Order Code RL30473
State Children’s Health Insurance Program
(SCHIP): A Brief Overview
Updated March 12, 2008
Elicia J. Herz, Chris L. Peterson, and Evelyne P. Baumrucker
Domestic Social Policy Division

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State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP):
A Brief Overview
Summary
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA 97; P.L. 105-33) established the State
Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) under a new Title XXI of the Social
Security Act. In general, this program allows states to cover targeted low-income
children with no health insurance in families with income that is above Medicaid
eligibility levels. The highest upper income eligibility limit for children in SCHIP
is 350% of the federal poverty level, in one state, New Jersey.
Under SCHIP, states may enroll targeted low-income children in an SCHIP-
financed expansion of Medicaid, create a new separate state SCHIP program, or
devise a combination of both approaches. States choosing the Medicaid option must
provide all Medicaid mandatory benefits and all optional services covered under the
state plan. In addition, they must follow the nominal Medicaid cost-sharing rules or
apply the new state plan option for premiums and service-related cost-sharing as
allowed under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA). In general, separate state
programs must follow certain coverage and benefit options outlined in SCHIP law.
While some cost-sharing provisions vary by family income, the total annual
aggregate cost-sharing (including premiums, copayments, and other similar charges)
for a family may not exceed 5% of total income in a year. Preventive services are
exempt from cost-sharing.
Nearly $40 billion was appropriated for SCHIP for FY1998 through FY2007 in
BBA 97, with the annual allotments to states determined by a formula using a
combination of the estimated number of low-income children and low-income
uninsured children in the state, adjusted by a state health cost factor. Four continuing
resolutions provided appropriations through December 31, 2007, for SCHIP
allotments in FY2008. The Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007
(MMSEA, P.L. 110-173, enacted December 29, 2007) appropriated funds to ensure
no state’s SCHIP program runs out of federal SCHIP funds before March 31, 2009.
All states, the District of Columbia, and five territories have SCHIP programs.
The territories, the District of Columbia, and 8 states use Medicaid expansions; 18
states use separate state programs; and 24 states use a combination approach. At the
national level, approximately 7.1 million children were enrolled in SCHIP during
FY2007, up from 6.7 million in FY2006. In addition, 14 states reported enrolling
about 587,000 adults in SCHIP through program waivers in FY2007.
Spending was slow in the early years of SCHIP, but that trend changed in more
recent years and led some states to exhaust their federal SCHIP funds. Congress
appropriated additional SCHIP funds to address states’ shortfalls in FY2006 ($283
million) and FY2007 ($650 million). Congress passed two bills that would
“reauthorize” SCHIP — providing SCHIP funding through FY2012 and making
other changes to both SCHIP and Medicaid. Both H.R. 976 and H.R. 3963 were
vetoed by the President, with the Congress unable to override these vetoes. MMSEA
was enacted to provide federal SCHIP funds through March 31, 2009, and did not
make changes to the program.

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Contents
Eligibility and Enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cost-Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The Evolution of SCHIP — Program Changes Via State Plan Amendments
and Waiver Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SCHIP Coverage Expansions Parents and Childless Adults Under
the HIFA Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
SCHIP Coverage for Pregnant Women and Unborn Children . . . . . . . . 9
SCHIP Employer-Sponsored Insurance Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Financing and Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Federal Appropriations and Allotment Among the States
and Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Redistribution of Unspent Federal Funds and Appropriations to
Address Shortfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Other Factors Affecting Federal Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Forthcoming SCHIP Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
List of Tables
Table 1. SCHIP Enrollment and Eligibility Information for the 50 States and
the District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 2. FY2007 Federal SCHIP Financing, by State and Territory . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 3. Cumulative FY1998-FY2007 Federal SCHIP Financing, by State
and Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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State Children’s Health Insurance Program
(SCHIP): A Brief Overview
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA 97; P.L. 105-33) established the State
Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) under a new Title XXI of the Social
Security Act.1 The program offers federal matching funds to states and territories to
provide health insurance to certain low-income children. Although specific
requirements apply to eligibility, benefits, and beneficiary cost-sharing, as described
below, these rules can be modified via waiver authority provided in Section 1115 of
the Social Security Act.2
Eligibility and Enrollment
In general, Title XXI defines a targeted low-income child as one who is under
the age of 19 years with no health insurance, and who would not have been eligible
for Medicaid under the rules in effect in the state on March 31, 1997. States can set
the upper income level for targeted low-income children up to 200% of the federal
poverty level (FPL),3 or 50 percentage points above the applicable pre-SCHIP
Medicaid income level. However, “(u)nder current statutory and regulatory
authority, States are able to effectively expand eligibility of all children under 19
years of age to whatever level they choose.”4
Within these general rules, states may provide assistance to qualifying children
in two basic ways. They may cover such children under their Medicaid programs
and/or they may create a separate SCHIP program for this purpose. (More details on
available benefits under each approach are described in the next section.) When
1 A complete legislative history of the SCHIP program is contained in CRS Congressional
Distribution Memorandum SCHIP Legislative History, by Elicia J. Herz and Chris L.
Peterson, available upon request.
2 See CRS Report RS21054, Medicaid and SCHIP Section 1115 Research and
Demonstration Waivers, by Evelyne P. Baumrucker.
3 In 2007, the poverty guideline in the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia is
$20,650 for a family of four. (“Annual Update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines,” 72 Federal
Register 3147, January 24, 2007.)
4 66 Federal Register 2320, January 11, 2001. For additional information on states’
flexibility in counting income for purposes of determining SCHIP eligibility, see CRS
Congressional Distribution Memorandum, Overview of Medicaid and Medicaid-Expansion
SCHIP Eligibility for Children and Rules for Counting Income, by April Grady, November
29, 2007, available upon request. This flexibility may now be limited, per a letter to State
Health Officials from Dennis G. Smith, Director of the Center for Medicaid and State
Operations of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), SHO #07-001,
August 17, 2007, available at [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/smdl/downloads/SHO081707.pdf].

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states provide Medicaid coverage to targeted low-income children, Medicaid rules
typically apply. When states provide coverage to targeted low-income children
through separate SCHIP programs, Title XXI rules typically apply. In both cases, the
federal share of program costs comes from federal SCHIP funds (also described in
further detail below).
Title XXI does not establish an individual entitlement to benefits. Instead, Title
XXI entitles states with approved state SCHIP plans to pre-determined federal
allotments based on a distribution formula set in the law (explained further below).
However, targeted low-income children covered under a SCHIP-financed expansion
of Medicaid are entitled to the benefits offered under that program as dictated by
Medicaid law. No such individual entitlement exists for targeted low-income
children covered in separate SCHIP programs.
States may cover targeted low-income children by expanding their Medicaid
programs in the following ways: (1) by establishing a new optional eligibility group
for such children as authorized in Title XXI, and/or (2) by liberalizing the financial
rules5 for any of several existing Medicaid eligibility categories. Many states with
Medicaid-expansion SCHIP programs chose the latter, opting to cover targeted low-
income children under existing Medicaid eligibility pathways, especially Medicaid’s
poverty-related child groups, rather than by establishing the Title XXI optional
coverage group.6 Such a strategy reduces the administrative burden of creating and
implementing a new coverage group.7
States may also provide coverage to targeted low-income children by creating
a separate SCHIP program. States define the group of targeted low-income children
who may enroll in separate SCHIP programs. Title XXI allows states to use the
following factors in determining eligibility: geography (e.g., sub-state areas or
5 Under Medicaid law, Section 1902(r)(2) authority may be used to liberalize income and
resource methodologies for a number of groups, including, for example, poverty-related
children (i.e., those under age 6 in families with income up to 133% FPL and those between
ages 6 and 18 in families with income up to 100% FPL). That same authority can be used
to liberalize financial rules for SCHIP purposes. Family coverage is provided under Section
1931. This section has its own provisions for liberalizing income and resource standards.
6 Personal communication with Judy Rhoades, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services,
June 5, 2003.
7 Because individuals can have other health insurance and still be covered by Medicaid, this
approach also allows states to bring into Medicaid otherwise ineligible higher-income
children regardless of their other health insurance status. Under this strategy, for example,
states can provide Medicaid benefits to additional children whose existing health insurance
is limited (sometimes referred to as under-insured). When states liberalize the financial
rules for existing Medicaid eligibility groups, the federal share of the costs for services
provided to the subset without other health insurance — the targeted low-income children
— is paid for out of SCHIP funds (described in further detail below). The federal share of
the costs for services delivered to the remaining children with other health insurance is paid
for by Medicaid. Under the fourth sentence of Section 1905(b) and Section 2105(a)(2) of
the Social Security Act, states are required to exhaust their SCHIP allotments before using
Medicaid funds to pay for those who meet the definition of a targeted low-income child.

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statewide), age (e.g., subgroups under 19), income, resources, residency, disability
status (so long as any standard relating to that status does not restrict eligibility),
access to or coverage under other health insurance (to establish whether such
access/coverage precludes SCHIP eligibility), and duration of SCHIP enrollment.
Table 1 shows every state’s SCHIP program type as well as upper-income
eligibility and enrollment data by population group. Ten states and the District of
Columbia (plus four counties and certain children up to age two in California) have
SCHIP coverage above 250% FPL. An additional eight states (including California)
have income thresholds greater than 200% FPL but less than or equal to 250% FPL.
Twenty-five states have upper income limits at 200% FPL. Seven states set
maximum income levels below 200% FPL.8
The highest upper income eligibility limit for children in SCHIP is 350% of the
FPL, in New Jersey.9 New York submitted a state plan amendment (SPA) to expand
SCHIP eligibility to children up to 400% FPL, but it was denied.10 The basis of the
disapproval was that New York did not meet criteria set forth in a letter to state
health officials, published by CMS on August 17, 2007.11 The letter lists specific
requirements for states that have or seek to expand SCHIP coverage to children in
families with “effective family income levels” above 250% FPL.
The latest official numbers show that SCHIP enrollment reached a total of 7.1
million children in FY2007. Of this total, about 5.1 million were covered in separate
state programs, and 2.1 million were targeted low-income children under Medicaid.
8 States may apply resource, or asset, tests in determining financial eligibility, but are not
required to do so. In states with a resource test, individuals must have resources for which
the dollar value is less than a specified standard amount in order to qualify for coverage.
States determine what items constitute countable resources and the dollar value assigned to
those countable resources. Assets may include, for example, cars, savings accounts, real
estate, trust funds, tax credits, etc. In 2005, asset/resource tests were an eligibility criteria
in only four states — Idaho, Missouri, Oregon and Texas (see N. Kaye, et al., Charting
SCHIP III: An Analysis of the Third Comprehensive Survey of State Children’s Health
Insurance Programs, National Academy for State Health Policy (NASHP), September 2006,
[http://www.chipcentral.org/Files/Charting_CHIP_III_9-21-6.pdf], pp. 42-43).
9 For determining financial eligibility for SCHIP and Medicaid, certain types and/or amounts
of income are not counted. These are called “income disregards.” For example, specified
dollar amounts may be subtracted from gross income to calculate net income, which is then
compared to the applicable income criterion.
10 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, New York Title XXI Fact Sheet,
[http://www.cms.hhs.gov/LowCostHealthInsFamChild/downloads/NYCurrentFactsheet.
pdf].
11 Letter to State Health Officials from Dennis G. Smith, Director of the Center for Medicaid
and State Operations of CMS, SHO #07-001, August 17, 2007, available at
[http://www.cms.hhs.gov/smdl/downloads/SHO081707.pdf].

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One of the primary uses of waiver authority under SCHIP has been to expand
coverage for adult populations, which has proven controversial.12 (See below for
further discussion of adult coverage under SCHIP.) Fourteen states reported
enrollment of about 587,000 adults in SCHIP in FY2007 (see Table 1). A
substantial share of these adults (487,000, about 83%) were parents. Roughly 93,000
were childless adults, and the remainder (6,500) were pregnant women.
The number of SCHIP-enrolled adults in FY2007 — 587,000 — is lower than
in FY2006, when it was 701,000. Adult enrollment in FY2008 will likely be even
lower, because the adult-coverage waivers in Illinois and Oregon were not renewed.
As shown in Table 1, FY2007 adult enrollment was nearly 251,000 in Illinois and
15,000 in Oregon. Adult SCHIP enrollment in these two states made up nearly half
of all adult SCHIP enrollment nationally.
From FY2006 to FY2007, most of the 14 states with adult SCHIP coverage
experienced enrollment increases. However, those were overshadowed by large
declines in four states. By FY2007, Arizona completed its transition of 85,000
SCHIP-enrolled childless adults into Medicaid. Michigan’s enrollment of childless
adults under 35% of poverty fell, from 102,000 in FY2006 to 78,000 in FY2007.
Minnesota’s enrollment of parents also fell, from 34,000 in FY2006 to 29,000 in
FY2007. Finally, Wisconsin’s parental enrollment declined from 110,000 in FY2006
to 48,000 in FY2007.
The only state in FY2007 with more adult SCHIP enrollment than child
enrollment was Minnesota. Prior to the enactment of SCHIP more than a decade ago,
Minnesota expanded its Medicaid program to cover children up to 275% of poverty.
As a result, federal SCHIP funds in Minnesota could be used only to cover children
above 275% of poverty. In order to have an operational SCHIP plan, Minnesota
began its SCHIP program by covering 0- to 2-year-olds between 275% and 280% of
poverty. With this limited eligibility group, Minnesota spent only $706,910 of the
nearly $126 million in federal SCHIP funds it had been allotted between FY1998 and
FY2001. In June 2001, the Bush Administration approved the state’s waiver to cover
parents of Medicaid/SCHIP children with family income between 100% and 200%
of poverty.13 As a result, the state’s SCHIP funding position reversed, with the state
receiving an FY2002 allotment of $30 million but having federal SCHIP spending
of $65 million. Since then, its annual federal SCHIP spending has exceeded its
annual allotment by $16 million to $42 million. Minnesota has been considered a
shortfall state since FY2005. In FY2007, the state had 29,225 parents enrolled, along
with 62 0- to 2-year-olds and 5,346 unborn children, a concept discussed later.
12 For example, see the hearing webcast and written testimony for Covering Uninsured Kids:
Missed Opportunities for Moving Forward, held by the Subcommittee on Health, House
Energy and Commerce Committee, January 29, 2008, at [http://energycommerce.house.gov/
cmte_mtgs/110-he-hrg.012908.CoveringUninsured.shtml].
13 The state’s SCHIP waiver was extended in December 2005 and is set to expire in June
2009.

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Benefits
As noted above, when designing their SCHIP programs, states may cover
targeted low-income children under their Medicaid program, create a new separate
SCHIP program, or devise a combination of both approaches.
States that use Medicaid-expansion SCHIP programs must provide the full range
of mandatory Medicaid benefits, as well as all optional services specified in their
state Medicaid plans. As an alternative to providing all of the mandatory and
selected optional benefits under traditional Medicaid, the Deficit Reduction Act of
2005 (P.L. 109-171; DRA) gives states the option to enroll state-specified groups,
including children in SCHIP Medicaid expansions, in new benchmark and
benchmark-equivalent benefit plans. These plans are nearly identical to the benefit
packages offered through separate SCHIP programs (described below). For any child
under age 19 in one of the major mandatory and optional Medicaid eligibility groups,
including targeted low-income children, the benefits available through the Early and
Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT) Program must be provided.
Under EPSDT, children receive well-child care, immunizations, and other screening
services, as well as medical care necessary to correct or ameliorate identified defects,
illnesses, or conditions, including optional services states may not otherwise cover
in their Medicaid programs.
States that choose to create separate SCHIP programs may elect any of three
benefit options: (1) a benchmark benefit package, (2) benchmark equivalent
coverage, or (3) any other health benefits plan that the Secretary of Health and
Human Services determines will provide appropriate coverage to the targeted
population of uninsured children.14
A benchmark benefit package is one of the following three plans: (1) the
standard Blue Cross/Blue Shield preferred provider option plan offered under the
Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), (2) the health coverage that
is offered and generally available to state employees in the state involved, and (3) the
health coverage that is offered by a health maintenance organization (HMO) with the
largest commercial (non-Medicaid) enrollment in the state involved.
Benchmark-equivalent coverage is defined as a package of benefits that has the
same actuarial value as one of the benchmark benefit packages. A state choosing to
provide benchmark-equivalent coverage must cover each of the benefits in the “basic
benefits category.” The benefits in the basic benefits category are inpatient and
outpatient hospital services, physicians’ surgical and medical services, lab and x-ray
services, and well-baby and well-child care, including age-appropriate
immunizations. Benchmark-equivalent coverage must also include at least 75% of
the actuarial value of coverage under the benchmark plan for each of the benefits in
the “additional service category.” These additional services include prescription
drugs, mental health services, vision services, and hearing services. States are
14 When the law establishing SCHIP was enacted, existing programs financed entirely by the
state in Florida, New York, and Pennsylvania were designated as meeting the minimum
benefit requirements under SCHIP (i.e., these programs were grandfathered into SCHIP).

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CRS-6
encouraged to cover other categories of service not listed above. Abortions may not
be covered, except in the case of a pregnancy resulting from rape or incest, or when
an abortion is necessary to save the mother’s life.
All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and five territories have SCHIP
programs. The territories, the District of Columbia, and 8 states use Medicaid
expansions; 18 states use separate state programs; and 24 states use a combination
approach. Three states received authority under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997
to operate previously existing comprehensive state-based plans as their separate
SCHIP program. Among other types of separate SCHIP programs, data from 200515
indicate that most of the benchmark and benchmark-equivalent plans are based on
the state employees’ health plan, and most secretary-approved plans are modeled
after Medicaid.
Cost-Sharing
Cost-sharing refers to the out-of-pocket payments made by beneficiaries of a
health insurance plan. Cost-sharing may include monthly premiums, enrollment fees,
deductibles, copayments, coinsurance and other similar charges.
Federal law permits states to impose cost-sharing for some beneficiaries and
some services under SCHIP. States that cover targeted low-income children under
Medicaid must follow the nominal cost-sharing rules of the Medicaid program.
Under these rules, the majority of such children are exempt. Children who are 18
years of age and enrolled in Medicaid expansions under SCHIP may be subject to
service-related cost-sharing (e.g., copayments) at state option.
DRA16 provides states with a new option for premiums and service-related cost-
sharing that may be applied to targeted low-income children under SCHIP Medicaid-
expansion programs. For children in families with income under 100% FPL, no
premiums are allowed and service-related cost-sharing is limited to nominal amounts.
For children in families with income between 100%-150% FPL, no premiums may
be imposed; however, service-related cost-sharing may be applied up to 10% of the
cost of the item or service rendered. For children in families with income above
150% FPL, premiums are allowed (no limit is specified), and service-related cost-
sharing may be applied up to 20% of the cost of the item or service rendered. For all
individuals, the total aggregate amount of all cost-sharing cannot exceed 5% of
family income (on a quarterly or monthly basis as specified by the state). Preventive
services for children are exempt from DRA cost-sharing. The nominal Medicaid
cost-sharing amounts in regulation will be indexed by medical care inflation. Special
rules apply to cost-sharing for prescription drugs, and for emergency room
copayments for non-emergency care. DRA also allows states to condition continuing
15 CRS analysis of unpublished data from a 2005 survey of state SCHIP programs conducted
by the National Academy for State Health Policy (NASHP). For more information about
this survey, see [http://www.chipcentral.org/Files/Charting_CHIP_III_9-21-6.pdf].
16 P.L. 109-432 modified DRA by specifying cost-sharing rules for individuals in families
with income under 100% FPL. For additional information, see CRS Report RS22578,
Medicaid Cost-Sharing under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA), by Elicia J. Herz.

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CRS-7
Medicaid eligibility on the payment of premiums. Providers may also be allowed to
deny care for failure to pay service-related cost-sharing.
If a state implements SCHIP through a separate state program, premiums or
enrollment fees for program participation may be imposed, but the maximum
allowable amount is dependent on family income. For all families with incomes
under 150% FPL and enrolled in separate state programs, premiums may not exceed
the amounts set forth in federal Medicaid regulations. Additionally, these families
may be charged service-related cost-sharing, but such cost-sharing is limited to (1)
nominal amounts defined in federal Medicaid regulations for the subgroup with
income below 100% FPL, and (2) slightly higher amounts defined in SCHIP
regulations for families with income between 100%-150% FPL. For a family with
income above 150% FPL, cost-sharing may be imposed in any amount, provided that
cost-sharing for higher-income children is not less than cost-sharing for lower-
income children.
Under SCHIP law, the total annual aggregate cost-sharing (including premiums,
deductibles, copayments, and any other charges) for all children in separate SCHIP
programs may not exceed 5% of total family income for the year. In addition, states
are required to inform families of these limits and provide a mechanism for families
to stop paying once the cost-sharing limits have been reached.
Preventive services are exempt from cost-sharing for all SCHIP families
regardless of income. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
defines preventive services to include the following: all healthy newborn inpatient
physician visits, including routine screening (inpatient and outpatient); routine
physical examinations; laboratory tests; immunizations and related office visits; and
routine preventive and diagnostic dental services (for example, oral examinations,
prophylaxis and topical fluoride applications, sealants, and x-rays).
The Evolution of SCHIP — Program Changes Via State Plan
Amendments and Waiver Authority
SCHIP programs across states are evolving rapidly, as evidenced by the
numerous changes states have made to their original state plans over time. As of
August 2007, 289 amendments to original state plans had been approved and 14 more
were in review.17 Most states have multiple amendments. The content of the plan
amendments varies among states. For example, some states use amendments to
extend coverage beyond income levels defined in their original state plans. Others
define new copayment standards for program participants. Still others modify benefit
packages.
In addition to the amendment process, states that want to make changes to their
SCHIP programs that go beyond what the law will allow may do so through what is
called a Section 1115 waiver (named for the section of the Social Security Act that
defines the circumstances under which such waivers may be granted). The Secretary
17 The source for this information can be found online at [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/
LowCostHealthInsFamChild/downloads/SCHIPStatePlanActivityMap.pdf].

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CRS-8
of Health and Human Services may waive certain statutory requirements for
conducting research and demonstration projects under SCHIP that allow states to
adapt their programs to specific needs as long as those changes further the goals of
the SCHIP program. As of September 21, 2007, CMS granted 22 SCHIP Section
1115 demonstrations in 20 states.18, 19 As described below, states have turned to the
waiver authority to expand coverage for certain adult populations and loosen the
requirements surrounding the state option to extend family coverage under an
employer-sponsored health insurance plan, among other purposes.
SCHIP Coverage Expansions Parents and Childless Adults Under
the HIFA Initiative. On August 4, 2001, the Bush Administration announced the
Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability (HIFA) Demonstration Initiative.
Using Section 1115 waiver authority, this initiative was designed to encourage states
to extend Medicaid and SCHIP to the uninsured, with a particular emphasis on
statewide approaches that maximize private health insurance coverage options and
target populations with income below 200% FPL. In other words, states were
permitted and encouraged to direct their unspent SCHIP funds towards coverage
expansions under the HIFA initiative.20
While coverage expansions under Section1115 waiver authority were common
before the HIFA initiative, this initiative dramatically increased states’ coverage of
adults with children (typically parents of Medicaid/SCHIP children, caretaker
relatives, or legal guardians) and childless adults.21 Of the 20 states with SCHIP
waivers, 13 states have SCHIP waivers that were granted under the HIFA initiative.22
Currently, 12 states have CMS approval to finance at least some of their adult
coverage groups with unspent SCHIP funds (see Table 1).23
A population added under an 1115 waiver is only SCHIP-eligible for the
five-year waiver period (or specified waiver extension period). Recently, the
Administration has not renewed existing waivers that permitted coverage of adults
18 The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, CMSO, FCHPG, Division of State
Children’s Health Insurance (DSCHI), State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)
Section 1115 Demonstration Projects as of September 21, 2007, available at
[http://www.cms.hhs.gov/LowCostHealthInsFamChild]
19 These states include Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode
Island, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Two of these states, Arkansas and New
Mexico, each have 2 operational SCHIP Section 1115 demonstration waivers.
20 Medicine and Health, “CMS Administrator: McClellan on Value Purchasing, SCHIP,
DSH, and Specialty Hospitals,” March 22, 2004.
21 The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171) prohibits the use of SCHIP funds for
coverage of non-pregnant childless adults in any new waivers approved after February 8,
2006.
22 SCHIP HIFA waiver states include Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Illinois, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Virginia.
23 Arkansas and New Mexico each have 2 operational SCHIP Section 1115 demonstration
waivers.

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through SCHIP. Illinois’s waiver to cover adults in SCHIP expired September 30,
2007. Oregon’s waiver to cover adults in SCHIP also expired, on October 31, 2007.
Wisconsin’s waiver for adult SCHIP coverage recently came up for renewal, but was
only permitted to keep some adults in SCHIP.24
SCHIP Coverage for Pregnant Women and Unborn Children. In
addition to parents and childless adults, SCHIP permits states to cover adult pregnant
women (aged 19 and older) in one of three ways: (1) states may apply for Section
1115 waivers to extend coverage to such pregnant women (as described above); (2)
states may provide health benefits coverage, including prenatal care and delivery
services, to unborn children of adult pregnant women through an SCHIP state plan
amendment (SPA) as permitted through regulation;25 or (3) states may offer a “family
coverage option” through a group health plan that may include maternity care to adult
females in eligible families. As of October 2007, 17 states offered pregnancy-related
services to adults using SCHIP funds. Of those, 6 states used the §1115 waiver
authority, and 12 states extended coverage to unborn children of adult pregnant
women through unborn child SPAs (Rhode Island extends coverage to adult pregnant
women through both authorities).26
Of the 12 states that offer pregnancy-related services to unborn children under
the SCHIP SPAs,27 all but Tennessee extended coverage to the unborn children of
undocumented aliens who otherwise would not have access to federally funded
pregnancy-related services, except through emergency Medicaid.28
In FY2007, there were 262,366 unborn children enrolled in SCHIP, most of
whom (179,779, 68.5%) were in California.29
24 Under its prior waiver, parents of Medicaid- or SCHIP-enrolled children from 100% to
185% FPL were eligible for SCHIP; under the renewal, parents from 100% up to 130% FPL
are in Medicaid, with parents from 130% to 185% FPL in SCHIP. Although family income
cannot exceed 185% FPL for initial eligibility, parents may continue enrollment as long as
family income does not exceed 200% FPL.
25 Although CMS requires the care to be directed at the unborn child, the SCHIP unborn
child SPA option effectively enables states to provide prenatal care to adult pregnant women
including those with incomes at or above the Medicaid income eligibility thresholds and for
individuals who do not qualify for Medicaid (or SCHIP) for other reasons, such as
immigration status or incarceration.
26 For more information see CRS Report RS22785, SCHIP Coverage for Pregnant Women
and Unborn Children, by Evelyne P. Baumrucker.
27 Arkansas, California, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Rhode
Island, Tennessee, Texas, Washington and Wisconsin.
28 Illegal immigrants are barred from Medicaid and SCHIP eligibility; legal immigrants who
have not been granted lawful permanent residency status are ineligible for Medicaid or
SCHIP for five years. Such women who otherwise qualify but for their documentation status
have access to emergency care under Medicaid, which includes labor and delivery costs
(Section 1903(v) of the Social Security Act).
29 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) analysis of SEDS FY2007 master
(continued...)

---

CRS-10
SCHIP Employer-Sponsored Insurance Coverage. Finally, under
SCHIP states may purchase “family coverage” through an employer-sponsored health
insurance plan if it is cost-effective relative to the amount paid to cover only the
targeted low-income children and does not substitute for coverage under group health
plans otherwise provided to the children. States using SCHIP funds for employer-
based plan premiums, often referred to as “premium assistance,” must ensure that (1)
SCHIP minimum benefits are provided, (2) SCHIP cost-sharing ceilings are met, and
(3) the children to be enrolled have not had group coverage for a specified period of
time (typically four to six months). Because of these requirements, implementation
of such premium assistance programs under SCHIP is not widespread; only two
states — New Jersey and Massachusetts — have operational family coverage
variance programs.30 Also, as part of the HIFA initiative, states have used both
Medicaid and SCHIP funds to pay premium costs for waiver enrollees who have
access to employer-sponsored insurance (ESI). ESI programs approved under this
waiver authority are not subject to the comprehensiveness, cost-effectiveness, and
waiting period tests otherwise applicable to SCHIP’s family coverage option. As of
September 21, 2007, 10 states reported operating a premium assistance program
under SCHIP or Medicaid through waiver authority.31 (Other states may also be
providing premium assistance through state plan amendments.)
Financing and Expenditures
Federal financing of SCHIP includes three major components: (1) total federal
appropriations for states’ annual SCHIP allotment of federal funds among the states
and territories, (2) reallocation of unspent federal funds and appropriations for
eliminating states’ shortfalls, and (3) other factors affecting federal financing
including the federal matching rate and caps on administrative expenses.
Federal Appropriations and Allotment Among the States and
Territories. BBA 97 appropriated a total of approximately $40 billion for SCHIP
for FY1998 to FY2007.32 The funding level by fiscal year varied across time. The
29 (...continued)
file, “Age Groups Report 2007.xls,” February 11, 2008, among those in age group “under
0.”
30 E-mail correspondence (from June 7, 2007) with Kathleen Farrell, the CMS Director of
the SCHIP program.
31 States with Employer-Sponsored Insurance programs granted under the Section 1115
waiver authority include Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Rhode Island, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Source: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services, CMSO, FCHPG, Division of State Children’s Health Insurance (DSCHI), State
Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Section 1115 Demonstration Projects as of
September 21, 2007, available at [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/LowCostHealthInsFamChild/
downloads/Section1115ReportApprovedUnderReview.pdf]
32 From the original appropriated amounts specified in BBA 97, the law set aside 0.25% of
SCHIP funds for five territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and
the Northern Mariana Islands). Later, funds were added to the total annual appropriation
and earmarked for the territories for each year beginning in FY1999. For FY1998-FY2002
(continued...)

---

CRS-11
total annual appropriation for each of FY1998-FY2001 was a little more than $4.2
billion. This annual total dropped to under $3.2 billion in FY2002-FY2004. Then
the appropriation rose to about $4.1 billion for FY2005 and FY2006, with a further
increase to roughly $5.0 billion in FY2007. The drop in funding for FY2002-
FY2004, sometimes referred to as the “SCHIP dip,” was written into SCHIP’s
authorizing legislation due to budgetary constraints applicable at the time the
legislation was drafted.
The 110th Congress passed two bills to “reauthorize” SCHIP — providing
SCHIP funding for FY2008 through FY2012 and making other changes to both
SCHIP and Medicaid. Both H.R. 976 and H.R. 3963 were vetoed by the President,
with the Congress unable to override these vetoes.33 In lieu of reauthorization, four
continuing resolutions (P.L. 110-92, P.L. 110-116, P.L. 110-137, and P.L. 110-149)
provided $5 billion for FY2008 federal SCHIP allotments through December 31,
2007.
The Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 (MMSEA, P.L.
110-173, enacted December 29, 2007) extended the availability of the FY2008
SCHIP allotment through March 31, 2009. MMSEA appropriated $5 billion for
FY2009 allotments, also available through March 31, 2009. Because shortfalls of
federal SCHIP funds were still projected to occur in certain states, additional funds
were appropriated, as discussed in the next section.
The allotment of funds among the states is determined by a formula set in law.
This formula is based on a combination of the number of low-income children and
the number of uninsured low-income children in the state, adjusted by a cost factor
that reflects average wages in the states’ health service industry compared to the
national average.
Annual original allotments are basically separate, sequential funding accounts.
For each state and territory, the account for a given fiscal year is made available at
the beginning of that year and remains available for up to three years (except for the
new allotments for FY2008 and FY2009 under MMSEA). For example, the FY2004
original allotments were available to states until the end of FY2006. Typically,
SCHIP payments are taken out of the earliest active account. Once that fiscal year
allotment is fully expended, the state can begin drawing from the next available
allotment.
Redistribution of Unspent Federal Funds and Appropriations to
Address Shortfalls. At the end of the applicable three-year period of availability,
unspent allotments are redistributed to other states. The rules vary by fiscal year.
Since FY2005, only states that exhausted the relevant allotment within three years
were eligible to receive unspent funds from other states.
32 (...continued)
only, $60 million annually was set aside for special diabetes grants.
33 For more information on the vetoed H.R. 976 and H.R. 3963, see CRS Report RS22746,
SCHIP: Differences Between H.R. 3963 and H.R. 976, by Evelyne P. Baumrucker , April
Grady, Elicia J. Herz, and Chris L. Peterson.

---

CRS-12
For FY2006, the amount available for redistribution was inadequate for covering
projected federal SCHIP spending in 12 states. In DRA, Congress appropriated an
additional $283 million to cover the projected shortfalls. Two states (Illinois and
Massachusetts) ultimately had higher FY2006 SCHIP spending than anticipated, so
they experienced shortfalls totaling approximately $100 million, almost all of that
from Illinois.
In FY2007, $147 million in unspent FY2004 original allotments was available
for redistribution. In the closing hours of the 109th Congress, a bill was passed to
specify how those funds would be redistributed. The National Institutes of Health
(NIH) Reform Act of 2006 (H.R. 6164, P.L. 109-482, NIHRA) required that the
funds go to states “in the order in which such [shortfall] States realize monthly
funding shortfalls ... for fiscal year 2007.” The purpose was to delay any state facing
a shortfall as far into the year as possible with the available funds. CRS projections
indicated that this particular provision would delay shortfalls until the end of March
2007. To delay shortfalls even further, the SCHIP provisions of NIHRA called for
an initial redistribution of up to half of unspent FY2005 original allotments as of
March 31, 2007 (capped at $20 million per state) — after 2½ years of availability.
For a state to forgo unspent FY2005 funds on that date, NIHRA required not only
that the state have unspent FY2005 balances but that the state’s total SCHIP balances
(from the FY2005-FY2007 original allotments) as of March 31, 2007, were at least
double what the state projected to spend in federal SCHIP funds in FY2007. This
was projected to provide an additional $138 million for shortfall states, delaying any
state facing a shortfall of federal SCHIP funds until May 2007. The shortfalls
remaining for the rest of the fiscal year were projected at just over $600 million in
12 states.
On May 25, 2007, P.L. 110-28 (the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care,
Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007; UTRA) was
enacted. In it, Congress appropriated up to $650 million to cover state shortfalls of
federal SCHIP funds for the remainder of FY2007. The final UTRA appropriations
that went to 10 states34 for FY2007 are shown in Column E of Table 2, along with
other details about states’ and territories FY2007 federal SCHIP financing, based on
finalized data. Table 3 shows cumulative federal SCHIP financing from 1998
through FY2007.
For FY2008, MMSEA required that unspent FY2005 allotments be redistributed
to shortfall states on a monthly basis in the order in which these states experience
shortfalls. In addition to this redistribution, MMSEA appropriated up to $1.6 billion
for states’ remaining shortfalls in FY2008. Current projections are that less than $1.2
billion of this appropriation will be necessary. Thus, the total federal SCHIP funds
now available for states in FY2008 are expected to cover every state’s projected
expenditures.35
34 Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, New
Jersey, and Rhode Island. Alaska and Wisconsin ultimately did not face shortfalls.
35 For more information, see CRS Report RS22739, FY2008 Federal SCHIP Financing, by
Chris L. Peterson.

---

CRS-13
For FY2009, MMSEA also required that unspent FY2006 allotments be
redistributed to states projected to face shortfalls in FY2009 before March 31, 2009,
on a monthly basis in the order in which these states experience shortfalls. In
addition to this redistribution, MMSEA appropriated up to $275 million for states’
remaining shortfalls through March 31, 2009. Based on states’ latest projections, the
total FY2009 shortfalls through March 31, 2009, are projected at approximately $200
million.
Other Factors Affecting Federal Financing. Like Medicaid, SCHIP is
a federal-state matching program. For each dollar of state spending, the federal
government makes a matching payment drawn from SCHIP accounts. A state’s share
of program spending for Medicaid is equal to 100% minus the federal medical
assistance percentage (FMAP). The enhanced SCHIP FMAP is equal to a state’s
Medicaid FMAP increased by the number of percentage points that is equal to 30%
multiplied by the number of percentage points by which the FMAP is less than
100%.36 For example, in states with a Medicaid FMAP of 60%, the enhanced FMAP
equals the Medicaid FMAP increased by 12 percentage points (60% + [30%
multiplied by 40 percentage points] = 72%.) In this example, the state share is 100%
- 72% = 28%.
In other words, the enhanced FMAP means a state’s share of expenditures is
30% lower than under the regular FMAP. In the previous example, with the federal
government paying 60% of Medicaid expenditures, the state’s share was 40%. Under
the enhanced FMAP in SCHIP, the state’s share is 28% (i.e., 40% x 0.7).
Compared with the Medicaid FMAP, which ranges from 50% to 75.89% in
FY2007, the enhanced FMAP for SCHIP ranges from 65% to 83.12%. All SCHIP
assistance for targeted low-income children, including coverage provided under
Medicaid, is eligible for the enhanced FMAP. The Medicaid FMAP and the
enhanced SCHIP FMAP are subject to a ceiling of 83% and 85%, respectively.
There is a limit on federal spending for SCHIP administrative expenses, which
include activities such as data collection and reporting, outreach and education, and
other activities. For federal matching purposes, a 10% cap applies to state non-
benefit expenses. This cap is tied to the dollar amount that a state draws down from
its annual allotment to cover benefits and these non-benefit costs under SCHIP, as
opposed to 10% of a state’s total annual allotment. In other words, no more than
10% of the federal funds that a state draws down for SCHIP benefit and non-benefit
expenditures combined can be used for non-benefit costs including administrative
expenses.
36 The federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP) and the enhanced federal medical
assistance percentage (enhanced FMAP) are calculated and published annually by the
Secretary of DHHS. FMAP is a measure of the per capita income in each state, squared,
compared to that of the nation as a whole. This formula is designed to provide a higher
FMAP to states with lower per capita income.

---

CRS-14
Forthcoming SCHIP Issues
Last year’s debate over SCHIP “reauthorization” raised a variety of policy
considerations about the program’s federal financing, states’ flexibility in program
design, and target populations. Reauthorization legislation also provided a vehicle
for Congress to consider changes to Medicaid. However, in the wake of two vetoed
bills, many issues were left unresolved for both programs — including the level and
availability of federal funding for SCHIP past March 31, 2009; limits on eligibility
for higher income individuals; crowd-out prevention (i.e., preventing the substitution
of public coverage for private coverage); premium assistance for those with access
to employer-sponsored health insurance; and citizenship documentation rules.
The federal cost of any Medicaid or SCHIP proposal is likely to be a concern,
depending on the additional funding that might be included in the forthcoming
FY2009 budget resolution and how much spending would have to be offset under
PAYGO rules. For example, proposed changes to citizenship documentation37 —
which received considerable attention in last year’s SCHIP debate — could cost $1
billion or more over five years. The direction and scope of any proposed changes to
Medicaid and SCHIP during the second session of the 110th Congress is unknown at
this time.
37 For more information on this issue, see CRS Report RS22629, Medicaid Citizenship
Documentation, by April Grady.

---

CRS-15
Table 1. SCHIP Enrollment and Eligibility Information for the 50 States and the District of Columbia
Number of Adults Ever Enrolled in SCHIP Demonstrations during
Upper Income
Number of Children Ever Enrolled during FY2007
FY2007 (and Income Level by Group)
Level for
Children
Parents of
State and Program Type
(% FPL) as of
Medicaid
Separate SCHIP
Pregnant
Medicaid and/or
as of 3/12/08
3/12/08
Expansions
Programs
Total Children
Women
SCHIP children
Childless Adults
Total Adults
Alabama (S)
200%
106,691
106,691
Alaska (M)
175%
17,558
17,558
Arizona (S)
200%
104,209
104,209
—
25,774
—
25,774a
(100%-200%)a
Arkansas (C)
200%
85,863
3,779
89,642
639 (0%-200%)b
639b
California (C)
250%c
265,057
1,273,359
1,538,416
Colorado (S)
200%
84,649
84,649
3,173
—
—
3,173d
(185%-200%)d
Connecticut (S)
300%
23,632
23,632
Delaware (C)
200%
145
10,998
11,143
District of Columbia (M)
300%
6,566
6,566
Florida (C)
200%
1,594
321,935
323,529
Georgia (S)
235%
356,285
356,285
Hawaii (M)
300%
23,958
23,958
Idaho (C)
185%
19,019
14,041
33,060
—
380 (0%-185%)e
152 (0%-185%)e
532 e
Illinois (C)
200%
157,120
188,456
345,576
—
250,570f
250,570f
Indiana (C)
200%
95,836
34,532
130,368
Iowa (C)
200%
17,926
32,312
50,238
Kansas (S)
200%
49,536
49,536
Kentucky (C)
200%
43,470
25,306
68,776
Louisiana (C)
250%
151,953
1,710
153,663
Maine (C)
200%
21,966
9,071
31,037
Maryland (M)
300%
120,357
12,530
132,887

---

CRS-16
Number of Adults Ever Enrolled in SCHIP Demonstrations during
Upper Income
Number of Children Ever Enrolled during FY2007
FY2007 (and Income Level by Group)
Level for
Children
Parents of
State and Program Type
(% FPL) as of
Medicaid
Separate SCHIP
Pregnant
Medicaid and/or
as of 3/12/08
3/12/08
Expansions
Programs
Total Children
Women
SCHIP children
Childless Adults
Total Adults
Massachusetts (C)
300%
93,922
90,561
184,483
Michigan (C)
200%
60,508
53,517
114,025
—
—
77,713 (0-35%)g
77,713g
Minnesota (C)
280%
62
5,346
5,408
—
29,225
—
29,225h
(100%-200%)h
Mississippi (S)
200%
81,565
81,565
Missouri (C)
300%
81,764
81,764
Montana (S)
175%
20,115
20,115
Nebraska (M)
185%
46,199
46,199
Nevada (S)
200%
41,862
41,862 476 (133-185%)i
5 (0%-200%)i
481i
New Hampshire (C)
300%
621
11,467
12,088
New Jersey (C)
350%
49,286
100,991
150,277
275
99,629 (above
—
99,904j
(185%-200%)j Medicaid - 115%)j
New Mexico (M)
235%
16,525
16,525
—
4,304
7,891
12,195k
(37%-200%)k
(0%-200%)k
New York (S)
250%
651,853
651,853
North Carolina (C)
200%
67,197
172,955
240,152
North Dakota (C)
140%
1,808
3,661
5,469
Ohio (M)
200%
231,538
231,538
Oklahoma (M)
200%
117,084
117,084
Oregon (S)
185%
63,090
63,090
—
7,856
7,378
15,234l
(100%-185%)l
(100%-185%)l
Pennsylvania (S)
300%
227,367
227,367
Rhode Island (C)
250%
24,234
1,833
26,067
360
20,588
—
20,948m
(185%-250%)m
(100%-185%)m
South Carolina (M)
150%
59,920
59,920
South Dakota (C)
200%
11,561
3,421
14,982

---

CRS-17
Number of Adults Ever Enrolled in SCHIP Demonstrations during
Upper Income
Number of Children Ever Enrolled during FY2007
FY2007 (and Income Level by Group)
Level for
Children
Parents of
State and Program Type
(% FPL) as of
Medicaid
Separate SCHIP
Pregnant
Medicaid and/or
as of 3/12/08
3/12/08
Expansions
Programs
Total Children
Women
SCHIP children
Childless Adults
Total Adults
Tennessee (C)
250%
35,589
5,774
41,363
Texas (S)
200%
710,690
710,690
Utah (S)
200%
44,785
44,785
Vermont (S)
300%
6,132
6,132
Virginia (C)
200%
68,075
76,088
144,163
2,175
—
—
2,175n
(133%-185%)n
Washington (S)
250%
14,734
14,734
West Virginia (S)
220%
38,582
38,582
Wisconsin (C)
250%
56,904
5,619
62,523
—
48,271
—
48,271o
(100%-185%)o
Wyoming (S)
200%
8,570
8,570
TOTALS
2,051,185
5,093,609
7,144,794
6,459
487,241
93,134
586,834
Sources: Table prepared by CRS based on several sources. For SCHIP upper income levels for children, unpublished set of tables provided by CMS via e-mail on August 8, 2007.
F o r p r o g r a m t y p e , s e e [ h t t p : / / w w w . c m s . h h s . g o v / L o w C o s t H e a l t h I n s F a m C h i l d / d o w n l o a d s / S C H I P S t a t e P l a n A c t i v i t y M a p . p d f ] a n d
[http://www.cms.hhs.gov/LowCostHealthInsFamChild/downloads/MOCurrentFactsheet.pdf]. For number of children ever enrolled, see FY 2006 Number of Children Ever Enrolled
Year - SCHIP by Program Type, at [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/NationalSCHIPPolicy/downloads/FY2006StateTotalTable.pdf], plus more recent unpublished information from CMS
on the number of children enrolled for Arkansas, New Jersey and Virginia. For the number of adults enrolled in SCHIP demonstrations, Adult SCHIP Chart FY2006 (030107).xls,
provided by CMS via e-mail on March 8, 2007. For upper income eligibility limits for adults in SCHIP and associated waiver expiration dates, see the CRS Congressional Distribution
Memorandum, Chronological Analysis of Populations added to the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Under the Section 1115 Waiver Authority, by Evelyne P.
Baumrucker (available upon request); additional information obtained directly from states or CMS.
Notes: S — Separate child health program. M — Medicaid expansion program. C — Combination program. FPL — federal poverty level.
a. Arizona adult SCHIP expiration date: 9/30/11.
b. Arkansas adult SCHIP expiration date: 9/30/11.
c. California also provides coverage up to 300% in four select counties and for infants covered under the Access for Infants and Mothers (AIM) program.
d. Colorado adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 9/30/09.
e. Adult SCHIP waiver is for employees of small businesses and their families with access to job-based health insurance. Idaho adult SCHIP expiration date: 11/3/09.
f. Illinois’ adult SCHIP waiver expired 9/30/07.
g. Michigan adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 1/15/09.
h. Minnesota adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 6/12/09.

---

CRS-18
i. SCHIP coverage of parents uses their job-based health insurance. Nevada adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 11/30/11.
j. New Jersey adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 1/17/09.
k. New Mexico adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 6/30/10.
l. Oregon adult SCHIP waiver expired 10/31/07.
m. Rhode Island adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 7/31/08.
n. Virginia adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 6/30/10.
o. Wisconsin adult SCHIP waiver expiration date: 3/31/10. As of 10/1/07, parents are eligible for SCHIP between 130% and 185% FPL. Although family income cannot exceed 185%
FPL for initial eligibility, parents may continue enrollment as long as family income does not exceed 200% FPL.

---

CRS-19
Table 2. FY2007 Federal SCHIP Financing, by State and Territory
(millions of dollars)
Available unspent
Redistribution of other
FY2005 and FY2006
states’ unspent FY2004
Additional allotments
balances, beginning of
and certain FY2005
FY2007 federal SCHIP in FY2007 to eliminate Total available federal FY2007 federal SCHIP
State and territory
FY2007
allotments
allotments
state shortfallsa
SCHIP funds
spending
A
B
C
D
E
F = B + C + D + E
G
Alabama
$66.7
$74.3
$141.0
$95.2
Alaska
$5.3
$11.5
$16.8
$16.2
Arizona
$22.9
$127.9
$150.8
$117.7
Arkansas
$76.0
$49.3
$125.3
$68.8
California
$486.0
$790.8
$1,276.8
$980.7
Colorado
$99.8
$71.5
$171.3
$65.9
Connecticut
$71.1
$39.9
$111.0
$30.1
Delaware
$18.1
$11.1
$29.1
$8.6
DC
$18.3
$11.7
$30.0
$7.2
Florida
$438.7
$296.1
$734.8
$261.7
Georgia
$17.8
$35.7
$165.9
$108.7
$328.1
$328.1
Hawaii
$17.4
$15.3
$32.7
$18.7
Idaho
$39.8
$24.3
$64.1
$27.4
Illinois
$3.3
$55.2
$209.8
$180.3
$448.5
$448.5
Indiana
$113.9
$93.5
$207.3
$92.1
Iowa
$5.5
$36.2
$9.6
$51.3
$51.3
Kansas
$28.0
$36.5
$64.6
$45.1
Kentucky
$74.0
$70.1
$144.1
$81.2
Louisiana
$67.2
$89.6
$156.8
$119.9
Maine
$9.3
$15.2
$6.7
$31.2
$31.2
Maryland
$4.7
$26.4
$67.0
$40.4
$138.4
$138.4
Massachusetts
$0.0
$62.3
$73.3
$75.9
$211.5
$211.5
Michigan
$65.9
$149.4
$215.3
$171.6
Minnesota
$14.3
$48.6
$1.5
$64.4
$64.4
Mississippi
$36.4
$60.5
$10.5
$107.5
$107.5
Missouri
$23.2
$72.1
$95.4
$79.4
Montana
$16.5
$15.7
$32.2
$18.2
Nebraska
$11.7
$21.9
$33.6
$33.2
Nevada
$82.3
$52.1
$134.3
$30.3
New Hampshire
$16.6
$10.8
$27.4
$11.1
New Jersey
$2.7
$78.2
$105.2
$93.9
$280.0
$280.0
New Mexico
$84.3
$52.0
$136.4
$49.9
New York
$430.5
$340.8
$771.3
$324.4
North Carolina
$46.3
$136.1
$182.4
$166.6

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CRS-20
Available unspent
Redistribution of other
FY2005 and FY2006
states’ unspent FY2004
Additional allotments
balances, beginning of
and certain FY2005
FY2007 federal SCHIP in FY2007 to eliminate Total available federal FY2007 federal SCHIP
State and territory
FY2007
allotments
allotments
state shortfallsa
SCHIP funds
spending
A
B
C
D
E
F = B + C + D + E
G
North Dakota
$4.7
$7.7
$12.4
$10.5
Ohio
$91.3
$158.0
$249.3
$186.9
Oklahoma
$59.3
$70.8
$130.2
$96.4
Oregon
$73.8
$56.7
$130.5
$66.6
Pennsylvania
$165.6
$173.6
$339.1
$190.0
Rhode Island
$6.2
$27.0
$14.0
$0.6
$47.7
$47.7
South Carolina
$90.1
$70.7
$160.8
$31.4
South Dakota
$5.3
$10.4
$15.6
$9.8
Tennessee
$159.3
$97.5
$256.8
$4.1
Texas
$904.7
$558.0
$1,462.7
$385.7
Utah
$38.8
$40.5
$79.2
$38.9
Vermont
$8.7
$5.8
$14.5
$5.9
Virginia
$82.0
$94.1
$176.1
$110.7
Washington
$129.4
$79.9
$209.3
$36.8
West Virginia
$31.2
$27.5
$58.7
$35.4
Wisconsin
$26.7
$69.6
$96.2
$84.5
Wyoming
$10.6
$6.9
$17.5
$7.8
Puerto Rico
$58.2
$48.1
$106.3
$104.5
Guam
$0.0
$1.8
$1.8
$1.8
Virgin Islands
$0.6
$1.4
$2.0
$1.3
American Samoa
$0.0
$0.6
$0.6
$0.9
N. Mariana Islands
$0.1
$0.6
$0.6
$0.7
Total
$4,461.2
$284.7
$5,040.0
$528.2
$10,314.1
$6,040.8
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) analysis of data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
a. This column shows the amount of funds provided to states to eliminate their FY2007 federal SCHIP shortfalls (up to $650 million), as appropriated in the U.S. Troop Readiness,
Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 (P.L. 110-28, enacted May 25, 2007).

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CRS-21
Table 3. Cumulative FY1998-FY2007 Federal SCHIP Financing, by State and Territory
(millions of dollars)
Net funds gained
Amount of expired
FY1998-FY2007 original
(forfeited) through
FY2006 and FY2007
FY1998-FY2007 Federal
FY1998-FY2002
State and territory
SCHIP allotments
redistributions
shortfall allotmentsa
SCHIP expenditures
reallocated SCHIP funds
A
B
C
D
E
F
Alabama
$680 ($73)
$561
Alaska
$82 $98
$170 $9
Arizona
$1,091 $25
$1,083
Arkansas
$451 ($134)
$249
$11
California
$6,892 ($1,455)
$5,141
Colorado
$479 ($55)
$319
Connecticut
$338 ($89)
$160
Delaware
$90 ($29)
$39
DC
$100 ($24)
$53
Florida
$2,326 $50
$1,902
Georgia
$1,248 ($37)
$109
$1,356
Hawaii
$108 ($24)
$71
Idaho
$186 ($20)
$129
Illinois
$1,466
($167)
$237 $1,591
Indiana
$659 $67
$610
Iowa
$285 ($11)
$16 $290
Kansas
$283 $32
$295
Kentucky
$509 $240
$588 $99
Louisiana
$804 ($127)
$640
Maine
$121
$50 $7
$172 $6
Maryland
$499 $390 $54 $961
$8
Massachusetts
$519 $217 $98 $865 $31
Michigan
$1,065 ($153)
$868
Minnesota
$343 $52 $9
$404
Mississippi
$497 $81 $84
$662
Missouri
$540 $41 $8
$573
Montana
$125 ($5)
$106
Nebraska
$165 $0
$16
$180
Nevada
$346 ($63)
$175
New Hampshire
$100
($34)
$50
New
Jersey
$855 $586 $144
$1,663
New Mexico
$468
($177)
$170
$33
New York
$2,680
$1,788
$3,070
$951
North Carolina
$957
$165
$3
$1,109
North Dakota
$59
($8)
$50

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CRS-22
Net funds gained
Amount of expired
FY1998-FY2007 original
(forfeited) through
FY2006 and FY2007
FY1998-FY2007 Federal
FY1998-FY2002
State and territory
SCHIP allotments
redistributions
shortfall allotmentsa
SCHIP expenditures
reallocated SCHIP funds
A
B
C
D
E
F
Ohio
$1,238 ($14)
$1,161
Oklahoma
$637 ($171)
$433
Oregon
$439 ($116)
$260
Pennsylvania
$1,242 ($33)
$1,060
Rhode
Island
$95 $157 $24 $303
South
Carolina
$577 $144
$440 $152
South Dakota
$77
($1)
$1
$71
Tennessee
$728 ($247)
$72
$97
Texas
$4,482 ($832)
$2,512
Utah
$282 ($11)
$230
Vermont
$42 ($6)
$28
Virginia
$692 ($134)
$493
Washington
$559 ($178)
$183
$12
West Virginia
$219
$25
$220
Wisconsin
$480 $142
$610
Wyoming
$65 ($19)
$36
Puerto Rico
$348
$93
$3
$442
Guam
$13 $4 $0
$19
Virgin
Islands
$10 $3 $0
$12
American
Samoa
$5 $1 $0 $8
N.
Mariana
Islands
$4 $1 $0 $9
Total
$39,651
$0
$811
$34,925
$1,409
Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) analysis of data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
a. This column shows the amount of funds provided to states to eliminate their FY2006 and FY2007 federal SCHIP shortfalls as appropriated, respectively, in the Deficit Reduction
Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171, enacted February 8, 2006) and the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007
(P.L. 110-28, enacted May 25, 2007).

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