Order Code RS22813
February 20, 2008
The U.S. Postal Service’s Use of Contractors
to Deliver Mail
Kevin R. Kosar
Analyst in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Summary
During the 110th Congress, three measures, H.Res. 282, S. 1457, and H.R. 4236,
have been introduced to address the U.S. Postal Service’s (USPS’s) use of private
contractors to deliver mail. This report provides information on USPS’s authority to
contract and data on USPS’s use of private contractors to deliver mail. It notes that
USPS has statutory authority to contract, although the extent of that authority has been
contested. It also shows that USPS has increased its use of contractors in recent years,
but that USPS employees continue to serve more than 98% of all U.S. homes and
businesses. This report will be updated to reflect major legislative action.
Recent Concerns and Legislation
During the first session of the 110th Congress, some Members have expressed
concern about USPS’s practice of contracting with private individuals and firms, often
called “contractors” and “subcontractors,” for the collection and delivery of mail.1
Contractors have transported mail between postal facilities since at least 1792 (1
Stat. 233), and according to USPS, contractors have delivered mail to homes since 1900.2
Today, contractors transport mail between postal facilities via land, air, water, and rail.3
One type of land (i.e., “surface”) mail transportation contract is the “highway contract
route” (HCR).4 HCR contracts come in three subtypes. Under “transportation” contracts,
1 For example, see the Statement of Representative Albio Sires, U.S. Congress, House Committee
on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, Postal Service, and
the District of Columbia, Inquiring Minds Want to Know: What Is the Postal Service Contracting
Out?, hearing, 110th Cong., 1st sess., July 19, 2007, p. 1, available at
[http://federalworkforce.oversight.house.gov/documents/20070719145045.pdf].
2 USPS, “Contracting by the U.S. Postal Service — Not New!,” press release, April 2007.
3 USPS, Mail Transportation Contracting Guide (Washington: USPS, June 2004).
4 HCR contractors are sometimes called “star contractors.” In 1845, Congress first mandated that
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private “suppliers”5 transport mail between postal facilities. “Combination” contracts
require suppliers to make a small number of mail deliveries in the course of transporting
mail among USPS facilities. “Contract delivery service” (CDS) contracts compensate
suppliers for collecting and delivering mail in rural areas.6 This latter subtype of contract
has been the focus of recent controversy.
The leaders of some USPS employee unions have suggested that USPS is expanding
its use of CDS carriers. For example, John Hegarty, National President of the National
Postal Mail Handlers Union (NPMHU), has claimed that, “From all indications, there is
a contracting-out virus that seems to be infecting Postal Service Headquarters.”7 William
Young, President of the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC),8 has called upon
Congress to “stop the cancer of contracting out before it spreads.”9 Both NALC and the
National Rural Letter Carriers Association (NRLCA) have alleged that contractors cannot
be trusted to deliver the mail.10 The unions also have alleged that CDS carriers have
begun delivering mail in suburban and urban locales.11
4 (...continued)
the Postmaster General openly bid mail transportation contracts and award them to the lowest
bidders who tendered “sufficient guarantees for faithful performance, without other reference to
the mode of such transportation than may be necessary to provide for the due celerity, certainty,
and security of such transportation” (5 Stat. 738). To save time and effort, postal clerks often
substituted asterisks for the words “celerity, certainty, and security” when they recorded these
postal contracts in ledgers; hence, the terms “star contracts” and “star contractors.” National
P o s t a l M u s e u m , “ W h a t I s a S t a r R o u t e ? , ” a v a i l a b l e a t
[http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/starroute/sr_02.html].
5 A “supplier” is a person or private firm that has a contract with USPS.
6 USPS, Highway Contract Routes — Box Delivery Service, Handbook P-5 (Washington: USPS,
October 2004).
7 Statement of John Hegarty, National President, National Postal Mail Handlers Union, U.S.
Congress, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Federal
Workforce, Postal Service, and the District of Columbia, The U.S. Postal Service: 101, hearing,
110th Cong., 1st sess., April 17, 2007, p. 4, available at [http://oversight.house.gov/documents/
20070504093225.pdf].
8 City postal delivery carriers are represented by NALC; rural letter carriers are represented by
the National Rural Letter Carriers Association.
9 NALC, “Young Urges Congress to Block USPS Policy of ‘Contracting Out,’” NALC Bulletin,
April 20, 2007, p.1.
10 See Statement of Donnie Pitts, President, National Rural Letter Carriers Association, U.S.
Congress, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Federal
Workforce, Postal Service, and the District of Columbia, The U.S. Postal Service 101, pp. 4-5,
available at [http://federalworkforce.oversight.house.gov/documents/20070504093314.pdf]; and
William H. Young, President, National Association of Letter Carriers, ibid., pp. 3-4, available
at [http://federalworkforce.oversight.house.gov/documents/20070504093225.pdf].
11 Statement of William H. Young, President, National Association of Letter Carriers, House
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Federal Workforce, Postal
Service, and the District of Columbia, Inquiring Minds Want to Know: What Is the Postal
Service Contracting Out? p. 4, available at [http://federalworkforce.oversight.house.gov/
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USPS, meanwhile, has denied that it is greatly expanding the use of CDS carriers and
has argued that contracting mail delivery “is not new.” According to USPS, contractors
collect and deliver mail mostly in rural areas. USPS has noted that contractors are less
expensive to employ than career delivery carriers, and that using them makes business
sense. USPS also has declared that it is not replacing career carriers with contractors.
Rather, USPS reports that it considers assigning only new delivery routes to contractors.12
On March 28, 2007, Representative Albio Sires introduced H.Res. 282, which
expressed “the sense of the House of Representatives that the United States Postal Service
should discontinue the practice of contracting out mail delivery services.” H.Res. 282
was referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Nearly two
months later, the first of two bills that would limit USPS’s authority to contract for mail
delivery appeared. S. 1457, introduced by Senator Tom Harkin on May 23, 2007, would
forbid USPS from entering “into any contract ... with any motor carrier or other person
for the delivery of mail on any route with 1 or more families per mile.” The bill would
permit all existing CDS contracts to remain in effect and to be renewed. S. 1457 was
referred to the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. A
second bill, H.R. 4236, was introduced by Representative Stephen F. Lynch on November
15, 2007. The bill would curtail USPS’s contracting authority by requiring it to bargain
with postal unions before entering into any “contract providing for mail processing, mail
handling, or surface transportation of mail, if such contract would, for any 12-month
period, involve the equivalent of 50 or more workyears of work that would otherwise be
performed by career postal employees.”13 On July 19, 2007, the House Subcommittee on
Federal Workforce, Postal Service, and the District of Columbia held a hearing to
examine USPS contracting.14
The controversy over USPS’s contracting of mail delivery raises two basic questions:
(1) by what authority may USPS contract for mail delivery; and (2) to what extent is
USPS using CDS carriers to deliver mail? The answers follow in the next sections.
USPS’s Authority to Contract
The Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 (PRA; P.L. 91-375; 84 Stat. 725) replaced
the U.S. Post Office Department with the U.S. Postal Service, an independent
establishment of the executive branch (39 U.S.C. 201). PRA requires USPS to “maintain
11 (...continued)
documents/20070719145523.pdf].
12 Statement of Alan Kessler, Vice Chairman, Board of Governors, U.S. Postal Service, ibid.,
available at [http://federalworkforce.oversight.house.gov/documents/20070719145301.pdf]. See
also Statement of Postmaster John E. Potter, U.S. Postal Service, ibid., p. 3, available at
[http://federalworkforce.oversight.house.gov/documents/20070719145344.pdf].
13 A “workyear” is the number of hours a full-time worker works in one year. A workyear is
tabulated as 2080 hours, or 40 hours per week for 52 weeks.
14 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on
Federal Workforce, Postal Service, and the District of Columbia, Inquiring Minds Want to
Know: What Is the Postal Service Contracting Out? Witnesses’ submitted statements, available
at [http://federalworkforce.oversight.house.gov/story.asp?ID=1416].

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an efficient system of collection, sorting, and delivery of the mail nationwide” (39 U.S.C.
403(b)(1)). PRA provides USPS with considerable discretion over its operations. Among
its many authorities, USPS has the power to (1) “enter into and perform contracts” (39
U.S.C. 401); (2) “provide for the collection, handling, transportation, delivery,
forwarding, returning, and holding of mail” (39 U.S.C. 404(a)(1)); and (3) “establish mail
routes and authorize mail transportation service thereon” (39 U.S.C. 5203(a)).15
Some postal unions have contended that USPS’s use of CDS instead of career
delivery carriers “violates the spirit of the nation’s basic postal law.”16 PRA states,
It shall be the policy of the Postal Service to maintain compensation and benefits for
all officers and employees on a standard of comparability to the compensation and
benefits paid for comparable levels of work in the private sector of the economy (39
U.S.C. 1003(a)).
Career delivery carriers are civil servants and, under PRA, are entitled to wages
established through contracts collectively bargained by USPS and postal unions (39
U.S.C. 1001(b) and 39 U.S.C. 1201 et seq.). Using contractors, the unions argue,
circumvents the collective bargaining process and opens the door for USPS to replace all
career delivery carriers with contractors. USPS has responded that its contracts with the
postal unions recognize USPS’s authority to use contractors.17
The Extent of USPS’s Use of CDS Carriers to Deliver Mail
Between 1998 and 2007, the number of carrier routes18 served by CDS carriers rose
from 5,424 to 6,531, or 20.4% (Table 1). However, throughout this period, USPS career
city and rural carriers delivered mail on the vast majority of postal carrier routes (Table
1 and Table 2). Similarly, between 1997 and 2006, USPS city and rural delivery carriers
served the vast majority of delivery points (Table 3 and Table 4). Thus, although USPS
has increased its use of CDS carriers to deliver mail, these contractors serve on fewer than
3% of all routes and deposit mail at fewer than 2% of all delivery points.19
15 On USPS’s power to contract with private carriers for the transportation of mail, see 39 U.S.C.
5001 et seq. and 39 U.S.C. 5201 et seq.
16 NALC, “Contracting Out, Collective Bargaining and the NALC Contract,” press release, April
18, 2007.
17 USPS, “Contracting by the U.S. Postal Service — Not New!,” press release, April 2007, p. 1.
For example, see Collective Bargaining Agreement between American Postal Workers Union
AFL-CIO, and U.S. Postal Service, November 21, 2006-November 20, 2010 (Washington:
APWU, 2006), pp. 148, 152.
18 A “carrier route” consists of the addresses to which a delivery carrier delivers mail.
19 A “delivery point” is the address or location of a dwelling or place of business to which mail
is delivered.

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Table 1. Who Delivers on Postal Carrier Routes, 1998-2007
Year
City Carriers Rural Carriers CDS Carriers
Total
1998
167,262
62,338
5,424
235,024
1999
166,455
64,706
5,500
236,661
2000
167,470
67,372
5,648
240,490
2001
167,762
69,066
5,760
242,588
2002
165,816
69,361
5,857
241,034
2003
164,652
69,697
5,953
240,302
2004
164,412
70,792
6,026
241,230
2005
164,419
72,658
6,127
243,204
2006
163,412
74,937
6,346
244,695
2007
163,530
76,008
6,531
246,069
Source: CRS analysis of data provided by USPS.
Table 2. Who Delivers on Postal Carrier Routes (%), 1998-2007
Year
City Carriers Rural Carriers CDS Carriers
Total
1998
71.2%
26.5%
2.3%
100%
1999
70.3%
27.3%
2.3%
100%
2000
69.6%
28.0%
2.3%
100%
2001
69.2%
28.5%
2.4%
100%
2002
68.8%
28.8%
2.4%
100%
2003
68.5%
29.0%
2.5%
100%
2004
68.2%
29.3%
2.5%
100%
2005
67.6%
29.9%
2.5%
100%
2006
66.8%
30.6%
2.6%
100%
2007
66.5%
30.9%
2.7%
100%
Source: CRS analysis of data provided by USPS.
Table 3. Who Serves Delivery Points, 1997-2006
Year
City Carriers Rural Carriers CDS Carriers
Total
1997
81,795,164
27,557,772
1,743,651
111,096,587
1998
82,253,861
28,584,565
1,828,257
112,666,683
1999
82,751,573
29,710,113
1,903,926
114,365,612
2000
83,329,025
30,928,654
1,987,629
116,245,308
2001
83,761,600
32,075,719
2,057,084
117,894,403
2002
84,211,501
33,273,630
2,128,507
119,613,638
2003
84,698,811
34,516,943
2,211,395
121,427,149
2004
85,152,346
34,990,114
2,220,856
122,363,316
2005
85,804,626
36,189,631
2,304,748
124,299,005
2006
86,292,173
37,365,860
2,410,317
126,068,350
Source: CRS analysis of data provided by USPS.

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Table 4. Who Serves Delivery Points (%), 1997-2006
Year
City Carriers Rural Carriers CDS Carriers
Total
1997
73.6%
24.8%
1.6%
100%
1998
73.0%
25.4%
1.6%
100%
1999
72.4%
26.0%
1.7%
100%
2000
71.7%
26.6%
1.7%
100%
2001
71.0%
27.2%
1.7%
100%
2002
70.4%
27.8%
1.8%
100%
2003
69.8%
28.4%
1.8%
100%
2004
69.6%
28.6%
1.8%
100%
2005
69.0%
29.1%
1.9%
100%
2006
68.4%
29.6%
1.9%
100%
Source: CRS analysis of data provided by USPS.
Outlook
The future of USPS’s use of CDS contractors to deliver mail is unclear. PRA does
not delineate clearly the extent of USPS’s contracting authority. If USPS finds that using
contractors is less expensive than employing city and rural delivery carriers, it may
continue to see an incentive to expand its use of CDS contractors.20
On October 9, 2007, NALC and USPS signed a new collective bargaining
agreement. The agreement included memoranda of understanding that instituted a six-
month moratorium “on any new subcontracting of delivery in offices in which city letter
carriers are currently employed.” The agreement also committed USPS and NALC to
establishing a “joint committee” to study “the problems” of the contracting out of mail
delivery that will lead “towards a meaningful evolutionary approach to the issue of
subcontracting.”21 To date, no details about the activities of the joint committee have
been released to the public. Should USPS and its delivery carrier unions fail to come to
a long-term agreement, Congress again may be asked to intervene.
20 USPS receives annual appropriations of about $100 million each year. Otherwise, it must
generate revenue to cover its $70+ billion annual operating costs. See CRS Report RL33998,
Financial Services and General Government (FSGG): FY2008 Appropriations, Garrett Hatch,
Coordinator.
21 For example, see Agreement between United States Postal Service and National Association
of Letter Carriers AFL-CIO 2006-2011 (Washington: NALC, 2007), pp. 125-126.

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