Order Code RS22707
August 21, 2007
Mine-Resistant, Ambush-Protected (MRAP)
Vehicles: Background and Issues
for Congress
Andrew Feickert
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Summary
The Department of Defense (DOD) recently launched a major procurement
initiative to replace all uparmored High Mobility, Multi-Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs)
in Iraq with Mine-Resistant, Ambush-Protected (MRAP) vehicles by FY2009. MRAPs
have been described as providing twice as much protection against Improvised
Explosive Devices (IEDs) — responsible for about 70% of U.S. casualties in Iraq —
than uparmored HMMWVs.1 The DOD’s accelerated MRAP program raises a number
of potential policy issues for congressional consideration. This report will be updated.
Background
MRAPs are a family of vehicles produced by a variety of domestic and international
companies that generally incorporate a “V”-shaped hull and armor plating designed to
provide protection against mines and IEDs. The DOD intends to procure three types of
MRAPs. These include Category I vehicles, weighing about 7 tons and capable of
carrying 6 passengers; Category II vehicles, weighing about 19 tons and capable of
carrying 10 passengers; and Category III vehicles, intended to be used primarily to clear
mines and IEDs, weighing about 22.5 tons and capable of carrying up to 12 passengers.
The Army and Marines have employed two versions of MRAPs (the Category III Buffalo
and the Category II Cougar, respectively) in limited numbers in Iraq and Afghanistan
since 2003, primarily for route clearance and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD)
operations. These route clearance MRAPs quickly gained a reputation for providing
superior protection for their crews, and some suggested that MRAPs might be a better
alternative for transporting troops in combat than uparmored HMMWVs.
The Evolving Requirement. The Buffalo MRAP was originally intended to be
fielded only to engineer units, with the Army planning to stand up three Route Clearance
1 Tom Vanden Brook, “Troops in Iraq Get Safer Vehicle,” USA Today, May 10, 2007.

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Companies per year starting in FY2007, for a total of 12 companies.2 Marine Corps
leadership reportedly decided in February 2007 to replace all uparmored HMMWVs in
Iraq with MRAPs, whereas Army leadership would continue to rely on its uparmored
HMMWVs.3 In March 2007, the MRAP requirement for all services reportedly grew by
15% as the Navy, Air Force, and the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) added
requirements for MRAPs that stood at 7,774 DOD-wide as of March 26, 2007.4 In May
2007, reportedly because of the requests from Army commanders in Iraq, Army leadership
reportedly began considering the possibility of replacing all uparmored HMMWVs in Iraq
with MRAPs, thereby increasing the Army’s total requirement to approximately 17,700
MRAP vehicles.5 On June 28, 2007, the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC)6
reportedly endorsed a requirement to replace every HMMWV in with a MRAP, which
could potentially push the MRAP requirement to more than 23,000 vehicles if force levels
in Iraq remain relatively constant for the next few years.7 Given the current situation in
Iraq and uncertainty about troop levels, the DOD’s and the Service’s MRAP requirements
may fluctuate throughout the duration of the program.
DOD Accelerates the MRAP Program. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates has
declared that “the MRAP program should be considered the highest priority Department
of Defense acquisition program.”8 The Secretary of Defense has established the MRAP
Task Force to speed production and fielding of MRAPs and has assigned the Marines to
manage all MRAP procurement for DOD. The MRAP program has also been designated
a “DX” program, giving it priority for resources.9
2 Statement by Major General Stephen M. Speakes, Major General Jeffrey A. Sorenson, and
Brigadier General Stephen D. Mundt, Readiness Subcommittee and Tactical Air and Land Forces
Subcommittee, House Armed Services Committee, Army Force Protection and Aviation Safety
Programs, February 1, 2006, p. 6.
3 David Wood, “Marines to Replace Humvees in Iraq,” Baltimore Sun, February 15, 2007.
4 Jason Sherman, “MRAP Requirement Rises 15 Percent as Navy, Air Force, SOCOM Weigh In,”
InsideDefense.com, March 26, 2007.
5 Jason Sherman, “Army Eying the Replacement of all Humvees in Iraq with MRAP Vehicles,”
Inside the Pentagon, May 3, 2007, and Letter from Acting Secretary of the Army Pete Geren to
the Secretary of Defense, MRAP Acquisition, May 13, 2007.
6 Chartered in 1984 ( 10 U.S.C. Sec 181), the JROC is tasked with examining potential joint
military requirements; identifying, evaluating, and selecting candidates for joint developmental
and acquisition programs; providing oversight of cross-service requirements and management
issues; and resolving service concerns that arise after the initiation of a joint program.
7 Jason Sherman, “Do the Marines Really Want 246,000 MRAPs? Not Exactly,” Inside
Defense.com, August 2, 2006.
8 Memorandum from Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, “MRAP Acquisition,” May 2, 2007.
9 Jason Sherman, “Gates Establishes MRAP Task Force to Speed Up Production, Fielding,
InsideDefense.com, June 4, 2007, and Emelie Rutherford, “Gates Approves DX Rating for
MRAP,” InsideDefense.com, June 4, 2007.

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Current MRAP Contracts
MRAP II Contract10. On July 31, 2007, the Marines issued a request for proposal
for the MRAP II Enhanced Vehicle Competition. The MRAP II is intended to better
address the threat of Explosively-Formed Penetrators (EFPs), a type of stand-off
improvised explosive device that employs a shaped charge against the sides of vehicles.11
The MRAP II solicitation requires that potential vendors provide vehicles for testing by
the end of September 2007 and be able to accommodate production orders in January
2008.12 The Pentagon reportedly has identified 20 MRAP II “potential prime vendors,”
including three companies eliminated from the first round of MRAP competition and
three non-U.S. firms in Canada, Germany, and South Africa, respectively.13
MRAPs Ordered Against 7,774 Vehicle Requirement, as of
August 10, 2007
Company
Category I
Category II
Category III
Total
FPIIa
1257
648
58
1963
GDLS-C
610
10
0
620
IMG
1955
16
0
1971
Armor Holdings
1154
16
0
1170
BAE
201b
330
0
531
Oshkosh
100
0
0
100
PVI
60
0
0
60
Total, by Type
5337
1020
58
6415
Source: Information in this table was provided to CRS by the Marine Corps Systems Command, Quantico,
VA.
a. Abbreviations: FPII: Force Protection Industries, Inc., Ladson, SC; GDLS-C: General Dynamics Land
Systems, Ontario, Canada; IMG: International Military and Government, LLC (a division of
Navistar), Warrenville, IL; Armor Holdings: Stewart and Stevenson Tactical Vehicle Systems, LP (a
division of Amor Holdings, Inc.), Sealy, TX; BAE: BAE Systems Land and Armament, Santa Clara,
CA; Oshkosh: Oshkosh Truck Division, Oshkosh, WI; PVI: Protected Vehicles, Inc., North
Charleston, SC.
b. This number includes 170 Category I SOCOM variant MRAPs.
10 Unless otherwise noted, information in this section is taken from Emelie Rutherford and Jason
Sherman, “Solicitation Expected to be Released this Week for MRAP II Competition,”
InsideDefense.com, July 30, 2007, and Jason Sherman, “Pentagon Eyes More than a Dozen New
Potential Vendors for MRAP II,” InsideDefense.com, August 1, 2007.
11 Tom Vanden Brook, “MRAPs May Need Extra Armor Face EFPs,” USA Today, May 31, 2007,
and “Letter” Add-On Armor Too Heavy for MRAPs,” USA Today, July 17, 2007.
12 Jason Sherman, “Pentagon Preparing New MRAP Competition for EFP-Stopping Designs,”
InsideDefense.com, July 2, 2007.
13 Jason Sherman, “Pentagon Eyes More Than a Dozen New Potential Vendors for MRAP II,”
InsideDefense.com, August 1, 2007.

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MRAP Concerns. Although MRAP vehicles appear to offer significantly more
protection than the current fleet of uparmored HMMWVs, some observers caution that
advances in IED design and the use of more sophisticated anti-tank missiles and rocket-
propelled grenades (RPGs) could render MRAPs just as vulnerable as uparmored
HMMWVs. Reports suggest that MRAP production rates by year end will be 60% lower
than what defense officials initially expected, although the DOD claims that they are on
track to build about 1,300 MRAPs a month by December 2007.14 Another concern is that
there might not be adequate supplies of steel for armor, tires, and other components
needed for the MRAPs.15 The priority placed on MRAP production might also have an
impact on other programs, such as the Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement (MTVR)
program, because of a competition for production resources.16 Some observers are also
concerned about overall vehicle quality and interoperability, as MRAPs are being built
by many different companies, and some in Congress have suggested that the DOD adopt
a single MRAP design from the best features of all MRAPs currently being developed.17
Even if production concerns are overcome, some believe that the deployment of
MRAPs in any meaningful quantities will be “too little, to late,” as U.S. forces in Iraq
may be significantly reduced over the next year if progress is not made to bring stability
to the country. Perhaps partly in response to this criticism, the DOD has asked Congress
for $748 million to airlift MRAPs to Iraq.18 The Military Transportation Command
reportedly estimates that it costs $135,000 to transport an MRAP by plane, as opposed to
$18,000 by ship.19 A C-17 can carry as many as three MRAPs and deliver them to Iraq
in 13 hours after they have been outfitted with radios and IED jammers.20 Although some
maintain that it is important to get these vehicles to Iraq as quickly as possible to protect
troops, others suggest that the need to airlift these vehicles is a result of poor planning and
a failure to adopt MRAPs for troop use years earlier. Some military officials are
concerned that MRAPs are too large and unwieldy to operate in restrictive environments,
and the Marines contend that MRAPs are not expeditionary because of logistical
requirements and are not shipboard compatible.21 It is also possible that MRAPs could
have similar air transportability issues, which could have an impact on rapid unit
deployment during contingency operations.
14 Jason Sherman, “MRAP Monthly Production Rates 60 Percent Lower Than Originally
Expected, InsideDefense.com, July 10, 2007, and DOD Transcript, DOD News Briefing with
John Young, MRAP Task Force Chairman, July 18, 2007.
15 Jason Sherman, “Army Eyes $10 Billion in Procurement Cuts to Fund Larger MRAP Fleet.”
16 Emelie Rutherford, “DOD Reviews How MRAP Priority Rating Might Affect Other
Programs,” InsideDefense.com, June 11, 2007.
17 Jen DiMascio, “Lawmakers Urge Gates to Increase MRAP Oversight,” Defense Daily, August
6, 2007.
18 Tom Vanden Brook, “$ 750M Armor Airlift Sought,” USA Today, August 8, 2007, and OSD
FY2008 Global War on Terror Budget Amendment Request for MRAP Vehicles, July 31, 2007.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Tom Vanden Brook, “Army Seeks $ 20 Billion for MRAPS, But Quick Fielding Has Hurdles,”
USA Today, May 18, 2007, and Geoff Fein, “MRAP Testing Near Completion, Contracts
Expected in June,” Defense Daily, April 25, 2007.

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Recent Congressional Action. The House Armed Services Committee,
“concerned that the FY 2008 budget request ... did not adequately resource the remaining
MRAP funding requirement,” recommended $4.6 billion, an increase of $ 4.1 billion, to
complete the DOD’s MRAP requirement, using Service and DOD procurement funds
from what it considered lower-priority programs.22 The Senate Armed Services
Committee added $ 4 billion over DOD’s requests for MRAPs — with almost $2 billion
for Navy and Marine Corps requirements, more than $1.5 billion for Army requirements,
$430 million for Air Force MRAPs, and $124 million for SOCOM vehicles.23 The House
Appropriations Defense Subcommittee did not include any MRAP funding in its version
of the FY2008 Defense Appropriations Bill (H.R. 3222), but the subcommittee reportedly
will address MRAP funding in the fall of 2007, when it is scheduled to consider the
Administration’s supplemental funding request.24
Administration Request for Increase in MRAP Funding for FY200825. On
July 31, 2007, the Administration asked Congress for an increase of $5.3 billion for
MRAPs in the FY2008 Supplemental Spending Bill. This increase would procure an
additional 1,520 MRAPs, provide $30 million for research efforts to protect MRAPs from
emerging threats, $56 million for add-on armor to protect against EFPs, and $748 million
to airlift newly produced MRAPs to Iraq.
Potential Issues for Congress
Timeliness of DOD’s Decision to Replace HMMWVs with MRAPs. Some
analysts have questioned why it has taken almost four years for the DOD and the Services
to decide to replace uparmored HMMWVs with MRAPs. Some have suggested that
defense officials view Iraq as a military anomaly and “saw no point in wasting scarce
resources on buying vast armored fleets [MRAPs] that would never again be deployed.”26
The situation also highlights the challenges of adapting the equipment procurement
system to a rapidly changing operational environment.
MRAP Quality, Sustainability, and Operational Issues. The DOD’s
acceleration of the MRAP program, the significant commitment of budgetary resources,
and the goal of rapidly getting as many MRAPs into the hands of troops as possible, could
result in quality, sustainability, and operational issues. DOD pressure for industry to meet
high production goals and competition between vendors could result in MRAP quality
control issues. Because of the decision to rapidly acquire MRAPs from a number of
vendors, sustainability issues such as availability of repair parts and qualified maintenance
22 House Armed Services Committee Report on the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2008 (H.R. 1585), Report 110-146, May 11, 2007, pp. 466-467.
23 Senate Armed Services Committee Press Release, Senate Statement on the FY2008 Defense
Authorization Bill, May 25, 2007, p. 2.
24 Emelie Rutherford and Jason Sherman, “Solicitation Expected to be Released this Week for
MRAP II Competition,” InsideDefense.com, July 30, 2007.
25 Information in this section is taken from OSD FY2008 Global War on Terror Budget
Amendment Request for MRAP Vehicles, July 31, 2007.
26 Evan Thomas and John Barry, “Can American Military Stop Deadly IEDs,” Newsweek, August
20, 2007.

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personnel might have an adverse impact on MRAP readiness rates. The decision to
rapidly field MRAPs might also have resulted in a less than rigorous examination of
operational issues, such as how effectively MRAPs perform in restrictive terrain and how
substituting MRAPs for HMMWVs affects a unit’s air and maritime deployment. Others
question if doctrine on MRAP usage — transport vehicle versus an armored fighting
vehicle — has been adequately developed.
What Are DOD’s Long-Term Plans for MRAP? Senior Army officials have
stressed that MRAPs are only “an interim strategy” and that the Army was still “dedicated
to the future of the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle — the HMMWV replacement.”27 Some
question DOD’s long-term plans for 23,000 plus MRAPs in the event of a significant
troop reduction in Iraq. Will MRAP production quotas be decreased in the event of large-
scale troop reductions? Will MRAPs be permanently integrated into force structures, or
will they be placed in a reduced readiness status after Iraq? It is also possible that
significant numbers of MRAPs could be transferred to Iraqi security forces. Army
officials have reportedly stated that they see a need for MRAPs beyond Iraq and
Afghanistan, given the successful use of IEDs by insurgents against U.S. forces.28
How Will MRAP Acquisition Affect Other DOD Programs? Given MRAP’s
anticipated level of funding, the MRAP program is now the DOD’s third-largest FY2007
acquisition program, behind missile defense and the Joint Strike Fighter.29 Some maintain
that the DOD’s plans to acquire large numbers of MRAPs will essentially “kill the Joint
Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) and HMMWV lines.”30 As previously noted, MRAP
production might also have an impact on the Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement
(MTVR) program because of a competition for resources. There is also a possibility that
modernization programs such as the Army’s Future Combat System (FCS) program might
also be affected by the MRAP program, particularly if the MRAP program experiences
significant cost growth.
27 Fawzia Sheikh, “Industry Unclear About Army’s Pans for Joint-Service MRAP Program,”
InsideDefense.com, February 12, 2007.
28 Marina Malenic and Marjorie Censer, “Geren: Army Sees Need for MRAPs Beyond Iraq,
Afghanistan Wars,” InsideDefense.com, June 25, 2007.
29 DOD Transcript, DOD News Briefing with John Young, MRAP Task Force Chairman, July
18, 2007.
30 Gina Cavallaro, “MRAP Request May be the End of the Road for Humvee,” Army Times, May
10, 2007.

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