Order Code RL32939
An Emergency Communications Safety Net:
Integrating 911 and Other Services
Updated February 28, 2008
Linda K. Moore
Analyst in Telecommunications and Technology Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division

An Emergency Communications Safety Net:
Integrating 911 and Other Services
Summary
The present capability and future effectiveness of America’s network of
emergency telecommunications services are among the issues under review by
Congress and other entities. Emergency calls (911) on both wireline (landline) and
wireless networks are considered by many to be part of the public safety network.
As technologies that can support 911 improve, many are seeing the possibility of
integrating 911 into a wider safety net of emergency communications and alerts.
One of the intents of Congress in passing the Wireless Communications and
Public Safety Act of 1999 (P.L. 106-81), and of the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) in implementing the act, is to make 911 technology universally
available nationwide. A 2002 report, known as the Hatfield Report, recognized the
need to upgrade 911 infrastructure, discussed the difficulties encountered, and
recommended the creation of a 911 bureau at the Executive level. Congress
addressed recommendations from the Hatfield Report with provisions passed in the
ENHANCE 911 Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-494). This legislation created a federal
program for 911 implementation and coordination and authorized funds for a
matching grant program. The Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11
Commission Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-53) authorized the immediate release of $43.5
million designated for 911 improvements by the Deficit Reduction Act. This amount
will be recovered from spectrum auction proceeds slated for deposit, in 2008, into the
Digital Transition and Public Safety Fund, created by the act.
Title VI, Subtitle D, of the appropriations bill for the Department of Homeland
Security (P.L. 109-295) included a requirement that the FCC submit a report to
Congress on the capacity, nationwide, for rerouting 911 calls when call centers are
disabled by disaster.
Both the House and Senate have passed bills focused on ensuring access to 911
call centers for users of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone service and
improving the delivery of 911 services nationwide. S. 428 (Senator Bill Nelson) was
approved by the Senate in February 2008. Similar solutions are in H.R. 3403
(Representative Gordon), passed by the House in November 2007. The bills will
now go to conference for resolution of the differences in language.
Legislation that may be considered in the 2nd Session of the 110th Congress
includes two bills covering call centers: S. 211 (Senator Clinton) and H.R. 211
(Representative Eshoo). Both require improvements in the capacity of 211 help lines
(information and referral services) operated by nonprofit call centers.

Contents
911: Legislation and Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Initial Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
FCC Study: The Hatfield Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The ENHANCE 911 Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Issues Regarding 911 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Problems with Compliance in Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Improving Location Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
911 Funding by States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Citizen-Activated Emergency Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Next Generation of Emergency Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Congress and the Emergency Communications Safety Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Legislation to Strengthen 911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Other Legislation Related to Call Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

An Emergency Communications Safety Net:
Integrating 911 and Other Services
There is a growing realization among public safety officials, policy makers and
others that 911 services could be part of a larger solution for emergency
communications that links citizens with first responders and with emergency services
such as hospitals through an interconnected system of communications networks and
call centers. 911 networks might be part of a nationwide capacity that provides
communications interoperability; they might be linked to other networks that also
receive citizen-activated calls for help or assistance; they could also be incorporated
into emergency alert broadcasts. Proposals for how to provide a fully integrated
emergency response system have not crystallized into a consensus. The 9/11
Commission Report
recommended that 911 call centers — also called Public Safety
Answering Points, or PSAPs — be included in planning for emergency responses.1
Congress, which has since 1999 passed two bills to further the deployment of 911,
is reviewing ways to expand 911 capabilities and make it more accessible and
effective. Congress is also evaluating ways to improve emergency alerts2 and
interoperable communications for public safety.3 Operational convergence of
emergency communications seems to many to be inevitable, a question of “when,”
not “if.” This report deals primarily with 911 and its recent history. It discusses the
existing situation of 911’s capacity to respond in emergencies, some proposals to
improve the system, and recent legislative activity. Proposals include better
connections between 911 call centers and emergency responders, building a more
robust capacity, incorporating Internet protocols, developing the capacity for back-up
call centers after disasters have occurred, and coordinating 911 with other types of
call centers, such as the 211 centers that provide municipal services.
911: Legislation and Regulation
To facilitate the effort to provide comprehensive 911 services nationwide,
Congress in 1999 passed the “911 Act,”4 which mandated 911 as the emergency
number nationwide and made numerous provisions for its implementation. Among
other provisions, the law requires the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
to work with the states and the many other affected parties to deploy comprehensive
1 Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States,
Official Government Edition, 2004, p. 318.
2 See CRS Report RL32527, Emergency Communications: The Emergency Alert
Systems(EAS) and All-Hazard Warnings
, by Linda K. Moore.
3 See CRS Report RL33747, Emergency Communications Legislation: Implications for the
110th Congress
, by Linda K. Moore.
4 P.L. 106-81, Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999.

CRS-2
wireless enhanced 911 (W-E911) service. Enhanced 911 service provides 911 call
centers — known as Public Safety Answering Points, or PSAPs — with Automatic
Number Identification (ANI) and Automatic Location Identification (ALI).5 Most,
but not all wireline phones are automatically enabled for ANI/ALI display; an
estimated 99% of the population in the United States has access to some type of 911
service and 96% of counties with 911 coverage have enhanced 911 for wireline
services.6 Since October, 1, 2001, wireless carriers have been expected to meet FCC
guidelines for providing W-E911 to PSAPs. Most areas of the United States now
have at least some wireless enhanced 911 coverage.
Initial Regulation. The FCC took an important first step toward adopting
rules for wireless enhanced 911 in 1996 with a first Report and Order (FCC 96-264)
citing provisions of the Communications Act7 as the basis for its action. After
Congress passed the 911 Act, the FCC plotted a course for reaching W-E911 in two
phases. For Phase I, the carriers were given a year to prepare for PSAP requests for
Automatic Number Identification (ANI) and location-finder capabilities using
technology existing at the time. By 2001, for Phase II, the carriers were to have
identified and implemented new location-finder technologies (ALI). From 1997
through 2000, the FCC made several changes in its accuracy requirements, impacting
the carriers’ ability to develop the needed ALI technology.8 In particular, the FCC
set up different timetables for carriers using network-based technologies for
supplying location information and those using technologies that required new
handsets. Since December 31, 2005, for carriers using handset-based solutions,
100% of new mobile phones supplied to customers are required to be Phase II
compliant and 95% of the carriers’ customers must have Phase II technology.
5 Automatic Number Identification (ANI) recognizes and displays the telephone number
from which the call is placed. Automatic Location Identification (ALI) provides — in the
case of wireline — the address associated with the telephone number or — in the case of
wireless — the approximate geographic coordinates of the caller.
6 National Emergency Number Association (NENA), “9-1-1 Fast Facts,” at
[http://www.nena.org/pages/Content.asp?CID=144&CTID=22]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
7 U.S.C. Title 47, Chapter 5, § 151, Communications Act of 1934. The FCC’s charter
includes “promoting safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio
communication.” An electronic copy of the Report and Order and Further Notice of
P r o p o s e d R u l e m a k i n g
, adopted J une 12, 1996 , i s a va i l a b l e a t
[http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-96-264A1.pdf]. Viewed February
7, 2008.
8 For example, in 1997, the FCC recognized the possibility of handset-based solutions for
Phase II, whereas previously it had discussed only network solutions (“E911
Reconsideration Order,” December 1, 1997). Handset-based technology requires alterations
to the handset and new network software. Included in this category for regulatory purposes
are solutions requiring new handsets and new network hardware — sometimes referred to
as a hybrid solution. Solutions that work with the installed base of existing handsets and
require investments in network hardware only are considered network-based. In 1999, the
FCC set criteria for handset-based technology, setting stricter standards for its accuracy than
for network-based solutions (“E911 Third Report and Order,” FCC 99-245, released October
6, 1999) at [http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Wireless/Orders/1999/fcc99245.pdf].

CRS-3
Difficulties in meeting the latter requirement are discussed in a later section of this
report.
FCC Study: The Hatfield Report. D e l a y s a n d c o m p l i c a t i o n s i n
implementing W-E911 prompted the FCC to commission a study to examine the
state of 911 capacity in general and the cause of problems with wireless 911 in
particular. “Report on Technical and Operational Issues Impacting the Provision of
Wireless Enhanced 911 Services,” known as the Hatfield Report, was submitted to
the FCC on October 15, 2002.9 The author, Dale N. Hatfield, formerly Chief, Office
of Engineering and Technology at the FCC, was assisted in his research by staff in
the FCC’s Commercial Wireless Division of the Wireless Telecommunications
Bureau. As its title indicates, the report’s focus is primarily on technical and
operational issues.
Observations in the report that later became the basis for Congressional
initiatives included
! The critical nature of location information in enhanced 911 in
supporting first responders in emergencies.
! The “seriously antiquated” condition of the infrastructure that
underlies 911 for both wireline and wireless emergency calls.
! The need for a national 911 office to act as a “champion” at the
federal level.
Hatfield Report Up-Date. In 2005, Dale Hatfield began a follow-up study
on 911 topics, which was discontinued in 2006. On April 10, 2007, Mr. Hatfield
testified regarding the work he had begun for the FCC.10 He provided five
preliminary conclusions that would have been part of the report, if it had been
completed. The recommendations for actions by the FCC that were enumerated in
written testimony were
! Reach agreement on a common testing methodology to assess the
accuracy of location information provided by wireless technology,
especially for wireless calls from inside buildings.
! Track and analyze location data by type of environment, such as
urban, suburban, and rural; possibly reported to Congress on a
regular basis.
! Encourage the development of technologies that will meet the needs
of rural wireless calls to 911.
9 Available at [http://www.fcc.gov/pshs/services/911-services/]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
10 Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Hearing on “Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) and the Future of 9-1-1 Service,” April 10, 2007. Among other
actions taken by Congress, the circumstances surrounding the discontinuance of the study
were also explored in hearings in the House of Representatives by the Committee on Energy
and Commerce, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, “Oversight of the
Federal Communications Commission,” March 14, 2007; and by the Committee on
Appropriations, Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government, “The
Federal Communications Commission,” April 17, 2007.

CRS-4
! Investigate ways to improve interior location information for
wireless and VoIP calls.
! Work with carriers to ensure that customers understand the
limitation of existing wireless 911 call support.
The ENHANCE 911 Act
Congress responded to the issues raised in The Hatfield Report and by the 9/11
Commission and others with the ENHANCE 911 Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-494). It
created a E-911 Implementation Coordination Office within the federal government.
It also addressed a number of concerns that had been raised about the deployment of
911, including compliance, coverage in rural areas, and the use of fees levied by
states and localities to help cover the cost of providing 911 services. The act
designated the Director of the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA) and the Administrator of National Highway Traffic Safety
as co-administrators of an E-911 Implementation Coordination Office. Once the
office was established, the co-administrators were required to report to Congress
annually on activities “to improve coordination and communication with respect to
the implementation of E-911 services.” Authorizations of up to $250 million
annually for program activities and grants were established for fiscal years 2005
through 2009, with authority for authorizations set to expire on October 1, 2009.

Leadership. In its 1996 blueprint for implementing W-E911, the FCC noted
that introducing the service nationwide would require coordination and cooperation
with state and local governments and other stakeholders. The FCC nonetheless has
limited its leadership role to encouraging states and communities to work together
in developing coordinated plans for W-E911. Charged in the 911 Act to take positive
steps to address the implementation of 911 services, the FCC has primarily played
the role of regulator and mediator.
The Department of Transportation (USDOT) in recent years has moved forward
to assist wireless E-911 as an extension of its highway safety programs. In 2002,
USDOT created a pro-active program to foster cooperation and dialog among key
participants. Among other actions, a partnership between USDOT and three public
safety associations was formed in support of a Wireless Implementation Program.11
In 2005, USDOT announced plans to produce a national framework and deployment
plan for a Next Generation 911 (NG9-1-1) system, to be developed over a three-year
period.12 In 2006, NG9-1-1 began the process for testing an IP-based network to
support 911.13 The program is administered within the Research and Technology
Administration, part of USDOT’s Intelligence Transportation Systems (ITS)
program. Management of the program is shared between the ITS Public Safety
11 For details on DOT programs, see [http://www.nena.org/pages/ContentList.asp?CTID=6].
Viewed February 6, 2008.
12 Program updates are provided at [http://www.its.dot.gov/ng911/index.htm]. Viewed
February 6, 2008.
13 Technical Requirements at [http://www.nena.org/media/files/08-752_20061221.pdf].
Viewed February 6, 2008.

CRS-5
Program and the National Traffic Safety Administration, with assistance from the
consulting firm, Booz Allen Hamilton. The IP-network could extend the reach of
911 with the ability to relay 911 calls to distant call centers, if needed.14 The long-
term goal of the program is to define the system architecture and develop a transition
plan that considers responsibilities, costs, schedule and benefits for deploying the
NG9-1-1 System nationwide. So far, USDOT has published a preliminary concept
of operations for NG9-1-1, has implemented a strategic outreach plan, has begun
work to develop and validate requirements for the NG9-1-1 system, has defined the
system architecture, and has developed the transition plan. In December 2006, a two-
year, $4.4 million contract was awarded for the development of the architecture and
transition plan for implementing a nationwide system.15 The National Traffic Safety
Administration, which is managing the development effort with Booz Allen, is
seeking to test the prototype of the network. Partners in the Proof of Concept portion
of the project are: City of Rochester, NY — Emergency Communications
Department; Seattle, WA — King County E-911 System; St. Paul, MN —
Metropolitan Emergency Services Board, Ramsey County Emergency
Communications Center; State of Montana — Public Safety Services Bureau; and
State of Indiana — Office of State Treasurer, Indiana Wireless 911 Board. Testing
of specific requirements by these PSAPs is expected to begin in April 2008 and
extend for three to six months.16
Issues Regarding 911 Implementation
While some key issues concerning the development of 911 have been
specifically addressed by the ENHANCE 911 Act, others remain. Some could be
addressed by the E-911 Implementation Coordination Office or, independently,
through the Department of Transportation. The FCC also continues to take
regulatory steps to improve the delivery and availability of 911. Several bills have
been introduced in the 110th Congress to address some of the issues raised in this
report; these are summarized in the next section.
Problems with Compliance in Rural Areas. Wireless carriers face
specific problems in implementing location-finding technology and providing
coverage in rural areas. Problems include the use of analog as opposed to digital
cellular services (digital technology provides significantly better location-finding
capability), the difficulty of installing a sufficient number of cell towers to provide
“triangulation” for location technologies; and the predominance of cell towers placed
along major highways (sometimes referred to as a “string of pearls”), also a
complication for proper triangulation. For these and other reasons, location
identification in more densely populated areas provides a greater degree of accuracy
14 Background at [http://www.its.dot.gov/ng911/index.htm]. “Concept of Operations” at
[http://www.its.dot.gov/ng911/pdf/NG911ConOps_April07.pdf]. Both viewed February 6,
2008.
15 January 2007 status report at [http://www.its.dot.gov/itsnews/fact_sheets/ng911.htm].
Viewed January 15, 2008.
16 “US DOT Announces Partnerships For Next Generation 9-1-1 Initiative — Proof of
Concept,” e-mail announcement, Laurie Flaherty, Department of Transportation, January
16, 2008.

CRS-6
than for coverage in rural areas. The FCC rules currently permit a wireless carrier
to meet location-accuracy requirements by averaging location performance
systemwide. Carriers that specialize in meeting the market needs of rural customers
do not have the option of averaging their system’s accuracy with better-performing
data from urban/suburban areas. As a consequence, many are struggling to meet the
FCC’s requirements for accuracy in location identification.
Location Accuracy. Wireless carriers must meet standards for accuracy
(ability of the technology to locate the caller within a specified number of meters);
market penetration (for example, all new handsets); and timeliness (for example,
complying with a PSAP request within six months). To avoid penalties, carriers that
cannot comply with W-E911 requirements must request waivers. For enforcement
purposes, the FCC has divided wireless carriers into three tiers. Small (Tier III) and
mid-sized carriers (Tier II) are treated as one group with its own administrative
schedule for compliance. Tier I carriers are the largest carriers (Verizon, Cingular,
T-Mobile, and Sprint Nextel) that collectively have over 80% of the wireless market
nationwide. These are considered as a separate group and closely monitored by the
FCC for compliance.
Because of difficulties in meeting FCC requirements for wireless E-911, a
coalition of Tier III companies asked the FCC to ease standards for location accuracy
for Tier III carriers, especially those in rural areas.17 Reflecting concerns that some
carriers would stop serving remote areas rather than invest in improving location
identification capabilities, the ENHANCE 911 Act directed the FCC to grant waivers
in situations where strict enforcement would decrease access to emergency services.18
The ENHANCE 911 Act also required the FCC to study the situation of Tier III
wireless carriers regarding the waiver process and to provide information on effective
technologies for implementing Phase II of W-E911.19 The FCC submitted a detailed
report in April 2005 but made no recommendations regarding technology.20 In the
same time frame, the FCC granted a blanket waiver to Tier III companies regarding
coverage of their customer base (see next section).
Coverage of Customer Base. In addition to meeting standards for accuracy
of location information, carriers using handset solutions for location identification
must meet levels of distribution of Phase II compliant handsets to their customer
base. Since December 31, 2005, all new mobile phones provided to customers must
17 Comments, Tier III Coalition for Wireless E911, WT Docket 02-46, December 3, 2002,
[http://gullfoss2.fcc.gov/prod/ecfs/retrieve.cgi?native_or_pdf=pdf&id_document=65133
90405]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
18 P.L. 108-494, Section 107 (a).
19 P.L. 108-494, Section 106.
20 Amended report submitted April 1, 2005. The FCC concluded that technologies currently
in use were all suitable and that the choice depended on a variety of factors. “FCC
Amended Report to Congress on the Deployment of E9-1-1 Phase II Services by Tier III
Service Providers” at [http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-257964A1.
pdf]. Viewed February 6, 2008.

CRS-7
have Phase II location information technology and 95% of a carrier’s customer base
must be using Phase II compliant phones. Carriers that use network technology to
meet Phase II requirements are not affected by the deadline.
A petition filed jointly with the FCC by CTIA-The Wireless Association21 and
the Rural Communications Association (RCA) summarized the difficulties being met
by carriers depending on handset technology to comply with Phase II.22 These
include (1) lower replacement rate for phones than anticipated by the FCC; (2)
lowered churn rates as more customers remain with existing wireless carriers,
keeping the phones they already have; and (3) unwillingness to replace phones in
order to obtain location technology capabilities. Customers apparently are satisfied
with the current features in their cell phones and are reluctant to replace them with
a phone in order to gain location-identification technology. In rural areas, the
primary reason might be a desire to keep an analog cell phone because it provides
better local coverage; analog signals travel greater distances than digital ones, which
is significant in areas with a limited number of transmission towers. (Phase II
location technology requires a digital phone.) Among other possible reasons are
consumer awareness of low penetration rates of Phase II capabilities at local PSAPs
— rendering the location technology ineffective for 911 purposes — and privacy
concerns; many citizens are uninformed about how location technology works and
some fear that anyone will be able to know where they are, at any time, without their
consent.23
Reflecting the difficulties reported by carriers, some analog telephone users
have encountered service problems when they have switched from analog to digital
phones. An undetermined number of customers in suburban and rural areas find that
their new digital phones place them out of range of towers that can receive digital
signals. Calls — including 911 calls — that went through on their analog phones can
no longer be completed. Because of compliance requirements, carriers do not want
to provide new analog phones, nor replace broken ones. The protection of rural
customers that Congress intended by urging relief for Tier III carriers does not apply
to rural customers of larger companies, including locally operated subsidiaries.
Improving Location Information. The Association of Public-Safety
Communications Officials International, Inc. (APCO) petitioned the FCC to apply
a uniform standard for location accuracy in areas served, disallowing national
averaging used by large carriers to measure compliance with W-E911. APCO had
stated a preference for accuracy measurements performed at the level of individual
PSAPs but, as a compromise, recommended that accuracy requirements be set at the
21 Formerly known as the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association.
22 Joint Petition for Suspension or Waiver of the Location-Capable Handset Penetration
Deadline, CC Docket 94-102, June 30, 2005, at [http://files.ctia.org/pdf/filings/
050630_E911_Waiver_Petition.pdf]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
23 The latter explanation was not included in the CTIA/RSA petition but it is a concern that
the CTIA is aware of and has addressed by supporting voluntary standards. See CTIA,
“Consumer Code for Wireless Service” [http://files.ctia.org/pdf/The_Code.pdf]. Viewed
February 6, 2008.

CRS-8
level of Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rural Statistical Areas.24 The FCC’s
Advisory Council, NRIC VII, had previously recommended that accuracy
requirements be measured at the state level.25 APCO conducted an independent test
of the accuracy of location information received by PSAPs that indicated many
failings in the provision of location information from wireless calls.26 In addition to
problems in rural areas, noted above, high-density urban areas also have location
problems, such as when a 911 call is made from inside a high-rise building. Even if
wireless E-911 is in place at the appropriate PSAP, location identification can
provide a street address but not a floor level or apartment or room number.
Location Information at the PSAP Level. Partially in response to the
APCO study, the FCC opened a new proceeding to examine the possibility of
tightening the requirements for location information, in June 2007. On September
11, 2007, the FCC announced a new Report and Order covering location accuracy
requirements.27 The order sets annual benchmarks, over a five-year period, so that
by 2012 the standard for measuring location accuracy is to be based on the area
served by each PSAP. Although some states provide PSAPs through a few state-
operated sites (Rhode Island, for example, has one main site and a back-up location
to handle 911 calls), many PSAPs operate at the county or city level. There are an
estimated 6,000 PSAPs in operation.28
To meet the requirement for location information at the PSAP level, wireless
carriers will need to improve the technology they use. Verizon, AT&T, and other
carriers and industry groups questioned whether the FCC’s ruling was technically
feasible and recommended a 911 working group to develop and agree upon standards
for location accuracy and other features of 911.29
24 Supplement to Request for Declaratory Ruling, CC Docket 94-102, February 4, 2005
[http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/prod/ecfs/retrieve.cgi?native_or_pdf=pdf&id_document=651708
2528].
25 NRIC VII, Focus Group 1A Report #1, Revised, March 29, 2005 at [http://www.nric.org/
meetings/docs/meeting_20050329/FG1A%200205%20Report%201%20Revised.pdf].
Viewed February 6, 2008.
26 “APCO Wireless Accuracy Testing Discovers Critical Information to the 9-1-1 Caller,”
[http://www.apcointl.org/news/2006/20060822APCOWirelessAccuracyTestDiscovery.html]
Press release, August 22, 2006. The final report on findings was released in April 2007,
[http://www.locatemodelcities.org/documents/LOCATE_Final_Report.pdf]. Both viewed
February 6, 2008.
27 FCC News, “FCC Clarifies Geographic Area Over Which Wireless Carriers Must Meet
Enhanced 911 Location Accuracy Requirements,” September 11, 2007. FCC, Report and
Order, adopted September 11, 2007, released November 20, 2007,CC Docket No. 94-102;
[http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/Query.do?mode=advance&rpt=full] for all document
links.
28 National Emergency Number Association (NENA), “9-1-1 Fast Facts,” at
[http://www.nena.org/pages/Content.asp?CID=144&CTID=22]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
29 See comments at FCC Electronic Comment Filing System from, for example, CTIA,
AT&T (various divisions), Verizon Wireless, Inc., and Sprint Nextel Corporation.

CRS-9
911 Funding by States. The bulk of the costs for implementing wireless E-
911 is covered by the telecommunications industry and by consumers, primarily as
taxpayers at the state and local level but potentially also as purchasers of wireless
handsets and subscriber services, since some of the carriers’ costs for E-911
technology may be passed along as price increases. One common source of funds is
a surcharge on telephone bills collected at the local or state level, or both. Most
states have some form of 911 fund that receives revenue from a surcharge on
telephone bills.30 These funds are used to reimburse PSAPs, and — in some states
— telecommunications companies for the costs of developing and maintaining 911
systems. Another source of funding, at the local or county level, is an increase in
property taxes with the additional monies going to PSAPS. Call centers also hold
fish fries and bake sales. In 2003, the CTIA was among those alerting Congress to
concerns that funds collected through telephone bills were being misapplied; it
collected data that indicated that millions of dollars were being collected by states for
911 and then used for other purposes.31
The Enhance 911 Act provides a mechanism for funding 911 with a program of
matching grants.32 To penalize states and other jurisdictions that use 911 fees for
other purposes, the act would deny grants to entities that diverted funds.33 For this
legislative response to be effective requires appropriations for the programs that the
act authorizes.
The act also required the Government Accountability Office to study the
imposition of taxes and fees for 911 services and the use of these fees.34 In its final
report,35 the GAO provided an overview of state-by-state implementation of Phase
I and Phase II for E-911 and the collection of fees to fund these services. The report
identified some states that reported using 911 fees for other purposes;36 six states and
the District of Columbia did not respond to the survey.
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
does not automatically provide location information to a PSAP, unlike most wireline
and an increasing percentage of wireless 911 phone calls. VoIP uses Internet
bandwidth to send voice communications; these can be peer-to-peer, essentially a
closed loop, or through a public switched telephone network (PSTN), communicating
over telephone lines. To achieve ANI/ALI delivery to a PSAP, there must be a
connection to a local telephone switch that links to the appropriate PSAP and the
30 An overview of user fees, by state, is available on the NENA website at
[http://www.nena.org/media/files/9-1-1UserFees_2.pdf]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
31 “911 Cell Phone Plan Gets a Push,” by Edward Epstein, San Francisco Chronicle, August
11, 2003, page A4.
32 P.L. 108-494, Section 104, Section 158 (b).
33 P.L. 108-494, Section 104, Section 158 (c).
34 P.L. 108-494, Section 105.
35 States’ Collection and Use of Funds for Wireless Enhanced 911 Services, Government
Accountability Office, March 2006, GAO-06-338.
36 Ibid., Figure 5, page 18.

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VoIP user must register the phone number and address of the phone line used for
VoIP. As the service has become more popular, often replacing a household’s
wireline phone, it has become evident that the absence of automated location
identification represents a serious hole in the 911 public safety net. The FCC,
therefore, has pursued actions to assure 911 access for VoIP users, particularly as
regards access to PSTN lines to 911 call centers and provision of ANI/ALI data.
Current requirements established by the FCC have two parts. First, VoIP providers
must contact all subscribers and inform them of the terms on which 911 access is or
is not available. Second, VoIP providers are to meet FCC requirements for assuring
that 911 calls are delivered to PSAPs and provide ANI/ALI data.37
In response to VoIP provider concerns about how to meet the technical
requirements of the FCC, the National Emergency Number Association (NENA) has
prepared recommendations for developing an architecture to connect VoIP to the
existing emergency network infrastructure, both for the interim and long term.38
Static vs. Nomadic VoIP. A contentious issue revolves around differences
in connectivity for static and nomadic services. Static VoIP applies primarily to
cable companies that offer VoIP as part of broadband Internet, delivered by coaxial
cable. The VoIP service is linked to an Internet connection that is in a fixed place.
Nomadic VoIP refers to service that can be used anywhere that there is Internet
access. Vonage, for example, a major provider of VoIP, can be used through any
Internet Service Provider (ISP); VoIP over wireless (usually Wi-Fi) will work
wherever there is a link. Static VoIP requires a one-time registration of a
subscriber’s phone number and address. Nomadic VoIP has a different set of
operating criteria that can accommodate constant revision of location information.
Nomadic VoIP is analogous to cell phones in terms of portability.
Citizen-Activated Emergency Calls. PSAPs are not the only call centers
that handle requests for assistance or information in an emergency. Call centers are
identified as a pivotal link in an end-to-end network of emergency communications,
information, response, and post-incident care. A report by the Wireless Emergency
Response Team (WERT) discusses the valuable help provided to victims of the
September 11, 2001 World Trade Center attack through call center services donated
by BellSouth.39 Over 400 hotlines were established in New York City after 9/11,
however, creating a confusing network for victims and volunteers.40 The WERT
report urges that national planning for emergency preparedness and response include
37 The FCC has a website about VoIP, E-911, and FCC actions at
[http://www.voip911.gov/].
38 Interim VoIP Architecture for Enhanced 9-1-1Services, NENA 08-001, December 2005
[http://www.nena.org/media/files/NENA_08-001_V1_12-06-05.pdf]. Viewed February 6,
2008.
39 Wireless Emergency Response Team (WERT), Final Report for the September 11, 2001
New York City World Trade Center Terrorist Attack, October 2001, Section 3.14, page 18,
at [http://www.nric.org/meetings/docs/wert_final_report.pdf]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
40 Cited as Findings in S. 211, Sec. 2, (9) and H.R. 211, Sec. 2, (9).

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the mobilization of private-sector call centers to field calls for information and
assistance for non-life-threatening needs.41
After Hurricane Katrina, call centers, including 211 call centers, were used to
help locate displaced victims and direct them to shelters and social services. In
response to Hurricane Katrina, when over 5,000 children were separated from their
families, a National Emergency Child Locator Center was established within the
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), as required by the
Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007 (P.L. 109-295, Title VI, Subtitle E).42
The purpose of the center is to identify children separated from their families as the
consequence of a disaster and reunite them expeditiously. NCMEC is to operate a
toll-free call center, set up a website with information about displaced children, and
take other steps to collect and disseminate information about the children and their
families.
Citizen-activated calls for help currently go to 911, to 311, to 211, and to other
call centers in both the public and private sector.43 The 311 code was created by the
FCC in 1997 to take non-emergency police calls as a means to reduce congestion on
911 lines.44 Many cities have adopted shared-service communications hubs handling
211 and 311 calls. The 211 dialing code is reserved by the FCC on a provisional
basis as a universal number for community information and referral.45 The 211 call
centers support a variety of social service hot lines — including assistance in foreign-
languages — and can also be used to provide information and guidance in emergency
situations.46 Roughly two-thirds of the U.S. population has access to a 211 call but
most states do not have statewide service.47
The Next Generation of Emergency Communications. As part of the
push to move 911 to the next generation of technologies, NENA is pressing for what
it calls “NG-E9-1-1.” NENA wants to address the technical, operational and policy
issues associated with modernizing the E-911 system and integrating new
41 Ibid., Section 1, Recommendation PCC-2, page 9 and Section 6, Public Call Center, page
40 et seq.
42 Sec. 689b, 120 STAT1449-1450.
43 For example, the automobile industry operates call centers for its services for automatic
crash notification, roadside assistance and other emergency aid (telematics); operators will
contact a nearby PSAP when necessary. Telecommunications companies that provide
satellite telephony (Mobile Satellite Service — MSS) are required by the FCC to operate
call centers that can forward 911 calls.
44 “FCC Creates New 311 Code for Non-Emergency Police Calls...,” FCC News, Report CC
97-7, February 19, 1997 at [http://ftp.fcc.gov/cgb/dro/311news.html]. Viewed February 6,
2008.
45 More information is on the FCC website at Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau,
Consumer Alerts and Fact Sheets, [http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/211.html].
46 More information on 211, including links to cost-benefit studies, is available at
[http://www.211.org].
47 In June 2007, the percentage was 65%. Statistics and U.S. map showing coverage is
available at [http://www.211.org/status.html]. Viewed February 6, 2008.

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technologies, such as voice over IP, instant messaging, short message service
messaging, Wi-Fi, geographic information systems and video.48 As noted above, the
Department of Transportation is seeking to develop an IP network plan for NG9-1-1
as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems Program. The Seventh National
Interoperability and Reliability Council for the FCC also has urged the development
of a common platform that would link 911 to an interoperable communications
network based on Internet technologies.49
On May 2, 2007, NENA and APCO issued a joint statement announcing a new
agreement to work together in advancing the transition of 911 to new technologies
and capabilities.50 The two associations have agreed to share information and
coordinate activities. They will undertake joint programs in which, among other
responsibilities, NENA will focus on technical and architectural components of new
911 systems and APCO will focus on the operational utility of these systems.
Congress and the Emergency Communications Safety Net
Enhanced technology and heightened awareness of the public safety and
homeland security benefits of emergency call centers have raised the bar of
expectations both within the public safety community and of the those who need 911
services. The 9/11 Commission, among others, has urged Congress to advance on
the goal of integrating 911 with emergency response programs. The 110th Congress
has taken a number of steps to improve support of 911 development.
Funding. Some funding for the E-911 Implementation Coordination Office
is to be provided through the Digital Transition and Public Safety Fund, created by
the Deficit Reduction Act (P.L. 109-171). Up to $43.5 million is designated
specifically for 911, payable from the proceeds of spectrum auctions scheduled in
2008. The Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007
(P.L. 110-53) authorized the NTIA to borrow against the $43.5 million from
spectrum auction proceeds designated for 911 improvements, making the funds
available immediately.51 The act included an amendment that privileges public safety
answering points not capable of receiving 911 calls.52 Under this amendment, these
areas, many of them remote, will receive priority for problem-solving and funding
48 “NENA Launches Next Generation 9-1-1(NG9-1-1) Transition Planning Effort” at
[http://www.nena.org/media/files/NG_9-1-1_Transition_Planning_Announcement_1011.
27.06.pdf]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
49 NRIC VII, Focus Group 1D, Communications Issues for Emergency Communications
Beyond 911; Report #1 — Properties and network architectures that communications
between PSAPs and emergency services personnel must meet in the near future,” December
6, 2004, pp. 12, 26-27, at [http://nric.org/meetings/docs/meeting_20041206/FG1D%20
Final%20Report.pdf]. Viewed February 6, 2008.
50 “NENA and APCO Announce Next Generation (NG) 9-1-1 Partnership,” May 2, 2007 at
[http://www.nena.org/media/files/NGNENA-APCOAllianceRelease.pdf]. See also
[http://www.apcointl.org/new/commcenter911/]. Both viewed February 6, 2008.
51 P.L. 110-53, Sec. 2302.
52 P.L. 110-53, Sec. 2303.

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to enable basic 911 service, which then can benefit from the more advanced
technologies that are the original focus of the ENHANCE 911 Act. It is estimated
that there are about 250 locations in the United States where emergency calls are
handled without the benefit of 911 technology.
Legislation to Strengthen 911. S. 428 (IP-Enabled Voice Communications
and Public Safety Act of 2007) and H.R. 3403 (911 Modernization and Public Safety
Act of 2007) would extend 911 provisions to Internet Protocol (IP-based) services,
clarify the role of the FCC in supporting 911, and add new requirements. Although
there are differences in phrasing and choice of words, the two bills are comparable.
The Congressional Budget Office, in estimating the cost of the proposed bills, has
treated them as comparable and provides the same cost estimate for both.53
The key provisions of the two bills are
! Duty to provide 911 and E-911 would be extended to include IP-
enabled voice services in accordance with existing FCC
regulations.54
! Parity of access to communications networks needed to complete
911 calls.55
! Parity of protection from liability is extended to include
communications through VoIP providers and other emergency
service providers.56
! National plan for migration to an IP-enabled 911 network, developed
by the NTIA.57
! Protection of the rights of states and other political subdivisions to
levy fees on 911 services.58
! Requirement that FCC report annually on collection of state fees and
other levies on 911 and E-911 services.59
In addition, the House bill includes an amendment to the Privacy and Customer
Information section of the Communications Act that would include IP-enabled
providers among those granted the authority to provide customer information for
53 Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate, H.R. 3403, November 8, 2007 at
[http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8802/hr3403.pdf] and S. 428, May 25, 2007 at
[http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/81xx/doc8161/s428.pdf].
54 S. 428, Sec. 2, ‘Sec. 7 ‘(a); H.R. 3403, Sec. 101, ‘Sec. 6, ‘(a).
55 S. 428, Sec. 2, ‘Sec. 7 ‘(b); H.R. 3403, Sec. 101, ‘Sec. 6 ‘(b).
56 S. 428, Sec. 3; H.R. 3403, Sec. 201.
57 S. 428, Sec. 6; H.R. 3403, Sec. 102.
58 S. 428, Sec. 4, H.R. 3403, Sec. 101, ‘Sec. 6, ‘(f) ‘(1).
59 S. 428, Sec. 5, H.R. 3403, Sec. 101, ‘Sec. 6, ‘(f) ‘(2).

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emergency purposes.60 The bill would also prohibit the use of location information
databases for commercial purposes.61
The Senate bill includes a requirement that the second phase of the Hatfield
Report be completed.62
The Senate committee bill was approved by the Senate Commerce, Science and
Transportation Committee in mark up on April 25, 2007, and reported August 3,
2007.63 The Senate approved the bill in February 2008. The Subcommittee on
Telecommunications and the Internet, of the House Committee on Energy and
Commerce, held a hearing on the House bill on September 19, 2007. The bill was
approved, as amended, by the full committee,64 and was subsequently passed by the
House in November 2007.
Provisions of H.R. 3403 and S. 428 had also been added to the farm bills (H.R.
2419 and S. 2302),65 to be reconciled in conference.

Other Legislation Related to Call Centers. The Calling for 2-1-1 Act of
2007 (S. 211, Senator Clinton and H.R. 211, Representative Eshoo) would facilitate
nationwide availability of 211. A grants program would be administered by the
Department of Commerce. Applicants would have to include information about
cooperation, if any, with other call centers, including 911. The sums authorized
would be would be $150 million in fiscal years 2008 and 2009 and $100 million for
fiscal years 2010 through 2013.66

60 H.R. 3403, Sec. 301.
61 H.R. 3403, Sec. 301, ‘(2).
62 S. 428, Sec. 8.
63 S.Rept. 110-142 at [http://www.congress.gov/cgi-lis/cpquery/R?cp110:
FLD010:@1(sr142)].
64 H.Rept. 110-442 at [http://www.congress.gov/cgi-lis/cpquery/R?cp110:FLD010:
@1(hr442)].
65 H.R. 2419, Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007, H.Rept. 110-256 at
[http://www.congress.gov/cgi-lis/cpquery/R?cp110:FLD010:@1(hr256)] and S.Rept. 110-
220 at [http://www.congress.gov/cgi-lis/cpquery/R?cp110:FLD010:@1(sr220)].
66 S. 211, Sec. 4, (a) and H.R. 211, Sec. 4, (a).