Order Code RS21493
Updated November 14, 2007
Payment Limits for Farm Commodity
Programs: Issues and Proposals
Jim Monke
Specialist in Agricultural Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Summary
Payment limits both determine eligibility and set a maximum amount of
commodity payments per person. Both the Senate-reported and House-passed versions
of the 2007 farm bill would tighten some limits and relax others. The House’s H.R. 2419
tightens the adjusted gross income (AGI) cap to $500,000 (compared with the current
$2.5 million) unless farming exceeds b of income, and has a firm $1 million cap for
everyone. The Senate bill makes smaller, slower changes to the AGI limit ($1 million
in 2009, $750,000 in 2010, unless b of income is from farming), and does not have a
firm cap as in the House bill. Both bills track payments to individuals and disallow
doubling for people with multiple farms. But both repeal any limit on marketing loans.
A Senate floor amendment regarding payment limits (S.Amdt. 3508 to H.R. 2419,
similar to S. 1486) was introduced by Senators Dorgan and Grassley to lower the
maximum of the actual payments to $250,000 from the current $360,000, and retain and
strengthen marketing loan limits.
Tighter payment limits likely would affect more southern cotton and rice farms
than midwestern feed grain and oilseed farms, thus dividing the issue more regionally
than by political party. Tighter household income limits may not necessarily affect the
same farms as a lower payment cap, since nonfarm sources of income raise adjusted
gross income and large farms can have low net income. This report will be updated.
Background on Payment Limits
Payment limits date from 1970 and set a maximum amount of farm program
payments that a “person” can receive (currently $360,000). In addition, the 2002 farm bill
created an income test to exclude payments to those with high incomes (over $2.5 million
adjusted gross income, unless 75% is from farming). The issue is controversial because
of questions about what size farms should be supported, and whether payments should be
proportional to production or limited per individual. The effect varies across regions; the
South and West have more large farms than the Upper Midwest or Northeast, and cotton
and rice farms are affected more often since their subsidies per acre are higher.

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What Payments Are Subject to Limits? Producers generally receive three
types of commodity payments: direct payments, counter-cyclical payments, and marketing
loans. Applying limits to direct and counter-cyclical payments is straightforward.
Marketing loans are more complicated because payment limits do not always apply.
The following types of commodity payment are subject to limits (7 U.S.C. 1308):
! Direct payments
! Counter-cyclical payments
! Some marketing loan benefits:
— Marketing loan gain (MLG): repaying a loan for less than the original
amount and keeping the difference as a subsidy
— Loan deficiency payment (LDP): a cash payment instead of a loan
Payments not subject to limits:
! Some marketing loan benefits:
— Certificate gain (similar to MLG): repaying a loan with commodity
certificates instead of repaying with cash or forfeiting1
— Forfeiting the commodity and keeping the cash from the loan.
The 2002 farm bill also created an income test, prohibiting payments to entities with
adjusted gross income (AGI) greater than $2.5 million, unless 75% comes from farming.
How Many Farmers Are Affected? In 2000, about 1% of producers receiving
payments were affected by the $40,000 limit on what now are called direct payments.
This amounted to 12,300 producers across 42 states. The reduction was $83 million, or
1.6%, with California and Texas accounting for 36% of the reduction.2 Masked by these
data is the fact that limits can avoided, to some degree legally, by reorganizing a farm.3
In fact, one study suggests that about 20% of rice farmers have reorganized their business
because of limits, despite only 1.2% appearing to be subject to the limit.4
Only about 3,100 (0.15%) farmers have AGI over $2.5 million. Since not all receive
subsidies and some qualify for the 75% farm income exception, USDA estimates that the
current AGI cap affects only a few hundred farmers.5
1 Under 7 U.S.C. 7286, farmers essentially buy certificates at a discount and use them to repay
their loans. But, technically, a certificate exchange is a momentary forfeiture, followed by “in-
kind” receipt of commodities in exchange a certificate bought at a discounted price. USDA,
Report of the Commission on the Application of Payment Limitations for Agriculture, Aug. 2003,
pp. 80-83, at [http://www.usda.gov/oce/reports/payment_limits/paymentLimitsAll.pdf].
2 USDA, pp. 65-75.
3 USDA, pp. 31-39; and GAO, Farm Program Payments: USDA Needs to Strengthen Regulations
and Oversight to Better Ensure Recipients Do Not Circumvent Payment Limitations, GAO-04-
407, April 2004, pp. 20-26, at [http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04407.pdf].
4 Barrett Kirwan (University of Maryland) “The Distribution of U.S. Agricultural Subsidies,” p.
19-22, at [http://www.aei.org/docLib/20070515_kirwanfinal.pdf].
5 Ron Durst, Effects of Reducing the Income Cap on Eligibility for Farm Program Payments,
USDA-ERS Report EIB-27, Sept. 2007 [http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib27/eib27.pdf].

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Current Payment Limits
Under the 2002 farm bill, the annual payment limit is $360,000 per person.
Individuals, corporations, partnerships, and trusts are eligible. The limit has three parts:
$40,000 for direct payments, $65,000 for counter-cyclical payments, and $75,000 for
marketing loan gains and loan deficiency payments (Table 1). These amounts add to
$180,000, but can be doubled, as described later.
The $360,000 limit is not a firm ceiling, however. Marketing loan benefits are
essentially unlimited because producers can use commodity certificates without limit
when other marketing loan options are limited. Cotton and, to a lesser extent, rice farms
are the primary users of certificates. Corn, soybeans, and wheat use certificates minimally.
One way to double the limit is the “three entity rule,” which allows one person to
receive payments on up to three entities, with second and third eligible for one-half of the
limits. The other is the “spouse rule,” which treats a husband and wife as separate persons
to double a farm’s payment limit. Payments for most commodities are combined toward
a single limit, but separate limits currently apply to peanuts, wool, mohair, and honey.
Table 1. Payment Limits on Farm Commodity Programs
Current law
Proposals
Type of Limit
2002
S.Amdt. 3500 to
Farm Bill
H.R. 2419
H.R. 2419
S.Amdt. 3508
Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) Limitation
Ineligible for payments if AGI exceeds...
$2.5 million,
$500,000,
2008: $2.5 m*
Continues
except if 75%
except if 67% is
2009: $1.0 m*
current law
is from farm
from farm,
2010: $750,000*
($2.5 million,
* except if 67%
except if 75%
and $1 million
is from farm
is from farm)
no exceptions
Direct and Counter-Cyclical Payments
(a) Direct Payments
$40,000
$60,000
$40,000
$20,000
(b) Counter-Cyclical Payments
$65,000
$65,000
$60,000
$30,000
Yes: spouse,
Doubling allowance
Yes: spouse
Yes: spouse
Yes
3-entity
Subtotal, after doubling
$210,000
$250,000
$200,000
$100,000
Marketing Loan Payments
(c1) Marketing Loan Gains
$75,000
(c2) Loan Deficiency Payments
$75,000
(c3) Commodity Certificates
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
(c4) Loan Forfeiture Gains
Subtotal of (c1) and (c2), after doubling
$150,000
$150,000
Subtotal including (c3) and (c4)
Unlimited
Sum of Direct, Counter-Cyclical, and Marketing Loan Payments
Total of limited payments
$360,000
$250,000
$200,000
$250,000
Total including all mkt. loan options
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
Source: CRS.

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Policy Issues In Congress
Supporters of payment limits use both economic and political arguments to justify
tighter limits. Economically, they contend that large payments facilitate consolidation
of farms into larger units, raise the price of land, and put smaller, family-sized farming
operations at a disadvantage. Even though tighter limits would not redistribute benefits
to smaller farms, they say that tighter limits could help indirectly by reducing incentives
to expand, and could help small and beginning farmers buy and rent land. Politically,
they believe that large payments undermine support for farm subsidies and are costly.
Critics of payment limits counter that all farms are in need of support, especially
when market prices decline, and that larger farms should not be penalized for the
economies of size and efficiencies they have achieved. They say that farm payments
help U.S. agriculture compete in global markets, and that income testing is at odds with
federal farm policies directed toward improving U.S. agriculture and its competitiveness.
Both the House and Senate agriculture committees have considered payment limits
during the 2007 farm bill debate. Newspapers have published stories critical of farm
payments and how they are distributed to large farms, non-farmers, or landowners.6
Limits are increasingly appealing to urban lawmakers, and have advocates among smaller
farms and social interest groups.
H.R. 2419 (House Farm Bill). House-passed H.R. 2419 makes several changes
to payment limits, some tightening them and others relaxing them (see Table 1). CBO
scores these changes to save about $50 million per year ($227 million over five years and
$550 million over 10 years), which is about 0.6% of the five-year commodities baseline.
H.R. 2419 tightens payment limits in three ways.
! Reducing the AGI limit to $500,000 for individuals who do not earn
more than 67% of their income from farming, and to $1 million with no
exceptions (down from the current $2.5 million with an exception).
Some spouses may qualify for a separate application of the limit.
! Eliminating the “three-entity rule,” which allows individuals to double
their payments by having multiple ownership interests. Individuals still
may receive payments on multiple entities, but having multiple entities
would no longer allow the limits to be doubled.
! Requiring “direct attribution” of payments to a natural person instead
of to a corporation, general partnership, etc.
H.R. 2419 relaxes payment limits in two ways.
! Raising the limit on direct payments from $40,000 to $60,000.
! Eliminating limits on the marketing loan program. This is in
response to perceived abuses of commodity certificates, which have been
used to avoid the limit. Since the limit would be waived, certificates
would be unnecessary. Others bills (S. 1486, below) take an opposite
approach by making commodity certificates subject to payment limits.
6 For example, see the Washington Post series “Harvesting Cash,” published in 2006, at
[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/interactives/farmaid/].

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CRS-5
Senate Farm Bill. Like the House bill, the Senate-reported bill makes several
changes to payment limits, some tightening them and others relaxing them (see Table 1).
The Senate bill also preserves a separate limit for peanuts in current law; the House bill
combines the limit for peanuts with other commodities. CBO has preliminarily scored
these changes to save about $191 million over five years and $456 million over 10 years.
The Senate-reported bill tightens payment limits in four ways.
! Reducing the AGI limit to $1 million in 2009 and to $750,000 in 2010
for individuals who do not earn more than 67% of their income from
farming. Unlike the House bill, the Senate bill does not have a firm cap
for everyone. Some spouses may qualify for a separate application of the
limit. For the 2008 crop year, the payment limit would be unchanged
from the current $2.5 million.
! Eliminating the “three-entity rule,” which allows individuals to double
their payments by having multiple ownership interests. Individuals still
may receive payments on multiple entities, but having multiple entities
would no longer allow the limits to be doubled.
! Requiring “direct attribution” of payments to a natural person instead
of to a corporation, general partnership, etc.
! Reducing the counter-cyclical limit from $65,000 to $60,000. The bill
would apply the $60,000 limit to the revenue component of the average
crop revenue (ACR) proposal.
The Senate-reported bill relaxes payment limits in one way.
! Eliminating limits on the marketing loan program like the House bill.
S.Amdt. 3508 to H.R. 2419 / S. 1486 (Dorgan/Grassley). Senators Dorgan
and Grassley introduced S.Amdt. 3508 to H.R. 2419 for Senate floor consideration of the
2007 farm bill. It is similar to S. 1486 in that it would tighten limits on commodity
payments to a total of $250,000 and count certificates and loan forfeiture toward the
limits. The bill does not change the AGI limit. A similar bill was introduced in the 109th
Congress (S. 385, H.R. 1590).
S.Amdt. 3508 would reduce the statutory limit (before doubling) on direct payments
from $40,000 to $20,000; and the limit on counter-cyclical payments from $65,000 to
$30,000. While the limit on marketing loans would remain the same at $75,000, the
effective limit would decrease because commodity certificates and loan forfeiture would
be counted toward the limit (Table 1). This is a key feature of the bill because, as a
practical matter, marketing loan payments are not limited under the 2002 farm bill or
H.R. 2419. When MLGs and LDPs hit the limit, producers can shift to commodity
certificates without limit.
S.Amdt. 3508 would establish a new rule allowing a person with an interest in only
a single farming operation to double the payment limits without needing to use the three-
entity or spouse rules. Thus, farmers would be able to double the payment limits without
changing their operations.
Regarding prospects for congressional support for tighter payment limits, there have
been two votes in the Senate since 2002 that are specific to payment limits. The Senate-
passed version of the 2002 farm bill contained tighter limits (S.Amdt. 2826 to S. 1731,

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107th Congress). The vote was 66-31 in favor of tighter limits, but those limits were
rejected by the conference committee. In 2005, Congress debated farm bill changes as
part of budget reconciliation. A floor amendment by Senator Grassley to tighten payment
limits failed by a procedural vote of 46-53 (S.Amdt. 2359 to S. 1932, 109th Congress).
USDA’s AGI Proposal.7 The Administration’s farm bill proposal would deny
commodity payments to households with more than $200,000 of AGI. It would not allow
the current exemption from the test when 75% of AGI comes from farming. The
Administration’s plan also would redistribute the $360,000 limit across the payment
types, eliminate the three-entity rule, and apply a single limit to all commodities. But it
retains the exemption from limits for commodity certificates and forfeiture (Table 1).
CBO’s score of this plan would save $596 million over five years and $1.5 billion over
10 years, more than double the savings of the provision in H.R. 2419. It appeals to many
as a reasonable plan to limit benefits using a commonly accepted notion of high income.
USDA data suggest about 1.5% of farm operator households have AGI over
$200,000 and receive some farm program payments (1.1% of farm sole proprietorships,
2.5% of farm partnerships, and 9.7% of farm households involved in farming through a
corporation). About 8.5% of rice farms and 9.3% of cotton farms have AGI over
$200,000 and receive program payments. This compares to 5.5% for corn farms and only
1.3% for soybean farms.8 These potentially affected farms are not necessarily large
farms, nor necessarily above the AGI limit because of high farm income. Supporters of
the AGI proposal say farmers are skilled at managing income taxes and can keep taxable
farm income lower using tax incentives and rules.
Perspectives on Using Tax Data. AGI is a common measure of household
taxable income, and combines income from all sources. AGI measures net income, and
Schedule F farm income contributes to AGI on a net basis, that is, after expenses. Farms
overwhelmingly report losses for tax purposes (because of cash accounting, depreciation,
and other practices), even though USDA farm income numbers are positive. For
example, in 2004, two-thirds of Schedule F tax returns showed a loss, resulting in a net
farm loss of $13 billion for all Schedule F returns. By comparison, USDA farm income
data showed an $80 billion profit. Even for “large” farms with sales over $250,000,
about one-third report a loss for tax purposes.9
H.R. 2720 and H.Amdt. 700 (Kind). The “Farm 21” proposal by Representative
Kind, H.R. 2720, would tighten the AGI limit to $200,000, as proposed by the
Administration, and leave other limits on payments unchanged. The Kind amendment
on the House floor (H.Amdt. 700 to H.R. 2419, which failed by a vote of 117-309 and
was much broader than payment limits) would have tightened the AGI limit to a firm
$250,000 cap for everyone and $125,000 unless 66% of AGI came from farming.
crsphpgw
7 USDA’s commodity proposal is at [http://www.usda.gov/documents/fbcommodity_071.pdf].
8 Ron Durst, USDA-ERS, at [http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib27/eib27.pdf].
9 CRS analysis of IRS data at [http://www.irs.gov/taxstats/index.html], and USDA-ERS, Effects
of Federal Tax Policy on Agriculture, by Ron Durst, James Monke, AER 800, April 2001, at
[http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer800/aer800.pdf].

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