Order Code RL32170
Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces
Abroad, 1798-2007
Updated September 12, 2007
Richard F. Grimmett
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

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Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces
Abroad, 1798-2007
Summary
This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its
armed forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other
than normal peacetime purposes. It was compiled in part from various older lists and
is intended primarily to provide a rough survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad,
without reference to the magnitude of the given instance noted. The listing often
contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing military
deployments especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations
associated with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are
summaries based on Presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers
Resolution. A comprehensive commentary regarding any of the instances listed is
not undertaken here.
The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities,
and legal authorization. Eleven times in its history the U.S. has formally declared
war against foreign nations. These eleven U.S. war declarations encompassed five
separate wars: the war with Great Britain declared in 1812, the war with Mexico
declared in 1846, the War with Spain declared in 1898, the First World War, during
which the U.S. declared war with Germany and with Austria-Hungary during 1917,
World War II, during which the U.S. declared war against Japan, Germany, and Italy
in 1941, and against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania in 1942. Some of the instances
were extended military engagements that might be considered undeclared wars.
These include the Undeclared Naval War with France from 1798 to 1800; the First
Barbary War from 1801 to 1805; the Second Barbary War of 1815; the Korean War
of 1950-53; the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1973; the Persian Gulf War of 1991,
global actions against foreign terrorists after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the
United States, and the War with Iraq in 2003. With the exception of the Korean War,
all of these conflicts received Congressional authorization in some form short of a
formal declaration of war. Other, more recent instances often involve deployment of
U.S. military forces as part of a multinational operation associated with NATO or the
United Nations.
The majority of the instances listed prior to World War II were brief Marine or
Navy actions to protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. A number were
actions against pirates or bandits. Covert actions, disaster relief, and routine alliance
stationing and training exercises are not included here, nor are the Civil and
Revolutionary Wars and the continual use of U.S. military units in the exploration,
settlement, and pacification of the Western part of the United States. This report will
be updated as warranted.

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Listing of Notable Deployments of U.S. Military Forces Overseas, 1798-2007 . . 2

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Instances of Use of United States Armed
Forces Abroad, 1798-2007
Introduction
The following list reviews hundreds of instances in which the United States has
utilized military forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict
to protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. The list does not include covert
actions or numerous instances in which U.S. forces have been stationed abroad since
World War II in occupation forces or for participation in mutual security
organizations, base agreements, or routine military assistance or training operations.
Because of differing judgments over the actions to be included, other lists may
include more or fewer instances.1
The instances vary greatly in size of operation, legal authorization, and
significance. The number of troops involved range from a few sailors or Marines
landed to protect American lives and property to hundreds of thousands in Korea and
Vietnam and millions in World War II. Some actions were of short duration and
some lasted a number of years. In some instances a military officer acted without
authorization; some actions were conducted solely under the President’s powers as
Chief Executive or Commander in Chief; other instances were authorized by
Congress in some fashion. In eleven separate cases (listed in bold-face type) the
United States formally declared war against foreign nations. For most of the instances
listed, however, the status of the action under domestic or international law has not
been addressed. Most instances listed since 1980, are summaries of U.S. military
deployments reported to Congress by the President as a result of the War Powers
Resolution. Several of these Presidential reports are summaries of activities related
to an on-going operation previously reported. It is important to note that inclusion in
this list does not connote either legality or level of significance of the instance
described. This report covers uses of U.S. military force abroad from 1798 through
mid-September 2007. It will be revised as circumstances warrant.
1 Other lists include Goldwater, Senator Barry. War Without Declaration. A Chronological
List of 199 U.S. Military Hostilities Abroad Without a Declaration of War. 1798-1972.
Congressional Record, V. 119, July 20, 1973: S14174-14183; U.S. Department of State.
Armed Actions Taken by the United States Without a Declaration of War, 1789-1967.
Research Project 806A. Historical Studies Division. Bureau of Public Affairs; Collins, John
M. America’s Small Wars. New York, Brassey’s, 1990. For a discussion of the evolution
of lists of military actions and legal authorization for various actions, see Wormuth, Francis
D. and Edwin B. Firmage, To Chain the Dog of War; the War Power of Congress in History
and Law. Dallas, Southern Methodist University Press, 1986. p. 133-149.

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CRS-2
Listing of Notable Deployments of U.S. Military
Forces Overseas, 1798-2007
1798-1800
Undeclared Naval War with France. This contest included land
actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic, city of Puerto Plata,
where marines captured a French privateer under the guns of the forts.
Congress authorized military action through a series of statutes.
1801-05
Tripoli. The First Barbary War included the U.S.S. George
Washington and Philadelphia affairs and the Eaton expedition, during
which a few marines landed with United States Agent William Eaton
to raise a force against Tripoli in an effort to free the crew of the
Philadelphia. Tripoli declared war but not the United States,
although Congress authorized U.S. military action by statute.
1806
Mexico (Spanish territory). Capt. Z. M. Pike, with a platoon of
troops, invaded Spanish territory at the headwaters of the Rio Grande
on orders from Gen. James Wilkinson. He was made prisoner
without resistance at a fort he constructed in present day Colorado,
taken to Mexico, and later released after seizure of his papers.
1806-10
Gulf of Mexico. American gunboats operated from New Orleans
against Spanish and French privateers off the Mississippi Delta,
chiefly under Capt. John Shaw and Master Commandant David
Porter.
1810
West Florida (Spanish territory). Gov. Claiborne of Louisiana, on
orders of the President, occupied with troops territory in dispute east
of the Mississippi River as far as the Pearl River, later the eastern
boundary of Louisiana. He was authorized to seize as far east as the
Perdido River.
1812
Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain.
Temporary possession was authorized by President Madison and by
Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but possession
was obtained by Gen. George Matthews in so irregular a manner that
his measures were disavowed by the President.
1812-15
War of 1812. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war
between the United States and the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland. Among the issues leading to the war were
British interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United
States during British hostilities with France.
1813
West Florida (Spanish territory). On authority given by Congress,
General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600 soldiers. A
small Spanish garrison gave way. The U.S. advanced into disputed
territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No fighting.
1813-14
Marquesas Islands. U.S. forces built a fort on the island of Nukahiva
to protect three prize ships which had been captured from the British.

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CRS-3
1814
Spanish Florida. Gen. Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and drove out
the British with whom the United States was at war.
1814-25
Caribbean. Engagements between pirates and American ships or
squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore about
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatan. Three thousand
pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823.
In 1822 Commodore James Biddle employed a squadron of two
frigates, four sloops of war, two brigs, four schooners, and two
gunboats in the West Indies.
1815
Algiers. The second Barbary War was declared against the United
States by the Dey of Algiers of the Barbary states, an act not
reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military
expedition by statutes. A large fleet under Decatur attacked Algiers
and obtained indemnities.
1815
Tripoli. After securing an agreement from Algiers, Decatur
demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he
secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.
1816
Spanish Florida. United States forces destroyed Nicholls Fort, called
also Negro Fort, which harbored raiders making forays into United
States territory.
1816-18
Spanish Florida - First Seminole War. The Seminole Indians, whose
area was a haven for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were
attacked by troops under Generals Jackson and Gaines and pursued
into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and occupied,
British citizens executed. In 1819 the Floridas were ceded to the
United States.
1817
Amelia Island (Spanish territory off Florida). Under orders of
President Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a group
of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters.
1818
Oregon. The U.S.S. Ontario, dispatched from Washington, landed
at the Columbia River and in August took possession of Oregon
territory. Britain had conceded sovereignty but Russia and Spain
asserted claims to the area.
1820-23
Africa. Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the 1819 act
of Congress.
1822
Cuba. United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the
northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.
1823
Cuba. Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8 near
Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay; July
21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca.
1824
Cuba. In October the U.S.S. Porpoise landed bluejackets near
Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized
in 1822.

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CRS-4
1824
Puerto Rico (Spanish territory). Commodore David Porter with a
landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered
pirates and insulted American naval officers. He landed with 200
men in November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was
later court-martialed for overstepping his powers.
1825
Cuba. In March cooperating American and British forces landed at
Sagua La Grande to capture pirates.
1827
Greece. In October and November landing parties hunted pirates on
the islands of Argenteire, Miconi, and Androse.
1831-32
Falkland Islands. Captain Duncan of the U.S.S. Lexington
investigated the capture of three American sealing vessels and sought
to protect American interests.
1832
Sumatra. February 6 to 9. A naval force landed and stormed a fort to
punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for plundering the
American ship Friendship.
1833
Argentina. October 31 to November 15. A force was sent ashore at
Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States and other
countries during an insurrection.
1835-36
Peru. December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August 31 to
December 7, 1836. Marines protected American interests in Callao
and Lima during an attempted revolution.
1836
Mexico. General Gaines occupied Nacogdoches (Tex.), disputed
territory, from July to December during the Texan war for
independence, under orders to cross the “imaginary boundary line” if
an Indian outbreak threatened.
1838-39
Sumatra. December 24, 1838, to January 4, 1839. A naval force
landed to punish natives of the towns of Quallah Battoo and Muckie
(Mukki) for depredations on American shipping.
1840
Fiji Islands. July. Naval forces landed to punish natives for attacking
American exploring and surveying parties.
1841
Drummond Island, Kingsmill Group. A naval party landed to avenge
the murder of a seaman by the natives.
1841
Samoa. February 24. A naval party landed and burned towns after the
murder of an American seaman on Upolu Island.
1842
Mexico. Commodore T.A.C. Jones, in command of a squadron long
cruising off California, occupied Monterey, Calif., on October 19,
believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and
saluted. A similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego.
1843
China. Sailors and marines from the St. Louis were landed after a
clash between Americans and Chinese at the trading post in Canton.
1843
Africa. November 29 to December 16. Four United States vessels

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CRS-5
demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines and
sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory coast,
and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and
shipping.
1844
Mexico. President Tyler deployed U.S. forces to protect Texas
against Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation.
(Later rejected.) He defended his action against a Senate resolution
of inquiry.
1846-48
Mexican War. On May 13, 1846, the United States recognized
the existence of a state of war with Mexico. After the annexation of
Texas in 1845, the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a
boundary dispute and President Polk said that it was necessary to
deploy forces in Mexico to meet a threatened invasion.
1849
Smyrna. In July a naval force gained release of an American seized
by Austrian officials.
1851
Turkey. After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa
in January, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was
ordered along the Turkish (Levant) coast.
1851
Johanns Island (east of Africa). August. Forces from the U.S. sloop
of war Dale exacted redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the
captain of an American whaling brig.
1852-53
Argentina. February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to April 1853.
Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to protect
American interests during a revolution.
1853
Nicaragua. March 11 to 13. U.S. forces landed to protect American
lives and interests during political disturbances.
1853-54
Japan. Commodore Perry and his naval expedition made a display
of force leading to the “opening of Japan.”
1853-54
Ryukyu and Bonin Islands. Commodore Perry on three visits before
going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval
demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling
concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa; he also demonstrated
in the Bonin Islands with the purpose of securing facilities for
commerce.
1854
China. April 4 to June 15 to 17. American and English ships landed
forces to protect American interests in and near Shanghai during
Chinese civil strife.
1854
Nicaragua. July 9 to 15. Naval forces bombarded and burned San
Juan del Norte (Greytown) to avenge an insult to the American
Minister to Nicaragua.
1855
China. May 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected American interests in
Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong.

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CRS-6
1855
Fiji Islands. September 12 to November 4. An American naval force
landed to seek reparations for depredations on American residents
and seamen.
1855
Uruguay. November 25 to 29. United States and European naval
forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted
revolution in Montevideo.
1856
Panama, Republic of New Grenada. September 19 to 22. U.S. forces
landed to protect American interests during an insurrection.
1856
China. October 22 to December 6. U.S. forces landed to protect
American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British
and the Chinese, and to avenge an assault upon an unarmed boat
displaying the United States flag.
1857
Nicaragua. April to May, November to December. In May
Commander C.H. Davis of the United States Navy, with some
marines, received the surrender of William Walker, who had been
attempting to get control of the country, and protected his men from
the retaliation of native allies who had been fighting Walker. In
November and December of the same year United States vessels
Saratoga, Wabash, and Fulton opposed another attempt of William
Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding’s act of landing
marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States,
was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding
was forced into retirement.
1858
Uruguay. January 2 to 27. Forces from two United States warships
landed to protect American property during a revolution in
Montevideo.
1858
Fiji Islands. October 6 to 16. A marine expedition chastised natives
for the murder of two American citizens at Waya.
1858-59
Turkey. The Secretary of State requested a display of naval force
along the Levant after a massacre of Americans at Jaffa and mistreat-
ment elsewhere “to remind the authorities (of Turkey) of the power
of the United States.”
1859
Paraguay. Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for
an attack on a naval vessel in the Parana River during 1855.
Apologies were made after a large display of force.
1859
Mexico. Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande
in pursuit of the Mexican bandit Cortina.
1859
China. July 31 to August 2. A naval force landed to protect
American interests in Shanghai.
1860
Angola, Portuguese West Africa. March 1. American residents at
Kissembo called upon American and British ships to protect lives and
property during problems with natives.

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CRS-7
1860
Colombia(Bay of Panama). September 27 to October 8. Naval forces
landed to protect American interests during a revolution.
1863
Japan. July 16. The U.S.S. Wyoming retaliated against a firing on the
American vessel Pembroke at Shimonoseki.
1864
Japan. July 14 to August 3. Naval forces protected the United States
Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning some
American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations easier
by impressing the Japanese with American power.
1864
Japan. September 4 to 14. Naval forces of the United States, Great
Britain, France, and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the Prince
of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of Shimonoseki to be
used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed.
1865
Panama. March 9 and 10. U.S. forces protected the lives and
property of American residents during a revolution.
1866
China. From June 20 to July 7, U.S. forces punished an assault on
the American consul at Newchwang.
1866
Mexico. To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100
men in November obtained surrender of Matamoras. After three days
he was ordered by U.S. Government to withdraw. His act was
repudiated by the President.
1867
Nicaragua. Marines occupied Managua and Leon.
1867
Formosa. June 13. A naval force landed and burned a number of
huts to punish the murder of the crew of a wrecked American vessel.
1868
Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata). February
4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13. U.S. forces were landed
to protect American interests during the civil war in Japan.
1868
Uruguay. February 7 and 8, 19 to 26. U.S. forces protected foreign
residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo.
1868
Colombia. April. U.S. forces protected passengers and treasure in
transit at Aspinwall during the absence of local police or troops on
the occasion of the death of the President of Colombia.
1870
Mexico. June 17 and 18. U.S. forces destroyed the pirate ship
Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Rio
Tecapan.
1870
Hawaiian Islands. September 21. U.S. forces placed the American
flag at half mast upon the death of Queen Kalama, when the
American consul at Honolulu would not assume responsibility for so
doing.
1871
Korea. June 10 to 12. A U.S. naval force attacked and captured five
forts to punish natives for depredations on Americans, particularly for
murdering the crew of the General Sherman and burning the

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CRS-8
schooner, and for later firing on other American small boats taking
soundings up the Salee River.
1873
Colombia (Bay of Panama). May 7 to 22, September 23 to
October 9. U.S. forces protected American interests during hostilities
between local groups over control of the government of the State of
Panama.
1873-96
Mexico. United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly
in pursuit of cattle thieves and other brigands. There were some
reciprocal pursuits by Mexican troops into border territory. Mexico
protested frequently. Notable cases were at Remolina in May 1873
and at Las Cuevas in 1875. Washington orders often supported these
excursions. Agreements between Mexico and the United States, the
first in 1882, finally legitimized such raids. They continued
intermittently, with minor disputes, until 1896.
1874
Hawaiian Islands. February 12 to 20. Detachments from American
vessels were landed to preserve order and protect American lives and
interests during the coronation of a new king.
1876
Mexico. May 18. An American force was landed to police the town
of Matamoras temporarily while it was without other government.
1882
Egypt. July 14 to 18. American forces landed to protect American
interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and looting of
the city of Alexandria by Arabs.
1885
Panama (Colon). January 18 and 19. U.S. forces were used to guard
the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes and
vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March, April,
and May in the cities of Colon and Panama, the forces helped
reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity.
1888
Korea. June. A naval force was sent ashore to protect American
residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions, when an
outbreak of the populace was expected.
1888
Haiti. December 20. A display of force persuaded the Haitian
Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized
on the charge of breach of blockade.
1888-89
Samoa. November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889. U.S. forces were
landed to protect American citizens and the consulate during a native
civil war.
1889
Hawaiian Islands. July 30 and 31. U.S. forces protected American
interests at Honolulu during a revolution.
1890
Argentina. A naval party landed to protect U.S. consulate and
legation in Buenos Aires.
1891
Haiti. U.S. forces sought to protect American lives and property on
Navassa Island.

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CRS-9
1891
Bering Strait. July 2 to October 5. Naval forces sought to stop seal
poaching.
1891
Chile. August 28 to 30. U.S. forces protected the American
consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it
during a revolution in Valparaiso.
1893
Hawaii. January 16 to April 1. Marines were landed ostensibly to
protect American lives and property, but many believed actually to
promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This
action was disavowed by the United States.
1894
Brazil. January. A display of naval force sought to protect American
commerce and shipping at Rio de Janeiro during a Brazilian civil war.
1894
Nicaragua. July 6 to August 7. U.S. forces sought to protect
American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.
1894-95
China. Marines were stationed at Tientsin and penetrated to Peking
for protection purposes during the Sino-Japanese War.
1894-95
China. A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at Newchwang
for protection of American nationals.
1894-96
Korea. July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896. A guard of marines was sent
to protect the American legation and American lives and interests at
Seoul during and following the Sino-Japanese War.
1895
Colombia. March 8 to 9. U.S. forces protected American interests
during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain.
1896
Nicaragua. May 2 to 4. U.S. forces protected American interests in
Corinto during political unrest.
1898
Nicaragua. February 7 and 8. U.S. forces protected American lives
and property at San Juan del Sur.
1898
The Spanish-American War. On April 25, 1898, the United
States declared war with Spain. The war followed a Cuban
insurrection against Spanish rule and the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine
in the harbor at Havana.
1898-99
China. November 5, 1898 to March 15, 1899. U.S. forces provided
a guard for the legation at Peking and the consulate at Tientsin during
contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.
1899
Nicaragua. American and British naval forces were landed to protect
national interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March 5, and
at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the insurrection of
Gen. Juan P. Reyes.
1899
Samoa. February-May 15. American and British naval forces were
landed to protect national interests and to take part in a bloody
contention over the succession to the throne.

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CRS-10
1899-1901
Philippine Islands. U.S. forces protected American interests
following the war with Spain and conquered the islands by defeating
the Filipinos in their war for independence.
1900
China. May 24 to September 28. American troops participated in
operations to protect foreign lives during the Boxer rising,
particularly at Peking. For many years after this experience a
permanent legation guard was maintained in Peking, and was
strengthened at times as trouble threatened.
1901
Colombia (State of Panama). November 20 to December 4. U.S.
forces protected American property on the Isthmus and kept transit
lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances.
1902
Colombia - April 16 to 23. U.S. forces protected American lives and
property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.
1902
Colombia (State of Panama). September 17 to November 18. The
United States placed armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus
to keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both sides of
Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops.
1903
Honduras. March 23 to 30 or 31. U.S. forces protected the American
consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortez during a period
of revolutionary activity.
1903
Dominican Republic. March 30 to April 21. A detachment of
marines was landed to protect American interests in the city of Santo
Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.
1903
Syria. September 7 to 12. U.S. forces protected the American
consulate in Beirut when a local Moslem uprising was feared.
1903-04
Abyssinia. Twenty-five marines were sent to Abyssinia to protect the
U.S. Consul General while he negotiated a treaty.
1903-14
Panama. U.S. forces sought to protect American interests and lives
during and following the revolution for independence from Colombia
over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief intermissions,
United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November
4, 1903, to January 21, 1914, to guard American interests.
1904
Dominican Republic. January 2 to February 11. American and
British naval forces established an area in which no fighting would be
allowed and protected American interests in Puerto Plata and Sosua
and Santo Domingo City during revolutionary fighting.
1904
Tangier, Morocco. “We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisula
dead.” A squadron demonstrated to force release of a kidnapped
American. Marines were landed to protect the consul general.
1904
Panama. November 17 to 24. U.S. forces protected American lives
and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.
1904-05
Korea. January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905. A guard of Marines

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CRS-11
was sent to protect the American legation in Seoul during the
Russo-Japanese War.
1906-09
Cuba. September 1906 to January 23, 1909. U.S. forces sought to
restore order, protect foreigners, and establish a stable government
after serious revolutionary activity.
1907
Honduras. March 18 to June 8. To protect American interests during
a war between Honduras and Nicaragua, troops were stationed in
Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna and Choloma.
1910
Nicaragua. May 19 to September 4. U.S. forces protected American
interests at Bluefields.
1911
Honduras. January 26. American naval detachments were landed to
protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras.
1911
China. As the nationalist revolution approached, in October an
ensign and 10 men tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but
retired on being warned away, and a small landing force guarded
American private property and consulate at Hankow. Marines were
deployed in November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai;
landing forces were sent for protection in Nanking, Chinkiang, Taku
and elsewhere.
1912
Honduras. A small force landed to prevent seizure by the
government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortez. The
forces were withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action.
1912
Panama. Troops, on request of both political parties, supervised
elections outside the Canal Zone.
1912
Cuba. June 5 to August 5. U.S. forces protected American interests
on the Province of Oriente, and in Havana.
1912
China. August 24 to 26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26 to 30 at
Camp Nicholson. U.S. forces protected Americans and American
interests during revolutionary activity.
1912
Turkey. November 18 to December 3. U.S. forces guarded the
American legation at Constantinople during a Balkan War.
1912-25
Nicaragua. August to November 1912. U.S. forces protected
American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force,
serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and
stability, remained until August 5, 1925.
1912-41
China. The disorders which began with the overthrow of the dynasty
during Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the
invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing parties
for the protection of U.S. interests in China continuously and at many
points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Peking and along the
route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States
had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters.

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CRS-12
In 1933 the United States had 3,027 armed men ashore. The
protective action was generally based on treaties with China
concluded from 1858 to 1901.
1913
Mexico. September 5 to 7. A few marines landed at Ciaris Estero to
aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the Yaqui
Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by civil strife.
1914
Haiti. January 29 to February 9, February 20 to 21, October 19.
Intermittently U.S. naval forces protected American nationals in a
time of rioting and revolution.
1914
Dominican Republic. June and July. During a revolutionary
movement, United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the
bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo
Domingo City as a neutral zone.
1914-17
Mexico. Undeclared Mexican-American hostilities followed the
Dolphin affair and Villa’s raids and included capture of Vera Cruz
and later Pershing’s expedition into northern Mexico.
1915-34
Haiti. July 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934. U.S. forces maintained
order during a period of chronic political instability.
1916
China. American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on
American property in Nanking.
1916-24
Dominican Republic. May 1916 to September 1924. American naval
forces maintained order during a period of chronic and threatened
insurrection.
1917
China. American troops were landed at Chungking to protect
American lives during a political crisis.
1917-18
World War I. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war
with Germany and on December 7, 1917, with Austria-Hungary.
Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by
Germany’s submarine warfare against neutral shipping.
1917-22
Cuba. U.S. forces protected American interests
during
an
insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United
States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies
remained at Camaguey until February 1922.
1918-19
Mexico. After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, U.S. troops
entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and
six times in 1919. In August 1918 American and Mexican troops
fought at Nogales.
1918-20
Panama. U.S. forces were used for police duty according to treaty
stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and subsequent
unrest.
1918-20
Soviet Russia. Marines were landed at and near Vladivostok in June
and July to protect the American consulate and other points in the

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CRS-13
fighting between the Bolshevik troops and the Czech Army which
had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of
emergency government and neutrality was issued by the American,
Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July. In August
7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January
1920, as part of an allied occupation force. In September 1918, 5,000
American troops joined the allied intervention force at Archangel and
remained until June 1919. These operations were in response to the
Bolshevik revolution in Russia and were partly supported by Czarist
or Kerensky elements.
1919
Dalmatia. U.S. forces were landed at Trau at the request of Italian
authorities to police order between the Italians and Serbs.
1919
Turkey. Marines from the U.S.S. Arizona were landed to guard the
U.S. Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople.
1919
Honduras. September 8 to 12. A landing force was sent ashore to
maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution.
1920
China. March 14. A landing force was sent ashore for a few hours
to protect lives during a disturbance at Kiukiang.
1920
Guatemala. April 9 to 27. U.S. forces protected the American
Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station,
during a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of
Guatemala.
1920-22
Russia (Siberia). February 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922. A
Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio station and
property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.
1921
Panama - Costa Rica. American naval squadrons demonstrated in
April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two
countries over a boundary dispute.
1922
Turkey. September and October. A landing force was sent ashore
with consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect
American lives and property when the Turkish Nationalists entered
Smyrna.
1922-23
China. Between April 1922 and November 1923 marines were
landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.
1924
Honduras. February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15. U.S.
forces protected American lives and interests during election
hostilities.
1924
China. September. Marines were landed to protect Americans and
other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.
1925
China. January 15 to August 29. Fighting of Chinese factions
accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the
landing of American forces to protect lives and property in the

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CRS-14
International Settlement.
1925
Honduras. April 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected foreigners at La
Ceiba during a political upheaval.
1925
Panama. October 12 to 23. Strikes and rent riots led to the landing
of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect American
interests.
1926-33
Nicaragua. May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926 to January 3,
1933. The coup d’etat of General Chamorro aroused revolutionary
activities leading to the landing of American marines to protect the
interests of the United States. United States forces came and went
intermittently until January 3, 1933.
1926
China. August and September. The Nationalist attack on Hankow
brought the landing of American naval forces to protect American
citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate general even
after September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn.
Likewise, when Nationalist forces captured Kiukiang, naval forces
were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6.
1927
China. February. Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval forces
and marines to be increased. In March a naval guard was stationed
at the American consulate at Nanking after Nationalist forces
captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell
fire to protect Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently
additional forces of marines and naval vessels were stationed in the
vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin.
1932
China. American forces were landed to protect American interests
during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.
1933
Cuba. During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado naval
forces demonstrated but no landing was made.
1934
China. Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American
Consulate.
1940
Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua,
Trinidad, and British Guiana. Troops were sent to guard air and
naval bases obtained by negotiation with Great Britain. These were
sometimes called lend-lease bases.
1941
Greenland. Greenland was taken under protection of the United
States in April.
1941
Netherlands (Dutch Guiana). In November the President ordered
American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the
Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect
aluminum ore supply from the bauxite mines in Surinam.
1941
Iceland. Iceland was taken under the protection of the United States,
with consent of its government, for strategic reasons.

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CRS-15
1941
Germany. Sometime in the spring the President ordered the Navy to
patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July U.S. warships were convoying
and by September were attacking German submarines. In November,
the Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect U.S. military aid to
Britain.
1941-45
World War II. On December 8, 1941, the United States declared
war with Japan, on December 11 with Germany and Italy, and on
June 5, 1942, with Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania. The United
States declared war against Japan after the surprise bombing of Pearl
Harbor, and against Germany and Italy after those nations, under the
dictators Hitler and Mussolini, declared war against the United States.
The U.S. declared war against Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania in
response to the declarations of war by those nations against the
United States.
1945
China. In October 50,000 U.S. Marines were sent to North China to
assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and repatriating the
Japanese in China and in controlling ports, railroads, and airfields.
This was in addition to approximately 60,000 U.S. forces remaining
in China at the end of World War II.
1946
Trieste. President Truman ordered the augmentation of U.S. troops
along the zonal occupation line and the reinforcement of air forces in
northern Italy after Yugoslav forces shot down an unarmed U.S.
Army transport plane flying over Venezia Giulia. Earlier U.S. naval
units had been dispatched to the scene.
1948
Palestine. A marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to protect
the U.S. Consul General.
1948
Berlin. After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the
U.S., British, and French sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the
United States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after the
blockade was lifted in May 1949.
1948-49
China. Marines were dispatched to Nanking to protect the American
Embassy when the city fell to Communist troops, and to Shanghai to
aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans.
1950-53
Korean War. The United States responded to North Korean invasion
of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations
Security Council resolutions. U.S. forces deployed in Korea exceeded
300,000 during the last year of the conflict. Over 36,600 U.S. military
were killed in action.
1950-55
Formosa (Taiwan). In June 1950 at the beginning of the Korean War,
President Truman ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese
Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist operations
against mainland China.
1954-55
China. Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel
from the Tachen Islands.

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CRS-16
1956
Egypt. A marine battalion evacuated U.S. nationals and other persons
from Alexandria during the Suez crisis.
1958
Lebanon. Marines were landed in Lebanon at the invitation of its
government to help protect against threatened insurrection supported
from the outside. The President’s action was supported by a
Congressional resolution passed in 1957 that authorized such actions
in that area of the world.
1959-60
The Caribbean. 2d Marine Ground Task Force was deployed to
protect U.S. nationals during the Cuban crisis.
1962
Thailand. The 3d Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May 17,
1962 to support that country during the threat of Communist pressure
from outside; by July 30 the 5,000 marines had been withdrawn.
1962
Cuba. On October 22, President Kennedy instituted a “quarantine”
on the shipment of offensive missiles to Cuba from the Soviet Union.
He also warned the Soviet Union that the launching of any missile
from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere would bring
about U.S. nuclear retaliation on the Soviet Union. A negotiated
settlement was achieved in a few days.
1962-75
Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the United States played an
important role in military support of anti-Communist forces in Laos.
1964
Congo. The United States sent four transport planes to provide airlift
for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to transport Belgian para-
troopers to rescue foreigners.
1964-73
Vietnam War. U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam for
a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military
position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what
he termed were attacks on U.S. destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf,
President Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing
U.S. determination to support freedom and protect peace in Southeast
Asia. Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution,
expressing support for “all necessary measures” the President might
take to repel armed attack against U.S. forces and prevent further
aggression. Following this resolution, and following a Communist
attack on a U.S. installation in central Vietnam, the United States
escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military
personnel by April 1969.
1965
Dominican Republic. The United States intervened to protect lives
and property during a Dominican revolt and sent more troops as fears
grew that the revolutionary forces were coming increasingly under
Communist control.
1967
Congo. The United States sent three military transport aircraft with
crews to provide the Congo central government with logistical
support during a revolt.

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CRS-17
1970
Cambodia. U.S. troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out
Communist sanctuaries from which Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
attacked U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object
of this attack, which lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure
the continuing safe withdrawal of American forces from South
Vietnam and to assist the program of Vietnamization.
1974
Evacuation from Cyprus. United States naval forces evacuated U.S.
civilians during hostilities between Turkish and Greek Cypriot forces.
1975
Evacuation from Vietnam. On April 3, 1975, President Ford reported
U.S. naval vessels, helicopters, and marines had been sent to assist in
evacuation of refugees and U.S. nationals from Vietnam.2
1975
Evacuation from Cambodia. On April 12, 1975, President Ford
reported that he had ordered U.S. military forces to proceed with the
planned evacuation of U.S. citizens from Cambodia.
1975
South Vietnam. On April 30, 1975, President Ford reported that a
force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 marines had evacuated
about 1,400 U.S. citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South
Vietnamese from landing zones near the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and
the Tan Son Nhut Airfield.
1975
Mayaguez incident. On May 15, 1975, President Ford reported he
had ordered military forces to retake the SS Mayaguez, a merchant
vessel en route from Hong Kong to Thailand with a U.S. citizen crew
which was seized by Cambodian naval patrol boats in international
waters and forced to proceed to a nearby island.
1976
Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1974, helicopters from five U.S. naval
vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans and Europeans from
Lebanon during fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland
convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.
1976
Korea. Additional forces were sent to Korea after two American
soldiers were killed by North Korean soldiers in the demilitarized
zone between North and South Korea while cutting down a tree.
1978
Zaire. From May 19 through June 1978, the United States utilized
military transport aircraft to provide logistical support to Belgian and
French rescue operations in Zaire.
1980
Iran. On April 26, 1980, President Carter reported the use of six U.S.
transport planes and eight helicopters in an unsuccessful attempt to
rescue American hostages being held in Iran.
2 This and subsequent mentions of Presidential reports or notifications refer to reports the
President has submitted to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution (P.L. 91-148,
November 7, 1973). For a discussion of the War Powers Resolution and various types of
reports required under it, see CRS Report RL33532, War Powers Resolution: Presidential
Compliance, by Richard F. Grimmett.

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CRS-18
1981
El Salvador. After a guerilla offensive against the government of El
Salvador, additional U.S. military advisers were sent to El Salvador,
bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in training
government forces in counterinsurgency.
1981
Libya. On August 19, 1981, U.S. planes based on the carrier U.S.S.
Nimitz shot down two Libyan jets over the Gulf of Sidra after one of
the Libyan jets had fired a heat-seeking missile. The United States
periodically held freedom of navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra,
claimed by Libya as territorial waters but considered international
waters by the United States.
1982
Sinai. On March 19, 1982, President Reagan reported the
deployment of military personnel and equipment to participate in the
Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai. Participation had
been authorized by the Multinational Force and Observers
Resolution, P.L. 97-132.
1982
Lebanon. On August 21, 1982, President Reagan reported the
dispatch of 80 marines to serve in the multinational force to assist in
the withdrawal of members of the Palestine Liberation force from
Beirut. The Marines left September 20, 1982.
1982-1983
Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported the
deployment of 1200 marines to serve in a temporary multinational
force to facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government sovereignty.
On Sept. 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational Force in
Lebanon Resolution (P.L. 98-119) authorizing the continued
participation for eighteen months.
1983
Egypt. After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March 18,
1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for assistance, the United States
dispatched an AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt.
1983-89
Honduras. In July 1983 the United States undertook a series of
exercises in Honduras that some believed might lead to conflict with
Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed U.S. military helicopters
and crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to
repel Nicaraguan troops.
1983
Chad. On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the deployment
of two AWACS electronic surveillance planes and eight F-15 fighter
planes and ground logistical support forces to assist Chad against
Libyan and rebel forces.
1983
Grenada. On October 25, 1983, President Reagan reported a landing
on Grenada by Marines and Army airborne troops to protect lives and
assist in the restoration of law and order and at the request of five
members of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States.
1984
Persian Gulf. On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter planes,
aided by intelligence from a U.S. AWACS electronic surveillance
aircraft and fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian

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CRS-19
fighter planes over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a
protected zone for shipping.
1985
Italy. On October 10, 1985, U.S. Navy pilots intercepted an Egyptian
airliner and forced it to land in Sicily. The airliner was carrying the
hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro who had killed an
American citizen during the hijacking.
1986
Libya. On March 26, 1986, President Reagan reported to Congress
that, on March 24 and 25, U.S. forces, while engaged in freedom of
navigation exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked by
Libyan missiles and the United States had responded with missiles.
1986
Libya. On April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S. air
and naval forces had conducted bombing strikes on terrorist facilities
and military installations in Libya.
1986
Bolivia. U.S. Army personnel and aircraft assisted Bolivia in
anti-drug operations.
1987-88
Persian Gulf. After the Iran-Iraq War resulted in several military
incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United States increased U.S. joint
military forces operations in the Persian Gulf and adopted a policy of
reflagging and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the Gulf.
President Reagan reported that U.S. Navy ships had been fired upon
or struck mines or taken other military action on September 23,
October 10, and October 20, 1987 and April 19, July 4, and July 14,
1988. The United States gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire
between Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.
1988
Panama. In mid-March and April 1988, during a period of instability
in Panama and as pressure grew for Panamanian military leader
General Manuel Noriega to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops
to Panama, to “further safeguard the canal, U.S. lives, property and
interests in the area.” The forces supplemented 10,000 U.S. military
personnel already in Panama.
1989
Libya. On January 4, 1989, two U.S. Navy F-14 aircraft based on the
U.S.S. John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the
Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of Libya. The U.S. pilots
said the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile intentions.
1989
Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega’s
disregard of the results of the Panamanian election, President Bush
ordered a brigade-sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to
augment the estimated 11,000 U.S. forces already in the area.
1989
Andean Initiative in War on Drugs. On September 15, 1989,
President Bush announced that military and law enforcement
assistance would be sent to help the Andean nations of Colombia,
Bolivia, and Peru combat illicit drug producers and traffickers. By
mid-September there were 50-100 U.S. military advisers in Colombia
in connection with transport and training in the use of military

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CRS-20
equipment, plus seven Special Forces teams of 2-12 persons to train
troops in the three countries.
1989
Philippines. On December 2, 1989, President Bush reported that on
December 1 U.S. fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the
Philippines had assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup
attempt. In addition, 100 marines were sent from the U.S. Navy base
at Subic Bay to protect the U.S. Embassy in Manila.
1989-90
Panama. On December 21, 1989, President Bush reported that he
had ordered U.S. military forces to Panama to protect the lives of
American citizens and bring General Noriega to justice. By February
13, 1990, all the invasion forces had been withdrawn.
1990
Liberia. On August 6, 1990, President Bush reported that a
reinforced rifle company had been sent to provide additional security
to the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had
evacuated U.S. citizens from Liberia.
1990
Saudi Arabia. On August 9, 1990, President Bush reported that he
had ordered the forward deployment of substantial elements of the
U.S. armed forces into the Persian Gulf region to help defend Saudi
Arabia after the August 2 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November
16, 1990, he reported the continued buildup of the forces to ensure an
adequate offensive military option.
1991
Iraq. On January 18, 1991, President Bush reported that he had
directed U.S. armed forces to commence combat operations on
January 16 against Iraqi forces and military targets in Iraq and
Kuwait, in conjunction with a coalition of allies and U.N. Security
Council resolutions. On January 12 Congress had passed the
Authorization for Use of Military Force against Iraq Resolution (P.L.
102-1). Combat operations were suspended on February 28, 1991.
1991
Iraq. On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated in a status report to
Congress that the Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had
necessitated a limited introduction of U.S. forces into northern Iraq
for emergency relief purposes.
1991
Zaire. On September 25-27, 1991, after widespread looting and
rioting broke out in Kinshasa, U.S. Air Force C-141s transported 100
Belgian troops and equipment into Kinshasa. U.S. planes also carried
300 French troops into the Central African Republic and hauled back
American citizens and third country nationals from locations outside
Zaire.
1992
Sierra Leone. On May 3, 1992, U.S. military planes evacuated
Americans from Sierra Leone, where military leaders had overthrown
the government.
1992
Kuwait. On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of
military exercises in Kuwait, following Iraqi refusal to recognize a
new border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate

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CRS-21
with U.N. inspection teams.
1992
Iraq. On September 16, 1992, President Bush stated in a status report
to Congress that he had ordered U.S. participation in the enforcement
of a prohibition against Iraqi flights in a specified zone in southern
Iraq, and aerial reconnaissance to monitor Iraqi compliance with the
cease-fire resolution.
1992
Somalia. On December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he
had deployed U.S. armed forces to Somalia in response to a
humanitarian crisis and a U.N. Security Council Resolution
determining that the situation constituted a threat to international
peace. This operation, called Operation Restore Hope, was part of a
U.S.-led United Nations Unified Task Force (UNITAF) and came to
an end on May 4, 1993. U.S. forces continued to participate in the
successor United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II), which
the U.N. Security Council authorized to assist Somalia in political
reconciliation and restoration of peace.
1993
Iraq. On January 19, 1993, President Bush said in a status report that
on December 27, 1992, U.S. aircraft had shot down an Iraqi aircraft
in the prohibited zone; on January 13 aircraft from the United States
and coalition partners had attacked missile bases in southern Iraq; and
further military actions had occurred on January 17 and 18.
Administration officials said the United States was deploying a
battalion task force to Kuwait to underline the continuing U.S.
commitment to Kuwaiti independence.
1993
Iraq. On January 21, 1993, shortly after his inauguration, President
Clinton said the United States would continue the Bush policy on
Iraq, and U.S. aircraft fired at targets in Iraq after pilots sensed Iraqi
radar or anti-aircraft fire directed at them.
1993
Bosnia. On February 28, 1993, the United States began an airdrop of
relief supplies aimed at Muslims surrounded by Serbian forces in
Bosnia.
1993
Bosnia. On April 13, 1993, President Clinton reported U.S. forces
were participating in a NATO air action to enforce a U.N. ban on all
unauthorized military flights over Bosnia-Hercegovina.
1993
Iraq. In a status report on Iraq of May 24, President Clinton said that
on April 9 and April 18 U.S. planes had bombed or fired missiles at
Iraqi anti-aircraft sites that had tracked U.S. aircraft.
1993
Somalia. On June 10, 1993, President Clinton reported that in
response to attacks against U.N. forces in Somalia by a factional
leader, the U.S. Quick Reaction Force in the area had participated in
military action to quell the violence. On July 1 President Clinton
reported further air and ground military operations on June 12 and
June 17 aimed at neutralizing military capabilities that had impeded
U.N. efforts to deliver humanitarian relief and promote national
reconstruction, and additional instances occurred in the following

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CRS-22
months.
1993
Iraq. On June 28, 1993, President Clinton reported that on June 26
U.S. naval forces had launched missiles against the Iraqi Intelligence
Service’s headquarters in Baghdad in response to an unsuccessful
attempt to assassinate former President Bush in Kuwait in April 1993.
1993
Iraq. In a status report of July 22, 1993, President Clinton said on
June 19 a U.S. aircraft had fired a missile at an Iraqi anti-aircraft site
displaying hostile intent. U.S. planes also bombed an Iraqi missile
battery on August 19, 1993.
1993
Macedonia. On July 9, 1993, President Clinton reported the
deployment of 350 U.S. soldiers to the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia to participate in the U.N. Protection Force to help
maintain stability in the area of former Yugoslavia.
1993
Haiti. On October 20, 1993, President Clinton reported that U.S.
ships had begun to enforce a U.N. embargo against Haiti.
1994
Bosnia. On February 17, 1994, President Clinton reported that the
United States had expanded its participation in United Nations and
NATO efforts to reach a peaceful solution to the conflict in former
Yugoslavia and that 60 U.S. aircraft were available for participation
in the authorized NATO missions.
1994
Bosnia. On March 1, 1994, President Clinton reported that on
February 28 U.S. planes patrolling the “no-fly zone” in former
Yugoslavia under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
shot down 4 Serbian Galeb planes.
1994
Bosnia. On April 12, 1994, President Clinton reported that on April
10 and 11, U.S. warplanes under NATO command had fired against
Bosnian Serb forces shelling the “safe” city of Gorazde.
1994
Rwanda. On April 12, 1994, President Clinton reported that
combat-equipped U.S. military forces had been deployed to Burundi
to conduct possible non-combatant evacuation operations of U.S.
citizens and other third-country nationals from Rwanda, where
widespread fighting had broken out. By September 30, 1994, all U.S.
troops had departed from Rwanda and surrounding nations. In the
Defense Appropriations Act for FY1995 (P.L. 103-335, signed
September 30, 1994), Congress barred use of funds for U.S. military
participation in or around Rwanda after October 7, 1994, except for
any action necessary to protect U.S. citizens.
1994
Macedonia. On April 19, 1994, President Clinton reported that the
U.S. contingent in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia had
been augmented by a reinforced company of 200 personnel.
1994
Haiti. On April 20, 1994, President Clinton reported that U.S. naval
forces had continued enforcement of the U.N. embargo in the waters
around Haiti and that 712 vessels had been boarded since October 20,

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CRS-23
1993.
1994
Bosnia. On August 22, 1994, President Clinton reported the use on
August 5 of U.S. aircraft under NATO to attack Bosnian Serb heavy
weapons in the Sarajevo heavy weapons exclusion zone upon request
of the U.N. Protection Forces.
1994
Haiti. On September 21, 1994, President Clinton reported the
deployment of 1,500 troops to Haiti to restore democracy in Haiti.
The troop level was subsequently increased to 20,000.
1994
Bosnia. On November 22, 1994, President Clinton reported the use
of U.S. combat aircraft on November 21, 1994, under NATO, to
attack bases used by Serbs to attack the town of Bihac in Bosnia.
1994
Macedonia. On December 22, 1994, President Clinton reported that
the U.S. Army contingent in the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia continued its peacekeeping mission and that the current
contingent would soon be replaced by about 500 soldiers from the 3rd
Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Armored Division from
Kirchgons, Germany.
1995
Somalia. On March 1, 1995, President Clinton reported that on
February 27, 1995, 1,800 combat-equipped U.S. armed forces
personnel began deployment into Mogadishu, Somalia, to assist in the
withdrawal of U.N. forces assigned there to the United Nations
Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II). This mission was completed on
March 3, 1995.
1995
Haiti. On March 21, 1995, President Clinton reported that U.S.
military forces in Haiti as part of a U.N. Multinational Force had been
reduced to just under 5,300 personnel. He noted that as of March 31,
1995, approximately 2,500 U.S. personnel would remain in Haiti as
part of the U.N. Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).
1995
Bosnia. On May 24, 1995, President Clinton reported that U.S.
combat-equipped fighter aircraft and other aircraft continued to
contribute to NATO’s enforcement of the no-fly zone in airspace over
Bosnia-Herzegovina. U.S. aircraft, he noted, were also available for
close air support of U.N. forces in Croatia. Roughly 500 U.S. soldiers
continued to be deployed in the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia as part of the U.N. Preventive Deployment Force
(UNPREDEP). U.S. forces continued to support U.N. refugee and
embargo operations in this region.
1995
Bosnia. On September 1, 1995, President Clinton reported that “U.S.
combat and support aircraft” had been used beginning on August 29,
1995, in a series of NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb Army
(BSA) forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina that were threatening the
U.N.-declared safe areas of Sarajevo, Tuzla, and Gorazde. He noted
that during the first day of operations, “some 300 sorties were flown
against 23 targets in the vicinity of Sarajevo, Tuzla, Gorazde and
Mostar.”

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CRS-24
1995
Haiti. On September 21, 1995, President Clinton reported that
currently the United States had 2,400 military personnel in Haiti as
participants in the U.N. Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). In addition, 260
U.S. military personnel were assigned to the U.S. Support Group
Haiti.
1995
Bosnia. On December 6, 1995, President Clinton reported to
Congress, that he had “ordered the deployment of approximately
1,500 U.S. military personnel” to Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia
as part of a NATO “enabling force” to lay the groundwork for the
prompt and safe deployment of the NATO-led Implementation Force
(IFOR),” which would be used to implement the Bosnian peace
agreement after its signing. The President also noted that he had
authorized deployment of roughly 3,000 other U.S. military personnel
to Hungary, Italy, and Croatia to establish infrastructure for the
enabling force and the IFOR.
1995
Bosnia. On December 21, 1995, President Clinton reported to
Congress that he had ordered the deployment of approximately
20,000 U.S. military personnel to participate in the NATO-led
Implementation Force (IFOR) in the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina, and approximately 5,000 U.S. military
personnel would be deployed in other former Yugoslav states,
primarily in Croatia. In addition, about 7,000 U.S. support forces
would be deployed to Hungary, Italy and Croatia and other regional
states in support of IFOR’s mission.
1996
Haiti. On March 21, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress
that beginning in January 1996 there had been a “phased reduction”
in the number of United States personnel assigned to the United
Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). As of March 21, 309 U.S.
personnel remained a part of UNMIH. These U.S. forces were
“equipped for combat.”
1996
Liberia. On April 11, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress
that on April 9, 1996 due to the “deterioration of the security situation
and the resulting threat to American citizens” in Liberia he had
ordered U.S. military forces to evacuate from that country “private
U.S. citizens and certain third-country nationals who had taken refuge
in the U.S. Embassy compound....”
1996
Liberia. On May 20, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress the
continued deployment of U.S. military forces in Liberia to evacuate
both American citizens and other foreign personnel, and to respond
to various isolated “attacks on the American Embassy complex” in
Liberia. The President noted that the deployment of U.S. forces
would continue until there was no longer any need for enhanced
security at the Embassy and a requirement to maintain an evacuation
capability in the country.
1996
Central African Republic. On May 23, 1996, President Clinton
reported to Congress the deployment of U.S. military personnel to

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CRS-25
Bangui, Central African Republic, to conduct the evacuation from
that country of “private U.S. citizens and certain U.S. Government
employees,” and to provide “enhanced security for the American
Embassy in Bangui.”
1996
Bosnia. On June 21, 1996, President Clinton reported to Congress
that United States forces totaling about 17,000 remain deployed in
Bosnia “under NATO operational command and control” as part of
the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR). In addition, about 5,500
U.S. military personnel were deployed in Hungary, Italy and Croatia,
and other regional states to provide “logistical and other support to
IFOR.” The President noted that it was the intention that IFOR would
complete the withdrawal of all troops in the weeks after December
20, 1996, on a schedule “set by NATO commanders consistent with
the safety of troops and the logistical requirements for an orderly
withdrawal.” He also noted that a U.S. Army contingent (of about 500
U.S. soldiers) remained in the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia as part of the United Nations Preventive Deployment
Force (UNPREDEP).
1996
Rwanda and Zaire. On December 2, 1996, President Clinton reported
to Congress that to support the humanitarian efforts of the United
Nations regarding refugees in Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region of
Eastern Zaire, he had authorized the use of U.S. personnel and
aircraft, including AC-130U planes to help in surveying the region in
support of humanitarian operations, although fighting still was
occurring in the area, and U.S. aircraft had been subject to fire when
on flight duty.
1996
Bosnia. On December 20, 1996, President Clinton reported to
Congress that he had authorized U.S. participation in an IFOR
follow-on force in Bosnia, known as SFOR (Stabilization Force),
under NATO command. The President said the U.S. forces
contribution to SFOR was to be “about 8,500” personnel whose
primary mission is to deter or prevent a resumption of hostilities or
new threats to peace in Bosnia. SFOR’s duration in Bosnia is
expected to be 18 months, with progressive reductions and eventual
withdrawal.
1997
Albania. On March 15, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress
that on March 13, 1997, he had utilized U.S. military forces to
evacuate certain U.S. Government employees and private U.S.
citizens from Tirana, Albania, and to enhance security for the U.S.
Embassy in that city.
1997
Congo and Gabon. On March 27, 1997, President Clinton reported
to Congress that, on March 25, 1997, a standby evacuation force of
U.S. military personnel had been deployed to Congo and Gabon to
provide enhanced security for American private citizens, government
employees, and selected third country nationals in Zaire, and to be
available for any necessary evacuation operation.

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CRS-26
1997
Sierra Leone. On May 30, 1997, President Clinton reported to
Congress that on May 29 and May 30, 1997, U.S. military personnel
were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and
undertake the evacuation of certain U.S. government employees and
private U.S. citizens.
1997
Bosnia. On June 20, 1997, President Clinton reported to Congress
that U.S. Armed Forces continued to support peacekeeping operations
in Bosnia and other states in the region in support of the NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR). He reported that currently most U.S.
military personnel involved in SFOR were in Bosnia, near Tuzla, and
about 2,800 U.S. troops were deployed in Hungary, Croatia, Italy, and
other regional states to provide logistics and other support to SFOR.
A U.S. Army continent of about 500 also remained in the Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as part of the U.N. Preventive
Deployment Force (UNPREDEP).
1997
Cambodia. On July 11, 1997, President Clinton reported to
Congress that in an effort to ensure the security of American citizens
in Cambodia during a period of domestic conflict there, he had
deployed a Task Force of about 550 U.S. military personnel to Utapao
Air Base in Thailand. These personnel were to be available for
possible emergency evacuation operations in Cambodia as deemed
necessary.
1997
Bosnia. On December 19, 1997, President Clinton reported to
Congress that he intended “in principle” to have the United States
participate in a security presence in Bosnia when the NATO SFOR
contingent withdrew in the summer of 1998.
1998
Guinea-Bissau. On June 12, 1998, President Clinton reported to
Congress that, on June 10, 1998, in response to an army mutiny in
Guinea-Bissau endangering the U.S. Embassy, U.S. government
employees and citizens in that country, he had deployed a standby
evacuation force of U.S. military personnel to Dakar, Senegal, to
remove such individuals, as well as selected third country nationals,
from the city of Bissau. The deployment continued until the necessary
evacuations were completed.
1998
Bosnia. On June 19, 1998, President Clinton reported to Congress
regarding activities in the last six months of combat-equipped U.S.
forces in support of NATO’s SFOR in Bosnia and surrounding areas
of former Yugoslavia.
1998
Kenya and Tanzania. On August 10, 1998, President Clinton reported
to Congress that he had deployed, on August 7, 1998, a Joint Task
Force of U.S. military personnel to Nairobi, Kenya, to coordinate the
medical and disaster assistance related to the bombings of the U.S.
Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. He also reported that teams of
50-100 security personnel had arrived in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania, to enhance the security of the U.S. Embassies and
citizens there.

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CRS-27
1998
Albania. On August 18, 1998, President Clinton reported to
Congress that he had, on August 16, 1998, deployed 200 U.S.
Marines and 10 Navy SEALS to the U.S. Embassy compound in
Tirana, Albania, to enhance security against reported threats against
U.S. personnel.
1998
Afghanistan and Sudan. On August 21, 1998, by letter, President
Clinton reported to Congress that he had authorized airstrikes on
August 20th against camps and installations in Afghanistan and Sudan
used by the Osama bin Laden terrorist organization. The President did
so based on what he viewed as convincing information that the bin
Laden organization was responsible for the bombings, on August 7,
1998, of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
1998
Liberia. On September 29, 1998, President Clinton reported to
Congress that on September 27, 1998 he had, due to political
instability and civil disorder in Liberia, deployed a stand-by response
and evacuation force of 30 U.S. military personnel to augment the
security force at the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia, and to provide for a
rapid evacuation capability, as needed, to remove U.S. citizens and
government personnel from the country.
1998
Iraq. During the period from December 16-23, 1998, the United
States, together with the United Kingdom, conducted a bombing
campaign, termed Operation Desert Fox, against Iraqi industrial
facilities deemed capable of producing weapons of mass destruction,
and against other Iraqi military and security targets.
1998-1999
Iraq. Beginning in late December 1998, and continuing during 1999,
the United States, together with forces of the coalition enforcing the
“no-fly” zones over Iraq, conducted military operations against the
Iraqi air defense system on numerous occasions in response to actual
or potential threats against aircraft enforcing the “no-fly” zones in
northern and southern Iraq.
1999
Bosnia. On January 19, 1999, President Clinton reported to
Congress that he was continuing to authorize the use of
combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces in Bosnia and other states in the
region as participants in and supporters of the NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR). He noted that the U.S. SFOR military
personnel totaled about 6,900, with about 2,300 U.S. military
personnel deployed to Hungary, Croatia, Italy and other regional
states. Also some 350 U.S. military personnel remain deployed in the
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) as part of the
U.N. Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP).
1999
Kenya. On February 25, 1999, President Clinton reported to
Congress that he was continuing to deploy U.S. military personnel in
that country to assist in providing security for the U.S. embassy and
American citizens in Nairobi, pending completion of renovations of
the American embassy facility in Nairobi, subject of a terrorist
bombing in August 1998.

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CRS-28
1999
Yugoslavia. On March 26, 1999, President Clinton reported to
Congress that, on March 24, 1999, U.S. military forces, at his
direction, and in coalition with NATO allies, had commenced air
strikes against Yugoslavia in response to the Yugoslav government’s
campaign of violence and repression against the ethnic Albanian
population in Kosovo.
1999
Yugoslavia/Albania. On April 7, 1999, President Clinton reported to
Congress, that he had ordered additional U.S. military forces to
Albania, including rotary wing aircraft, artillery, and tactical missiles
systems to enhance NATO’s ability to conduct effective air
operations in Yugoslavia. About 2,500 soldiers and aviators are to be
deployed as part of this task force. The President also reported the
deployment of U.S. military forces to Albania and Macedonia to
support humanitarian disaster relief operations for Kosovar refugees.
1999
Yugoslavia/Albania. On May 25, 1999, President Clinton reported to
Congress, “consistent with the war Powers Resolution” that he had
directed “deployment of additional aircraft and forces to support
NATO’s ongoing efforts [against Yugoslavia], including several
thousand additional U.S. Armed Forces personnel to Albania in
support of the deep strike force located there.” He also directed that
additional U.S. forces be deployed to the region to assist in
“humanitarian operations.”
1999
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On June 12, 1999, President Clinton reported to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that he had
directed the deployment of about “7,000 U.S. military personnel as
the U.S. contribution to the approximately 50,000-member,
NATO-led security force (KFOR)” currently being assembled in
Kosovo. He also noted that about “1,500 U.S. military personnel,
under separate U.S. command and control, will deploy to other
countries in the region, as our national support element, in support of
KFOR.”
1999
Bosnia. On July 19, 1999, President Clinton reported to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that about 6,200 U.S.
military personnel were continuing to participate in the NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia, and that another 2,200
personnel were supporting SFOR operations from Hungary, Croatia,
and Italy. He also noted that U.S. military personnel remain in the
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to support the international
security presence in Kosovo (KFOR).
1999
East Timor. On October 8, 1999, President Clinton reported to
Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that he had
directed the deployment of a limited number of U.S. military forces
to East Timor to support the U.N. multinational force (INTERFET)
aimed at restoring peace to East Timor. U.S. support has been limited
initially to “communications, logistics, planning assistance and
transportation.” The President further noted that he had authorized

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CRS-29
deployment of the amphibious ship USS BELLEAU WOOD, together
with its helicopters and her complement of personnel from the 31st
Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (MEU
SOC) to the East Timor region, to provide helicopter airlift and
search and rescue support to the multinational operation. U.S.
participation was anticipated to continue until the transition to a U.N.
peacekeeping operation was complete.
1999
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On December 15, 1999, President Clinton
reported to Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution”
that U.S. combat-equipped military personnel continued to serve as
part of the NATO-led security force in Kosovo (KFOR). He noted
that the American contribution to KFOR in Kosovo was
“approximately 8,500 U.S. military personnel.”U.S. forces were
deployed in a sector centered around “Urosevac in the eastern portion
of Kosovo.” For U.S. KFOR forces, “maintaining public security is
a key task.” Other U.S. military personnel are deployed to other
countries in the region to serve in administrative and logistics support
roles for U.S. forces in KFOR. Of these forces, about 1,500 U.S.
military personnel are in Macedonia and Greece, and occasionally in
Albania.
1999-2000
Iraq. At various times during 1999, and continuing throughout 2000
the United States, together with forces of the coalition enforcing the
“no-fly” zones over Iraq, conducted military operations against the
Iraqi air defense system on numerous occasions in response to actual
or potential threats against aircraft enforcing the “no-fly” zones in
northern and southern Iraq.
2000
Bosnia. On January 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that the U.S. continued
to provide combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces to
Bosnia-Herzegovina and other states in the region as part of the
NATO led Stabilization Force (SFOR). The President noted that the
U.S. force contribution was being reduced from “approximately 6,200
to 4,600 personnel,” with the U.S. forces assigned to Multinational
Division, North, centered around the city of Tuzla. He added that
approximately 1,500 U.S. military personnel were deployed to
Hungary, Croatia, and Italy to provide “logistical and other support
to SFOR,” and that U.S. forces continue to support SFOR in “efforts
to apprehend persons indicted for war crimes.”
2000
East Timor. On February 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to
Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that he had
authorized the participation of a small number of U.S. military
personnel in support of the United Nations Transitional
Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), which has a mandate to
maintain law and order throughout East Timor, and to facilitate
establishment of an effective administration there, delivery of
humanitarian assistance and support the building of self-government.
The President reported that the U.S. contingent was small: three

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CRS-30
military observers, and one judge advocate. To facilitate and
coordinate U.S. military activities in East Timor, the President also
authorized the deployment of a support group (USGET), consisting
of 30 U.S. personnel. U.S. personnel would be temporarily deployed
to East Timor, on a rotational basis, and through periodic ship visits,
during which U.S. forces would conduct “humanitarian and assistance
activities throughout East Timor.” Rotational activities should
continue through the summer of 2000.
2000
Sierra Leone. On May 12, 2000, President Clinton, “consistent with
the War Powers Resolution” reported to Congress that he had ordered
a U.S. Navy patrol craft to deploy to Sierra Leone to be ready to
support evacuation operations from that country if needed. He also
authorized a U.S. C-17 aircraft to deliver “ammunition, and other
supplies and equipment” to Sierra Leone in support of United Nations
peacekeeping operations there.
2000
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On June 16, 2000, President Clinton reported to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that the U.S.
was continuing to provide military personnel to the NATO-led KFOR
security force in Kosovo. U.S. forces were numbered at 7,500, but
were scheduled to be reduced to 6,000 when ongoing troop rotations
were completed. U.S. forces in Kosovo are assigned to a sector
centered near Gnjilane in eastern Kosovo. Other U.S. military
personnel are deployed to other countries serving in administrative
and logistics support roles, with approximately 1,000 U.S. personnel
in Macedonia, Albania and Greece.
2000
Bosnia. On July 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that combat-equipped
U.S. military personnel continued to participate in the NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina, being deployed
to Bosnia, and other states in the region in support of peacekeeping
efforts in former Yugoslavia. U.S. military personnel levels have
been reduced from 6,200 to 4,600. Apart from the forces in Bosnia,
approximately 1,000 U.S. personnel continue to be deployed in
support roles in Hungary, Croatia, and Italy.
2000
East Timor. On August 25, 2000, President Clinton reported to
Congress,”consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that the
United States was currently contributing three military observers to
the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
(UNTAET) that is charged by the U.N. with restoring and
maintaining peace and security there. He also noted that the U.S. was
maintaining a military presence in East Timor separate from
UNTAET, comprised of about 30 U.S. personnel who facilitate and
coordinate U.S. military activities in East Timor and rotational
operations of U.S. forces there. U.S. forces currently conduct
humanitarian and civic assistance activities for East Timor’s citizens.
U.S. rotational presence operations in East Timor are presently
expected, the President said, to continue through December 2000.

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CRS-31
2000
Yemen. On October 14, 2000, President Clinton reported to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that on
October 12, 2000, in the wake of an attack on the USS COLE in the
port of Aden, Yemen, he had authorized deployment of about 45
military personnel from U.S. Naval Forces Central Command to
Aden to provide “medical, security, and disaster response assistance.”
The President further reported that on October 13, 2000 about 50
U.S. military security personnel arrived in Aden, and that additional
“security elements” may be deployed to the area, to enhance the
ability of the U.S. to ensure the security of the USS COLE and the
personnel responding to the incident. In addition, two U.S. Navy
surface combatant vessels are operating in or near Yemeni territorial
waters to provide communications and other support, as required.
2000
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On December 18, 2000, President Clinton
reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,”
that the United States was continuing to provide approximately 5,600
U.S. military personnel in support of peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo
as part of the NATO-led international security force in Kosovo
(KFOR). An additional 500 U.S. military personnel are deployed as
the National Support Element in Macedonia, with an occasional
presence in Albania and Greece. U.S. forces are assigned to a sector
centered around Gnjilane in the eastern portion of Kosovo. The
President noted that the mission for these U.S. military forces is
maintaining a safe and secure environment through conducting
“security patrols in urban areas and in the countryside throughout
their sector.”
2001
East Timor. On March 2, 2001, President George W. Bush reported
to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that U. S.
armed forces were continuing to support the United Nations
peacekeeping effort in East Timor aimed at providing security and
maintaining law and order in East Timor, coordinating delivery of
humanitarian assistance, and helping establish the basis for
self-government in East Timor. The U.S. currently has three military
observers attached to the United Nations Transitional Administration
in East Timor (UNTAET). The United States also has a separate
military presence, the U.S. Support Group East Timor (USGET), of
approximately 12 U.S. personnel, including a security detachment,
which “facilitates and coordinates” U.S. military activities in East
Timor.
2001
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On May 18, 2001, President George W. Bush
reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,”that the United States was continuing to provide
approximately 6,000 U.S. military personnel in support of
peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led international
security force in Kosovo (KFOR). An additional 500 U.S. military
personnel are deployed as the National Support Element in
Macedonia, with an occasional presence in Greece and Albania. U.S.
forces in Kosovo are assigned to a sector centered around Gnjilane in

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CRS-32
the eastern portion. President Bush noted that the mission for these
U.S. military forces is maintaining a safe and secure environment
through conducting security patrols in urban areas and in the
countryside through their sector.
2001
Bosnia. On July 25, 2001, President George W. Bush reported to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution, about 3,800
combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces continued to be deployed in
Bosnia-Herzegovina, and other regional states as part of the
NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). Most were based at Tuzla in
Bosnia. About 500 others were based in Hungary, Croatia, and Italy,
providing logistical and other support.
2001
Iraq. At various times throughout 2001, the United States, together
with forces of the coalition enforcing the “no-fly” zones over Iraq,
conducted military operations against the Iraqi air defense system on
numerous occasions in response to actual or potential threats against
aircraft enforcing the “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq.
2001
East Timor. On August 31, 2001, President George W. Bush reported
to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that U. S.
armed forces were continuing to support the United Nations
peacekeeping effort in East Timor aimed at providing security and
maintaining law and order in East Timor, coordinating delivery of
humanitarian assistance, and helping establish the basis for
self-government in East Timor. The U.S. currently has three military
observers attached to the United Nations Transitional Administration
in East Timor (UNTAET). The United States also has a separate
military presence, the U.S. Support Group East Timor (USGET), of
approximately 20 U.S. personnel, including a security detachment,
which “facilitates and coordinates” U.S. military activities in East
Timor, as well as a rotational presence of U.S. forces through
temporary deployments to East Timor. The President stated that U.S.
forces would continue a presence through December 2001, while
options for a U.S. presence in 2002 are being reviewed, with the
President’s objective being redeployment of USGET personnel, as
circumstances permit.
2001
Terrorism threat. On September 24, 2001, President George W.
Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” and “Senate Joint Resolution 23” that in response to
terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon he had
ordered the “deployment of various combat-equipped and combat
support forces to a number of foreign nations in the Central and
Pacific Command areas of operations.” The President noted in efforts
to “prevent and deter terrorism” he might find it necessary to order
additional forces into these and other areas of the world....” He stated
that he could not now predict “the scope and duration of these
deployments,” or the “actions necessary to counter the terrorist threat
to the United States.”

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CRS-33
2001
Afghanistan. On October 9, 2001, President George W. Bush
reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,”
and “Senate Joint Resolution 23” that on October 7, 2001, U.S.
Armed Forces “began combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaida
terrorists and their Taliban supporters.” The President stated that he
had directed this military action in response to the September 11,
2001 attacks on U.S. “territory, our citizens, and our way of life, and
to the continuing threat of terrorist acts against the United States and
our friends and allies.”This military action was “part of our campaign
against terrorism” and was “designed to disrupt the use of
Afghanistan as a terrorist base of operations.”
2001
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On November 19, 2001, President George W.
Bush reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” that the United States was continuing to provide
approximately 5,500 U.S. military personnel in support of
peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led international
security force in Kosovo (KFOR). An additional 500 U.S. military
personnel are deployed as the National Support Element in
Macedonia, with an occasional presence in Greece and Albania. U.S.
forces in Kosovo are assigned to a sector centered around Gnjilane in
the eastern portion. President Bush noted that the mission for these
U.S. military forces is maintaining a safe and secure environment
through conducting security patrols in urban areas and in the
countryside through their sector.
2002
Bosnia. On January 21, 2002, President George W. Bush reported to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that about
3,100 combat-equipped U.S. Armed Forces continued to be deployed
in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and other regional states as part of the
NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR). Most American forces were
based at Tuzla in Bosnia. About 500 others were based in Hungary,
Croatia, and Italy, providing logistical and other support.
2002
East Timor. On February 28, 2002, President George W. Bush
reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,”
that U. S. Armed Forces were continuing to support the United
Nations peacekeeping effort in East Timor aimed at providing
security and maintaining law and order in East Timor, coordinating
delivery of humanitarian assistance, and helping establish the basis
for self-government in East Timor. The United States currently has
three military observers attached to the United Nations Transitional
Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). The United States also
has a separate military presence, the U.S. Support Group East Timor
(USGET), comprised of approximately 10 U.S. personnel, including
a security detachment, which “facilitates and coordinates” U.S.
military activities in East Timor, as well as a rotational presence of
U.S. forces through temporary deployments to East Timor. The
President stated that U.S. forces would continue a presence through
2002. The President noted his objective was to gradually reduce the
“rotational presence operations,” and to redeploy USGET personnel,

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as circumstances permitted.
2002
Terrorism threat. On March 20, 2002, President George W. Bush
reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,”on U.S. efforts in the “global war on Terrorism.” He
noted that the “heart of the al-Qaeda training capability” had been
“seriously degraded,” and that the remainder of the Taliban and the
al-Qaeda fighters were being “actively pursued and engaged by the
U.S., coalition and Afghan forces.” The U.S. was also conducting
“maritime interception operations...to locate and detain suspected
al-Qaeda or Taliban leadership fleeing Afghanistan by sea.” At the
Philippine Government’s invitation, the President had ordered
deployed “combat-equipped and combat support forces to train with,
advise, and assist” the Philippines’ Armed Forces in enhancing their
“existing counterterrorist capabilities.” The strength of U.S. military
forces working with the Philippines was projected to be 600
personnel. The President noted that he was “assessing options” for
assisting other nations, including Georgia and Yemen, in enhancing
their “counterterrorism capabilities, including training and equipping
their armed forces.” He stated that U.S. combat-equipped and combat
support forces would be necessary for these efforts, if undertaken.
2002
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On May 17, 2002, President George W. Bush
reported to Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,”
that the U.S. military was continuing to support peacekeeping efforts
of the NATO-led international security force in Kosovo (KFOR). He
noted that the current U.S. contribution was about 5,100 military
personnel, and an additional 468 personnel in Macedonia; with an
occasional presence in Albania and Greece.
2002
Bosnia. On July 22, 2002, President George W. Bush reported to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that the U.S.
military was continuing to support peacekeeping efforts of the
NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina and
other regional states. He noted that the current U.S. contribution was
“approximately 2,400 personnel.” Most U.S. forces in
Bosnia-Herzegovina are assigned to the Multinational Division,
North headquartered in Tuzla. An additional 60 U.S. military
personnel are deployed to Hungary and Croatia to provide logistical
and other support.
2002
Terrorism threat. On September 20, 2002, President Bush reported
to Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that U.S.
“combat-equipped and combat support forces” have been deployed
to the Philippines since January 2002 to train with, assist and advise
the Philippines’ Armed Forces in enhancing their “counterterrorist
capabilities.” He added that U.S. forces were conducting maritime
interception operations in the Central and European Command areas
to combat movement, arming or financing of “international
terrorists.” He also noted that U.S. combat personnel had been
deployed to Georgia and Yemen to help enhance the “counterterrorist

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capabilities” of their armed forces.
2002
Cote d’Ivoire. On September 26, 2002, President Bush reported to
Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that in
response to a rebellion in Cote d’Ivoire that he had on September 25,
2002 sent U.S. military personnel into Cote d’Ivoire to assist in the
evacuation of American citizens and third country nationals from the
city of Bouake; and otherwise assist in other evacuations as
necessary.
2002
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On November 15, 2002, the President reported
to Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that the
U.S. was continuing to deploy combat equipped military personnel as
part of the NATO-led international security force in Kosovo (KFOR).
Currently there are approximately 4,350 U.S. military personnel in
Kosovo, with an additional 266 military personnel in Macedonia.
The United States also has an occasional presence in Albania and
Greece, associated with the KFOR mission.
2003
Bosnia. On January 21, 2003, President George W. Bush reported to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that about
1,800 U.S. Armed Forces personnel continued to be deployed in
Bosnia-Herzegovina, and other regional states as part of the
NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR).Most were based at Tuzla in
Bosnia. About 80 others were based in Hungary and Croatia,
providing logistical and other support.
2003
Terrorism threat. On March 20, 2003, President Bush reported to
Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” as well as
P.L. 107-40, and “pursuant to” his authority as Commander-in-Chief,
that he had continued a number of U.S. military operations globally
in the war against terrorism. These military operations included
ongoing U.S. actions against al-Qaeda fighters in Afghanistan;
collaborative anti-terror operations with forces of Pakistan in the
Pakistan/Afghanistan border area; “maritime interception operations
on the high seas” in areas of responsibility of the Central and
European Commands to prevent terrorist movement and other
activities; and military support for the armed forces of Georgia and
Yemen in counter-terrorism operations.
2003
Iraq War. On March 21, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” as well as P.L. 102-1
and P.L. 107-243, and “pursuant to” his authority as
Commander-in-Chief, that he had “directed U.S. Armed Forces,
operating with other coalition forces, to commence operations on
March 19, 2003, against Iraq.” He further stated that it was not
possible to know at present the duration of active combat operations
or the scope necessary to accomplish the goals of the operation “to
disarm Iraq in pursuit of peace, stability, and security both in the Gulf
region and in the United States.”
2003
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On May 14, 2003, President Bush reported to

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Congress, “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that
combat-equipped U.S. military personnel continued to be deployed
as part of the NATO-led international security force in Kosovo
(KFOR). He noted that about 2,250 U.S. military personnel were
deployed in Kosovo, and additional military personnel operated, on
occasion, from Macedonia, Albania, and Greece in support of KFOR
operations.
2003
Liberia. On June 9, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that on June 8 he had
sent about 35 combat-equipped U.S. military personnel into
Monrovia, Liberia, to augment U.S. Embassy security forces, to aid
in the possible evacuation of U.S. citizens if necessary. The President
also noted that he had sent about 34 combat-equipped U.S. military
personnel to help secure the U.S. Embassy in Nouakchott,
Mauritania, and to assist in evacuation of American citizens if
required. They were expected to arrive at the U.S. embassy by June
10, 2003. Back-up and support personnel were sent to Dakar,
Senegal, to aid in any necessary evacuation from either Liberia or
Mauritania.
2003
Bosnia. On July 22, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that the United States
continued to provide about 1,800 combat-equipped military personnel
in Bosnia-Herzegovina in support of NATO’s Stabilization Force
(SFOR) and its peacekeeping efforts in this country.
2003
Liberia. On August 13, 2003, President Bush reported to Congress,
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that in response to
conditions in Liberia, on August 11, 2003, he had authorized about
4,350 U.S. combat-equipped military personnel to enter Liberian
territorial waters in support of U.N. and West African States efforts
to restore order and provide humanitarian assistance in Liberia.
2003
Terrorism threat. On September 19, 2003, President Bush reported
to Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,” that U.S.
“combat-equipped and combat support forces” continue to be
deployed at a number of locations around the world as part of U.S.
anti-terrorism efforts. American forces support anti-terrorism efforts
in the Philippines, and maritime interception operations continue on
the high seas in the Central, European, and Pacific Command areas
of responsibility, to “prevent the movement, arming, or financing of
international terrorists.” He also noted that “U.S. combat equipped
and support forces” had been deployed to Georgia and Djibouti to
help in enhancing their “counterterrorist capabilities.”
2003
Yugoslavia/Kosovo. On November 14, 2003, the President reported
to Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that the
United States was continuing to deploy combat equipped military
personnel as part of the NATO-led international security force in
Kosovo (KFOR). Currently there are approximately 2,100 U.S.

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military personnel in Kosovo, with additional American military
personnel operating out of Macedonia, Albania and Greece, in
support of KFOR operations.
2004
Bosnia. On January 22, 2004, the President reported to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that the United States
was continuing to deploy combat equipped military personnel Bosnia
and Herzegovina in support of NATO’s Stabilization Force (SFOR)
and its peacekeeping efforts in this country. About 1,800 U.S.
personnel are participating.
2004
Haiti. On February 25, 2004, the President reported to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that, on February 23, he
had sent a combat-equipped “security force” of about “55 U.S.
military personnel from the U.S. Joint Forces Command” to Port-au-
Prince, Haiti to augment the U.S. Embassy security forces there and
to protect American citizens and property in light of the instability
created by the armed rebellion in Haiti.
2004
Haiti. On March 2, 2004, the President reported to Congress
“consistent with the War Powers Resolution” that on February 29 he
had sent about “200 additional U.S. combat-equipped, military
personnel from the U.S. Joint Forces Command” to Port-au-Prince,
Haiti for a variety of purposes, including preparing the way for a U.N.
Multinational Interim Force, and otherwise supporting U.N. Security
Council Resolution 1529 (2004).
2004
Terrorism/Bosnia and Haiti. On March 20, 2004, the President
reported to Congress “consistent with the War Powers Resolution,”
a consolidated report giving details of multiple on-going United
States military deployments and operations “in support of the global
war on terrorism (including in Afghanistan),” as well as operations in
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Haiti. In this report, the
President noted that U.S. anti-terror related activities were underway
in Georgia, Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea. He further
noted that U.S. combat-equipped military personnel continued to be
deployed in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led KFOR (1,900
personnel); in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the NATO-led
SFOR (about 1,100 personnel); and approximately 1,800 military
personnel were deployed in Haiti as part of the U.N. Multinational
Interim Force.
2004
Terrorism threat/Horn of Africa/Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq. On November
4, 2004, the President sent to Congress, “consistent with the War
Powers Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of multiple
ongoing United States military deployments and operations “in
support of the global war on terrorism.” These deployments, support
or military operations include activities in Afghanistan, Djibouti, as
well as Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and
Kosovo. In this report, the President noted that U.S. anti-terror related
activities were underway in Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and

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Eritrea. He further noted that U.S. combat-equipped military
personnel continued to be deployed in Kosovo as part of the NATO-
led KFOR (1,800 personnel); and in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part
of the NATO-led SFOR (about 1,000 personnel). Meanwhile, he
stated that the United States continued to deploy more than 135,000
military personnel in Iraq.
2005
Terrorism threat/Horn of Africa/Kosovo/Bosnia. On May 20, 2005,
the President sent to Congress “consistent with the War Powers
Resolution,” a consolidated report giving details of multiple ongoing
United States military deployments and operations “in support of the
global war on terrorism,” as well as operations in Iraq, where about
139,000 U.S. military personnel were deployed. U.S. forces are also
deployed in Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, Eritrea, and Djibouti assisting
in “enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities” of these nations. The
President further noted that U.S. combat-equipped military personnel
continued to be deployed in Kosovo as part of the NATO-led KFOR
(1,700 personnel). Approximately 235 U.S. personnel are also
deployed in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the NATO
Headquarters-Sarajevo who assist in defense reform and perform
operational tasks, such as counter-terrorism and supporting the
International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia.
2005
Terrorism threat/Horn of Africa/Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq. On December
7, 2005, the President sent to Congress “consistent” with the War
Powers Resolution, a consolidated report giving details of multiple
ongoing United States military deployments and operations “in
support of the global war on terrorism,” and in support of the
Multinational Force in Iraq, where about 160,000 U.S. military
personnel were deployed. U.S. forces were also deployed in the Horn
of Africa region — Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Djibouti —
assisting in “enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities” of these
nations. The President further noted that U.S. combat-equipped
military personnel continued to be deployed in Kosovo as part of the
NATO-led KFOR (1,700 personnel). Approximately 220 U.S.
personnel were also deployed in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of
the NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo who assist in defense reform and
perform operational tasks, such as “counter-terrorism and supporting
the International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia.”
2006
Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq. On June 15, 2006, the
President sent to Congress “consistent” with the War Powers
Resolution, a consolidated report giving details of multiple ongoing
United States military deployments and operations “in support of the
war on terror,” and in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as part
of the Multinational Force (MNF) in Iraq. About 131,000 military
personnel were deployed in Iraq. U.S. forces were also deployed in
the Horn of Africa region, and in Djibouti to support necessary
operations against al-Qaida and other international terrorists operating
in the region. U.S. military personnel continue to support the NATO-
led Kosovo Force (KFOR). The U.S. contribution to KFOR was

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about 1,700 military personnel. The NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo
was established in November 22, 2004 as a successor to its
stabilization operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina to continue to assist
in implementing the peace agreement. Approximately 250 U.S.
personnel were assigned to the NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo to
assist in defense reform and perform operational tasks, such as
“counter-terrorism and supporting the International Criminal Court
for the Former Yugoslavia.”
2006
Lebanon. On July 18, 2006, the President reported to Congress
“consistent” with the War Powers Resolution, that in response to the
security threat posed in Lebanon to U.S. Embassy personnel and
citizens and designated third country personnel,” he had deployed
combat-equipped military helicopters and military personnel to Beirut
to assist in the departure of the persons under threat from Lebanon.
The President noted that additional combat-equipped U.S. military
forces may be deployed “to Lebanon, Cyprus and other locations, as
necessary.” to assist further departures of persons from Lebanon and
to provide security. He further stated that once the threat to U.S.
citizens and property has ended, the U.S. military forces would
redeploy.
2006
Terrorism threat/Horn of Africa/Kosovo/Bosnia. On December 15,
2006, the President sent to Congress “consistent” with the War
Powers Resolution, a consolidated report giving details of multiple
ongoing United States military deployments and operations “in
support of the war on terror,” in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
and as part of the Multinational Force (MNF) in Iraq. About 134,000
military personnel are deployed in Iraq. U.S. forces were also
deployed in the Horn of Africa region, and in Djibouti to support
necessary operations against al-Qaida and other international
terrorists operating in the region, including Yemen. U.S. military
personnel continue to support the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR).
The U.S. contribution to KFOR was about 1,700 military personnel.
The NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo was established in November 22,
2004 as a successor to its stabilization operations in Bosnia-
Herzegovina to continue to assist in implementing the peace
agreement. Approximately 100 U.S. personnel were assigned to the
NATO Headquarters-Sarajevo to assist in defense reform and perform
operational tasks, such as “counter-terrorism and supporting the
International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia.”
2007
Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Afghanistan. On June 15, 2007, the
President sent to Congress “consistent” with the War Powers
Resolution, a consolidated report giving details of ongoing United
States military deployments and operations “in support of the war on
terror,”and in support of the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR). The
President reported that various U.S. “combat-equipped and combat-
support forces” were deployed to “a number of locations in the
Central, Pacific, European (KFOR), and Southern Command areas of
operation” and were engaged in combat operations against al-Qaida

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terrorists and their supporters. The U.S. is currently “pursuing and
engaging remnant al-Qaida and Taliban fighters in Afghanistan.”
U.S. forces in Afghanistan currently total approximately 25,945. Of
this total, “approximately 14,340 are assigned to the International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan.” The U.S. military
continues to support peacekeeping operations in Kosovo, specifically,
the NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR). Currently, the U.S.
contribution to KFOR in Kosovo is approximately 1,584 military
personnel.

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