 2012. Introduced June 6, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and
Commerce and on Transportation and Infrastructure.
H.R. 2619 (Johnson)
DOT would be directed to make a grant to an eligible energy-related research
organization to establish and operate an ethanol anti-idling power unit research
program. Program goals include development of an ethanol-powered solid oxide fuel
cell power system and promotion of commercial uses of ethanol fuel cell power
systems in vehicles. Introduced June 7, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and
Technology.

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H.R. 2635 (Waxman)
Carbon-Neutral Government Act of 2007. A goal would be set to make the
federal government carbon-neutral by 2050. Title I would require inventories of
emissions and opportunities for offsets. Several energy and fuel efficiency policies
would be undertaken to meet the goal, including standards for federal fleet emissions
(§ 201); green building requirements (§ 204, 205, 206); and agency purchases of
energy efficient products (§ 203), alternative fuels (§ 207), and renewable energy (§
208). Reports on progress would be required (§ 209, 210). Introduced June 7, 2007;
referred to Committees on Oversight and Government Reform, Energy and
Commerce, Armed Services, Transportation and Infrastructure, Natural Resources,
and Agriculture. On June 12, 2007 the House Committee on Oversight and
Government Reform ordered reported by voice vote. Incorporated into H.R. 3221
as Title VI on Carbon-Neutral Government.
H.R. 2641 (Visclosky)/S. 1751 (Dorgan)
Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act,
2008. House bill would provide $1.9 billion for energy efficiency and renewable
energy programs, including $200 million for solar energy, $250 million for biomass
fuels, $235 million to develop technologies for improved vehicle fuel efficiency,
$146 million for research on technologies to increase energy efficiency in buildings,
$246 million for weatherization grants, $22 million for research on generating power
from water flow, $44 million for research on geothermal energy, and $213 for
hydrogen technologies. Reported (H.Rept. 110-185) June 6, 2007. Earmark package
reported (H.Rept. 110-185, Part 2) July 12, 2007. Passed House (312-112) July 17,
2007. Senate bill reported (S.Rept. 110-127) July 9.
H.R. 2642 (Edwards)/S. 1645 (Reed)
Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies
Appropriations Act, 2008. Section 409 of the House bill would require all light bulbs
purchased with funding from this act to have an EPA “Energy Star” energy efficiency
designation. House bill reported (H.Rept. 110-186) June 11, 2007. Passed House
(409-2) June 15, 2007. Senate bill reported (S.Rept. 110-85) June 18, 2007. Passed
Senate (92-1) September 6, 2007. Senate insists on its amendment, asks for a
conference and appoints conferees September 6, 2007.
H.R. 2643 (Dicks)/S. 1696 (Feinstein)
Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2008. Section 603 of the House bill would require all light bulbs purchased with
funding from this act to have either EPA “Energy Star” or Federal Energy
Management Program (FEMP) energy efficiency designation. House bill reported
(H.Rept. 110-187) June 11, 2007. Earmark package reported (H.Rept. 110-187, Part
2) June 22, 2007. Passed House (272-155) June 27, 2007. Senate bill reported
(S.Rept. 110-91) June 26, 2007.
H.R. 2652 (English)
Generating Renewable Energy and Encouraging Novel Technologies Act of
2007. Title I would extend several investment tax credits for renewable energy and
set an accelerated cost recovery period for transmission and distribution equipment.
Title II would extend the PTC for nine years and expand it to include tidal, wave, and
ocean thermal energy. Title III would extend some alternative fuel tax credits and

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establish a new investment tax credit for cellulosic ethanol plant property. Title IV
would extend and modify incentives for business solar equipment, appliances, and
energy efficient commercial buildings. Introduced June 11, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2656 (Mahoney)
American Farm Improvement Act of 2007. Section 201 amends previous Acts
to harmonize specified definitions, including “biomass,” “renewable biomass,”
“cellulosic biomass,” and “cellulosic feedstock.” Section 202 guarantee loans made
by private institutions for construction of facilities to process and convert cellulosic
biomass materials into alcohol-based fuels, bio-fuels, or other commercial products.
Section 203 makes grants, loans, and loan guarantees to farm owners and tenants for
the purchase and installation of equipment and the construction of facilities for
processing animal wastes and byproducts into liquid fuel, energy, and other
commercial products. Section 204 includes the production of crops grown for
cellulosic feedstock and biomass in the biomass research and development initiative.
Introduced June 11, 2007; referred to Committees on Agriculture, Energy and
Commerce, and Science and Technology.
H.R. 2691 (Walz)
Incentives for wind facilities that produce electricity would be expanded.
Section 1 would create a partial exemption from passive activity. Section 2 would
allow the PTC to be allowed against the alternative minimum tax. Introduced June
12, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2701 (Oberstar)
Transportation Energy Security and Climate Change Mitigation Act of 2007.
Energy efficient transportation and public buildings would be promoted, including
incentives for the use of alternative fuel vehicles and renewable energy. Title I would
establish a Center for Climate Change and Environment at the DOT that would
address strategies for reducing transportation-related energy use. Title II would
provide grants for public transit, enhance commuter rail transit, and increase the
federal share for congestion mitigation (CMAQ) projects. Title III would create a
green locomotive grant program. Title IV would establish a green ports initiative.
Title V would create a CLEEN engine and airframe technology partnership. Title VI
(Subtitle A) would set minimum energy performance standards for energy efficiency
and renewable energy use in GSA buildings (§ 601), extend the basis for building
life-cycle energy use from 25 years to 40 years (§ 602), and would require that a
photovoltaic system be installed at DOE’s headquarters building (§ 603). Title VI
(Subtitle C) would require the Architect of the Capitol to conduct a feasibility study
for a solar photovoltaic roof installation (§ 651), establish an E-85 refueling station
for the Capitol complex (§ 652), and require that energy efficiency measures be
included in the Capitol complex master plan. Introduced June 13, 2007; referred to
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Ordered reported (amended) June
20, 2007. Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as Title VIII on Transportation and
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H.R. 2742 (Arcuri)
The renewable energy production tax credit (PTC) would be modified to provide
incentive rate parity for open-loop and closed-loop biomass facilities. Introduced
June 15, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2751 (Harman)
Leveraging Innovative Gains in High-efficiency Technology (LIGHT) Bulbs
Act. The sale of certain light bulbs would be prohibited, namely those that emit less
than (1) 25 lumens per watt, effective January 1, 2010, and (2) 60 lumens per watt,
effective January 1, 2015. Exemptions would be allowed in certain cases, and civil
penalties would be set for violations. Incentives would be provided for domestic
production of more efficient light bulbs. Introduced Jun 15, 2007; referred to
Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 2752 (Lampson)
Market Incentives for Biobased Products Act of 2007. The Farm Security and
Rural Investment Act of 2002 would be amended to revise labeling requirements for
federal procurement of biobased products. Introduced June 15, 2007; referred to
Committees on Agriculture, and Oversight and Government Reform.
H.R. 2763 (Lampson)/H.R. 2773 (Lampson)
Biofuels Research and Development Enhancement Act. Would establish an
information center on research, development and commercial application of
technologies related to biofuels and biorefineries. Would provide grants for biofuels
R&D and commercial applications in states that have low rates of ethanol production.
H.R. 2763 introduced June 18, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and
Commerce, and Science and Technology. H.R. 2773 introduced June 19, 2007;
referred to Committee on Science and Technology. Ordered reported June 22, 2007.
Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as Subtitle E of Title IV on Science and Technology.
H.R. 2764 (Lowey)
Department of State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs Appropriations
Act, 2008. Title II of the House-passed version would specify that at least 10% of
the aggregate loan, guarantee, and insurance authority available to the Export-Import
Bank under this or any prior Act should be used for renewable energy and
environmentally beneficial products and services. Section 633(b) would allow funds
for embassy construction and certain programs to be used to support “energy
programs aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.” Section 691(a) requires that
at least $501 million of the funds under “Development Assistance” would be
available for programs that directly “protect biodiversity and promote clean energy.”
Section 691(b) would require a report on climate change activities that includes an
accounting of all expenditures used to promote transfer and deployment of “U.S.
clean energy and energy efficiency technologies.” Section 699H would require all
light bulbs purchased with funding from this act to have either EPA “Energy Star”
or Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) energy efficiency designation. In
the Senate version, under Title III provisions for the U.S. Agency for International
Development (AID) Program for Environment and Energy Conservation, the Senate
Appropriations Committee report states that at least “$195 million from all accounts
in this act to support policies and programs in developing countries that promote
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million for USAID’s Office of Energy and Information Technology.” The funding
would apply to small hydro, solar, and wind projects, particularly in areas where
other sources of energy are not available. Also, U.S. agencies would be expected to
“continue to participate in the nine-agency Clean Energy Technology Exports
Initiative.” House version reported (H.Rept. 110-197) July 13, 2007. Passed House
by vote of 241-178 on July 19, 2007. Senate version reported (S.Rept. 110-128) July
10, 2007. Passed Senate with amendment (81-12) September 6, 2007. Signed by
President and became public law (P.L. 110-161) on December 26, 2007.
H.R. 2767 (Weller)
A nonrefundable tax credit of $15 would be provided for the purchase of energy
efficient tires. Also, DOT would be required to establish an energy efficient tire
rating program. Introduced June 18, 2007; referred to Committees on Ways and
Means and on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 2771 (Wasserman-Shultz)/S. 1686 (Landrieu)
Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2008. Section 104 of the House bill
would make “energy conservation” activities eligible for support under the revolving
loan fund. Section 209 would require all light bulbs purchased with funding from
this act to have either EPA “Energy Star” or Federal Energy Management Program
(FEMP) energy efficiency designation. House bill reported (H.Rept. 110-198) June
19, 2007. Passed House by vote of 216-176 on June 22, 2007. Senate bill reported
(S.Rept. 110-89) June 25, 2007.
H.R. 2773 (Lampson)/ H.R. 2763 (Lampson)
Biofuels Research and Development Enhancement Act. The bill aims to
improve information about federal biofuels research programs, focus research on
infrastructure and biorefineries, study potential impacts of increased biofuels use, and
increase authorized funding for DOE biofuels research. An authorization of $25
million would be created to provide grants for biofuels R&D and commercial
applications in states that have low rates of ethanol production. H.R. 2763 introduced
June 18, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, and Science and
Technology. H.R. 2773 introduced June 19, 2007; referred to Committee on Science
and Technology. Ordered reported June 22, 2007. Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as
Subtitle E of Title IV on Science and Technology.
H.R. 2774 (Giffords)
Solar Energy Research and Advancement Act of 2007. A DOE program of
thermal energy storage R&D would be required to conduct studies on integrating
concentrating solar power into regional electricity transmission systems. A total
authorization of $43 million would be provided, spread over five years. Introduced
June 19, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and Technology. Incorporated into
H.R. 3221 as Subtitle D of Title IV on Science and Technology. Reported amended
(H.Rept. 110-303) August 3, 2007.
H.R. 2776 (Rangel)
Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Tax Act of 2007. Title I addresses
production incentives. The renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC) would
be extended for four years, through the end of 2012 (§ 101). The PTC would be
extended to cover facilities that produce electricity from waves, tides, and other

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marine resources (§ 102). The business investment tax credit for solar energy and
fuel cell equipment would be modified and extended for eight years, through the end
of 2016 (§ 103). A total of $2 billion in new clean renewable energy tax credit bonds
would be made available (§ 104) For the residential solar and fuel cell investment tax
credit, the dollar limit would be repealed and the allowance against the alternative
minimum tax would be repealed. Title II (Subtitle A) addresses fuels and
transportation incentives. A new tax credit would be established for qualified plug-in
hybrid vehicles, capped at $4,000, plus $2,000 for certain batteries, and subject to a
manufacturer production run limit of 60,000 vehicles (§ 201). The alternative
refueling property credit would be extended for one year, through the end of 2010,
and increased to 50% with a cap of $50,000 (§ 202). The biodiesel production tax
credit and the renewable diesel tax credit would be extended for two years, through
the end of 2010 (§ 203). A new 50 cent per gallon credit would be established for
cellulosic ethanol production (§ 204). Employer transportation fringe benefits
options would be extended to include $20 per month for bicycle commuting (§ 205).
Title II (Subtitle B) addresses other energy efficiency incentives. New energy
conservation bonds would be created to support energy efficiency, renewable energy,
mass transit, and other measures that reduce greenhouse gas emissions (§ 211).
Bonds could be issued by state governments, local governments, and American
Indian tribes. The program would be capped at $3.6 billion. New energy efficiency
assistance bonds would be created to provide States with funds for loans and grants
to consumers for energy-efficiency property and home improvements (§ 212). The
tax deduction for construction of energy-efficient commercial buildings would be
extended (§ 213). The manufacturers credit for energy efficient appliances would be
modified (§ 214), and a five-year depreciation period would be applied to certain
energy management devices (§ 215). Title III would establish sources for revenue
offsets. Introduced June 19, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
Reported (H.Rept. 110-214) June 27, 2007. Brought to House floor August 4, 2007.
Approved by a vote of 221 to 189. Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as “Division B.”
H.R. 2798 (Sherman)
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) Reauthorization Act of 2007.
OPIC would be directed to establish a goal to increase its support for projects that
use, develop, or otherwise promote clean energy technologies over a four-year period.
Introduced June 20, 2007; referred to Committee on Foreign Affairs. Ordered to be
reported June 26, 2007. Passed House by voice vote on July 23, 2007.
H.R. 2809 (Inslee)
New Apollo Energy Act of 2007. A broad range of energy efficiency and
renewable energy measures would be established with goals for increasing
manufacturing jobs, reducing foreign oil dependence, and address climate change.
Section 441 would create a renewable electricity portfolio standard that reaches 20%
by 2020. Subtitle C of Title VI would direct the Export-Import Bank to increase
support for renewable energy equipment exports. Title VIII would establish sources
for revenue offsets. Introduced June 21, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
H.R. 2810 (Jefferson)
A production tax credit would be established for biomethane generated from
biomass. The credit would be equivalent (3,412 Btu’s of biomethane equals 1

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kilowatt-hour of electricity) in monetary amount and years of duration to the
renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC). Introduced June 21, 2007; referred
to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 2838 (Faleomavaega)
Insular Areas Energy Act of 2007. DOE’s Innovative Technology Loan
Guarantee Program (EPACT Title 17) would be permitted to apply to federal
installations worldwide, including the U.S. Insular Areas and nations in free
association with the United States. Also, loans would be authorized for ocean
thermal energy conversion projects. Introduced June 22, 2007; referred to
Committees on Energy and Commerce and on Science and Technology.
H.R. 2847 (Solis)
Green Jobs Act of 2007. The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 would be
amended to establish an energy efficiency and renewable energy worker training
program. Specifically, the bill would authorize up to $125 million in funding to
establish national and state job training programs, administered by the U.S.
Department of Labor, to help address job shortages that are impairing growth in
green industries, such as energy efficient buildings and construction, renewable
electric power, energy efficient vehicles, and biofuels development. Introduced June
25, 2007; referred to Committee on Education and Labor. Reported, amended
(H.Rept. 110-262) July 27, 2007. Incorporated into H.R. 3221 as Title I on Green
Jobs.
H.R. 2848 (Cardoza)/S. 1016 (Menendez)
Solar Opportunity and Local Access Rights Act. Energy independence and
self-sufficiency would be promoted by providing for net metering by certain small
electric energy generation systems. Introduced June 25, 2007; referred to
Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, Oversight and
Government Reform, and Financial Services.
H.R. 2857 (McCarthy)
Generations Invigorating Volunteerism and Education Act. Introduced June 26,
2007; referred to Committee on Education and Labor. In House floor action on
March 6, 2008, H.Amdt. 969 was adopted (252-161), which would create an Energy
Conservation Corps under the Corporation for National and Community Service.
H.R. 2858 (Terry)
Amends the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act to prohibit a franchisor from
restricting a franchisee from (1) installing on the marketing premises a renewable fuel
pump or tank; (2) converting an existing tank or pump for renewable fuel use; (3)
advertising the sale of renewable fuel; (4) selling renewable fuel; (5) purchasing
renewable fuel from sources other than the franchisor if the franchisor does not offer
its own renewable fuel for sale by the franchisee; (6) listing renewable fuel
availability or prices; or (7) allowing for payment of renewable fuel with a credit
card. Allows such franchisee activities so long as they do not constitute willful
adulteration, mislabeling, or misbranding of motor fuels or other trademark
violations. Instructs the Secretary of Energy to establish a grants program for
universities to demonstrate replacing corn as an ethanol feedstock with sweet
sorghum. Amends the Clean Air Act and the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to provide

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for loan guarantees for closed loop ethanol commercial demonstration projects.
Amends the Internal Revenue Code to: (1) increase and extend the alternative fuel
vehicle refueling property credit; (2) make refueling property for biodiesel and
renewable biodiesel eligible for the income tax deduction for clean-fuel vehicles and
certain refueling property; and (3) increase the credit amount for research relating to
alternative and renewable energy processes. Introduced June 26, 2007; referred to
Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, and Ways and
Means.
H.R. 2867 (McHenry)
Independence Prize Act of 2007. DOE would be authorized to establish a
program for making prizes for advanced technologies for the production,
consumption, and distribution of non-petroleum-based alternative energy and energy
efficiency. Introduced June 26, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and
Technology.
H.R. 2881 (Oberstar)
FAA Reauthorization Act of 2007. A CLEEN Energy Partnership would be
directed to lower the energy-related emissions of engine and airframe technology
(§505). FAA would be directed to pursue energy efficiency in the design of new
airport facilities (§509). FAA would be directed to undertake a study on feasibility
for web-based information about the safety of siting windfarms near aviation
facilities (§825). NRC would be directed to review of FAA energy research
programs (§912). Introduced June 27, 2007; referred to Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure. Reported (H.Rept. 110-331) September 27, 2007.
Passed House September 20, 2007. In Senate, cloture motion presented May 1, 2008.
Cloture motion withdrawn by unanimous consent in Senate May 6, 2008.
H.R. 2890 (L. Smith)
Solar Utilization Now (SUN) Demonstration Act of 2007. A program of grants
to the states would be established. States would be empowered to award competitive
grants for advanced photovoltaic technology the demonstration in commercial,
industrial, institutional, governmental, and residential sectors. Introduced June 27,
2007; referred to Committee on Science and Technology.
H.R. 2927 (Hill)
The combined corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards for cars and
light trucks would be increased to a range from 32 to 35 mpg by 2022. Also, the
domestic development and production of advanced technology vehicles would be
promoted. Introduced June 28, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
H.R. 2947 (Udall)
Energy Efficient Buildings Promotion Act. Energy performance standards
would be established for new federal and federally supported buildings. The
standards would also apply to major building renovations. Introduced June 28, 2007;
referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology,
Transportation and Infrastructure, and Ways and Means.

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H.R. 2950 (H. Wilson)
Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007.
This broad energy policy bill has many provisions for efficiency and renewables.
Title I on biofuels would increase the renewable fuel standard (RFS) to 8.5 billion
gallons in 2008, rising to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Title II on energy efficiency
promotion parallels S. 1419, with provisions for lighting, equipment standards, high
efficiency vehicles, federal agencies, state and local governments, and marine energy
resources. Title III would establish a broad range of measures for public buildings.
Title V would set a new combined vehicle CAFE standard of 35 mpg by 2020. Title
IX would establish a renewable portfolio standard of 3.75% in 2010, rising to 15%
by 2020. Introduced June 28, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and
Commerce, Science and Technology, Education and Labor, Transportation and
Infrastructure, Natural Resources, Oversight and Government Reform, Financial
Services, Foreign Affairs, Small Business, Judiciary, Armed Services, Intelligence,
and Agriculture.
H.R. 2966 (Markey)
Plug-in Hybrid Opportunity Act of 2007. A tax credit would be established for
35% of the cost of a qualified plug-in battery module or $4,000 (whichever is less)
to convert a hybrid motor vehicle to a plug-in hybrid vehicle. The tax credit would
expire at the end of 2010. Introduced July 10, 2007; referred to the Committee on
Ways and Means.
H.R. 2990 (Doggett)/H.R. 2298 (Gordon)
Geothermal heat pump systems would become eligible for the energy tax credit
and the residential energy efficient property tax credit. Introduced July 11, 2007;
referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 3021 (Chandler)
21st Century High-Performing Public School Facilities Act. The Department
of Education would establish a matching grant program to help local educational
agencies construct, modernize, and/or repair K-12 school facilities. Energy
efficiency improvements for existing school facilities, and for the construction of
new school facilities, would be one allowable use for the grants. Introduced July 12,
2007; referred to Committee on Education and Labor. Reported (H.Rept. 110-623)
May 8, 2008.
H.R. 3031 (Inslee)
Advanced Design in Energy for Living Efficiently Act of 2007. A program
would be established to create and distribute information about green building
design. Criteria would be established for education and training of architects,
engineers, and developers in green building design and application. A blue ribbon
panel would be selected to provide advice and counsel to the EPA Administrator on
policy issues related to energy conservation in buildings and green building design.
Standards would be set for construction of new buildings to reduce carbon emissions.
A study would be required of the use of FHA energy efficient mortgages. Grants
would be established to help state educational agencies promote energy efficiency in
school buildings, block grants would be provided to States to renovate buildings, and
loan guarantees would be provided for institutions of higher education. The tax
deduction for energy efficient commercial buildings would be increased and

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extended. Introduced July 12, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and
Commerce, Transportation and Infrastructure, Education and Labor, Oversight and
Government Reform, Financial Services, and Ways and Means.
H.R. 3043 (Obey)/S. 1710 (Harkin)
Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008. Section 530 of the House bill would require all
light bulbs purchased with funding from this act to have an EPA “Energy Star”
energy efficiency designation. House bill reported (H.Rept. 110-231) July 13, 2007.
Passed House (276-140) July 19, 2007. Senate bill reported (S.Rept. 110-107) June
27, 2007. Passed Senate with an amendment (75-19), October 23, 2007. House
agreed to a conference October 31, 2007. Conference report (H.Rept. 110-424) filed
November 5, 2007. House agreed to conference report (269-142) November 6, 2007.
Conference report considered in Senate, which recedes from its amendment and
replaces it with an amendment (SA 3557) (56-37), message on Senate action sent to
the House November 7, 2007. House agree to the Senate amendment (274-141), bill
presented to the President November 8, 2007. Vetoed by President November 13,
2007. House failed to override veto (2/3 required) (277-141) November 15, 2007.
H.R. 3044 (McHugh)
Agrofuel Rural Energy Empowerment Act. Loans, loan guarantees, and grants
would be made available to farmers, ranchers, and rural small businesses for the use
of anaerobic digesters to produce renewable energy. The use of anaerobic digesters
would be promoted to improve environmental quality at animal waste management
facilities. Introduced July 13, 2007; referred to Committee on Agriculture.
H.R. 3059 (Barton)
Section 1 would increase Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards
to 35 miles per gallon for passenger cars and 27.5 miles per gallon for light trucks,
including SUVs, by 2022. Section 2 would allow a manufacturer to transfer CAFE
credits to other compliance categories within the overall fleet. Section 3 would direct
DOT to establish a partnership with industry, public interest, and consumer groups
to establish a public education campaign about measures to conserve transportation
fuel. Introduced July 17, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 3072 (Udall)/S. 1797 (Salazar)
Colorado Forest Management Improvement Act of 2007. Section 103 of this
bill would authorize the Biomass Commercial Utilization Grant Program, allowing
the Secretary of Agriculture to provide annual grants to owners or operators of
facilities using biomass to offset the costs of purchasing biomass. The Secretary may
also exercise authority from this section in conjunction with, or in addition to, any
other authority of the Secretary to support or stimulate the use of biomass fuel.
Section 301 would extend the tax credit for electricity produced using open-loop
biomass to facilities placed in service before January 1, 2030, and to make electricity
produced and sold at qualified open-loop biomass facilities eligible for the full credit
rate. House bill introduced July 17, 2007; referred to Committees on Natural
Resources, Agriculture, Ways and Means, Transportation and Infrastructure, and
Science and Technology. Senate bill introduced 17, 2007; referred to the Committee
on Finance.

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H.R. 3074 (Olver)/S. 1789 (Murray)
Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and
Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008. Section 164 of the House-passed bill
would require each Federal Transit Administration grant for a new or rehabilitated
public transit bus to include full support for it to be outfitted as a hybrid-electric bus.
Section 413 would require all light bulbs purchased with funding from this act to
have an EPA “Energy Star” or Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) energy
efficiency designation. Section 227 of the Senate bill would allow certain HUD-
related contracts to be extended for eight years in order to make energy efficiency
improvements. House bill reported (H.Rept. 110-238) July 18, 2007. Passed House
(268-153) July 24, 2007. Senate bill reported (S.Rept. 110-131) July 16, 2007.
Senate passed H.R. 3074 with an amendment (88-7), requests a conference
September 12, 2007. House agrees to a conference November 8, 2007. Conference
report H.Rept. 110-446 filed November 13, 2007. House agreed to conference report
(270-147) November 14, 2007.
H.R. 3089 (Thornberry)
No More Excuses Energy Act of 2007. Section 201 would extend the renewable
energy production tax credit (PTC) for 10 years, through the end of 2018. Introduced
July 18, 2007; referred to Committees on Natural Resources, Ways and Means, and
Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 3101 (Shea-Porter)
The Biomass Research and Development Act of 2000 would be modified to
include “heating fuel” produced from biomass in the definition of biobased fuel.
Introduced July 19, 2007; referred to Committees on Agriculture, and on Science and
Technology.
H.R. 3105 (Faleomavaega)
Ocean Thermal Energy Tax and Energy Credits Act of 2007. Under Section 2,
the renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) would be expanded to
include ocean thermal energy facilities. Under Section 3, the business energy
investment tax credit would be expanded to include ocean thermal energy projects.
Introduced July 19, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 3107 (Hodes)/S. 1697 (Sununu)
Renewable Energy Tax Parity Act of 2007. A tax credit for residential biomass
fuel property expenditures would be established. The equipment must have a thermal
efficiency of 75% or higher, and the credit would be capped at $2,000. House bill
introduced July 19, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means. Senate bill
introduced June 26, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
H.R. 3117 (Terry)
Federal agencies would be required to install at least one renewable fuel pump
at each federal fleet fueling center by January 1, 2010. The President would be
required to report to Congress annually on agency compliance. Introduced July 19,
2007; referred to Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.

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H.R. 3118 (Terry)
Amends the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act to prohibit a franchisor from
restricting a franchisee from (1) installing on the marketing premises a renewable fuel
pump or tank; (2) converting an existing tank or pump for renewable fuel use; (3)
advertising the sale of renewable fuel; (4) selling renewable fuel; (5) purchasing
renewable fuel from sources other than the franchisor if the franchisor does not offer
its own renewable fuel for sale by the franchisee; (6) listing renewable fuel
availability or prices; or (7) allowing for payment of renewable fuel with a credit
card. Allows such franchisee activities so long as they do not constitute willful
adulteration, mislabeling, or misbranding of motor fuels or other trademark
violations. Instructs the Secretary of Energy to establish a grants program for
universities to demonstrate replacing corn as an ethanol feedstock with sweet
sorghum. Amends the Clean Air Act and the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to provide
for loan guarantees for closed loop ethanol commercial demonstration projects.
Amends the Internal Revenue Code to: (1) increase and extend the alternative fuel
vehicle refueling property credit; (2) make refueling property for biodiesel and
renewable biodiesel eligible for the income tax deduction for clean-fuel vehicles and
certain refueling property; and (3) increase the credit amount for research relating to
alternative and renewable energy processes. Introduced July 19, 2007; referred to
Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, and Ways and
Means.
H.R. 3161 (DeLauro)/S. 1859 (Kohl)
Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008. The House bill provides nearly double the
FY2007 funding and more than 20% more than the request. It includes resources for
research, assistance to farmers and ranchers, and loans to businesses. For the Rural
Community Advancement Program, the bill recommends $350 million for biomass
and renewable energy loan guarantees. For the Renewable Energy Program, the bill
includes $46 million for grants and loans. This is $23 million more than the FY2007
appropriation and $12.1 million more than the request. The Senate bill recommends
$28.5 million for the Renewable Energy Program. House bill reported (H.Rept. 110-
258) July 24, 2007. Senate bill reported (S.Rept. 110-134) July 24, 2007. Passed
House by vote of 237 to 18 on August 2, 2007.
H.R. 3197 (Holt)
School Building Enhancement Act. The Secretary of Education would be
directed to provide grants to State and local educational agencies for Energy Smart
schools and Energy Star programs. Introduced July 27, 2007; referred to Committee
on Education and Labor.
H.R. 3207 (Boustany)
Energy Security and Foreign Policy Integration Act of 2007. Section 3 would
establish a Directorate of Energy within the National Security Council. One
responsibility of this directorate would be to develop strategies for reducing United
States dependence on foreign sources of energy, including demand reduction,
efficiency improvement, and development of alternative and new sources of domestic
energy. Introduced July 27, 2007; referred to Committees on Armed Services,
Foreign Affairs, Intelligence (Permanent Select), and Energy and Commerce.

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H.R. 3221 (Pelosi)
New Direction for Energy Independence, National Security, and Consumer
Protection Act. This omnibus bill includes nine titles that cover a broad array of
provisions. It represents the integration of several bills that include a draft bill by
Committee on Energy and Commerce along with H.R. 364, H.R. 2304, H.R. 2313,
H.R. 2337, H.R. 2389, H.R. 2420, H.R. 2635, H.R. 2701, H.R. 2773, H.R. 2774,
H.R. 2776, and H.R. 2847. A floor amendment (H.Amdt. 748) to create a 15%
renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS) was adopted by a vote of 220 to 190. The
tax provisions were collected in H.R. 2776, which included a four-year extension of
the renewable electricity production tax credit and several other efficiency and
renewables incentives. H.R. 2776 was approved by a vote of 221 to 189; then it was
incorporated into H.R. 3221. Introduced July 30, 2007; brought to House floor
August 4, 2007. Passed House, amended, August 4, 2007. For further action on the
omnibus energy policy bill, see H.R. 6. On February 28, 2007, in Senate floor action
on a motion to proceed to the bill, a cloture motion failed (48-46). The bill was
intended to serve as a vehicle for a housing stimulus measure (S. 2636). S.Amdt.
4387, an amendment in the nature of a substitute, was introduced on April 4, 2008.
It was designed to strip out all House language, substitute housing legislation, and
change the title to the “Foreclosure Prevention Act of 2008.” The second degree
amendment, S.Amdt. 4419, was agreed to (88-8), incorporating the “Clean Energy
Tax Stimulus Act” provisions of S. 2821 into S.Amdt. 4387 as Title X. Those
provisions would extend the PTC for one year, business solar ITC for eight years, and
the residential solar ITC for one year. It would establish $400 million in CREBs.
Several energy efficiency credits would also be extended. (More details are provided
under the description of S. 2821). On April 10, 2008, S.Amdt. 4387 was adopted by
unanimous consent and the Senate adopted its amended version of H.R. 3221
(84-12).
H.R. 3226 (DeLauro)
New Opportunities for Fuel Efficient Fleets Act. States would be encouraged
to acquire hybrid motor vehicles to satisfy fleet acquisition requirements, when
publicly available fueling facilities that dispense E85 fuel are not convenient or
accessible in the State. Introduced July 30, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy
and Commerce.
H.R. 3236 (Boucher)
Energy Efficiency Improvement Act of 2007. This bill would amend the
Energy Policy and Conservation Act to: revise provisions that set energy standards,
including standards for specified appliances, boilers, motors, and external power
supplies; provide procedures to amend and make standards; and set forth provisions
concerning lighting efficiency. This bill would also amend the Energy Conservation
and Production Act to: support updating national model building energy codes and
standards; establish standards for energy efficiency in manufactured housing;
authorize funding for weatherization assistance for low-income persons for FY2008-
FY2012; and authorize the Secretary of Energy to initiate an Alternate Delivery
System Pilot Program to examine options for decreasing energy consumption
associated with heating and cooling. The Secretary would be required to establish
an Office of High-Performance Green Buildings (OHPGB) within the Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and appoint a Director. The Director’s

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duties would include establishing green practices for federal facilities, developing
strategies to reduce commercial building energy use, and establish a clearinghouse.
H.R. 3236 would amend the National Energy Conservation Act to require federal
agencies to designate energy managers to carry out energy and water evaluations of
covered facilities and require the Director of the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) to issue scorecards for federal energy management activities. The OHPGB
Director would be required to establish demonstration projects concerning green
building initiatives in federal facilities and universities. The Secretary and the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency would be required to initiate
an information program about energy efficiency for data centers. This bill would
amend the Energy Conservation and Policy Act to require the Administrator to
establish a Recoverable Waste-Energy Inventory Program that includes a survey of
industrial and commercial combustion sources, a Registry of Recoverable Waste-
Energy Sources, and a Waste-Energy Recovery Incentive Program within EPA.
Subtitle F, entitled the Sustainable Energy Institutional Infrastructure Act of 2007,
would require the Secretary to help institutional entities with sustainable energy
infrastructure through technical assistance and a Sustainable Institutions Revolving
Fund. Section 176 would authorize state energy conservation programs for FY2007-
FY2012. Subtitle I would require the Secretary to establish an Energy Efficiency
Block Grant Program for grants to local governments and states and a technical
assistance program to help them with energy efficiency programs. Subtitle J would
require the Director of DOE’s Office of Science to make green buildings retrofit loan
guarantees for specified renovation projects. Introduced July 31, 2007; referred to
Committees on Energy and Commerce, Transportation and Infrastructure, and
Oversight and Government Reform. Reported (H.Rept. 110-304 Part I) August 3,
2007.
H.R. 3238 (Boucher)
Title I would promote the development of a renewable fuels infrastructure.
DOE would be required to establish a grant program to help install, replace, or
convert existing infrastructure for use with renewable fuel, including E85. Technical
assistance and marketing grants would be provided. DOE would be authorized $200
million annually to support those two grant programs. Grant awards to a large,
vertically integrated oil company would be prohibited. The Petroleum Marketing
Practices Act (PMPA) would be amended to prohibit a franchise agreement from
restricting the franchisee’s ability to install renewable fuel infrastructure, convert
existing infrastructure to renewable fuel use, advertise the availability of renewable
fuel, or sell renewable fuel in any specified area of the marketing premises. DOE,
would be directed to report to Congress on the market penetration of FFVs and on
the feasibility of requiring motor fuel retailers to install E85 compatible dispensers.
DOE would be required to conduct a study on the feasibility of the constructing
dedicated ethanol pipelines. EPA would be directed to conduct a study of the
feasibility of widespread use of ethanol blended gasoline with levels of ethanol
greater that 10%. DOE would be required to study and report to Congress on the
adequacy of railroad infrastructure for ethanol fuel delivery. To help manufacturers
better design engines for biodiesel use, EPA would be directed to set regulations that
establish uniform per gallon fuel standards for biodiesel fuel. EPACT would be
amended to increase the authorized amount of grants for cellulosic ethanol
production and to establish criteria that promote geographical dispersion of grant
recipients and feedstock diversity. DOT would be required to engage in a consumer

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education campaign about the availability of flexible-fuel vehicles and the locations
where renewable fuels can be purchased. The procedures for obtaining a waiver
under section 211(f)(4) of the Clean Air Act related to renewable fuels and renewable
fuel additives would be modified. A grant program would be created to support
domestic development and production of flexible-fuel vehicles. An authorization of
$50 million would be provided to support cellulosic ethanol grants to 10 entities from
1890 land grant colleges, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Tribal-serving
institutions, or Hispanic-serving institutions. Each federal agency would be required
to install renewable fuel pumps at their fleet fueling centers and to prepare an annual
report on its progress. DOE, EPA, EIA, and USDA would be directed to conduct a
study of impacts from increased renewable fuel use including energy security, public
health and the environment, and job creation. For States with low rates of ethanol
production, DOE would be required to provide grants to eligible entities for research
on renewable fuel production technologies. B20 biodiesel blend would be made
eligible as an alternative fuel for the purposes complying with Corporate Average
Fuel Economy (CAFE) requirements. Title II would promote energy cooperation
between the United States and Israel. Introduced July 31, 2007; referred to
Committees on Energy and Commerce, Transportation and Infrastructure, Science
and Technology, and Oversight and Government Reform. Committee on Energy and
Commerce reported amended (H.Rept. 110-306 Part I) August 3, 2007. The
provisions of this bill were incorporated into Title IX (Subtitle D) of H.R. 3221.
H.R. 3239 (Boucher)
Advanced plug-in hybrid vehicles and vehicle components would be promoted.
DOE would be directed to establish a program to: provide loan guarantees for the
construction of facilities to manufacture advanced vehicle batteries and battery
systems; provide grants to state governments, local governments, municipal
transportation authorities, air pollution control districts, or private or nonprofit
entities to conduct projects to encourage the use of plug-in electric drive vehicles or
other emerging electric vehicle technologies; and make grants to owners of domestic
motor vehicle manufacturing or production facilities for the production of plug-in
hybrid electric motors or conversion modules to convert vehicles to plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles. Also, the bill would provide grants to hybrid component
manufacturers to encourage domestic production of plug-in electric hybrid vehicles
and would authorize DOE to coordinate such grant programs with similar state and
local programs, including the establishment of matching grant arrangements and
retaining skilled workers from recently closed manufacturing facilities to produce
plug-in electric hybrid components. The following would also be required: a market
assessment for electric drive transportation technologies and hybrid technologies; and
a study of the implications of using plug-in electric vehicles and other types of
electric transportation on the electric grid and on the production of electricity from
renewable sources. DOT would be directed to study and report to Congress on the
benefits of, and barriers to, widespread use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and
plug-in electric drive vehicles. Appropriations would be authorized for all of these
activities. Introduced July 31, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and
Commerce, Oversight and Government Reform, and Science and Technology.
Committee on Energy and Commerce reported (H.Rept. 110-307, part I) on August
3, 2007.

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H.R. 3248 (Oberstar)
SAFETEA-LU Technical Corrections Act of 2007. Title IV, Section 401 would
direct the General Services Administration (GSA) to install a solar photovoltaic
system for the DOE headquarters building. Introduced July 31, 2007; referred to the
Committee on Environment and Public Works. Passed House (422-1) on August 1,
2007. Referred to Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.

H.R. 3274 (Israel)
United States-China Energy Cooperation Act. Grants would be authorized to
encourage cooperation between the United States and China on joint research,
development, or commercialization of carbon capture and sequestration technology,
improved energy efficiency, or renewable energy sources. Introduced August 1,
2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce and Committee on Science
and Technology.
H.R. 3524 (Waters)
HOPE VI Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2007. Green (energy
efficiency and renewable energy) provisions would become required aspects of the
HOPE VI public housing revitalization programs. Introduced September 11, 2007;
referred to Committee on Financial Services. Reported (H.Rept. 110-507) January
3, 2008.
H.R. 3534 (Ferguson)
Energy Efficient Appliance Tax Credit for Washers and Dryers Act of 2007.
Individuals and businesses would be allowed a 25% credit, capped at $500, against
income tax for the purchase of Energy Star-compliant clothes washers and dryers.
The credit would sunset at the end of 2016. Introduced September 14, 2007; referred
to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 3593 (Lampson)
Smart Energy Tax Relief Act of 2007. The bill would make permanent the
credit for nonbusiness energy property, the credit for natural gas produced from
biomass, and the credit for energy efficient appliances. Introduced September 19,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 3637 (Blumenauer)/S. 2444 (Murray)
Higher Education Sustainability Act of 2007. The Department of Education
would be directed to make grants to support the establishment of sustainability
programs at institutions of higher education. Such programs would be required to
develop and implement a number of sustainability practices, including practices in
the areas of energy management and green buildings. Also, the Department would
be directed to convene summit of higher education experts on sustainability practices.
A report to Congress would be required. House bill introduced September 24, 2007;
referred to Committee on Education and Labor. Senate bill introduced September
24, 2007; referred to Committee on Education and Labor.
H.R. 3657 (Ferguson)
Energy Efficient Appliance Tax Credit for Air Conditioners Act of 2007. A tax
credit would be established, capped at $500, for the purchase of an Energy Star

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compliant air conditioner. Introduced September 25, 2007; referred to Committee
on Ways and Means.
H.R. 3775 (Lampson)
Industrial Energy Efficiency Research and Development Act of 2007. A
program would be authorized to promote cooperation with energy-intensive
industries, trade associations, and universities to conduct R&D, demonstration, and
commercial application activities for new industrial and commercial processes,
technologies, and methods that would improve energy efficiency and environmental
performance. University-based industrial research and assessment centers would be
established. Introduced October 9, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and
Technology. Reported amended (H.Rept. 110-401) and passed House by voice vote
on October 22, 2007.
H.R. 3776 (Gordon)
Energy Storage Technology Advancement Act of 2007. An R&D and
demonstration program would be created to improve energy storage for electrical
grids, hybrid vehicles, and stationary applications. DOE would be authorized $780
million between 2009 and 2014. Introduced October 9, 2007; referred to Committee
on Science and Technology. Reported amended (H.Rept. 110-402) and passed House
(with amended title) by voice vote on October 22, 2007.
H.R. 3781 (Hill)
Biodiesel Promotion and Quality Assurance Act of 2007. A biodiesel fuel
standard would be established, starting at 450 million gallons in 2008, rising to 1.25
billion gallons in 2012 (§ 3). Standards for biodiesel labeling and fuel quality would
also be established. House bill introduced October 9, 2007; referred to Committee
on Energy and Commerce. Senate bill introduced June 13, 2007; referred to
Committee on Environment and Public Works.
H.R. 3807 (Giffords)
Renewable Energy Assistance Act of 2007. Tax incentives would be extended
for residential energy efficient property (8 years), the 30% business credit for solar
equipment and fuel cells (8 years), non-business energy property (8 years), and
manufacture of efficient appliances (2 years). Introduced October 10, 2007; referred
to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 3823 (Ferguson)
Energy Efficient Appliance Tax Credit for Refrigerators and Freezers Act of
2007. Individual tax payers would be allowed a 25% credit (up to $500) against
income tax for the purchase of Energy Star compliant refrigerators and freezers.
Introduced October 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 3878 (McCaul)
In carrying out its Energy for Sustainability program, the National Science
Foundation may accept and use funds from DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy program to support projects that enable related R&D activities. Introduced
October 17, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and Technology.

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H.R. 3945 (Israel)
Clean Energy Partnership Act of 2007. A program would be established to
provide grants to local educational agencies in an amount up to 50% of the cost of
implementing a clean energy project. Funding of $20 million would be authorized
for FY2009 through FY2013. Introduced October 23, 2007; referred to Committee
on Education and Labor.
H.R. 3989 (McHugh)
Healthy Air and Clean Water Act. Section 132(b)(2) would require EPA to
coordinate with other federal and state governments to increase energy efficiency, to
increase the use of renewable energy, and to implement cost saving demand and
supply side policies. Introduced October 29, 2007. Referred to Committees on
Energy and Commerce, Natural Resources, Science and Technology, and
Agriculture.
H.R. 3997 (Rangel)
Defenders of Freedom Tax Relief Act of 2007. Title IV of the bill is cited as the
“Tax Technical Corrections Act of 2007.” Section 405 would modify the rules for
filing excise tax refund claims for alternative fuel mixtures and the definition of
alternative fuels relating to hydrogen and carbon resources. Section 406 would revise
definitions relating to qualified alternative fuel refueling property for purposes of the
tax credit for investment in such property. Section 407 would eliminate the
requirement that open-loop biomass be segregated from other waste material in order
to be eligible for the tax credit for producing electricity from renewable resources.
Section 409 would allow certain wind energy facilities placed in service prior to June
30, 1999, to be eligible for the tax credit for producing electricity from renewable
resources. Introduced October 30, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
Reported (H.Rept. 110-426) November 5, 2007. Passed House (410-0) November
6, 2007. Passed Senate with amendment and amendment to title on December 12,
2007. House agreed to Senate amendments with further amendment December 18,
2007. Senate concurred with House amendment with an additional amendment on
December 19, 2007.
H.R. 4059 (Inslee)
Rural Clean Energy Superhighways Act. Electric transmission construction
would be promoted in rural areas that have significant renewable energy potential.
Introduced November 1, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce,
Natural Resources, and Transportation and Infrastructure.
H.R. 4072 (Barrow)
The tax credit for energy efficient appliances would be extended for two years.
Introduced November 5, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 4086 (Klein)
Healthy Families and Dedicated Teachers Tax Relief Act of 2007. Section 2
would extend the residential energy efficient property credit for five years, through
December 31, 2013. Introduced November 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways
and Means.

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H.R. 4126 (Pascrell)
Roofing Energy Efficiency Tax Act of 2007. Roof systems that meet the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) 90.1 (2004) energy efficiency standard would be eligible as 20-year
property for depreciation purposes. Introduced November 8, 2007; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 4137 (Miller)
College Opportunity and Affordability Act of 2007. Section 804 encourages
colleges and universities to use green design and green building practices. Introduced
November 9, 2007; referred to Committees on Education and Labor, Judiciary,
Science and Technology, and Financial Services. Committees on Education and
Labor reported (H.Rept. 110-500) December 19, 2007. Passed House, amended,
February 7, 2007.
H.R. 4226 (Gilchrest)
Climate Stewardship and Economic Security Act of 2007. This bill would
accelerate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States by
establishing a market-driven system of greenhouse gas tradeable allowances that will
limit greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. Introduced November 15, 2007;
referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, Natural
Resources, Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, and Ways and Means.
H.R. 4238 (Markey)
Bottle Recycling Climate Protection Act of 2007. A refund value would be set
for certain beverage containers and resources would be provided to support state
recycling programs. The bill asserts that there would be a net savings of “embodied
energy” required to manufacture the containers, thus providing a measure of energy
efficiency improvement. Introduced November 15, 2007; referred to Committees on
Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 4297 (Shuster)
This bill would extend for four years (to the end of 2012) the tax deduction for
energy efficient commercial buildings, the energy efficient new home tax credit (for
builders), the nonbusiness energy property tax credit, and the residential energy
efficient tax credit. For certain individuals with income under 200% of the poverty
level, it also provides a tax credit for using home heating oil. Introduced December
5, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 4306 (King)
The Clean Air Act would be amended to revise the term “renewable fuel” to
mean ethanol produced from renewable biomass and increase the volume of
renewable fuel that must be contained in fuel sold in the United States from 2009
through 2012. The renewable fuel standard (RFS) would be set at 9.5 billion gallons
in 2008, rising to 36.0 billion gallons in 2022. It would set the biomass-based diesel
component of the RFS at 450 million gallons in 2008, rising to 1.3 billion gallons in
2012 (§102). EPA would be required to determine these two standards for other
calender years. DOE would be directed to ensure that each covered owner of a retail
station outlet installs one or more pumps that dispense ethanol-blend fuel or bio-
diesel fuel (§201). The Petroleum Marketing Practices Act would be amended to

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prohibit restricting franchisees from installing alternative blend fuel pumps on the
marketing franchisees’ premises; converting existing tanks and pumps for alternative
blend fuel use; advertising the sale of alternative blend fuels; or selling alternative
blend fuel in specified areas (§107). The Clayton Act to would be amended to
prohibit the restriction of a franchisee’s right to install ethanol blend or biodiesel fuel
pumps, and to state that term “gasohol” includes any blend of ethanol and gasoline
(§202). EPA would be required to certify motor vehicle fuels containing 5%
biodiesel or more (§203). Title III would extend the following alternative fuel tax
credits: credits against income tax for alcohol used as fuel, ethanol blenders,
biodiesel, and renewable diesel; credits against excise tax for alcohol fuel mixtures
and bio-diesel mixtures; and payments equal to the alcohol fuel mixture credit, the
biodiesel mixture credit, the alternative fuel mixture credit, or the alternative fuel
credit to any person who produces, sells, or uses an alcohol fuel mixture, biodiesel
mixture, or alternative fuel. Introduced on December 6, 2007; referred to the
Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality.
H.R. 4612 (Costa)
Climate Neutral Electricity Generation Act of 2007. A tax credit would be
established for investing in climate neutral facilities. A “climate neutral combustion
facility” is defined as any facility which: (1) burns matter to produce electricity; (2)
captures and uses carbon dioxide released during combustion to recover hydrocarbon
fuel; and (3) produces no emissions of mercury or greenhouse gasses and no
emissions that form fine particulate, smog, or acid rain. Introduced December 13,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 4773 (Young)
The Renewable and Hydroelectric Energy for Alaska’s Tomorrow Act. The
Secretary of Energy shall make ‘renewable energy construction grants’ available for
renewable and hydroelectric energy projects within the state of Alaska no later than
180 days after the enactment of this act. Congress would authorize appropriations
for such Funds necessary to carry out this act. Introduced December 17, 2007;
referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 4986 (Skelton)
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008. DOD would be
allowed to use up to $70 million of its authorized appropriations for energy
conservation projects. The Pentagon complex would be required to use high-energy
efficiency light bulbs throughout its buildings. An annual report to Congress would
be required that describes the extent to which energy from renewable energy sources
is used to meet DOD electricity needs. Renewable energy use would be stated as a
percentage of total facility electricity use for the previous fiscal year. Introduced
January 16, 2008. Passed House on motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill (2/3
required): (369-46). Passed Senate (91-3) on January 22, 2008. Signed into law
(P.L. 110-181) January 28, 2008.
H.R. 5140 (Pelosi)
Economic Stimulus Act of 2008. The House-passed version did not contain any
provisions for energy efficiency or renewable energy. However, Subtitle C of
S.Amdt. 3983 to H.R. 5140 included eight provisions that would have extended or
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each incentive effective through the end of 2009. For home owners, there were two
incentives. One would have re-established a recently expired investment tax credit
provision for residential energy efficiency equipment and building shell measures
(§122). Another would have extended the 30% investment credit for residential solar
electric, solar hot water, and fuel cell equipment (§124). For businesses and
commercial building owners, there were four incentives. First, the renewable energy
electricity production tax credit (PTC) of two cents per kilowatt-hour for windfarms
and other power facilities would have been extended (§125).60 Second, an
investment tax credit worth up to $2,000 would have been extended for commercial
builders of new energy-efficient homes (§126). Third, a 30% investment tax credit
would have been extended for businesses that install solar, geothermal, fuel cell, and
microturbine equipment (§127). Fourth, an investment tax deduction worth up to
$1.80 per square foot would have been extended for commercial building owners that
install energy efficiency equipment and building shell measures (§129). For public
schools and other public buildings, the Department of the Treasury would have been
directed to issue regulations that make the deduction available to the company that
designs the building energy efficiency features. For manufacturers of energy-
efficient appliances, an expired tax credit would have been re-established (§121).
Production of each energy-efficient dishwasher, or clothes washer, would have been
eligible for a credit of up to $100. The credit for the production of energy-efficient
refrigerators would have ranged from $75 each to $175 each, depending on the level
of efficiency achieved. A cap of $75 million would have been set for the total tax
benefit that could be claimed by each company. Certain non-tax-paying entities are
eligible, through the end of 2008, to be “qualified issuers” of clean renewable energy
bonds (CREBs).61 The draft Senate bill would have authorized an additional $400
million in authority for CREBs to be issued through the end of 2009. Taxpayers
holding the CREBs on a credit allowance date would have been entitled to a tax
credit.62 The amount of the tax credit would have been determined by multiplying
the bond’s credit rate by the face amount on the holder’s bond. On February 5, 2007,
S.Amdt. 3983 was brought to the Senate floor. On February 6, 2007, a motion to
invoke cloture on S.Amdt. 3983 failed by a vote of 58 to 41. Subsequently, the
Senate adopted S.Amdt. 4010, which did not contain any tax incentives for energy
efficiency or renewable energy.
H.R. 5146 (Lampson)
Invest in Energy Security Act. Section 3 would establish an “Energy
Independence and Security Fund” to be administered by DOE. For FY2008, DOE
would be directed to transfer monies from this fund to the Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy account to support the several programs authorized by the Energy
Policy Act of 2005. Those programs include the Rural Wind Energy program, the
Solar Energy Research and Development program, the Marine and Hydrokinetic
Renewable Electric Energy program, the Industrial Energy Efficiency Research and
60 For more background, see CRS Report RL34162.
61 Qualified issuers include state and local governments, American Indian tribes, public
power providers (non-profit electric utilities), and cooperative electric companies. For more
background about CREBs, see CRS Report RL34162.
62 For more background, see CRS Report RL34162.

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Development program, the Building Energy Efficiency Research and Development
program, the Energy Storage for Transportation and Electric Power Applications
program, the Geothermal Energy Development program, and the Hydrogen Research
and Development program. Introduced January 28, 2008; referred to the Committees
on Energy and Commerce and Science and Technology.
H.R. 5161 (Wu)
Green Transportation Infrastructure Research and Technology Transfer Act.
One of the “green infrastructure” criteria, specified in section 3, is to “minimize
lifecycle energy consumption, including during construction, maintenance, use by
vehicles, and destruction and recycling.” Funding would be authorized to establish
regional research centers and to provide grants to state and local governments (§2).
Introduced January 29, 2008; referred to the Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure and the Committee on Science and Technology (HST). The HST
Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation ordered the bill reported February 27,
2008.
H.R. 5216 (Udall)
Wildlife Risk Reduction and Renewable Biomass Utilization Act. Section 2
would revise the definition of “renewable biomass,” set by section 201 of the Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007, to facilitate and encourage the use of
biomass removed from certain additional forest lands as an energy source in order to
reduce the risk of severe wildfire to communities, infrastructure, and water supplies.
Introduced January 29, 2008; referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 5231 (Braley)
Clean Energy Investment Act of 2008. The placed-in-service date for the
renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) would be extended for seven
years, from the end of 2008 to the end of 2015. Introduced February 6, 2008;
referred to the Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 5232 (Burgess)
Hospitals, schools, day care centers, mental health facilities, and nursing homes
would be exempted from all federal and state requirements for the use of energy-
efficient lighting in public buildings, if such lighting contains mercury. Introduced
February 6, 2008; referred to Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure and
on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 5351 (Rangel)
Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Tax Act of 2008. This bill would
extend the following: the tax credit for production of electricity from renewable
resources through 2011; the energy tax credit for solar energy and fuel cell property
through 2016; the special rule for treatment of gain from electronic transmission
transactions by certain electric utilities through 2009; the tax credit for residential
energy efficient property expenditures through 2014; the tax credit for alternative fuel
vehicle refueling property expenditures through 2010; the tax credit for biodiesel and
renewable diesel used as fuel through 2010; the tax credit for nonbusiness energy
property expenditures through 2009; and the tax deduction for energy efficient
commercial buildings through 2013. New tax credits would be allowed for:
investment in new clean renewable energy bonds and qualified energy conservation

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bonds and the production of plug-in hybrid motor vehicles, cellulosic alcohol fuel,
and electricity from marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy sources. Tax credit
amounts for certain energy efficient household appliances (dishwashers, clothes
washers, and refrigerators) produced after 2007 would be revised. Limits would be
placed on tax deductions for income attributable to the domestic production oil,
natural gas, and any related products. Introduced on February 12, 2008; referred to
the Committee on Ways and Means. Passed House (236-182) on February 27, 2008.
Received in the Senate February 28, 2007; referred to the Committee on Finance.
H.R. 5373 (Boswell)
Consumer and Manufacturer Energy Efficiency Tax Credit Extension Act of
2008. For manufacturers, Section 2 would extend the energy efficient appliance tax
credit to include dishwashers, clothes washers, and refrigerators produced in 2008
and 2009. For home owners, Section 3 would extend the nonbusiness energy
property credit through December 31, 2009. Introduced February 12, 2008; referred
to the Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 5401 (Loebsack)
Grants for Renewable and Energy Efficiency Needs School Improvement Act
or GREEN Schools Improvement Act. DOE would be authorized to make grants for
energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy improvements at public
school facilities. DOE would allocate monies to states, which would provide grants
to local educational agencies and other eligible entities for energy improvements.
Section 5 authorizes DOE to make competitive grants available to States to develop
guidelines and standards for energy improvements and facilities construction.
Introduced February 12, 2008; referred to the Committee on Education and Labor.
H.R. 5402 (Welch)
Climate Change Center and Clearinghouse Act of 2008. An Office of
Environment, Energy, and Climate Change would be established at the Small
Business Administration. For small businesses, the Center would promote energy
efficiency, help reduce energy costs, and promote renewable energy technology
development. The Center would assist small businesses with scientific, economic,
and technical information. Introduced February 12, 2008; referred to the Committee
on Small Business.
H.R. 5437 (Ross)
American-Made Energy Act of 2008. This bill would promote alternative and
renewable fuels, domestic energy production, energy conservation, and energy
efficiency to increase American energy independence and to support other purposes.
The bill includes tax incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency (Title I),
an American-made energy trust fund (Title II), a biofuels program (Title V), and an
alternative vehicle fuels (plug-in hybrid) program (Title VI). Introduced February 14,
2008; referred to the Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and
Technology, Oversight and Government Reform, Armed Services, Natural
Resources, and Ways and Means.
H.R. 5452 (Capps)
Coastal State Renewable Energy Promotion Act of 2008. The Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972 would be amended to authorize grants to coastal states to

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support resource surveys of coastal State waters and Federal waters adjacent to a
State’s coastal zone to identify potential areas suitable or unsuitable for the
exploration, development, and production of renewable energy. Introduced February
19, 2008; referred to the Committee on Natural Resources, Subcommittee on
Fisheries, Wildlife, and Oceans.
H.R. 5529 (Markey)
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Act of 2008. The President
would be directed to seek to establish — through the United Nations or other venue
— an international renewable energy agency to expand renewable energy
development in world markets to increase economic opportunity, drive technological
innovation, enhance regional and global security, raise living standards, and reduce
global warming pollution. The agency is envisioned to have parallels to the
International Energy Agency (IEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA). Introduced March 4, 2008; referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs.
H.R. 5560 (Welch)
Right to Clean Vehicles Act. The purpose of the bill is to permit California and
other States to effectively control greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles. To
achieve this, the bill would amend the Clean Air Act to direct that “application for
a waiver of preemption dated December 21, 2005, submitted to the Administrator
pursuant to subsection (b) by the State of California for the regulation of that State
to control greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles shall be considered to be
approved.” Introduced March 6, 2008; referred to the Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
H.R. 5597 (Bean)
Next Generation Homes Act of 2008. The energy efficiency tax credit for new
homes would be modified, and an energy-efficient home purchase tax deduction
would be established. Introduced March 12, 2008; referred to Committee on Ways
and Means.
H.R. 5656 (Hensarling)
Section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-
140) would be repealed. The section currently prohibits federal agencies from
entering a procurement contract for an alternative or synthetic fuel (including
ethanol), unless the contract stipulates that greenhouse gas emissions are less than
those from conventional petroleum fuels. Introduced March 31, 2008; referred to
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Referred to the Subcommittee
on Government Management, Organization, and Procurement April 10, 2008.
H.R. 5705 (McDermott)
Clean Energy Partnership with India Act of 2008. A commission would be
established to study methods for improving and promoting bilateral renewable energy
cooperation between the United States and India. Introduced April 3, 2008; referred
to Committee on Foreign Affairs.
H.R. 5713 (Shadegg)
Splash and Dash Correction Act of 2008. Eligibility would be clarified for
certain fuel credits for fuel with an insufficient connection to the United States.

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Credits would be allowed for alcohol and biodiesel fuel produced in the United States
for consumption in the United States and for alcohol mixtures and biodiesel mixtures
produced in the United States for consumption in the United States. Credits would
not be allowed for mixtures of alcohol or biodiesel fuel that are destined for export.
Introduced April 4, 2008; referred to the Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 5805 (Pearce)
The Department of the Interior (DOI) would be directed to create a program to
lease federal lands for developing solar energy. Energy producers under such leases
would be required to make royalty payments to DOI. Introduced April 15, 2008;
referred to the Committee on Natural Resources. Referred to Subcommittee on
Energy and Mineral Resources April 21, 2008.
H.R. 5819 (Velazquez)
SBIR/STTR Reauthorization Act. The bill aims to amend the Small Business
Act to improve the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program and the
Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program. An amendment (H.Amdt.
1011) adopted in House floor action created a new section 509 that directs federal
agencies, in making SBIR, STTR, and FAST grant awards, to give priority to
applications from organizations that “are making significant contributions toward
energy efficiency” including those that “are making efforts to reduce their carbon
footprint or are carbon neutral.” Introduced April 16, 2008; referred to Committee
on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Committee on Small Business reported
(H.Rept. 110-595, pt. 1) April 18, 2008. H.Amdt. 1011 adopted by vote of 355 to 48
on April 23, 2008. Passed House by vote of 368 to 43 on April 23, 2008.
H.R. 5860 (Ackerman)
This bill would increase the average fuel economy of light-duty vehicles in the
federal fleet. It would direct that, beginning in 2010, and each year thereafter, the
fuel economy required for the previous year be increased by at least 2 miles per
gallon (mpg), until a requirement of 40 mpg is reached. Introduced April 22, 2008;
referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce and Oversight and Government
Reform.
H.R. 5867 (Matsui)
Energy Conservation Through Trees Act. A 50% federal cost-shared grant
program would be created to assist retail electric power providers with the
establishment and operation of energy conservation programs using targeted
tree-planting to increase residential shade and thereby reduce electricity use for home
cooling needs. Introduced April 22, 2008; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
H.R. 5911 (Flake)
Remove Incentives for Producing Ethanol (RIPE) Act of 2008. The renewable
fuel standard (RFS) would be repealed, tax credits for ethanol producers would be
repealed, and ethanol import tariffs and duties would be repealed. Introduced April
29, 2008; referred to Committees on Ways and Means and Energy and Commerce.

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H.R. 5917 (Knollenberg)
New Bridging Industry and Government Through Hi-Tech Research on Energy
Efficiency Act of 2008. DOE would be directed to provide R&D grants for advanced
battery development (§3). The R&D tax credit would be extended permanently (§4).
A federal interagency CAFE work group would be created to coordinate federal R&D
on advanced fuel technology (§5). Standards for the production and blending of
biofuels would be harmonized (§6). DOT would be directed to create a grant
program for hydrogen fuel pumps at gasoline stations (§7). GSA would be
authorized to procure fuel cell vehicles for federal agencies (§8). Introduced April
29, 2008; referred to Committees on Science and Technology, Ways and Means,
Oversight and Government Reform, Energy and Commerce, and Transportation and
Infrastructure.
H.R. 5964 (Gonzalez)
The Clean Air Act would be amended to extend the compliance period for
companies subject to the renewable fuel mandate for 2008 through 2010. Introduced
May 5, 2008; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
H.R. 5984 (Bartlett)/S. 2821 (Cantwell)
Clean Energy Tax Stimulus Act of 2008. This bill would extend or modify
several tax incentives. There are four incentives for renewable energy. The business
renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) would be extended for one
year, through the end of 2009 (§101). Also, the PTC would be expanded to include
marine and hydrokinetic power. Further, in cases when a utility is part owner of the
facility, the credit would be allowed to reduce the cost of power sold to utility
customers. For business solar and fuel cell property, the 30% investment tax credit
(ITC) would be extended for eight years, through the end of 2016 (§102). The 0.5
kilowatt cap for fuel cell property would be removed. Utilities would become
eligible to claim the ITC. Also, a 10% credit for microturbines would be extended.
For residential solar property, the 30% ITC would be extended for one year, through
the end of 2009 (§103). The $2,000 cap for solar electric property would be
removed. For non-profit entities, an additional $400 million of clean renewable
energy bonds (CREBs) would be authorized for issuance before the end of 2009
(§104). Also, there are four incentives for energy efficiency measures. For
homeowners, the 10% ITC for energy efficiency improvements to existing homes
would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§201). Pellet stoves would
be included as eligible equipment. For contractors and developers of new energy-
efficient homes, the ITC would be extended for two years, through the end of 2010
(§202). For commercial buildings, the tax deduction for energy-efficiency
improvements would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§203). The
maximum deduction would be increased to $2.25 per square foot. For building
subsystems, a partial deduction of $0.75 per square foot would be established. For
manufacturers, the ITC for energy-efficient appliances (dishwashers, clothes washers,
and refrigerators) would be extended for three years, through the end of 2010 (§204).
Senate bill introduced April 3, 2008; referred to Committee on Finance. The second
degree amendment S.Amdt. 4419 to S.Amdt. 4387 incorporated the text of S. 2821
into Senate version of H.R. 3221. House bill introduced May 7, 2008; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.

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H.R. 5986 (Burgess)
Diesel Fuel Tax Relief Act of 2008. Excise and income tax credits for ethanol
and other alcohol fuels would be terminated immediately (§3). Introduced May 7,
2008; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
H.R. 6000 (Kucinich)
Gas Price Spike Act of 2008. A tax credit would be created for purchasing fuel-
efficient, American-made passenger vehicles (§3). The maximum credit would range
from $3,000 to $6,000, depending on the vehicle’s fuel economy. Introduced May
8, 2008; referred to Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Referred to
Subcommittee on Highways and Transit.
H.R. 6001 (Buyer)
Main Street U.S.A. Energy Security Act of 2008. Title II contains several
extensions and expansions of tax incentives for renewable energy and energy
efficiency. Title III contains a provision for fuel blends with ethanol and for
cellulosic ethanol. Introduced May 8, 2008; referred to Committees on Natural
Resources, Energy and Commerce, Ways and Means, Armed Services, and Science
and Technology.
H.R. 6049 (Rangel)
Energy and Tax Extenders Act of 2008. Title I would extend several tax
incentives for energy efficiency and renewable energy, similar to those in H.R. 5351.
Introduced May 14, 2008; referred to Committee on Ways and Means. Committee
approved (25-12) on May 15, 2008.
H.R. 6052 (Oberstar)
Saving Energy Through Public Transportation Act of 2008. DOT formula
grants would be available to reduce fares or expand services of public transportation
systems (§3). The federal grant portion would be increased to 100% for the
acquisition of clean fuel vehicles and facilities required to comply with the Clean Air
Act (§4). Transportation fringe benefits for federal employees would be expanded
to all federal facilities nationwide (§5). DOT would be directed to conduct vanpool
pilot programs for urbanized and non-urbanized areas (§6). The federal grant share
would be increased to 100% for end-of-line facilities of fixed-guideway transit
systems. Introduced May 15, 2008; referred to Committees on Transportation and
Infrastructure and Oversight and Government Reform.
Senate Bills (with House Companions)
S.Con.Res. 3 (Salazar)/H.Con.Res. 25 (Peterson)
The sense of the Congress would be expressed that it is the goal of the United
States that, not later than January 1, 2025, the agricultural, forestry, and working land
of the United States should provide from renewable resources not less than 25% of
the total energy consumed in the United States and continue to produce safe,
abundant, and affordable food, feed, and fiber. Senate bill introduced January 17,
2006; referred to Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. House bill
introduced January 10, 2007; referred to Committees on Agriculture, Energy and
Commerce, and Natural Resources.

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S.Con.Res. 21 (Conrad)/H.Con.Res. 99 (Spratt)
This resolution would revise the congressional budget for FY2007, establish
the budget for FY2008, and set forth appropriate budgetary levels for FY2009
through FY2012. Section 307 of the Senate resolution would create a deficit-neutral
reserve fund that could be used for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and
responsible development of oil and natural gas. Section 332 would create a deficit-
neutral reserve fund for extension through 2015 of certain energy tax incentives,
including the renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC), Clean
Renewable Energy Bonds, and provisions for energy efficient buildings, products,
and power plants. Section 338 would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund for
manufacturing initiatives that could include tax and R&D measures that support
alternative fuels, automotive technologies, energy technologies, and the infrastructure
to support the technologies. The House resolution provides funding for energy
(Function 270) above the President’s request that “could be used for research,
development, and deployment of renewable and alternative energy.” Section 207 of
the House resolution would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund that fulfills the
purposes of H.R. 6 (CLEAN Energy Act, §301a), namely to “facilitate the
development of conservation and energy efficiency technologies, clean domestic
renewable energy resources, and alternative fuels that will reduce our reliance on
foreign oil.” Senate Committee on the Budget reported (without written report)
March 16, 2007. Passed Senate (52-47) March 23, 2007. House Committee on the
Budget reported (H.Rept. 110-69) March 23, 2007. Passed House (216-210) March
28, 2007. Senate bill passed in House with amendment (212-207) May 8, 2007;
House appointed conferees. Senate appointed conferees May 9, 2007. Conference
reported (H.Rept. 110-153) May 17, 2007. House agreed to conference report (214-
209) May 17, 2007. Senate agreed to conference report (52-40) May 17, 2007.
S.Con.Res. 70 (Conrad)
The Senate budget resolution would set forth the FY2009 federal budget and the
appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2008 and 2010 through 2013. Section
304 would establish a deficit-neutral reserve fund to invest in clean energy.
Introduced March 7, 2008; referred to the Committee on the Budget. Reported to
Senate (S. Prt. 110-039) by the Chairman without a written report. In Senate floor
action on March 12, 2008, S.Amdt. 4207 was introduced, which would establish a
deficit-neutral reserve fund to improve energy efficiency and production.
S.Res. 30 (Biden)/H.Con.Res. 104 (Carnahan)
The sense of the Senate would be expressed that the United States should return
to international negotiations on climate change and take a leadership role in those
negotiations. The resolution would recognize that there are security and economic
benefits from reducing greenhouse gas emissions and from markets for new, climate-
friendly technologies. Senate bill introduced January 16, 2007; referred to
Committee on Foreign Relations. Reported (without a written report) March 29,
2007. House bill introduced April 23, 2007. Referred to Committee on Foreign
Affairs April 29, 2007.
S.Res. 113 (Bingaman)
On the 30th anniversary of the incorporation of the Alliance to Save Energy, the
resolution commends the achievements of the Alliance and recognizes its
importance. Passed Senate March 20, 2007.

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S.Res. 212 (Coleman)
The sense of the Senate would be expressed that any comprehensive, mandatory
greenhouse gas emissions reduction program enacted by Congress should include
several provisions, including one that provides effective incentives to private entities
that sell electricity to increase the percentage of sales generated by clean energy
sources. Introduced May 21, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and
Public Works.
S. 6 (Reid)
National Energy and Environmental Security Act of 2007. Expresses the sense
of Congress that Congress should enact, and the President should sign, legislation to
enhance the security of the United States by reducing the dependence of the United
States on foreign and unsustainable energy sources and the risks of global warming
by requiring greenhouse gas reductions and supporting environmentally friendly
technologies. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 12 (McConnell)
Homeownership, Manufacturing, and Economic Growth Act or HOME Act.
Several residential and business energy efficiency tax provisions would be extended
through the end of 2009: tax credits for nonbusiness energy property (§101),
residential energy efficient property (§111), energy efficient appliances (Section
125), and new energy efficient home credit (§149); tax deductions for energy
efficient commercial buildings (§153); and income and excise tax credits for
alternative fuels, including biodiesel and ethanol fuel from coal (§146, §166 and
§167). Introduced February 29, 2008.
S. 23 (Harkin)/H.R. 559 (Delahunt)
Biofuels Security Act of 2007. Section 101 would modify the EPACT (§1501)
requirement that renewable fuel content reach 7.5 billion gallons in 2012,
accelerating the requirement to 10 billion gallons by 2010 and then rising to 30
billion gallons by 2020 and 60 billion gallons by 2030. Other provisions would
require E85 pumps at branded gasoline stations (§102), increased use of alternative
fuels in the federal fleet (§103), increased manufacturers percentage of dual-fueled
vehicles (§201), and increased manufacturers incentives for dual-fueled vehicles
(§202). Senate bill introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation. House bill introduced January 18, 2007;
referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Oversight and Government
Reform, and Judiciary.
S. 36 (Thune)
Biofuels Innovation Program Act of 2007. Matching grants up to $30,000
would be created for business planning and assistance to develop farm-based
production of dedicated energy and biomass crops and to attract or create a cellulosic
biofuels facility. Also, incentives would be offered to farmers who plant switchgrass,
and other cellulosic feedstocks, and deliver them to biorefineries. Introduced May
23, 2007; referred to Committee on Agriculture.
S. 129 (Allard)
Energy-Efficient Computer Servers Study. Section 1 would direct EPA to study
and report to Congress on the growth in energy use by computer servers. Section 2

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would express the sense of the Senate that it is in the best interest of the United States
for purchasers of computer servers to give high priority to energy efficiency as a
factor in determining best value and performance. Introduced January 4, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 133 (Obama)/H.R. 2354 (Visclosky)
American Fuels Act of 2007. Section 2 would create an Office of Energy
Security in the Executive Office of the President. Section 3 would provide a
production tax credit to manufacturers of flexible fuel vehicles. Section 4 would
establish a retail sales incentive for alternative fuels. Section 5 would prohibit certain
restrictions on the installation of alternative fuel pumps. Section 6 would create an
increasing percentage standard for biodiesel, or other alternative diesel fuel, content
in diesel fuels. Section 7 would create an excise tax credit for the production of
cellulosic ethanol from biomass. Section 8 would establish an incentive for federal
and state fleets to use medium- and heavy-duty hybrid vehicles. Section 9 would
establish an investment tax credit for qualified ethanol blending and processing
equipment. Section 10 would increase public access to alternative fuel refueling
stations on federal property. Section 11 would restrict the use funds in the Mass
Transit Account of the Highway Trust Fund to the purchase of clean fuel buses.
Section 12 would require the Department of Defense to increase the use of alternative
fuels. Section 13 would increase federal requirements for the use of electric vehicles
and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Senate bill introduced January 4, 2007; referred to
Committee on Finance. House bill introduced May 16, 2007; referred to Committees
on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, Ways and Means,
Transportation and Infrastructure, Oversight and Government Reform, Armed
Services, and Judiciary.
S. 146 (Boxer)
Government Fleet Fuel Economy Act of 2007. The federal government would
be required to purchase and lease fuel efficient automobiles. Introduced January 4,
2007; referred to Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
S. 162 (Lugar)
National Fuels Initiative. Section 102 would modify and extend the alcohol fuel
and alternative fuel tax credits. Section 103 would require major oil companies to
phase-in the installation of E85 fuel pumps at gasoline stations, reaching 100% by
2017. Section 104 would require manufacturers to increase the share of dual fueled
automobiles to 100% by 2017. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee
on Finance.
S. 167 (Boxer)/H.R. 395 (Salazar)
Cellulosic Ethanol Development and Implementation Act of 2007. DOE would
be required to provide grants to eligible entities to carry out research, development,
and demonstration projects on cellulosic ethanol and construct infrastructure that
enables retail gas stations to dispense cellulosic ethanol for vehicle fuel to reduce the
consumption of petroleum-based fuel. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to
Committee on Environment and Public Works.

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S. 183 (Stevens)
Improved Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Act of 2007. The corporate
average fuel economy (CAFE) standard for passenger automobiles would be
increased to 40 miles per gallon by 2017. Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
S. 193 (Lugar)
Energy Diplomacy and Security Act of 2007. Expresses the sense of Congress
on several aspects of international energy cooperation, with a special emphasis on
increasing the use of sustainable energy sources. Urges the Department of State to
seek immediately to establish: (1) strategic energy partnerships with the governments
of major energy producers and major energy consumers, and with governments of
other countries; (2) petroleum crisis response mechanisms with the governments of
China and India; (3) a Western Hemisphere energy crisis response mechanism; and
(4) a regional-based ministerial Hemisphere Energy Cooperation Forum. Urges the
President to place on the agenda for discussion at the Governing Board of the
International Energy Agency the merits of establishing an international energy
program application procedure. Urges the Hemisphere Energy Cooperation Forum
(established in response to this act) to implement: (1) an Energy Crisis Initiative; (2)
an Energy Sustainability Initiative; and (3) an Energy for Development Initiative.
Encourages the Department of State to approach other governments in the Western
Hemisphere to seek cooperation in establishing a Hemisphere Energy Industry Group
of industry and government representatives, coordinated by the U.S. Government
Introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Foreign Relations. Reported
(S.Rept. 110-54) April 12, 2007.
S. 280 (Lieberman)/H.R. 620 (Olver)
Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act of 2007. A program to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions would be established through a market-driven system of
tradeable allowances and support for the deployment of new climate change-related
technologies. Section 323 may be the most significant for energy efficiency and
renewable energy: DOE would be directed to create a production incentive, funded
with proceeds from an auction of tradeable emission allowances (specified in §162),
for R&D on low-cost/no-cost (full life cycle basis) emission reduction technologies,
with a maximum project value of $100 million. Also, Title III’s Subtitle A on
“Innovation Infrastructure” includes a study of technology transfer barriers and
increase of innovation incentive from15% to 25% (§311), authorization for the
Department of Commerce to create a nonprofit enterprise that supports technologies
(§312), empowerment of national laboratories to establish spinoff enterprises (§313),
a directive that the National Science Foundation create a plan to support technologies
at universities (§314), a 50% grant program at the Department of Commerce to
support deployment of technologies (§315), a study of patent law to facilitate
technology deployment (§318), and information distribution about DOE’s best
practices for energy efficiency programs, (§319). Subtitle B includes DOE audit
incentives for retail electricity suppliers (§351), R&D on transportation options such
as renewable hydrogen, cellulosic ethanol, and biodiesel (§352), and energy audits
for large commercial businesses (§353). Senate bill introduced January 12, 2007;
referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works. House bill introduced
January 22, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and
Technology, and Natural Resources. Hearing held July 24, 2007.

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S. 298 (Murkowski)
Renewable Energy, Fuel Reduction, and Economic Stabilization and
Enhancement Act of 2007. Also referred to as the REFRESH Act. DOE would be
authorized funding for a grant program to support geothermal energy (§ 101), ocean
energy (§ 102), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (§ 103). The National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA) would be required to study and report on testing of
CAFE standards (§ 201), and prescribe tire efficiency standards (§ 202). DOT would
be authorized to create a grant program for states to support telecommuting to curb
traffic congestion. Introduced January 16, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 306 (Schumer)/H.R. 490 (McNulty)
Mohawk River Hydroelectric Projects Licensing Act of 2007. The Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) would be prohibited from issuing a new
license for a hydroelectric project on the Mohawk River in New York state if the
project has been operating under annual licenses for 10 or more years, unless FERC
(1) issues a public notice that it will accept other valid license applications to develop
or dispose of the project works or water resource (including certain nonpower license
applications) and (2) approves a license application, according to the requirements
of this act, if other valid license applications are submitted, or if FERC has issued a
new license that is not yet final. Also, processing and approval procedures would be
established. Any new power license issued for such a project would be required to
include the same license conditions relating to the use of affected waters, as provided
in the license for a specified Potomac Light & Power Company Project. Further, this
act would be declared as applicable to specified hydroelectric projects for which (1)
a new license has been issued at the time of this act but which has not yet become
final under law, (2) there are pending judicial appeals, (3) the time has not yet lapsed
for filing such appeals, or (4) there is a pending appeal of the Clean Water Act
section 401 Water Quality Certificate. Senate bill introduced January 16, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. House bill introduced
January 16, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
S. 309 (Sanders)
Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act. The Clean Air Act would be
amended to direct EPA to set milestones for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
through a number of market-based programs and other means, of which many
involve energy efficiency or renewable energy. Section 704 includes a declining
emissions cap with a technology-indexed stop price, that involves energy efficiency
and renewable energy technologies. Section 707 would set certain standards for
vehicle CO emissions, which may have a similar effect as vehicle energy efficiency
2
standards, such as those in the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard.
It also calls for an NAS study of the potential for energy efficiency technologies to
reduce emissions in the non-highway portion of the transportation sector. Sections
708 and 709 establish electric generation standards that call for improved energy
efficiency. Section 711(c) would express the Sense of the Senate that federal funds
for clean, low-carbon energy R&D and deployment should be increased by at least
100% each year for 10 years. Section 712 would direct EPA to create an energy
efficiency performance standard that calls on retail electricity suppliers (utilities) to
reduce electricity use, starting with 0.25% 2008 and rising steadily to 9.0% in 2020,
along with a national system of tradable credits and a minimum fee of four cents per
kilowatt-hour (kwh). Section 713 would require that EPA establish a renewable

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energy portfolio standard (RPS) with a target that starts at 5% in 2008 and rises
steadily to 20% in 2020. Section 716 would call for the President to establish a task
force to recommend a strategy for a foreign assistance program that supports low-
carbon (renewable) and energy efficiency technologies. Section 719 would amend
the renewable fuel standard (RFS) to require that at least 5 billion gallons of low-
carbon renewable fuels come into commercial use in vehicles by 2015. Section 721
would require federal executive branch agencies to use vehicles that are “as fuel-
efficient as practicable.” Introduced February 8, 2007; referred to Committee on
Environment and Public Works.
S. 317 (Feinstein)
Electric Utility Cap and Trade Act of 2007. Under Title I, Section 717 would
create a Climate Action Trust Fund at the Department of the Treasury, with proceeds
from the auctions of tradeable emission allowances established under Section 715.
DOE would be directed to issue regulations that establish a “low- and zero-emitting
carbon technologies program” and an “energy efficiency technology program” to
support technology development and deployment with low-interest loans, loan
guarantees, grants, and financial awards. The maximum shares of funding would be
limited to 35% for development and deployment of low/no carbon technologies, 15%
for development and deployment of energy efficiency technologies for buildings and
industry, and 10% for R&D on energy efficiency technologies. Section 736 would
establish offset credits for certain projects, including those that reduce emissions
from fossil fuel combustion at residential and commercial buildings. Under Title II,
section 204 would authorize the National Institute of Standards’ Manufacturing
Extension Partnership program promote emission-reduction technologies for use by
small manufacturers. Introduced January 17, 2007; referred to Committee on
Environment and Public Works.
S. 331 (Thune)/H.R. 570 (Rogers)
Moneys collected from violations of the corporate average fuel economy
(CAFE) program would be placed in an Energy Security Fund to provide grants that
support infrastructure needed to increase the availability of alternative fuels. Senate
bill introduced January 18, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources. House bill introduced January 18; referred to Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
S. 339 (Bayh)/H.R. 670 (Engel)
Dependence Reduction through Innovation in Vehicles and Energy (DRIVE)
Act. The national security and stability of the United States economy would be
promoted by reducing oil dependence through the use of alternative fuels and new
technology. Title I would establish a national oil savings target and action plan.
Title II would set a broad range of policies for improving the fuel efficiency of
vehicles. The provisions would include tire efficiency, idling reduction, plug-in
hybrids, R&D, advanced diesel vehicles, manufacturing credits, consumer incentives,
federal fleet requirements, reduced incentives for gas-guzzlers, and vehicle
efficiency. Title III would set a broad range of policies for renewable energy and
alternative fuels. The provisions would include modifications to tax credits for
refueling property, biodiesel, and small ethanol producers. A minimum requirement
would be set for cellulosic biofuels and sugar ethanol. Production incentives would
be established for cellulosic biofuels. Low-interest loan and grant programs would

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be established for E85 fuel. Also, Transit-Oriented Development Corridors would
be designated in certain urban areas. Senate bill introduced January 18, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance. House bill introduced January 24, 2007; referred
to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology, Ways and
Means, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Oversight and Government Reform.
S. 357 (Feinstein)
Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act. On May 8, 2007, the Senate Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation marked up the bill with an amendment in
the nature of a substitute. The amended bill would require that the corporate average
fuel economy standard (CAFE) for new cars and light trucks be increased to 35 miles
per gallon (mpg) by 2020 and require a 4% annual increase for 10 years thereafter.
Starting in 2011, a 4% annual increase would also be required for medium- and
heavy-duty trucks. The reported bill also includes a controversial provision that
would criminalize price gouging in fuel markets during an energy emergency.
Original bill introduced January 22, 2007; referred to Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation. Amended bill ordered to be reported by voice vote on
May 8, 2007. Reported (S. Rept 110-278) with an amendment in the nature of a
substitute on April 7, 2008.
S. 365 (Graham)/H.R. 632 (Lipinski)
H-Prize Act of 2007. DOE would be authorized to establish monetary prizes
for achievements in overcoming scientific and technical barriers associated with
hydrogen energy. Senate bill introduced January 23, 2007; referred to Committee on
Energy and Natural Resources. House bill introduced January 23, 2007; referred to
Committee on Science and Technology. Reported amended (H.Rept. 110-171) June
5, 2007. Passed House (408-8) June 6, 2007.
S. 386 (Chambliss)
Cellulosic Ethanol Incentive Act of 2007. The renewable fuel standard (RFS)
would be increased from 7.5 billion gallons to 10.0 billion gallons in 2012 and to
33.3 billion gallons in 2030. Further, a standard for cellulosic ethanol would be
created starting at 250 million gallons in 2010 and rising to 20.3 billion gallons in
2030. Introduced January 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and
Public Works.
S. 411 (Smith)/H.R. 1924 (Meek)
After 2006, the renewable energy production tax credit (PTC) would be
modified to eliminate the reduction in the credit rate for power produced by
open-loop biomass, small irrigation power, landfill gas, trash combustion, and
hydropower facilities. Thus, the same credit rate would be allowed for all renewable
resource facilities covered by the credit. Senate bill introduced January 26, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance. House Bill introduced April 18, 2007; referred
to Committee on Ways and Means.
S. 425 (Smith)
The renewable energy production tax credit (PTC) would be expanded to
include “kinetic hydropower” that is generated from river currents, tidal currents,
ocean waves, or ocean thermal energy conversion. Introduced January 29, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance.

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S. 426 (Nelson)
Biofuels Investment Trust Fund Act. All funds collected from the tariff on
imports of ethanol would be invested in the R&D and deployment of biofuels,
especially cellulosic ethanol produced from biomass feedstocks. Introduced January
29, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 485 (Kerry)
Global Warming Reduction Act of 2007. An economy-wide global warming
pollution emission cap-and-trade program would be established to assist the
economic transition to new clean energy technologies, protect employees and
affected communities, and protect companies and consumers from significant
increases in energy costs. Introduced February 1, 2007; referred to Committee on
Finance.
S. 489 (Warner)
Green Buildings Act of 2007. Green building requirements would be set to
increase energy efficiency in the federal government. Similar to S. 506/H.R. 121.
Introduced February 5, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and Public
Works.
S. 506 (Lautenberg)/H.R. 121 (Doyle)
High-Performance Green Buildings Act of 2007. Title I would establish a
federal office of green buildings in the General Services Administration (GSA) to
coordinate efforts in federal agencies. This activities of this office would include
outreach to federal agencies, review related R&D findings, and the development of
guidance for life-cycle costing and contracting. Section 107 would authorize $4
million for Title I activities. Title II would identify incentives and procurement
practices to promote federal use of green building activities. Section 203 directs
GAO to audit the performance of this act’s provisions and report to Congress. Title
III directs GSA to conduct an annual demonstration project from 2009 through 2014
and authorizes a total of $10 million for those projects, and it calls for annual
demonstration projects at universities, with an additional $10 million authorization.
Senate bill introduced February 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and
Public Works. House bill introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on
Energy and Commerce. Ordered to be reported (amended) June 6, 2007.
S. 541 (Feingold)
Rural Opportunities Act of 2007. The Farm Security Act of 2002 would be
amended to promote local and regional support for sustainable bioenergy and
biobased products. USDA would be authorized to create a program that makes
grants to universities for R&D to support regional bioenergy development and
production. The funding would also support state energy plans, other renewable
energy and energy efficiency activities, and energy development by cooperatives.
Further, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) would be directed to study
policies to increase incentives for bioenergy and to help maintain local ownership of
energy facilities. Also, the renewable energy program (§ 9006) of the Farm Security
Act of 2002 would be reauthorized. Introduced February 8, 2007; referred to
Committee on Agriculture.

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S. 590 (Smith)/H.R. 550 (McNulty)
Securing America’s Energy Independence Act of 2007. The residential
investment tax credit for energy efficient property, and the commercial investment
tax credit for solar energy property and qualified fuel cell property, would be
extended for eight years, from the end of 2008 to the end of 2016. Also, such credits
would be allowed to be applied against alternative minimum tax liability. The
definition of “energy property” would be expanded to include certain equipment that
uses solar energy to generate or store excess electricity. A special credit amount
based on kilowatt capacity would be set for solar photovoltaic energy property and
residential energy efficient property. A tax credit would be allowed for the full
amount of qualified photovoltaic property expenditures. That credit is currently
limited to 30%. A three-year recovery period would be allowed for accelerated
depreciation for solar energy and fuel cell property. Senate bill introduced February
14, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance. House bill introduced January 18,
2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
S. 672 (Salazar)
Rural Community Renewable Energy Bonds Act. Tax-exempt bond financing
would be made available for qualified renewable energy electricity production
facilities that have less than 40 megawatts of capacity. The facilities could use wind,
biomass, solar power, hydropower, and other renewable resources. Introduced
February 16, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 673 (Salazar)/H.R. 1772 (Blumenauer)
Rural Wind Energy Development Act. An investment tax credit (§2) and
accelerated depreciation (§3) would be established for the installation of wind energy
property by rural homeowners, farmers, ranchers, and small businesses. The tax
credit is capped at $3,000/kilowatt and more than 50% of the electricity must be used
on-site. Senate bill introduced February 16, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
House bill introduced March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
S. 696 (Baucus)
Energy Research Act of 2007. An Advanced Research Projects Administration -
Energy (ARPA-E) would be established independent of, but in coordination with, the
Department of Energy. An authorization of $5.5 billion over five years would
support acceleration of energy innovations, including those focused on alternative
energy sources and energy efficiency. Introduced February 27, 2007; referred to
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 701 (Clinton)
Strategic Energy Fund Act of 2007. A temporary fee on major oil company
profits would be imposed, and policies for royalties would be revised, raising $50
billion for a Strategic Energy Fund. The Fund would be used to (1) expand the
renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) for five years; (2) increase
tax incentives for hybrid, clean diesel, and other advanced vehicles; (3) create
incentives for automobile manufacturers; (4) put $500 million toward advanced
battery development to support plug-in hybrid vehicles; (5) extend the ethanol tax
credit to 2012; (6) for cellulosic ethanol, provide $2 billion for R&D and loan
guarantees to cover the first billion gallons of production capacity (7) increase
incentives for energy efficiency in homes and offices; and (8) create a $9 billion

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Advanced Research Projects Agency. Introduced February 28, 2007; referred to
Committee on Finance.
S. 761 (Reid)/H.R. 2272 (Gordon)
America COMPETES Act of 2007. Section 2005 (Division B) would establish
an Advanced Research Projects Authority-Energy (ARPA-E) at DOE. The new
Authority would focus on overcoming the “long-term and high-risk technological
barriers” in the development of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other
technologies. “Such sums” as necessary would be authorized for each fiscal year
from 2008 through 2011. S. 761 introduced March 5, 2007. Passed Senate (88-8),
amended, April 25, 2007. Senate incorporated S. 761 into H.R. 2272 as an
amendment in the nature of a substitute, and passed the Senate version of H.R. 2272
by unanimous consent on July 19, 2007. House bill introduced May 10, 2007;
referred to Committee on Science and Technology. Passed House May 21, 2007.
S. 767 (Obama)/H.R. 1506 (Markey)
CAFE Fuel Economy Reform Act of 2007. DOT’s National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA) would be directed to increase new passenger car
fuel economy by 4% annually for model year (MY) 2009 through MY2011 and for
MY2013 through MY2018, attaining no less than 35 mpg by MY2018. Senate bill
introduced March 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation. House bill introduced March 14, 2007; referred to Committee on
Energy and Commerce.
S. 768 (Obama)/H.R. 1506 (Markey)
CAFE Fuel Economy Reform Act of 2007. DOT’s National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA) would be directed to increase new passenger car
fuel economy by 4% annually for model year (MY) 2009 through MY2011 and for
MY2013 through MY2018, attaining no less than 35 mpg by MY2018. Senate bill
introduced March 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance. House bill introduced
March 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
S. 818 (Sanders)
National Priorities Act of 2007. Certain tax deductions established for 2001
through 2004 would be rescinded, and some Department of Defense appropriations
would be reduced. From the revenue amounts made available, Section 5 would
provide $27.1 billion for programs to increase energy efficiency and to increase
investment in renewable energy, public transit, and high-speed rail. Introduced
March 8, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 822 (Snowe)/H.R. 1385 (McDermott)
EXTEND the Energy Efficiency Incentives Act of 2007. Section 101 would
create a new performance-based investment tax credit for residential energy
efficiency improvements that produce an energy savings of 20% or more. The credit
would terminate at the end of 2011. Section 102 would extend the existing (EPACT
§1333) residential tax credit for energy efficiency measures in existing homes for
four years, from the end of 2007 through the end of 2011. Section 201 would extend
the existing (EPACT §1332) tax credit for energy efficiency measures in new homes
for three years, from the end of 2008 through the end of 2011. Section 202 would
extend the existing (EPACT §1331) tax deduction for energy efficiency measures in

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commercial buildings through the end of 2012 and increase the amount of the
deduction. Section 203 would establish a new tax deduction for energy efficient
low-rise buildings. Section 204 would expand the list (EPACT §1331) of energy
efficiency measures in commercial buildings that qualify for a tax deduction and
make them eligible through the end of 2011. Section 301 would establish a new tax
credit for energy savings training and certification costs and certification equipment
expenditures. Senate bill introduced March 8, 2007; referred to Committee on
Finance. House bill introduced March 7, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and
Means.
S. 828 (Baucus)
On-Farm Energy Production Act. The Environmental Quality Incentives
Program (EQIP) authorized under the Farm Security Act of 2002 would be amended
to provide incentives worth up to about 50% of the cost for farmers and ranchers to
install wind, solar, and biodiesel equipment to produce energy need for farm
operations. Introduced March 8, 2007; referred to Committee on Agriculture.
S. 838 (Smith)/H.R. 1838 (Sherman)
United States-Israel Energy Cooperation Act. Enhanced cooperation would be
focused on renewable energy R&D. DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy would be directed to administer a grant program that supports this
cooperation and to report on its results. A revolving fund, the Energy Research and
Development Activities Fund, would be created at the Department of the Treasury.
Also, $20 million per year would be authorized for FY2008 through FY2014. Senate
bill introduced March 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources. Reported amended (S.Rept. 110-176) September 17, 2007. House bill
introduced March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
Ordered Reported July 25, 2007.
S. 859 (Harkin)/H.R. 2426 (Boswell)
Ethanol Infrastructure Expansion Act of 2007. A DOE program would be
established to award funds to study the feasibility of constructing dedicated ethanol
pipelines. A funding authorization of $1 million would be set. Senate bill introduced
March 13, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. House bill
introduced May 22, 2007; referred to Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure.
S. 872 (Lincoln)
The biodiesel income tax credit and the biodiesel excise tax credit would be
extended for nine years, from the end of 2008 to the end of 2017. Introduced March
14, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 875 (Dorgan)
Security and Fuel Efficiency Energy (SAFE) Act of 2007. A goal would be set
to improve energy security through a 50% reduction in the oil intensity of the
economy by 2030. This would be achieved, in part, by raising the fuel efficiency of
the vehicular transportation fleet and by increasing the availability of alternative fuel
sources. Introduced March 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance. Hearing
held May 8, 2007.

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S. 894 (Lincoln)/H.R. 139 (Granger)
Idling Reduction Tax Credit Act of 2007. A business tax credit of 25% of the
cost of a qualifying idling reduction device, up to $1,000, would be created. Defines
“qualifying idling reduction device” as any device that is (1) installed on a
heavy-duty diesel-powered on-highway vehicle to provide services that would
otherwise require the operation of the main drive engine while the vehicle is
temporarily parked or stationary; and (2) certified by DOE to reduce long-duration
idling. DOE would be directed to publish standards for certifying such devices.
Senate bill introduced March 15, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance. House
bill introduced January 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
S. 919 (Menendez)/H.R. 1551 (Kind)
Healthy Farms, Foods, and Fuels Act of 2007. Title II would support energy
programs at USDA. This would include reauthorization of energy audit and
renewable energy development programs (§ 203), renewable energy systems and
energy efficiency programs (§ 204), bioenergy (§ 205), and biomass R&D (§ 206).
Senate bill introduced March 20, 2007; referred to Committee on Agriculture. House
bill introduced March 15, 2007; referred to Committees on Agriculture, Education
and Labor, and Armed Services.
S. 987 (Bingaman)
Biofuels for Energy Security and Transportation (BEST) Act of 2007. The
national requirement for renewable fuels would be extended and increased. It would
start with 8.5 billion gallons in 2008 and rise to 36 billion gallons in 2022. Starting
in 2016, an increasing portion of the requirement would have to be met with
advanced biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol, biobutanol, and other fuel derived
from unconventional biomass feedstocks. Also, the DOE bioenergy R&D funding
authorization would be increased by 50% from FY2007 through FY2009 to establish
seven bioenergy research centers, research grants for states with low rates of ethanol
production, and loan guarantees for renewable fuel facilities. Introduced March 26,
2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing held April
12, 2007. Incorporated into S. 1321.
S. 962 (Bingaman)/H.R. 1933 (Udall)
Department of Energy Carbon Capture and Storage Research, Development, and
Demonstration Act of 2007. This bill does not support energy efficiency or
renewable energy. However, its provisions for carbon sequestration are a key part
of the omnibus energy bills, H.R. 3221 and the Senate version of H.R. 6. DOE
would be directed to: (1) carry out fundamental science and engineering research to
develop and document new approaches to capture and store carbon dioxide; (2)
ensure that fundamental research is appropriately applied to energy technology
development activities and the field testing of carbon sequestration activities; (3)
promote regional carbon sequestration partnerships to conduct geologic sequestration
tests involving carbon dioxide in a variety of geological settings; and (4) conduct at
least seven initial large-volume sequestration tests for geological containment of
carbon dioxide. Further, DOE would be directed, in making competitive awards, to
give preference to proposals from partnerships among industrial, academic, and
government entities. Senate bill introduced March 22, 2007; referred to Committee
on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing (S. Hrg. 110-83) held April 16, 2007.
Incorporated into S. 1321 and then into the Senate-passed version of H.R. 6. House

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bill introduced April 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Science and Technology.
Reported amended (H.Rept. 110-301) August 3, 2007.
S. 992 (Boxer)/S. 1637 (Inhofe)
Public Buildings Cost Reduction Act of 2007. The General Services
Administration (GSA) would be directed to establish a program to speed the use of
cost-effective energy-efficient lighting equipment and other technologies and
practices. Further, GSA would be required to prepare a five-year plan to replace
inefficient lighting in GSA buildings using available funds. Also, an EPA matching
grant program would be created to help local governments renovate buildings to
improve energy efficiency. For this program, $20 million would be authorized.
Introduced March 27, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and Public
Works. Reported (S.Rept. 110-60) May 3, 2007.
S. 1000 (Stevens)
Telework Enhancement Act of 2007. All federal employees would be eligible
for telework, unless shown otherwise by their employer. Also, each agency would
be required to designate at least one full-time employee to be a Telework Managing
Officer. This person would implement telework policy and serve as liaison between
employees and managers. Introduced March 27, 2007; referred to Committee on
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.

S. 1007 (Lugar)
United States - Brazil Energy Cooperation Pact of 2007. The Secretary of State
would be directed to work with the Government of Brazil and other foreign
governments to form partnerships that aim to accelerate biofuels production,
cellulosic ethanol research, and infrastructure improvements. The goals are to
alleviate poverty, create jobs, and increase income, while improving energy security
and protecting the environment. Programs and activities that would be established
include a regional energy forum, feasibility studies, grants, extension services, carbon
(CO ) trading, and a study of the ethanol tariff. A funding authorization of $59
2
million would be set for FY2008. Introduced March 28, 2007; referred to Committee
on Foreign Relations.
S. 1016 (Menendez)/H.R. 2848 (Cardoza)
Solar Opportunity and Local Access Rights (SOLAR) Act. The Public Utility
Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) would be amended to establish net metering, by
allowing home solar equipment to connect to the grid and guaranteeing that excess
power could be sold back to the utility at a fair rate. Homeowners associations would
be prohibited from restricting access to solar and local permit fees would be reduced.
Introduced March 28, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1020 (Hutchison)
Creating Renewable Energy through Science and Technology (CREST) Act.
The act establishes and authorizes funding for a Council on Renewable Energies
(CORE) at the National Science Foundation. The Council would advise Congress
on renewable energy strategy including offshore wind production, solar power,
geothermal energy, alternative biofuels, and wave energy. It would also facilitate
collaboration across federal agencies. Introduced March 28, 2007; referred to
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.

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S. 1055 (Biden)/H.R. 1915 (Castle)
American Automobile Industry Promotion Act of 2007. DOE would be directed
to establish a program for RD&D, and commercial application of innovative electric
drive transportation technology (i.e. plug-in hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid fuel cell
vehicles, engine dominant hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles). DOE would be
required to arrange with the National Academy of Sciences to assess state-of-the-art
battery technologies that could be applied to electric drive transportation. Also, DOE
would be directed to carry out an Advanced Battery Initiative to support RD&D and
commercial application of battery technologies in on-road or non-road vehicles.
Requirements for the lean burn vehicle technology credit would be modified. EPA
would be empowered to define biodiesel fuel and biodiesel fuel blends, and would
be required set standards for each biodiesel blend. Senate bill introduced March 29,
2007; referred to Committee on Finance. House Bill introduced April 18, 2007;
referred to Committees on Science and Technology, Ways and Means, and Energy
and Commerce.
S. 1059 (Clinton)
Zero Emissions Building Act. Federal building energy efficiency standards
would be improved. Starting in 2007, federal buildings would be designed to use
50% less fossil energy (and greenhouse gas emissions) than a comparable, previously
built federal building. The amount of fossil energy reduction would increase step-
wise, reaching 100% (zero emissions) by 2030. Introduced March 29, 2007; referred
to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1072 (Stevens)
Energy efficiency (and other provisions) of Executive Order 13423 would be
codified into public law. Energy intensity at each agency would be required to be
reduced by 3% annually through 2014. Each agency would be required to meet half
of its renewable energy requirement with “new” sources. Energy efficiency goals
would be set for water use, vehicles, and acquisition of products and services.
Lighting efficiency would also be required to increase. Introduced March 29, 2007;
referred to Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.
S. 1073 (Feinstein)
Clean Fuels and Vehicles Act. The Clean Air Act would be amended to
promote the use of fuels with low life-cycle CO emissions, establish a CO
2
2
performance standard for motor vehicle fuels, and require a significant decrease in
CO from motor vehicles. By 2016 automakers would be required to reduce tailpipe
2
emissions by 30% below 2002 levels. Also, by 2015, oil refiners and importers would
be required to reduce GHG emissions by 3% below 2007 levels. Further, EPA would
be required to quantify total emissions of each fuel and develop a fuel labeling
program. Additionally, a carbon-credit trading program would be established.
Introduced March 29, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and Public
Works.
S. 1076 (Inouye)/H.R. 1356 (Oberstar)
Section 606 would require the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to
establish a research consortium with goals to increase aircraft fuel efficiency 25%
relative to 1997 subsonic aircraft technology and to determine the feasability of using
alternative fuels in aircraft. Senate bill introduced March 29, 2007; referred to

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Committee on Finance. House bill introduced March 6, 2007; referred to
Committees on Transportation and Infrastructure, Science and Technology, and Ways
and Means.
S. 1101 (Lincoln)/H.R. 2083 (Gordon)
The energy efficiency regulatory standard for residential clothes washers would
be put into law. The standard for residential dishwashers would by increased by 35%
in 2010 and thereafter. The standard for residential dehumidifiers would be increased
in 2012 and thereafter. Also, DOE would be directed to set a new standard for
refrigerators in a rulemaking that would take effect by 2014. Senate bill introduced
April 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. House bill
introduced May 1, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Commerce.
S. 1106 (Thune)
Ethanol Tariff Extension and Caribbean Basin Initiative Investigation Act. The
U.S. tariff on imported ethanol would be extended for two years, from the end of
2008 to the end of 2010. Also, the Department of the Treasury would be required to
prepare a study of duty-free ethanol imports and report to Congress on its findings.
Introduced April 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1115 (Bingaman)
Energy Efficiency Promotion Act of 2007. Title I would promote advanced
lighting technology by requiring all federal lighting to be Energy Star rated by 2010
(§ 101), expanding efficiency standards for incandescent reflector lamps (§ 102),
creating the “Bright Tomorrow” lighting prizes for solid state (LED) lighting
developments (§ 103), and establishing a “Sense of the Senate” to pass mandatory
energy efficiency performance targets for lighting products (§ 104). Title II would
expedite new energy efficiency standards by legislating standards for residential
boilers (§ 207), electric motors (§ 209), and some home appliances (§ 210, same as
S. 1101/H.R. 2083). DOE would be directed to set standards by rulemaking for
furnace fans (§ 203). Also, DOE would be allowed to set standards for multiple
components (§ 201) and regional standards for heating and cooling equipment (§
202). Further, it would authorize R&D on improved efficiency for appliances and
buildings in cold climates (§ 211) and provide incentives for the manufacture of
high-efficiency consumer products (§ 212). Other provisions would guide expedited
rulemakings (§ 204), clarify limits to federal preemption of state standards (§ 205),
and require Energy Guide labels for several types of consumer electronic products.
Title III promotes high-efficiency vehicles, advanced batteries, and energy storage.
Section 301 would authorize funding for a DOE R&D program on light-weight
materials. Section 302 would provide loan guarantees for facilities that manufacture
fuel-efficient vehicles. Section 303 would authorize awards for qualified investments
to refurbish manufacturing facilities that produced advanced technology vehicles.
Section 304 would authorize a 10-year R&D program to support U.S.
competitiveness in global energy storage markets and a five-year R&D program for
electric drive technologies. Title IV would set several energy efficiency goals that
include reducing gasoline use 45% by 2030 (§ 401), improving energy productivity
to 2.6% by 2012 (§ 402), and authorizing funding to educate consumers about how
to save energy. Title V would promote federal leadership in energy efficiency and
renewable energy. Section 501 would require federal and state fleets to reduce
petroleum use 30% by 2016. Section 502 would increase the federal purchase of

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renewable energy to 15% by 2015. Section 503 would authorize the Energy-Saving
Performance Contracts (ESPCs) program permanently. Section 504 would require
that federal buildings reduce energy use 30% by 2015. Section 505 would require the
identification of federal sites for combined heat and power (CHP). Section 506
would require that fossil energy use in federal buildings be reduced 50%, compared
with similar buildings from the past that were not subject to the standard. New and
renovated buildings would be required to attain “carbon neutral” status by 2030.
Section 507 would require HUD to update efficiency standards for all public and
assisted housing. Title VI would improve energy efficiency assistance to state and
local governments by increasing the authorization for the DOE Weatherization
program (§ 601), reauthorizing the State Energy program (§ 602), requiring state
utility regulatory commissions to consider federal standards to promote energy
efficiency, authorizing NREL to provide technical assistance (§ 604), authorizing
grants to local governments (§ 605), authorizing grants to universities for
demonstration projects (§ 606), authorizing workforce training programs (§ 607), and
authorizing fund for education programs to reduce school bus idling (§ 608).
Introduced April 16, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Hearing held April 23, 2007. Incorporated into S. 1321.
S. 1118 (Dorgan)
Fuel Efficiency Energy Act of 2007. Starting in model year 2013, corporate
average fuel economy (CAFE) standards would increase by 4% annually, through
2030. However, DOT, in consultation with the National Academy of Sciences, may
prescribe a lower standard if it determines that the increase would not be
technologically achievable, would compromise safety, or would not be cost-effective.
Introduced April 16, 2007; referred to Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation.
S. 1151 (Obama)/H.R. 1920 (Inslee)
Health Care for Hybrids Act. A program would be created to provide up to 10%
of the health care costs for retired auto industry employees. In exchange, each
company would agree to invest half of its reduced costs into R&D, retooling,
manufacture, or employee retraining for the use of fuel-efficient and alternative fuel
technologies in its vehicle lines. Senate bill introduced April 18, 2007; referred to
Committee on Finance. House bill introduced April 18, 2007; referred to
Committees on Ways and Means and on Energy and Commerce.
S. 1154 (Nelson)/H.R. 2038 (Kind)
Biogas Production Incentive Act of 2007. A business tax credit for “biogas”
production and sales would be established. Eligible biogas must be derived by
processing a qualified feedstock — such as livestock manure and other waste
material — in an anaerobic digester that contains at least 60% methane and carbon
dioxide and trace gases. USDA would be directed to make counter-cyclical payments
to qualified biogas producers for facility development. Also, USDA would establish
loans, loan guarantees, and grants for qualified providers to collect and transport
feedstocks to a biogas facility or for equipment and facilities that help collect and
transport feedstocks. Senate bill introduced April 18, 2007; referred to Committee
on Finance. House bill introduced April 25, 2007; referred to Committees on Ways
and Means and on Agriculture.

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S. 1158 (Inhofe)
Alternative Fuel Standard Act of 2007. This bill would implement part of the
20-in-10 proposal presented by the President in the State of the Union 2007 speech.
The current renewable fuel standard (RFS) would be replaced by an alternative fuel
standard (AFS) that requires 10 billion gallons of “alternative” fuels in 2010, rising
to 35 billion gallons in 2017. Qualifying fuels would be expanded beyond renewable
fuels, such as ethanol, to include transportation fuels derived from natural gas, coal,
and hydrogen and other sources. Introduced April 19, 2007; referred to Committee
on Environment and Public Works.
S. 1165 (Cardin)
American Green Building Act of 2007. Federal buildings would be required
to be designed, constructed, and certified to meet or exceed the U.S. Green Building
Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) “silver” rating
for green buildings. However, the head of the agency with jurisdiction over the
building may decide that, due to energy or national security requirements,
achievement of such a rating would be impracticable. Introduced April 19, 2007;
referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 1207 (Landrieu)
Giving Reductions to Energy Efficient New Buildings Act. Also referred to as
the GREEN Buildings Act. The investment tax deduction for energy efficient
commercial buildings would be extended from the end of 2008 to the end of 2013.
Further, the deduction would be increased from $1.80 to $2.25 per square foot.
Introduced April 25, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1238 (Casey)
Revenues obtained by rescinding certain tax loopholes and by imposing a
windfall profits tax on integrated oil companies would be put into a reserve fund to
support biofuels R&D and infrastructure development. Introduced April 26, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1242 (Tester)
A crop insurance pilot program would be established for experimental biofuel
crops. Loans and loan guarantees would be provided to producers of experimental
biofuel crops. Grants would be established for research facilities and universities for
studies of crops as animal feed and for research on harvesting and planting
techniques for such crops. Introduced April 26, 2007; referred to Committee on
Agriculture.
S. 1291 (Thune)
Wind Energy Development Act of 2007. Section 2 would extend the renewable
energy production tax credit (PTC) for four years, through the end of 2012. After
2007, the annual inflation adjustment to the credit would cease. Section 3 would
extend the provision for clean renewable energy “tax credit” bonds for four years,
through the end of 2012. Also, the total annual limit for the bonds would be
increased to $2.25 billion, including a limit of $725 million per year for governments,
and $250 million per year for American Indian tribes. Introduced May 3, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance.

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S. 1297 (Boxer)
Advanced Clean Fuels Act of 2007. The volume-based Renewable Fuel
Standard is currently set at 7.5 billion gallons per year by 2012. The bill would set
a new standard of 12.0 billion gallons by 2011, rising to 35.0 billion gallons by 2025.
Introduced May 3, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 1321 (Bingaman)/H.R. 2556 (Wilson)
Energy Savings Act of 2007. This bill incorporates provisions from S. 987 and
S. 1115. Title I is the Biofuels for Energy Security and Transportation Act (many
provisions are similar to provisions in S. 987). Title II is the Energy Efficiency
Promotion Act (many provisions are similar to provisions in S. 1115). For a detailed
summary of this bill see H.R. 2556. Senate bill introduced May 7, 2007; referred to
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Reported (S.Rept. 110-65) May 7,
2007. House bill introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committees on Energy and
Commerce, Science and Technology, Transportation and Infrastructure, Oversight
and Government, and Financial Services.
S. 1324 (Obama)
National Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Act of 2007. A standard would be set that
reduces greenhouse gas emissions from transportation fuel. The standard would also
have the effect of improving fuel efficiency. The production of biofuels would be
increased by setting a low-carbon fuel standard for petroleum-based fuels. The
Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) would be increased from 12 billion gallons to 15
billion gallons of renewable fuel by 2012. Additional standards would be established
to prevent damage to air, land, and water quality caused by biofuels production.
Introduced May 7, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 1346 (Mikulski)/H.R. 1766 (Van Hollen)
Chesapeake’s Healthy and Environmentally Sound Stewardship of Energy and
Agriculture Act (CHESSEA) Act of 2007. Under §9003 of the Farm Security Act,
Section 11 would create a USDA program that provides grants, loans, and loan
guarantees for biofuels and biorefineries in Chesapeake Bay Watershed states. From
FY2008 through FY2013, the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) would provide
program funding of $100 million per year. Under § 9006 of the Farm Security Act,
Section 12 would provide grants and loans for renewable energy and energy
efficiency projects, capped at 25% of the project cost. CCC funding for this program
would start at $60 million in FY2008 and increase to $250 million in FY2012.
Introduced May 9, 2007; referred to Committee on Agriculture.
S. 1358 (Grassley)
10 by 10 Act. The current renewable fuel standard that would reach 7.5 billion
gallons per year by 2012 would be replaced with a standard that requires all gasoline
sold for use in motor vehicles to contain 10% renewable fuel by 2010 and thereafter.
Introduced May 10, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 1370 (Cantwell)
The Clean Energy Investment Assurance Act of 2007. Section 2 would extend
the renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) for five years and make
it apply to thermal energy production too. Section 3 would, after the end of 2008,
raise the volume cap for clean renewable energy bonds from $1.2 billion per year to

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$5.0 billion per year. Section 4 would extend the residential energy efficient (solar)
property investment tax credit for eight years, extend it to include storage air
conditioners, and modify the cap. Section 5 would extend the business investment
tax credit for solar equipment for eight years, expand it to include storage air
conditioners, and modify the cap. Section 6 would extend the nonbusiness energy-
efficient equipment investment tax credit for five years and raise the cap for certain
equipment. Section 7 would extend for five years the investment tax credit for
building new energy-efficient homes. Section 8 would extend for five years the
deduction for energy efficient commercial buildings, and increase the maximum
deduction. Section 9 would make qualified energy management devices eligible for
a five-year depreciation recovery period. Introduced May 11, 2007; referred to
Committee on Finance.
S. 1389 (Obama)/H.R. 1728 (Honda)
Global Warming Education Act. Section 4 would establish a national education
campaign to disseminate information on and promote implementation of new
technologies, programs, and incentives related to energy efficiency and renewable
energy. Senate bill introduced May 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Health,
Education, Labor, and Pensions. House bill introduced March 29, 2007; referred to
Committee on Science and Technology.
S. 1403 (Klobuchar)
Farm-to-Fuel Investment Act. USDA would designate “bioenergy cropsheds”
located within 50 miles of an existing or planned biofuels refinery. From 2008
through 2012, USDA’s Commodity Credit Corporation would provide a total of $350
million in financial assistance to help farmers convert to bioenergy crops. USDA
would provide the assistance through three-year contracts with producers that switch
to bioenergy crop production. Introduced May 15, 2007; referred to Committee on
Agriculture.
S. 1407 (Pryor)
Smart Buildings Act. A 20-year depreciation cost recovery period, calculated
on a straight line basis, would be created for energy efficient heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, and commercial refrigeration systems installed in nonresidential
buildings and placed in service during calendar years 2008 through 2011. Introduced
May 16, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1411 (Lautenberg)
The Environmental Protection Agency would establish an office to measure and
report on greenhouse gas emissions from federal agencies. Energy-related emissions
would be a key focus. Introduced May 16, 2007; referred to Committee on
Environment and Public Works.
S. 1419 (Reid)
Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007.
This omnibus bill is derived from four other bills. Titles I, II, and III are taken from
S. 1321/H.R. 2556. Title IV is taken from S. 992, as reported by the Senate
Committee on the Environment on May 3, 2007. Titles V and VI are taken from the
amended version of S. 357, as reported May 8, 2007, by the Senate Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Title VII is taken from S. 193, as reported

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by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on April 12, 2007. The individual
title popular names are: Title I, Biofuels for Energy Security and Transportation; Title
II, Energy Efficiency Promotion; Title III, Carbon Capture and Storage Research,
Development, and Demonstration; Title IV, Public Buildings Cost Reduction; Title
V, Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards; Title VI, Price Gouging; and Title
VII, Energy Diplomacy and Security. Introduced May 17, 2007; ordered Placed on
Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 156.
S. 1422 (Lugar)
Farm Risk Management Act for the 21st Century. The Farm Security Act of
2002 would be amended to revise and extend programs for federal biobased product
procurement, biorefinery development, and rural renewable energy development.
Also, current renewable and energy efficiency provisions would be replaced with the
Rural Energy for America program, which would be funded through FY2014.
Introduced May 17, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1491 (Klobuchar)
Ethanol Education and Expansion Act of 2007. Section 2 would direct USDA
to provide $20 million from the Commodity Credit Corporation to fund grants to fuel
producers for the installation of ethanol-85% (E85) fuel infrastructure. Section 3
would provide competitive grants to educate certain parties about the benefits of E85
fuel use. The targets of the education may include public and private vehicle fleet
operators, other interested entities, and the general public. Introduced May 25, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1424 (Schumer)
Farm, Nutrition, and Community Investment Act of 2007. Title VII has
provisions for farm-related energy efficiency and renewable energy. Section 7002
would direct the federal government to procure biobased products. Section 7003
would provide grants for biorefinery development. Section 7004 would create an
energy audit and renewable energy development program. Section 7005 would
require USDA to provide grants and production credits to encourage cooperative
development of renewable energy systems and energy efficiency improvements.
Section 7006 would extend certain provisions for biomass R&D. Section 7007
would extend certain biomass research and extension provisions for six years and
expand it to include grants to universities for work on climate change. Section 7008
would direct USDA to provide grants and loans for cellulosic ethanol development
on industrial lands. Section 7009 would establish an energy efficiency rebate
program for farmers and ranchers. Section 7010 would provide grants for research
on alternative uses for biofuel byproducts. Section 7011 would establish a national
net metering program for farm energy production. Introduced May 17, 2007; referred
to Committee on Finance.
S. 1434 (Pryor)/H.R. 2528 (Markey)
Federal Building Renewal and Energy Savings Act of 2007. Section 2 would
require each federal agency to conduct an energy and water assessment of its
buildings and facilities every three years, implement water and energy efficiency
saving measures based on the assessment, use a web-based tracking system to certify
compliance, and record energy use data into a benchmarking system such as the
Energy Star Portfolio Manager. Section 3 would promote federal agency use of

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energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs) and utility energy service contracts.
Senate bill introduced May 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources. House bill introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy
and Commerce.
S. 1491 (Klobuchar)
Ethanol Education and Expansion Act of 2007. Section 2 would direct USDA
to provide $20 million from the Commodity Credit Corporation to fund grants to fuel
producers for the installation of ethanol-85% (E85) fuel infrastructure. Section 3
would provide competitive grants to educate certain parties about the benefits of E85
fuel use. The targets of the education may include public and private vehicle fleet
operators, other interested entities, and the general public. Introduced May 25, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1497 (Cardin)
Energy Independence Act. A bipartisan Commission on “energy independence”
would be established. Its task would be to study and review policy changes that are
needed for the United States to achieve energy independence. Introduced May 24,
2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1508 (Dorgan)
Clean Energy Production Tax Incentives Act. Increases the rate of the tax credit
for producing electricity from renewable sources and extends the credit through 2018.
Extends the limitation amount for clean renewable energy bonds through 2017.
Extends the tax credit for investment in fuel cell and solar property through 2018.
Introduced May 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1511 (Akaka)/H.R. 2036 (Inslee)
Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Promotion Act. DOE would be
directed to create a marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy R&D program.
Section 4 would establish a fund to make loans to projects producing marine and
hydrokinetic renewable energy. Section 5 would require programmatic
environmental impact statements for deployment in U.S. navigable waters. Section
6 would expand the renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC) to cover this
equipment. Section 7 would expand the 30% business investment credit and
five-year depreciation to include this equipment. House bill introduced April 25,
2007; referred to Committees on Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology,
Ways and Means, and Natural Resources. Senate bill introduced May 24, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1525 (Smith)/H.R. 2137 (Levin)
Super-Efficient Appliance Incentives and Market Transformation Act of 2007.
EPACT (P.L. 109-58) established investment tax credits for manufacturers of certain
types of energy efficient appliances. The bill would modify the credit for certain
dishwashers, clothes washers, refrigerators, and dehumidifiers produced after 2007.
The credit would be capped at $100 million per year. Senate bill introduced May 24,
2007; referred to Committee on Finance. House bill introduced May 3, 2007;
referred to Committee on Ways and Means.

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S. 1526 (Stevens)
Bright Idea Act of 2007. DOE would be directed to establish energy efficiency
standards for general service lamps manufactured or sold after 2013. Reports on
mercury use and lamp labeling would also be required. Introduced May 24, 2007;
referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1527 (Stevens)
A tax credit would be established for renovation and construction of
manufacturing facilities for making energy-efficient incandescent lamps. Introduced
May 24, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1531 (Reid)
Clean Renewable Energy and Economic Development Incentives Act of 2007.
Title I of S. 1531 would extend three existing tax incentives and establish six new
ones.63 Section 101 would extend the renewable energy electricity production tax
credit (PTC) for 10 years, to the end of 2018.64 For certain large facilities, such as
geothermal and biomass power plants, recognition of credit eligibility could be
extended for up to two years after the placed-in-service deadline.65 Section 102
would extend the clean renewable energy bonds (CREBs) for 10 years.66 The
national total bond limit would be $1.2 billion per year for 2007 through 2008 and
$1.0 billion per year for 2009 through 2018. Section 103 would establish a tax credit
bond for water conservation. Section 104 would create a 10% investment tax credit
for geothermal exploration. For residential installations of small wind equipment,
Section 105 would establish a 30% investment tax credit, with a limit of $1,000 per
kilowatt (kw). Section 106 would extend for five years the investment tax credit for
the construction of new energy efficient homes.67 Section 107 would create a 20%
investment tax credit for manufacturing equipment used to produce advanced
batteries. Section 108 would establish renewable school energy bonds, with a
national bond limit of $50 million in 2008, $100 million in 2009, and $150 million
in 2010. Under Section 109, bonds would be issued to finance new renewable energy
facilities, including equipment that uses tidal, wave, current, and ocean thermal
energy. Title II of S. 1531 would permanently extend two tax incentives for solar
energy equipment and it would establish three new incentives for solar equipment.68
63 The extensions are in §101, §102, and §106. The new incentives are in §103, §104, §105,
§107, §108,and §109.
64 The PTC provision of the Tax Relief Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-432, §201) will expire at the
end of 2008. The PTC was previously set by the Energy Policy Act (EPACT, §1301).
65 To qualify under this provision, such plants would have to fulfill two conditions. First,
the plant would have to be under construction at the time that the placed-in-service deadline
occurs. Second, the plant would have to be operational, producing and selling electricity,
within two years after the deadline.
66 The CREBs provision of the Tax Relief Act (§202) will expire at the end of 2008. CREBs
were created by EPACT (§1303).
67 The new energy efficient new homes credit in the Tax Relief Act (§205) will expire at the
end of 2008. The new homes credit was created by EPACT (§1332).
68 The credit extensions are in §201 and §203. The new incentives are in §202, §204, and
(continued...)

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Section 201 would extend permanently the 30% value of the investment tax credit
for business installations of solar equipment.69 In Section 202, the investment tax
credit for solar (30%) and geothermal (10%) equipment would be made available to
public utilities. Under Section 203, the 30% residential energy efficiency investment
tax credit would be extended permanently.70 Further, the cap would be raised to
$3,000/kw for solar electric equipment, $2,000 for solar heating and cooling
equipment, and $500 for fuel cells. Section 204 would make certain solar equipment
eligible for a three-year accelerated depreciation period. Section 211 would establish
a 30% investment tax credit for facilities that manufacture solar energy equipment.
Brought up on the Senate floor during action on H.R. 6. The bill was read twice and
referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1543 (Bingaman)
National Geothermal Initiative Act of 2007. A goal would be set to obtain 20%
of electricity from geothermal energy by 2030. To achieve this, a national
geothermal initiative would be established to advance technology development and
encourage increased energy production. More than $500 million in funding would
be authorized. The U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) would be
directed to promote international market development for the use of geothermal
resources, including the African Rift Geothermal Development Facility. The U.S.
Trade and Development Agency would be required to support that initiative.
Introduced June 5, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Hearing held September 26, 2007.
S. 1547 (Levin)/H.R. 1585 (Skelton)
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008. In both bills, DOD
would be allowed to use up to $70 million of its authorized appropriations for energy
conservation projects (§ 2402). Under the Senate bill, DOD would also be
authorized to enter into multi-year contracts to purchase electricity from renewable
energy sources for a period not to exceed 10 years (§ 826). Senate bill introduced
June 5, 2007; referred to Committee on Armed Services. Reported (S.Rept. 110-77).
Referred to Committee on Intelligence, June 13, 2007. Committee reported (S.Rept.
110-125) June 29, 2007. Under the House bill, DOD facilities would be directed to
install energy efficient light fixtures and bulbs (§ 2853). Also, DOD would be
required to use renewable energy to meet 25% of its electricity needs by 2025 (§
2854). House bill introduced March 20, 2007; referred to Committee on Armed
Services. Reported (H.Rept. 110-46) May 11, 2007. House passed on May 17, 2007.
Senate passed, amended October 1, 2007. Conference reported (H.Rept. 110-477)
December 6, 2007. Vetoed by the President December 28, 2007. Bill and veto
message referred to House Committee on Armed Services January 15, 2008. See
H.R. 4986 for further action.
68 (...continued)
§211.
69 The 30% value of the business solar investment tax credit in the Tax Relief Act (§207)
will revert back to 10% at the end of 2008. The 30% value of this credit was established by
EPACT (§1337).
70 The residential energy efficiency credit in the Tax Relief Act (§206) will expire at the end
of 2008. This credit was created by EPACT (§1335).

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S. 1548 (Levin)
Department of Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008. Section 826
would authorize the Secretary of Defense to enter into contracts for a period not to
exceed 10 years for the purchase of electricity from sources of renewable energy.
Introduced June 5, 2007; referred to Committee on Armed Services. Reported
without written report, June 13, 2007. Referred to Committee on Intelligence, June
13, 2007. Committee reported without written report, June 29, 2007.
S. 1554 (Collins)
Energy Independence, Clean Air and Climate Security Act. Title I has several
provisions to improve transportation fuel efficiency. Fuel economy standards for cars
would be increased to 35 mpg by 2019 and 45 mpg by 2030 (§ 102). An investment
credit would be created for manufacturers to produce more energy-efficient vehicles
(§ 123). EPA would be directed to develop fuel economy standards for heavy duty
vehicles (§ 125). The law that preempts states from establishing fuel economy
standards for motor vehicles would be repealed (§ 127). A 30% improvement in the
fuel efficiency of federal fleets would be required (§ 128). Title II has some
provisions that would promote renewable fuels. Title IV has several provisions
aimed at reducing heating and electricity bills. The renewable electricity production
tax credit (PTC) would be extended for four years, through the end of 2012 (§ 403).
DOE would be directed to establish an energy efficiency resource standard that
requires electricity and natural gas suppliers to reduce energy use by 0.25% 2007,
rising to 3.0% by 2011. Similarly, a standard would be set to reduce peak demand
by 0.25% in 2007, rising to 3.75% by 2011 (§ 404). Electric utilities would be
required to meet a renewable portfolio standard (RPS), by obtaining a percentage of
their electricity from renewables, starting at1% in 2008 and rising to 20% in 2020 (§
405). Introduced June 6, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1562 (Biden)
Fluorescent Lightbulb Implementation Program to Save Americans Value and
Energy. DOE would be directed to provide grants to States for the distribution of
compact fluorescent lights. Introduced June 6, 2007; referred to Committee on
Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1567 (Klobuchar)
A renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS) would be established for the
period from 2010 to 2025. DOE would be instructed to establish: (1) a renewable
energy credit trading program under which electric utilities shall submit to DOE
renewable energy credits to certify their RPS compliance; and (2) a state renewable
energy account program for grants to state agencies to promote renewable energy
production (including programs that promote technologies that reduce the use of
electricity at customer sites such as solar water heating). The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC) would be directed to issue and enforce regulations
to ensure that an electric utility recovers all prudently incurred costs associated with
compliance. Also, DOE would be directed to study and report to Congress on
methods to increase transmission line capacity for wind energy development.
Introduced June 7, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.

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S. 1600 (Hagel)
An energy innovation information and collaboration network, the “Energy
Technologies Innovation Network,” would be established. The network would
provide a forum for scientists and entrepreneurs from academia, industry, and
government labs to collaborate and collect information and ideas about innovative
energy technologies. Introduced June 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources.
S. 1601 (Hagel)
Energy Infrastructure Tax Reform and Incentives Act of 2007. The effective tax
rate would be lowered for certain investments in energy infrastructure. In particular,
incentives would be created for transmission systems, energy management devices,
cellulosic ethanol facilities equipment, and ethanol pipelines. Also, the renewable
electricity production tax credit (PTC) would be extended for five years, through the
end of 2013. The business energy tax credit would be expanded to include green
buildings. Introduced June 12, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1602 (Hagel)
Clean, Reliable, Efficient and Secure Energy Act of 2007. Title I on electricity
includes a provision that would establish a “clean energy portfolio standard” that
would aim to increase total electricity production from renewables and nuclear
energy from the current level of about 30% of total electricity to 50% by 2030 (§
103). The standard for new production would start at 5% in 2012 and rise to 20% by
2030. Title II on transportation includes a provision that would increase automobile
fuel economy by 4% annually. Also, the standard for renewable (biodiesel) fuel
content in diesel fuel would be set at 250 million gallons in 2008, rising to two
billion gallons in 2015 (§ 204). Title III on buildings includes a provision that would
authorize $100 million per year over 10 years to capitalize a fund to support green
buildings in federal agencies (§ 301). Also, DOE would be directed to establish a
grant program to support energy efficiency in public schools (§ 302). Title V would
reestablish an Office of Technology Assessment. Introduced June 12, 2007; referred
to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1616 (Durbin)/H.R. 3781 (Hill)
Biodiesel Promotion and Quality Assurance Act of 2007. A biodiesel fuel
standard would be established, starting at 450 million gallons in 2008, rising to 1.25
billion gallons in 2012 (§ 3). Standards for biodiesel labeling and fuel quality would
also be established. Senate bill introduced June 13, 2007; referred to Committee on
Environment and Public Works. House bill introduced October 9, 2007; referred to
Committee on Energy and Commerce.
S. 1617 (Hatch)
Fuel Reduction using Electrons to End Dependence On the Mid-East
(FREEDOM) Act of 2007. To support the market for plug-in hybrid vehicles, this
bill would establish an investment tax credit for consumer purchases (§ 2), create a
manufacturer incentive focused on expensing of equipment (§ 3), and establish a tax
credit for electric utilities that provide consumer rebates for vehicle purchases (§ 4).
Introduced June 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance. Ordered to be reported
August 1, 2007.

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S. 1618 (Salazar)
A tax credit of $1.28 per gallon would be established for the production of
cellulosic biofuel. Introduced June 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 1619 (Wyden)
Oil Independence, Limiting Subsidies, and Accelerating Vehicle Efficiency
(OILSAVE) Act. A tax credit would be established for fuel-efficient motor vehicles.
The size of the credit would be prorated, based on fuel economy. For passenger cars,
the credit would start at $630 for 34.5 mpg and rise to $1,660 for 59.5 mpg and
higher. For light trucks, the credit would start at $630 for 27.5 mpg and rise to
$1,860 for 59.5 mpg and higher. Introduced June 14, 2007; referred to Committee
on Finance.
S. 1637 (Inhofe)/S. 992 (Boxer)
A program would be established to accelerate the use of geothermal heat pumps
at facilities of the General Services Administration. Introduced June 15, 2007;
referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 1656 (Snowe)
Small Business Energy Efficiency Act of 2007. Loans for renewable energy
systems and energy efficiency projects would be authorized under the Express Loan
Program of the Small Business Administration. Introduced June 19, 2007; referred
to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship.
S. 1657 (Kerry)
Small Business Energy Efficiency Act of 2007. The Small Business
Administration (SBA) would be directed to create a small business energy efficiency
program through the Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs), encourage
telecommuting, support innovation, and provide express loans. Introduced June 19,
2007; referred to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship.
S. 1697 (Sununu)/H.R. 3107 (Hodes)
Renewable Energy Tax Parity Act of 2007. A tax credit for residential biomass
fuel property expenditures would be established. The equipment must have a thermal
efficiency of 75% or higher, and the credit would be capped at $2,000. Senate bill
introduced June 26, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance. House bill introduced
July 19, 2007; referred to Committee on Ways and Means.
S. 1766 (Bingaman)
Low Carbon Economy Act of 2007. A cap-and-trade program of emission
allowances would be created to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the
production and use of energy. The program would be similar to the Acid Rain
Program. The targets are to reduce U.S. GHG emissions to 2006 levels by 2020 and
to 1990 levels by 2030. In place of submitting allowances, the government would
allow companies to make a payment at a fixed price. This “Technology Accelerator
Payment (TAP)” price would start at $12 per metric ton of CO -equivalent in the first
2
year of the program and rise steadily each year thereafter at 5% above inflation. If
technology improves rapidly and if additional policies such as a higher fuel economy
standard and a renewable portfolio standard are adopted, the TAP option would never
be engaged. Conversely, if technology improves less rapidly than expected and
program costs exceed projections, companies could make a payment into the “Energy

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Technology Deployment Fund” at the TAP price, to cover a portion or all of their
allowance submission requirement. Section 204 would allocate to states 9% of the
total amount of allowances issued each year. The states would be allowed to use
those allowances to promote energy efficiency and investment in “non-emitting”
electricity generation technology. Section 401 establishes the Energy Technology
Deployment Fund (ETDF). It specifies that 45% of the funds would be used to carry
out a zero- or low-carbon energy technologies program. This program would include
a reverse auction to award incentives for electricity production from certain new
generation technologies and for manufacture of certain high-efficiency consumer
products. Seven percent would be used to carry out cellulosic biomass ethanol and
municipal solid waste technology deployment programs. Also, 20% of the ETDF
funds would be used for an advanced technology vehicles manufacturing incentive
program. Renewable energy facilities that receive tradable renewable energy credits
under a federal renewable portfolio standard would not be eligible for support under
this section. Under Section 410(f), the U.S. Department of State would, starting in
2010, begin to use 20% of the ETDF funds to support an International Technology
Deployment Program (ITDP). This program may include loan guarantees, cost
shared projects, joint R&D initiatives, and strategies to eliminate financing and
market barriers. Introduced July 11, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment
and Public Works.
S. 1791 (Klobuchar)
Biodiesel Education and Expansion Act of 2007. The authorization for the
Biodiesel Fuel Education and Expansion Program under the Farm Security Act would
be extended through 2012 and increased from $1 million per year to $2 million per
year. Introduced July 16, 2007; referred to Committee on Agriculture.
S. 1797 (Salazar)H.R. 3072 (Udall)
Colorado Forest Management Improvement Act of 2007. Section 103 of this
bill would authorize the Biomass Commercial Utilization Grant Program, allowing
the Secretary of Agriculture to provide annual grants to owners or operators of
facilities using biomass to offset the costs of purchasing biomass. The Secretary may
also exercise authority from this section in conjunction with, or in addition to, any
other authority of the Secretary to support or stimulate the use of biomass fuel.
Section 301 would extend the tax credit for electricity produced using open-loop
biomass to facilities placed in service before January 1, 2030, and to make electricity
produced and sold at qualified open-loop biomass facilities eligible for the full credit
rate. Senate bill introduced 17, 2007; referred to the Committee on Finance. House
bill introduced July 17, 2007; referred to Committees on Natural Resources,
Agriculture, Ways and Means, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Science and
Technology.
S. 1813 (Coleman)
Individuals would be provided with an opportunity to participate in the
financing or ownership of local biorefineries. Introduced July 18, 2007; referred to
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 1828 (Inhofe)
EPA would be required to study the feasibility of increasing the use of ethanol-
blended gasoline. Introduced July 19, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment
and Public Works.

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S. 2017 (Bingaman)
Energy Efficient Lighting for a Brighter Tomorrow Act of 2007. Sets efficiency
standards for general service incandescent lamps, with certain exemptions; requires
rulemakings to consider future standards; requires rulemaking on effectiveness of
lamp labeling; and requires market assessments and a consumer education program.
Introduced September 4, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources. Hearing held September 12, 2007.
S. 2076 (Reid)
The Federal Power Act would be amended to require the President to designate
certain geographical areas as national renewable energy zones. Introduced
September 20, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 2079 (Schumer)
The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 would be amended to
establish an energy efficiency resource standard for retail electricity and natural gas
distributors. Introduced September 20, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources.
S. 2129 (Dorgan)
Hydrogen Tax Incentives Act of 2007. A tax credit for hydrogen installation
and infrastructure costs and for hydrogen fuel costs would be established through
December 31, 2010. Introduced October 3, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 2155 (Byrd)
The bill would encourage the development of clean energy technologies for
deployment in markets abroad, help the Department of Energy (DOE) promote
research and development of clean and efficient energy systems, and encourage DOE
and other Federal agencies to work together to improve the advancement of
sustainable energy use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Introduced October
4, 2007; referred to Committee on Foreign Relations.
S. 2191 (Lieberman)
America’s Climate Security Act of 2007. The EPA Administrator would be
directed to establish a program to decrease emissions of greenhouse gases through
establishment of an emissions trading program and other measures. The emissions
trading program would tend to encourage the use of “low carbon” equipment such
as energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. Several sections of the bill
explicitly encourage or support these technologies: state allocation of energy savings
(§3401), low carbon technologies (§4402), cellulosic ethanol (§4404), advanced
vehicles (§4405), rural energy (§4502), worker training (§4601-§4605), appliance
efficiency standards (§5101-§5102), and building efficiency standards (§5201-
§5202). Introduced October 18, 2007; referred to Committee on Environment and
Public Works. Hearings held November 8, 13, and 15, 2007. Ordered reported
December 5, 2007.
S. 2202 (Obama)
Renewable Fuel Standard Extension Act of 2007. The renewable content of
gasoline would be increased to 8.5 billion gallons in 2008, and then rise step-wise to
18 billion gallons by 2016. Introduced October 18, 2007; referred to Committee on
Environment and Public Works.

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S. 2242 (Baucus)
Heartland, Habitat, Harvest, and Horticulture Act of 2007. Title III would create
renewable energy incentives. Subtitle A on Electricity would establish a tax credit
for wind equipment installed on residential and commercial properties (§301),
landowner incentives for electricity transmission construction (§302), and exempt
renewable energy incentives under Section 9006 of the Farm Security Act of 2002
from causing an offsetting reduction in the renewable energy production tax credit
(PTC). Subtitle B on Alcohol Fuel would establish, expand, or extend several tax
incentives for alcohol fuel production. Subtitle C would modify certain incentives
for biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels. Subtitle D would extend the alternative fuel
credit and the alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit. Introduced October
25, 2007; referred to Committee on Finance. Reported (S.Rept. 110-206) October
25, 2007.
S. 2302 (Harkin)/H.R. 2419 (Peterson)
Food and Energy Security Act of 2007. This bill would establish several
provisions for biofuels, biomass, and bioenergy programs, energy efficiency
programs, and other renewable energy policies. Committee on Agriculture,
Nutrition, and Forestry reported (S.Rept. 110-220) November 2, 2007. Incorporated
into H.R. 2419 as an amendment in the nature of a substitute. The Senate passed its
version of H.R. 2419 December 14, 2007. For further action, see H.R. 2419. (For
more details see CRS Report RL34130, Renewable Energy Policy in the 2007 Farm
Bill
, and CRS Report RL34239, Biofuels in the 2007 Energy and Farm Bills: A Side-
by-Side Comparison.)

S. 2306 (Dorgan)
Renewable Fuels Strategy Act of 2007. Presents Congressional findings
regarding renewable energy resources. Section 32902A would require automobile
manufacturers in each model year to ensure that the percentage of flexible fuel
vehicles manufactured shall reach at least 50% in 2012 and 80 in 2015. A hardship
waiver would allow manufacturers to demonstrate this percentage creates a
substantial economic hardship on the manufacturer or vehicle purchasers. Title II
would establish a minimum renewable fuels infrastructure assurance, including
setting standards for biofuel dispensers; lifting limits on the installation of alternative
fuel pumps; creating a program to develop a renewable fuels infrastructure; an
infrastructure corridors program for renewable fuels; a biofuels and advanced
biofuels infrastructure; and a program to increase consumer awareness of flexible
fuel vehicles. Title III would promote government leadership on renewable fuels,
including requiring federal agencies to purchase renewable fuels (ethanol blended
gasoline and biodiesel); using alternative fuels with the federal government’s existing
fleet of flexible fuel vehicles; requiring each federal agency to install at least one
renewable fuel pump at each federal fleet fueling center in the United States under
its jurisdiction by January 1, 2010; and allowing citizen access to federal alternative
refueling stations, with various exemptions (National Security, safety to the public),
not later than 18 months after the enactment of this act. Nothing in this act preempts
or limits the ability of any State to require higher levels of renewable fuel production,
distribution, or use. Introduced November 5, 2007; referred to Committee on Energy
and Natural Resources.

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S. 2307 (Kerry)
Global Change Research Improvement Act of 2007. Section 404 would
authorize the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, through
the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program, to develop a program to support
the implementation of new “green” manufacturing technologies and techniques by
small business manufacturers. Introduced November 5, 2007; referred to Committee
on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
S. 2314 (Salazar)
Geothermal Heat Pump Development Act of 2007. Sections 2 and 3 would
establish an energy credit and a residential energy efficient property credit for
geothermal heat pump systems. The maximum credit would be set to $2,000, and
attempts to take a double benefit will be denied. Introduced November 6, 2007;
referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 2338 (Dodd)
FHA Modernization Act of 2007. Section 113 would amend the Energy Policy
Act of 1992 to raise the cap on the price of the cost-effective energy efficiency
improvements under the energy efficiency mortgages program to no more than five
percent of the property value. Introduced November 13, 2007. Passed Senate with
an amendment (93-1) December 14, 2007.
S. 2345 (Baucus)
American Infrastructure Investment and Improvement Act of 2007. Section 205
would include qualified alcohol and biodiesel fuel mixtures in the definition of
“taxable fuel,” for excise tax purposes. Section 206 would exclude any denaturant
added to alcohol from the volume measurements, for purposes of the alcohol fuels
tax credit. Reported (S.Rept. 110-228) November 13, 2007.
S. 2349
Overseas Private Investment Corporations Reauthorization Act of 2007. Section
6 would amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 by establishing a Climate Change
Mitigation Action Plan. This plan would require the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation (OPIC) to institute a climate change mitigation plan within 180 days
after the enactment of this act. This plan requires the Corporation to establish goals
for substantially increasing its support of and giving preferential treatment to projects
that use, develop, or otherwise promote the use of clean energy technologies.
Additionally, the Corporation would be required to maintain a goal of reducing direct
greenhouse gas emissions associated with projects the Corporation’s portfolio by
20% over the 10-year period beginning on the date of enactment. The Corporation
would also be required to prepare an annual report to Congress that includes the
annual greenhouse gas emissions attributable to each project in its active portfolio;
the extent to which the Corporation is meeting the goals of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions; and each new project which the Corporation insured, financed, or
reinsured that involves renewable energy and environmentally beneficial products
and services, including increased energy efficiency. The Corporation would also be
required to only approve contracts of insurance, reinsurance, or financing to eligible
investors for projects that significantly involve an extractive industry if the investor
agrees to implement the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiatives (EITI)
principles and criteria and the host country is committed to EITI principles. The bill
also provides definitions for “clean technology,” “greenhouse gas,” and “extractive

CRS-121
industry.” Introduced November 14, 2007; referred to Committee on Foreign
Relations.
S. 2444 (Murray)/H.R. 3637 (Blumenauer)
Higher Education Sustainability Act of 2007. The Department of Education
would be directed to make grants to support the establishment of sustainability
programs at institutions of higher education. Such programs would be required to
develop and implement a number of sustainability practices, including practices in
the areas of energy management and green buildings. Also, the Department would
be directed to convene summit of higher education experts on sustainability practices.
A report to Congress would be required. Senate bill introduced September 24, 2007;
referred to Committee on Education and Labor. House bill introduced September 24,
2007; referred to Committee on Education and Labor.
S. 2483 (Bingaman)
National Forests, Parks, Public Land, and Reclamation Projects Authorization
Act of 2007. Section 601 amends section 917 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005
regarding the establishment of Advanced Energy Technology Transfer Centers. The
Secretary of Energy shall make grants to non-profit institutions, state and local
governments, or institutions of higher education to establish the energy technology
transfer centers. Priority will be given to applicants with the capability of
transferring knowledge or information about advanced energy efficiency methods and
technologies. Each center shall operate an education program to demonstrate and
encourage commercial application of advanced energy methods and technologies to
individuals and organizations interested in efficient energy use. Grants awarded are
for a period of five years, but may be extended up to 11 years after receiving positive
program evaluations from the Secretary. Introduced December 13, 2007.
S. 2520 (Johnson)
American Indian tribal governments would be allowed to transfer the renewable
electricity production tax credit to a third party. This provision would only apply to
electricity produced and sold after December 31, 2006. Introduced December 19,
2007.
S. 2546 (Salazar)
Colorado Forest Management Improvement Act of 2007. Section 103 would
amend the Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 to establish a Biomass
Commercial Utilization Program. The Secretary of Agriculture would provide
grants to owners or operators of facilities that use biomass, on an annual basis, for
the following purposes: as a raw material to produce electricity, sensible heat, or
transportation fuel; for wood-based products; or other commercial purposes. Grant
funds would be used to off-set the costs of purchasing biomass. Priority would be
given to operators or owners which purchase biomass removed from land identified
for hazardous fuel reduction treatments in a community wildfire protection plan
through an authorized hazardous fuel reduction project. Introduced January 23,
2008; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 2555 (Boxer)
California and other states would be permitted to control greenhouse gas
emissions from motor vehicles. Introduced January 24, 2008; referred to Committee
on Environment and Public Works.

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S. 2558 (Thune)
The definition of biomass in the Clean Air Act would be revised to include
“materials, pre-commercial thinnings, or removed exotic species that ... are harvested
from National Forest System land or public lands,” in accordance with the Healthy
Forests Restoration Act requirements on logging. Introduced January 25, 2008;
referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 2616 (Bingaman)
National Forests, Parks, Public Land, and Reclamation Projects Authorization
Act of 2008. Section 601 would direct the Department of the Interior to make grants
to nonprofit institutions, state and local governments, cooperative extension services,
or institutions of higher education to establish a geographically dispersed network of
Advanced Energy Technology Transfer Centers. The centers would be located in
areas determined to have the greatest need. Each center would operate a program to
encourage demonstration and commercial applications of advanced energy methods
and technologies through education and outreach to building and industrial
professionals, and to other individuals and organizations with an interest in efficient
energy use. Introduced February 8, 2008; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 2642 (Klobuchar)
A renewable energy electricity portfolio standard would be created. Also,
several renewable energy tax incentives would be extended or created. Introduced
February 14, 2008; referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 2730 (Domenici)
Clean Energy Bank Act. The Bank would be designed to operate in a manner
similar to that of the U.S. Export-Import Bank and the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation — but the focus would be on domestic investment activities to
encourage financing to commercialize clean energy projects. The Bank would take
responsibility for DOE’s loan guarantee program, which is charged with supporting
a broad array of fossil, nuclear, renewable, and energy efficiency projects. Introduced
March 6, 2008; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 2734 (Bond)
Security Against Foreclosures and Education Act (SAFE) Act. The Energy
Policy Act of 1992 would be amended to lift the price cap for cost-effective energy
efficiency measures under the energy efficiency mortgages program (§323).
Introduced on March 7, 2008.
S. 2739 (Bingaman)
Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008. Section 601 would amend section
917 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 regarding the establishment of Advanced
Energy Technology Transfer Centers. DOE would be directed to make grants to
nonprofit institutions, state and local governments, or institutions of higher education
to establish the energy technology transfer centers. Priority would be given to
applicants with the capability of transferring knowledge or information about
advanced energy efficiency methods and technologies. Each center would operate
an education program to demonstrate and encourage commercial application of
advanced energy methods and technologies to individuals and organizations
interested in efficient energy use. Grants awarded are for a period of five years, but
may be extended up to six years, for a total of 11 years, after receiving positive

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program evaluations from the Secretary. Introduced March 10, 2008. Passed Senate
without amendment (91-4) April 10, 2008. House suspended rules and passed bill
(291-117) April 29, 2008.
S. 2806 (Feinstein)
The EPA Administrator would be required to reconsider the decision to deny the
request of the State of California to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from new
motor vehicles, and to complete further proceedings in accordance with the decision
of the Supreme Court in Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency.
Introduced April 2, 2008; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 2821 (Cantwell)/H.R. 5984 (Bartlett)
Clean Energy Tax Stimulus Act of 2008. This bill would extend or modify
several tax incentives. There are four incentives for renewable energy. The business
renewable energy electricity production tax credit (PTC) would be extended for one
year, through the end of 2009 (§101). Also, the PTC would be expanded to include
marine and hydrokinetic power. Further, in cases when a utility is part owner of the
facility, the credit would be allowed to reduce the cost of power sold to utility
customers. For business solar and fuel cell property, the 30% investment tax credit
(ITC) would be extended for eight years, through the end of 2016 (§102). The 0.5
kilowatt cap for fuel cell property would be removed. Utilities would become
eligible to claim the ITC. Also, a 10% credit for microturbines would be extended.
For residential solar property, the 30% ITC would be extended for one year, through
the end of 2009 (§103). The $2,000 cap for solar electric property would be
removed. For non-profit entities, an additional $400 million of clean renewable
energy bonds (CREBs) would be authorized for issuance before the end of 2009
(§104). Also, there are four incentives for energy efficiency measures. For
homeowners, the 10% ITC for energy efficiency improvements to existing homes
would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§201). Pellet stoves would
be included as eligible equipment. For contractors and developers of new energy-
efficient homes, the ITC would be extended for two years, through the end of 2010
(§202). For commercial buildings, the tax deduction for energy-efficiency
improvements would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§203). The
maximum deduction would be increased to $2.25 per square foot. For building
subsystems, a partial deduction of $0.75 per square foot would be established. For
manufacturers, the ITC for energy-efficient appliances (dishwashers, clothes washers,
and refrigerators) would be extended for three years, through the end of 2010 (§204).
Senate bill introduced April 3, 2008; referred to Committee on Finance. The second
degree amendment S.Amdt. 4419 to S.Amdt. 4387 incorporated the text of S. 2821
into Senate version of H.R. 3221. House bill introduced May 7, 2008; referred to
Committee on Ways and Means.
S. 2827 (Inhofe)
Section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-
140) would be repealed. That section prohibits a federal agency from entering into
a contract for procurement of an alternative or synthetic fuel, including a fuel
produced from non-conventional petroleum sources, for any mobility-related use
(other than for research or testing), unless the contract specifies that the lifecycle
greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and combustion of the fuel
supplied under the contract must, on an ongoing basis, be less than or equal to such
emissions from the equivalent conventional fuel produced from conventional

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petroleum sources. Introduced on April 7, 2008; referred to the Committee on
Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 2886 (Baucus)
Alternative Minimum Tax and Extenders Tax Relief Act of 2008. Title IV
would extend or modify several tax incentives. There are four incentives for
renewable energy. The business renewable energy electricity production tax credit
(PTC) would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§404). For business
solar and fuel cell property, the 30% investment tax credit (ITC) would be extended
for one year, through the end of 2009 (§406). Also, a 10% credit for microturbines
would be extended for one year. For residential solar property, the 30% ITC would
be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§402). For non-profit entities, an
additional $400 million of clean renewable energy bonds (CREBs) would be
authorized for issuance before the end of 2009 (§407). Also, there are four incentives
for energy efficiency measures. For homeowners, the 10% ITC for energy efficiency
improvements to existing homes would be extended for one year, through the end of
2009 (§403). For contractors and developers of new energy-efficient homes, the ITC
would be extended for one year, through the end of 2009 (§405). For commercial
buildings, the tax deduction for energy-efficiency improvements would be extended
for one year, through the end of 2009 (§408). For manufacturers, the ITC for energy-
efficient appliances (dishwashers, clothes washers, and refrigerators) would be
extended for two years, through the end of 2009 (§401) Introduced April 17, 2008;
referred to Committee on Finance.
S. 2887 (Levin)
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009. For contracts
involving renewable energy, the maximum length of a DOD contract for public
utility services would be increased from 10 years to 20 years (§821). Also, DOD
military installations would be allowed to accept any financial incentives, assistance,
or services from a state or local government to use or construct solar energy and other
renewable energy systems (§822). Introduced March 31, 2008; referred to
Committee on Finance.
S. 2925 (Schumer)
National Energy Efficiency Development Act. A National Energy Efficiency
Development Administration would be established as an independent agency (§5-7).
The agency would be empowered to initiate the development of a wide variety of
energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and foster commercial
development, with the goal of reducing oil imports (§8). Reports to Congress would
be required (§9). About $75 billion would be authorized (§10). Introduced April 28,
2008; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 2940 (Brown)
A Green Energy Technology Investment Program would be established to
promote green energy production. Introduced April 30, 2008; referred to Committee
on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 2958 (Domenici)
American Energy Production Act of 2008. DOE would be directed to make
loans for up to 30% of the cost of adapting a manufacturing facility to produce
advanced batteries, with the program capped at $25 million (§202). EPA’s Office

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of Research and Development would be required to establish an R&D program on
additives to make biofuels more compatible with infrastructure used to store and
deliver petroleum-based fuels to the point of sale (§203). DOE would be directed to
conduct a feasibility study for increasing the use of ethanol-blended gasoline with
the share of ethanol elevated to a range from 10% to 40% (§204). Introduced May
1, 2008; referred to Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
S. 2991 (Reid)
Consumer-First Energy Act of 2008. An Energy Independence and Security
Trust Fund would be created (§104). Monies of the fund would be made available
for programs to reduce the burden of rising energy prices on consumers; diversify and
expand the use of secure, efficient and environmentally friendly energy supplies and
technologies; reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and prevent energy price gouging,
profiteering, and market manipulation. Introduced May 7, 2008.

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Congressional Hearings, Reports, and Documents
Hearings
House.
Committee on Agriculture.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Farm Bill Discussion Draft:
Title IX — Energy. May 21, 2007.
[http://agriculture.house.gov/inside/Legislation/110/Energy3.pdf]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation,
Credit, Energy and Research. Renewable Energy Financial Structure. Hearing
held March 7, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings
&docid=f:36366.pdf]
Committee on Appropriations.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy
and Water Development. DOE Energy & Conservation, Fossil Energy,
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability.
Hearing held March 11, 2008.
[http://appropriations.house.gov/Subcommittees/sub_ew.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy
and Water Development. Vehicle Technology & Gas Prices Overview. Hearing
held February 14, 2008.
[http://appropriations.house.gov/Subcommittees/sub_ew.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy
and Water Development. DOE Energy Supply and Conservation: Fossil
Energy/Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability.
Hearing held March 20,
2007.
[http://appropriations.house.gov/Subcommittees/sub_ew.shtml]
Committee on Energy and Commerce.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Legislative Hearing on Discussion Draft Concerning
Alternative Fuels, Infrastructure, and Vehicles
. Hearing held June 7, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.060707.Legislative.
hrg.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Legislative Hearing on Discussion Drafts concerning
Energy Efficiency, Smart Electricity Grid, Energy Policy Act of 2005 Title XVII
Loan Guarantees, and Standby Loans for Coal-to-Liquids Projects.
Hearing
held May 24, 2007.

CRS-127
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.052407.Energy.draft.
shtml]

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Alternative Fuels: Current Status, Proposals for New
Standards, and Related Infrastructure Issues.
Hearing held May 8, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.050807.Alt.fuels.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Facilitating the Transition to a Smart Electric Grid.
Hearing held May 3, 2007
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.050307.Smart.grid.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Achieving - At Long Last - Appliance Efficiency
Standards.
Hearing held May 1, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.050107.App.
efficiency.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Implementation of EPACT 2005 Loan Guarantee
Programs by the Department of Energy.
Hearing held April 24, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.042407.EPACT.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Alternative Transportation Fuels: An Overview.
Hearing held April 18, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.041807.Alt_fuels.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality; with Committee on Science and Technology,
Subcommittee on Energy and Environment. Climate Change: International
Issues, Engaging Developing Countries.
Hearing held March 27, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.032707.developing_
countries.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality; with Committee on Science and Technology,
Subcommittee on Energy and Environment. Perspectives on Climate Change:
Testimony of Former Vice President Albert Gore, Jr.
Joint Hearing held March
21, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-sci-hrg.032107.gore.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Climate Change: Perspectives of Utility CEOs.
Hearing held March 20, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq-hrg.032007.utility_ceos.
shtml]

CRS-128
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Climate Change: State and Local Perspectives.
Hearing held March 15, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110.eaq-hrg.031407.statelocal_
perspectives.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Climate Change and Energy Security: Perspectives
from the Automobile Industry.
Hearing held March 14, 2007.
[http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-eaq_hrg.031407.Auto_
industry.shtml]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Review of the Administration’s Energy Proposals for
the Transportation Sector.
Hearing held February 28, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings
&docid=f:35740.pdf]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on
Energy and Air Quality. Addressing Climate Change: Views from Private
Sector Panels.
Hearing held February 13, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings
&docid=f:35445.pdf]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. The Fiscal Year
2008 Budget Request for the U.S. Department of Energy. Hearing held
February 8, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings
&docid=f:35447.pdf]
Select Committee on Energy Independence and Climate Change.
U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global
Warming. Winding Up Wind, Renewables to Battle a Slowing Economy.
Hearing held March 6, 2008.
[http://globalwarming.house.gov/pubs/pubs?id=0030]
U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global
Warming. Renewable Electricity Standards: Lighting the Way. Hearing held
September 20, 2007.
[http://globalwarming.house.gov/pubs/pubs?id=0012]
U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global
Warming. Congress Hosts Sweden’s Prime Minister to Discuss Global
Warming, Reducing Dependence on Fossil Fuels.
Hearing held May 15, 2007.
[http://globalwarming.house.gov/pubs/pubs?id=0003]

CRS-129
Committee on Foreign Affairs.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Renewable Energy and the
Global Environment. Hearing held October 30, 2007.
[http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/38604.pdf]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. U.S. Re-Engagement in the
Global Effort to Fight Climate Change. Hearing held May 15, 2007.
[http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing_notice.asp?id=822]
Committee on Natural Resources.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Energy Policy Reform
and Revitalization Act of 2007. Hearing held May 23, 2007
[http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=32
&extmode=view&extid=54]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Subcommittee on
Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans. Gone with the Wind: Impacts of Wind Turbines
on Birds and Bats
. Hearing held May 1, 2007.
[http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/index.php?option=com_jcalpro&Itemid=32
&extmode=view&extid=47]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Subcommittee on
Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans and Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral
Resources. Renewable Energy Opportunities and Issues on the Outer
Continental Shelf.
Hearing held April 24, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings
&docid=f:34981.pdf]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Energy
and Mineral Resources. Renewable Energy Opportunities and Issues on
Federal Lands: Review of Title II, Subtitle B, Geothermal Energy of Epact; And
other Renewable Programs and Proposals for Public Resources
. Hearing held
on April 19, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings
&docid=f:34825.pdf]
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on
Government Management, Organization, and Procurement. The Carbon-
Neutral Government Act of 2007.
Hearing held May 17, 2007.
[http://governmentmanagement.oversight.house.gov/story.asp?ID=1317]

CRS-130
Committee on Science and Technology.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. Utility-Scale Solar Power: Opportunities and
Obstacles
. Hearing held March 17, 2008.
[http://science.house.gov/publications/hearings_markups_details.aspx?NewsID=2
121]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. Department of Energy Fiscal Year 2009 Research
and Development Budget Proposal
. Hearing held March 5, 2008.
[http://science.house.gov/publications/hearings_markups_details.aspx?NewsID=2
107]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. Energizing Houston: Sustainability, Technological
Innovation, and Growth in the Energy Capital of the World
. Hearing held
February 29, 2008.
[http://science.house.gov/publications/hearings_markups_details.aspx?NewsID=2
102]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. Research, Education and Training Programs to
Facilitate Adoption of Solar Energy Technologies
. Hearing held June 19, 2007.
[http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/File/Commdocs/hearings/2007/energy/
19jun/hearing_charter.pdf]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. A Path Towards the Broader Use of Biofuels:
Enhancing the Federal Commitment to Research and Development to Meet the
Growing Need
. Hearing held June 14, 2007.
[http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/File/Commdocs/hearings/2007/energy/
14jun/hearing_charter.pdf]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. Developing Untapped Potential: Geothermal and
Ocean Energy Technologies.
Hearing held May 17, 2007.
[http://science.house.gov/publications/hearings_markups_details.aspx?NewsID=1
818]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. Establishing the Advanced Research Projects
Agency-Energy (ARPA-E).
Hearing held April 25, 2007.
[http://science.house.gov/publications/hearings_markups_details.aspx?NewsID=
1778]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. DOE FY2008 Research and Development Budget
Proposal.
Hearing held March 7, 2007.
[http://science.house.gov/publications/hearings_markups_details.aspx?NewsID=
1447]

CRS-131
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on
Energy and Environment. H.R. 547, The Advanced Fuels Infrastructure
Research and Development Act.
Hearing held on January 30, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings
&docid=f:32612.pdf]
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure.
Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency
Management. Greening Washington and the National Capital Region. Hearing
held April 17, 2008.
[http://transportation.house.gov/hearings/hearingDetail.aspx?NewsID=597]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure.
Administration Proposals on Climate Change and Energy Independence.
Hearing held May 11, 2007.
[http://transportation.house.gov/hearings/hearingdetail.aspx?NewsID=190]
Committee on Ways and Means.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Select
Revenue Measures. Member Proposals on Energy Tax Incentives. Hearing
held April 24, 2007.
[http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=detail&hearing=550]
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Select
Revenue Measures. Energy and Tax Policy. Hearing held April 19, 2007.
[http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=detail&hearing=549]
Senate.
Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture. Farm Bill Policy Proposals
Relating to Farm and Rural Energy Issues and Rural Development. Hearing
held May 9, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:35054.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture. The Next Generation of
Biofuels: Cellulosic Ethanol and the 2007 Farm Bill. Hearing held April 4,
2007.
[http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/hearings.cfm?hearingId=2670]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture. Discussion of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture Farm Bill Proposal. Hearing held February 7, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:34741.pdf]

CRS-132
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry.
Agriculture and Rural America’s Role in Enhancing National Energy Security.
Hearing held January 10, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:34149.pdf]
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Pending Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Legislation. Hearing held
May 3, 2007.
[http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&
Hearing_ID=1862]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Innovation. Energy Innovation.
Hearing held March 20, 2007.
[http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&
Hearing_ID=1832]
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Energy
Market Effects of the Recently-Passed Renewable Fuel Standard. Hearing held
February 7, 2008.
[http://energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_ID=1676]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Domestic
Energy Industry. Hearing held November 6, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearing
s&docid=f:40735.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Geothermal
Energy Initiative. Hearing held September 26, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings
&docid=f:40222.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Energy
Efficient Lighting for a Brighter Tomorrow Act. Hearing held September 12,
2007.
[http://energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&
Hearing_ID=1652]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee on Energy. Renewable Fuels Infrastructure.
Hearing held July 31, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearing
s&docid=f:38364.pdf]

CRS-133
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Alternate
Energy-Related Uses on the Outer Continental Shelf. Hearing held June 7,
2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:37581.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. The Energy
Efficiency Promotion Act. Hearing held April 23, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:36640.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Biofuels for
Energy Security and Transportation Act S. 987. Hearing held April 12, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:36418.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Advanced
Energy Technologies. Hearing held March 7, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:36077.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Economics
of Climate Change. Hearing held February 13, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:35906.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Subcommittee on Energy. Energy Efficiency of Buildings. Hearing held
February 12, 2007. (Covers buildings and electric/gas utility companies)
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_
hearings&docid=f:35766.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Proposed
Budget for Fiscal Year 2008 for the Department of Energy. Hearing held
February 7, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings
&docid=f:35765.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Accelerated
Biofuels Diversity. Conference held February 1, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings
&docid=f:34568.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Transportation Sector Fuel Efficiency. Hearing held January 30, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings
&docid=f:34537.pdf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. EIA Analysis
of Draft Climate Change Legislation. Hearing held January 24, 2007.

CRS-134
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings
&docid=f:34079.pdf]
Committee on Environment and Public Works.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Economic
and International Issues in Global Warming Policy. Hearing held July 24,
2007.
[http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_ID=da030f3b-802a-23ad-41b9-596d0eba0b37]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Green
Buildings: Benefits to Health, the Environment, and the Bottom Line. Hearing
held May 15, 2007.
[http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_ID=7137110f-802a-23ad-43a7-cbdcf43f44e5]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works.
Subcommittee on Private Sector and Consumer Solutions to Global Warming
and Wildlife Protection. Emerging Technologies and Practices for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Hearing held May 9, 2007.
[http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_ID=57b289aa-802a-23ad-477b-a221ebb1ffa9]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Reducing
Government Building Operational Costs through Innovation and Efficiency:
Legislative Solutions.
Hearing held March 28, 2007.
[http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_id=8e86ae98-802a-23ad-474a-065dadcb7939]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Former
Vice President Al Gore’s Perspective on Global Warming. Hearing held March
21, 2007.
[http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_id=51628af6-802a-23ad-4588-bc4a4a94607a]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. President’s
Proposed EPA Budget for FY2008. Hearing held March 7, 2007.
[http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_ID=a716591b-802a-23ad-4b7e-de4bbae315bf]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. State,
Regional, and Local Perspectives on Global Warming. Hearing held March 1,
2007.
[http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_id=f19521d5-802a-23ad-4139-4448d5c5337e]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. U.S.
Climate Action Partnership Report. Hearing held February 13, 2007.
[http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing
_id=9d420df7-802a-23ad-4615-a240504c6347]

CRS-135
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Senators’
Perspectives on Global Warming. Hearing held January 30, 2007.
[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings
&docid=f:33987.pdf]
Committee on Finance.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Tax Aspects of a Cap-and-Trade
System. Hearing held April 24, 2008.
[http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing042408.htm]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on Energy, Natural
Resources, and Infrastructure. Energy Efficiency: Can Tax Incentives Reduce
Consumption?
Hearing held May 24, 2007.
[http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing052407.htm]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on Energy, Natural
Resources, and Infrastructure. Advanced Technology Vehicles: The Road
Ahead.
Hearing held May 1, 2007.
[http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing050107.htm]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Grains, Cane, and Automobiles:
Tax Incentives for Alternative Fuel and Vehicles. Hearing held April 19, 2007.
[http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing052407.htm]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Grains, Cane, and Automobiles:
Tax Incentives for Alternative Fuel and Vehicles. Hearing held April 19, 2007.
[http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing041907.htm]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. International Perspectives on
Alternative Energy Policy: Incentives and Mandates and their Impacts. Hearing
held April 12, 2007
[http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing041207a.htm]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Clean Energy: From the Margins
to the Mainstream. Hearing held March 29, 2007.
[http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing032907.htm]
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. America’s Energy Future: Bold
Ideas, Practical Solutions. Hearing held February 27, 2007.
[http://finance.senate.gov/sitepages/hearing022707.htm]
Committee on Foreign Relations.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Implementing Smart
Power: Setting an Agenda for National Security Reform.
Hearing held April 24,
2007.
[http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/2008/hrg080424a.html]

CRS-136
CRS Reports and Memos
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
CRS Report RS22822, Lighting Efficiency Standards in the Energy Independence
and Security Act of 2007: Are Incandescent Light Bulbs Banned?, by Jeffrey
Logan.
CRS Report RL34116, Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS): Background
and Debate Over a National Requirement, by Fred Sissine.
CRS Report RL34130, Renewable Energy Policy in the 2007 Farm Bill, by Randy
Schnepf.
CRS Report RL33883, Issues Affecting Tidal, Wave, and In-Stream Generation
Projects, by Nic Lane.
CRS Report RL33588, Renewable Energy Policy: Tax Credit, Budget, and
Regulatory Issues, by Fred Sissine.
CRS Report RS22571, The Strategic Energy Efficiency and Renewables Reserve in
the CLEAN Energy Act of 2007 (H.R. 6), by Fred Sissine.
CRS Report RL33599, Energy Efficiency Policy: Budget, Electricity Conservation,
and Fuel Conservation Issues, by Fred Sissine.
CRS Memorandum, Energy Efficiency Provisions of Executive Order 13423:
Comparison with Prior Executive Orders and the Energy Policy Act of 2005,
by Stan Kaplan.
Climate Change.
CRS Report RL34282, Side-by-Side Comparison of Climate Change Provisions in
House-Passed H.R. 3221, Senate-Passed H.R. 6, and House-Passed H.R. 6,
coordinated by Jane A. Leggett.
CRS Report RL33846, Greenhouse Gas Reduction: Cap-and-Trade Bills in the 110th
Congress, by Larry Parker and Brent D. Yacobucci.
CRS Report RL33970, Greenhouse Gas Emission Drivers: Population, Economic
Development and Growth, and Energy Use, by John Blodgett and Larry Parker.
Transportation: Fuels and Vehicles.
CRS Report RL33982, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE): A Comparison
of Selected Legislation in the 110th Congress, by Brent D. Yacobucci and Robert
Bamberger.
CRS Report RL33413, Automobile and Light Truck Fuel Economy: The CAFE
Standards, by Brent D. Yacobucci and Robert Bamberger.

CRS-137
CRS Report RS22558, Tax Credits for Hybrid Vehicles, by Salvatore Lazzari.
CRS Report RL33564, Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues
in Congress, by Brent D. Yacobucci.
CRS Report RL33572, Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs, by
Brent D. Yacobucci.
CRS Report RL33928, Ethanol and Biofuels: Agriculture, Infrastructure, and
Market Constraints Related to Expanded Production, by Brent D. Yacobucci
and Randy Schnepf.
CRS Report RL32712, Agriculture-Based Renewable Energy Production, by Randy
Schnepf.
109th Congress.
CRS Report RL32860, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Legislation in the
109th Congress, by Fred Sissine.
CRS Report RL33302, Energy Policy Act of 2005: Summary and Analysis of Enacted
Provisions, coordinated by Mark Holt and Carol Glover.
CRS Report RL33294, DOE Budget Earmarks: A Selective Look at Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy R&D Programs, by Fred Sissine.
Government Accountability Office (GAO) Reports
GAO-07-1162, Energy Efficiency: Opportunities Exist for Federal Agencies to Better
Inform Household Consumers, 84 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d071162.pdf]
GAO-07-798T, Department of Energy: Observations on Actions to Implement the
New Loan Guarantee Program for Innovative Technologies, 6 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07798t.pdf]
GAO-07-713, Biofuels: DOE Lacks a Strategic Approach to Coordinate Increasing
Production with Infrastructure Development and Vehicle Needs, 51 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07713.pdf]
GAO-07-551T, Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy: Preliminary Observations on
Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 17 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07551t.pdf]
GAO-07-550T, Advanced Energy Technologies: Key Challenges to Their
Development and Deployment, 11 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07550t.pdf]
GAO-07-516, Legislative Branch: Energy Audits are Key to Strategy for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 47 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07516.pdf]

CRS-138
GAO-07-339R, The Department of Energy: Key Steps Needed to Help Ensure the
Success of the New Loan Guarantee Program for Innovative Technologies by
Better Managing Its Financial Risk
, 44 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07339r.pdf]
GAO-07-283, Crude Oil: Uncertainty about Future Oil Supply Makes It Important
to Develop a Strategy for Addressing a Peak and Decline in Oil Production, 68
p. (Sections on ethanol, biodiesel, and alternative transportation technologies.)
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07283.pdf]
GAO-07-106, Department of Energy: Key Challenges Remain for Developing and
Deploying Advanced Energy Technologies to Meet Future Needs, 68 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07106.pdf]
GAO-07-42, Energy Efficiency: Long-standing Problems with DOE’s Program for
Setting Efficiency Standards Continue to Result in Forgone Energy Savings,
40 p.
[http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0742.pdf]
crsphpgw