Order Code RL34076
Labor, Health and Human Services,
and Education: FY2008 Appropriations
July 6, 2007
Pamela W. Smith, Coordinator
Analyst in Life Sciences
Domestic Social Policy Division

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The annual consideration of appropriations bills (regular, continuing, and supplemental) by
Congress is part of a complex set of budget processes that also encompasses the
consideration of budget resolutions, revenue and debt-limit legislation, other spending
measures, and reconciliation bills. In addition, the operation of programs and the spending
of appropriated funds are subject to constraints established in authorizing statutes.
Congressional action on the budget for a fiscal year usually begins following the submission
of the President’s budget at the beginning of each annual session of Congress.
Congressional practices governing the consideration of appropriations and other budgetary
measures are rooted in the Constitution, the standing rules of the House and Senate, and
statutes, such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974.
This report is a guide to one of the regular appropriations bills that Congress considers each
year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate
Appropriations Subcommittees on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and
Related Agencies. It summarizes the status of the bill, its scope, major issues, funding
levels, and related congressional activity, and is updated as events warrant. The report lists
the key CRS staff relevant to the issues covered and related CRS products.
NOTE: A Web version of this document with active links is
available to congressional staff at [http://apps.crs.gov/cli/cli.aspx?
PRDS_CLI_ITEM_ID=2347&from=3&fromId=73].

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Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education:
FY2008 Appropriations
Summary
This report tracks FY2008 appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health
and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (L-HHS-ED). This
legislation provides discretionary funds for three major federal departments and 14
related agencies. The report, which will be updated, summarizes L-HHS-ED
discretionary funding issues but not authorization or entitlement issues.
On February 5, 2007, the President submitted the FY2008 budget request to
Congress, including $141.7 billion in discretionary L-HHS-ED funds. The
comparable FY2007 amount was $144.7 billion, enacted through the Revised
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 (P.L. 110-5, H.J.Res. 20), which was
signed into law on February 15, 2007. The Senate Appropriations Committee
reported its FY2008 L-HHS-ED bill (S. 1710, S.Rept. 110-107) on June 27, 2007;
provisions of that bill will be reflected in the next update to this report.
Department of Labor (DOL). DOL discretionary appropriations were $11.7
billion in FY2007. The President’s budget request for FY2008 was $11.0 billion.
FY2008 funding for Training and Employment Services Programs (e.g., Dislocated
Worker Assistance and the Job Corps) would be reduced by $640 million.
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). HHS discretionary
appropriations were $64.0 billion in FY2007; $63.2 billion was requested for
FY2008. Funding would be increased by $1.15 billion for the Public Health and
Social Services Emergency Fund, covering homeland security activities and
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness. Increases of $183 million and $133 million were
requested for two Medicare/Medicaid management activities. Decreases of $187
million for the Children’s Hospitals Graduate Medical Education program, $143
million for Rural Health Programs, $378 million for the National Institutes of Health,
$379 million for the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), and
$100 million for Head Start were requested. The $630 million Community Services
Block Grant (CSBG) would be eliminated.
Department of Education (ED). ED discretionary appropriations were $57.5
billion in FY2007; $56.2 billion was requested for FY2008. Funding would be
increased for Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) programs by $995
million in the aggregate, and six new education programs, including $250 million for
Promise Scholarships, were proposed. Decreases of $247 million for Safe and Drug-
Free Schools State Grants, $291 million for Special Education Part B Grants to
States, and $686 million for Perkins Career and Technical Education were requested.
Funding would be eliminated for the $272 million Educational Technology State
Grants and the $771 million Federal Supplemental Opportunity Grants.
Related Agencies. Discretionary appropriations for L-HHS-ED related
agencies were $11.5 billion in FY2007; $11.7 billion was requested for FY2008.
Two-year advance funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) would
be eliminated.

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Key Policy Staff for L-HHS-ED Appropriations
Area of Expertise
Name
Telephone
Coordinator
Pamela W. Smith
7-7048
Department of Labor (DOL)
DOL appropriations coordinator
Gerald Mayer
7-7815
Job training and employment services
Blake Alan Naughton
7-0376
Labor market information
Linda Levine
7-7756
Labor standards enforcement
William G. Whittaker
7-7759
Mine Safety and Health Administration
Edward B. Rappaport
7-7740
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Edward B. Rappaport
7-7740
Older Americans Act, employment programs
Angela Napili
7-0135
Pension and welfare benefits
Patrick Purcell
7-7571
Trade adjustment assistance
Julie M. Whittaker
7-2587
Unemployment compensation
Julie M. Whittaker
7-2587
Veterans employment
Christine Scott
7-7366
Workforce Investment Act
Blake Alan Naughton
7-0376
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
HHS appropriations coordinator
Pamela W. Smith
7-7048
Abortion, legal issues
Karen J. Lewis
7-6190
Abortion, legal issues
Jon Shimabukuro
7-7990
Abortion procedures
Judith A. Johnson
7-7077
AIDS, Ryan White programs
Judith A. Johnson
7-7077
Bioterrorism, HHS funding
Sarah Lister
7-7320
Cancer research
Judith A. Johnson
7-7077
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Sarah A. Lister
7-7320
Child care and development
Melinda Gish
7-4618
Child welfare
Emilie Stoltzfus
7-2324
Child welfare
Adrienne L. Fernandes
7-9005
Cloning, stem cell research
Judith A. Johnson
7-7077
Cloning, stem cell research
Erin D. Williams
7-4897
Family Planning, Title X
Angela Napili
7-0135
Federal health centers
Barbara English
7-1927
Head Start
Melinda Gish
7-4618
Health professions education and training
Bernice Reyes-Akinbileje
7-2260
Health Resources and Services Administration
Bernice Reyes-Akinbileje
7-2260
Immunization
Pamela W. Smith
7-7048
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program
Libby Perl
7-7806
Maternal and Child Health Block Grant
Angela Napili
7-0135
Medicaid
Elicia J. Herz
7-1377
Medicare
Holly Sue Stockdale
7-9553
Needle exchange, AIDS
Judith A. Johnson
7-7077
NIH, health research policy
Pamela W. Smith
7-7048
Older Americans Act
Angela Napili
7-0135
Pandemic Influenza/Bird Flu
Sarah A. Lister
7-7320
Public Health Service
Pamela W. Smith
7-7048

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Area of Expertise
Name
Telephone
Refugee Resettlement Assistance
Andorra Bruno
7-7865
Runaway Children and Homeless Youth
Adrienne L. Fernandes
7-9005
Social Services Block Grant
Melinda Gish
7-4618
State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)
Evelyne P. Baumrucker
7-8913
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Ramya Sundararaman
7-7285
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
Gene Falk
7-7344
Department of Education (ED)
ED appropriations coordinator
Rebecca R. Skinner
7-6600
Adult education and literacy
Gail McCallion
7-7758
After-school programs
Gail McCallion
7-7758
Assessment in education
Wayne C. Riddle
7-7382
Career (vocational) and technical education
Rebecca R. Skinner
7-6600
Charter schools
David Smole
7-0624
College costs and prices
Rebecca R. Skinner
7-6600
Education block grants
Rebecca R. Skinner
7-6600
Education for the Disadvantaged, Title I
Wayne C. Riddle
7-7382
Education technology
Rebecca R. Skinner
7-6600
English language acquisition
Rebecca R. Skinner
7-6600
Higher education
Adam Stoll
7-4375
Impact Aid
Rebecca R. Skinner
7-6600
Indian education
Roger Walke
7-8641
Pell Grants
Charmaine Mercer
7-4894
Reading programs
Gail McCallion
7-7758
Rehabilitation Act
Scott Szymendera
7-0014
Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities
Gail McCallion
7-7758
Special education, IDEA
Richard N. Apling
7-7352
Special education, IDEA, legal issues
Nancy Lee Jones
7-6976
Special education, IDEA, state grants
Ann Lordeman
7-2323
Student aid/need analysis
Adam Stoll
7-4375
Student aid/need analysis
Charmaine Mercer
7-4894
Student loans
Adam Stoll
7-4375
Teacher recruitment, preparation, and training
Jeffrey J. Kuenzi
7-8645
21st Century Community Learning Centers
Gail McCallion
7-7758
Related Agencies
Corporation for National and Community Service
Ann Lordeman
7-2323
(VISTA, Senior Corps, AmeriCorps)
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
Glenn J. McLoughlin
7-7073
Institute of Museum and Library Services
Gail McCallion
7-7758
National Labor Relations Board
Gerald Mayer
7-7815
National Labor Relations Board, legal issues
Jon O. Shimabukuro
7-7990
Railroad Retirement Board
Kathleen Romig
7-3742
Social Security Administration
Dawn Nuschler
7-6283
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Scott Szymendera
7-0014

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Contents
Most Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Senate Bill S. 1710 Reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
House Subcommittee Markup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
President’s Budget Submitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Note on Most Recent Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Overview and Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Program Level and Current Year Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Major Discretionary Programs, FY2007-FY2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
302(a) and 302(b) Allocation Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Advance Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Major Funding Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Department of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Detailed Appropriations Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Department of Health and Human Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Abortion: Funding Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Funding Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Detailed Appropriations Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Department of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
ESEA Funding Shortfall? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
IDEA Funding Shortfall? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Forward Funding and Advance Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Detailed Appropriations Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Related Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Key Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Detailed Appropriations Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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Appendix A. Terminology and Web Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
List of Tables
Table 1. Legislative Status of L-HHS-ED Appropriations, FY2008 . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 2. L-HHS-ED Appropriations Summary, FY2007-FY2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 3. Major Discretionary Programs, FY2007-FY2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 4. FY2008 302(b) Discretionary Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 5. Discretionary Funding Trends, FY2002-FY2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 6. Department of Labor Discretionary Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 7. Detailed Department of Labor Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 8. Department of Health and Human Services Discretionary
Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 9. Detailed Department of Health and Human Services
Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 10. Department of Education Discretionary Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 11. Detailed Department of Education Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table 12. Related Agencies Discretionary Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 13. Detailed Related Agencies Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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Labor, Health and Human Services,
and Education: FY2008 Appropriations
Most Recent Developments
Senate Bill S. 1710 Reported. On June 27, 2007, the Senate Committee on
Appropriations reported S. 1710 (S.Rept. 110-107), its proposal for FY2008
appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education,
and Related Agencies (L-HHS-ED). The bill would provide $149.2 billion in
discretionary funds for L-HHS-ED. Provisions of the bill as reported will be covered
in the next update to this report.
House Subcommittee Markup. On June 7, 2007, the House L-HHS-ED
Appropriations Subcommittee marked up its draft bill and approved it for
consideration by the full committee.
President’s Budget Submitted. On February 5, 2007, the President
submitted the FY2008 budget to Congress; the request was for $141.7 billion in
discretionary funds for L-HHS-ED programs.
Table 1 summarizes the legislative status of FY2008 L-HHS-ED appropriations.
Table 1. Legislative Status of L-HHS-ED Appropriations, FY2008
Subcommittee
Conference
Markup
S. 1710,
House
House
Senate
Conf.
Report Approval
Public
S.Rept.
Report Passage
Passage
Rept.
Law
110-107
House
Senate
House Senate
Passage Passage
6/07/07 6/19/07
6/27/07
(a)
(b)
(c)
a. The House Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
Appropriations began FY2008 hearings on Feb. 15, 2007. The Subcommittee marked up its
version of the FY2008 L-HHS-ED appropriations on June 7, 2007, approving it by a voice vote.
b. The Senate Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
Appropriations began FY2008 hearings on Mar. 14, 2007. The Subcommittee marked up its
version of the FY2008 L-HHS-ED bill on June 19, 2007, and approved it by voice vote.
c. S. 1710: The Senate Committee on Appropriations approved the draft L-HHS-ED bill with a
manager’s amendment on June 21, 2007, by a vote of 26 to 3, and ordered the bill reported.
Subsequently, S. 1710 (S.Rept. 110-107) was introduced and reported on June 27, 2007.
Note on Most Recent Data. In this report, unless stated otherwise, data on
FY2007 appropriations and FY2008 appropriations proposals are based on the April
17, 2007, table of the House Committee on Appropriations. In most cases, data
represent net funding for specific programs and activities, and take into account

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CRS-2
current and forward funding and advance appropriations; however, all data are
subject to additional budgetary scorekeeping. Except where noted, data refer only
to those programs within the purview of L-HHS-ED appropriations, and not to all
programs within the jurisdiction of the relevant departments and agencies. Funding
from other appropriations bills, and entitlements funded outside of the annual
appropriations process, are excluded.
The FY2007 data reflect the funding provided under the terms of the Revised
Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 (P.L. 110-5, H.J.Res. 20), which was
signed into law on February 15, 2007. A series of continuing resolutions (CRs),
beginning with P.L. 109-289, had provided temporary L-HHS-ED funding from
October 1, 2006, through February 15, 2007. The final CR provided specific levels
of funding for FY2007 for some agencies and programs, while those activities not
specifically listed were generally funded at FY2006 levels. In addition, agencies
received funding for a portion of their increased pay costs. Final funding levels
became known in late March 2007 after the Office of Management and Budget and
the agencies had worked out their spending plans for FY2007 and conveyed the
information to Congress. Subsequently, and not yet reflected in this report, Congress
passed an FY2007 supplemental appropriations act, P.L. 110-28, the U.S. Troop
Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability
Appropriations Act, 2007, signed into law on May 25, 2007. The law has a few
provisions that affect FY2007funding levels for some L-HHS-ED agencies.
For additional information, please see CRS Report RL30343, Continuing
Resolutions: FY2007 Action and Brief Overview of Recent Practices, by Sandy
Streeter.
Overview and Key Issues
This report describes the President’s proposal for FY2008 appropriations for
L-HHS-ED programs, as submitted to Congress on February 5, 2007; subsequent
updates will also describe the congressional response to that proposal. It compares
the President’s FY2008 request to the FY2007 L-HHS-ED amounts. The report is
designed to track legislative action and congressional issues related to the L-HHS-ED
appropriations bill, with particular attention paid to discretionary programs.
However, the report does not follow specific funding issues related to mandatory
L-HHS-ED programs — such as Medicare or Social Security — nor does it follow
any authorizing legislation that may be needed prior to funding some of the
President’s budget initiatives. For a glossary of budget terms and relevant websites,
see Appendix A, “Terminology and Web Resources.”
The L-HHS-ED bill typically is one of the more controversial of the regular
appropriations bills, not only because of the size of its funding total and the scope of
its programs, but also because of the continuing importance of various related issues,
such as restrictions on the use of federal funds for abortion, stem cell research, and
human cloning. This bill provides discretionary funds for three federal departments
and 14 related agencies including the Social Security Administration (SSA).

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CRS-3
Among the various appropriations bills, L-HHS-ED is the largest single source
of discretionary funds for non-defense federal programs (the Department of Defense
bill is the largest source of discretionary funds among all federal programs). This
section summarizes major funding changes proposed for L-HHS-ED and related
issues such as 302(b) allocations and advance appropriations. Later sections provide
details on individual L-HHS-ED departments and agencies.
Program Level and Current Year Appropriations
Table 2 summarizes the L-HHS-ED appropriations for FY2008, including both
discretionary and mandatory appropriations. The table shows various aggregate
measures of L-HHS-ED appropriations enacted for FY2007 and proposed for
FY2008, including the discretionary program level, current year level, and advance
appropriations. Scorekeeping adjustments are omitted.
Table 2. L-HHS-ED Appropriations Summary, FY2007-FY2008
(dollars in billions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Type of budget authority
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Discretionary appropriations
Program level: current bill for
$144.7
$141.7
any year
Current year: current year
144.7
142.1
from any bill
Advances for future years
19.3
18.9
(from the current bill)
Advances from prior years
19.3
19.3
(from previous bills)
Current year discretionary and mandatory funding
Discretionary
144.7
142.1
Mandatory
401.2
455.5
Total current year
545.9
597.6
Grand total of funding for L-HHS-ED bill, any year
Grand total any year
$554.0
$597.2
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007, table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
FY2007 amounts reflect the funding provided under P.L. 110-5, Revised Continuing Appropriations
Resolution, 2007. They do not yet include FY2007 supplemental appropriations and rescissions.
Appropriations are given only for programs included in the annual L-HHS-ED bill.
Note: Both FY2007 and FY2008 mandatory amounts are estimates that are subject to adjustments
after the close of their respective fiscal years. All amounts in the table are subject to change through
the enactment of further supplementals and rescissions for FY2007.
! Program level appropriations reflect the total discretionary
appropriations in a given bill, regardless of the year in which they
will be spent, and therefore include advance funding for future years.

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CRS-4
Unless otherwise specified, proposed FY2008 appropriations levels
in this report refer to program level amounts.
! Current year appropriations represent discretionary appropriations
in a given bill for the current year, plus discretionary appropriations
for the current year that were enacted in prior years — for example,
FY2007 appropriations that were enacted in the FY2006 act.
Current year discretionary appropriations are similar to the amount
counted for the 302(b) allocation ceilings (discussed later in this
report).
! Advance appropriations are funds that will not become available
until after the fiscal year for which the appropriations are enacted
(for example, funds for certain education programs like Title I Part
A Grants to Local Educational Agencies for the Education of the
Disadvantaged that were included in the FY2007 act that cannot be
spent before FY2008 at the earliest, discussed later in this report).
! Scorekeeping adjustments, which are made to account for special
funding situations as monitored by the Congressional Budget Office
(CBO), are not reflected in this table.
Because appropriations may consist of mixtures of budget authority enacted in
various years, two summary measures are frequently used — program level
appropriations and current year appropriations. How are these measures related? For
an “operational definition,” program level funding equals (a) current year, plus (b)
advances for future years, minus (c) advances from prior years. Table 2 shows each
of these amounts, along with current year funding for mandatory programs and the
grand total for L-HHS-ED.
President’s Request
On February 5, 2007, the President’s FY2008 request was submitted to
Congress, prior to completion of the FY2007 appropriations process. With regard
to the President’s budget, the primary issues raised during congressional
consideration of any appropriations request generally relate to proposed funding
changes, as well as to the overall level of support for programs. The following
summary highlights changes of at least $100 million proposed in FY2008
discretionary budget authority in comparison with the FY2007 amount. Viewing this
list by itself should be done with caution, since the relative impact of a $100 million
funding change to a $500 million program (a 20% increase or decrease) is greater
than a $100 million change to a $5 billion program (a 2% increase or decrease).
Later in this report, the discussion of budgets for individual departments includes
tables to compare the FY2008 request with the FY2007 funding for many of the
major programs in the L-HHS-ED bill.
Budget Highlights. Overall, $141.7 billion in discretionary appropriations
was requested for L-HHS-ED for FY2008, $3.0 billion (2.1%) less than the FY2007
amount of $144.7 billion.
! For the Department of Labor (DOL), the FY2008 request included
a decrease of $640 million for Training Employment Service
programs, including $152 million less for Workforce Investment Act

---

CRS-5
(WIA) Adult Training grants to states, $100 million less for WIA
Youth Training, and $357 million less for WIA Dislocated Worker
Assistance. A decrease of $134 million was proposed for the
Community Service Employment for Older Americans program.
Overall, $11.0 billion in FY2008 discretionary appropriations was
requested for DOL, a 6.2% reduction from the FY2007 amount of
$11.7 billion.
! For the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the
FY2008 request proposed an increase of $1.15 billion for the Public
Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF), covering
homeland security activities and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness.
Decreases were proposed of $174 million for Health Professions
programs other than those for nursing, $187 million for Children’s
Hospitals Graduate Medical Education (CHGME), $143 million for
Rural Health Programs, $114 million for Buildings and Facilities at
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and $378
million for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). A $183 million
initiative for Fraud and Abuse Control at the Centers for Medicare
and Medicaid Services (CMS) was proposed, along with a $133
million increase for CMS Program Management. Decreases of $379
million for the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program
(LIHEAP) and $100 million for Head Start were requested. The
$630 million Community Services Block Grant (CSBG) would be
eliminated. Overall, $63.2 billion in FY2008 discretionary
appropriations was requested for HHS, 1.3% less than the FY2007
amount of $64.0 billion.
! For the Department of Education (ED), the FY2008 request
proposed an increase of $995 million for Elementary and Secondary
Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) programs in the aggregate. It
proposed three K-12 education initiatives of at least $100 million,
including $250 million for Promise Scholarships. School
Improvement Grants would be increased by $375 million, and the
Teacher Incentive Fund would be increased by $199 million. The
request proposed the elimination of the $272 million Educational
Technology State Grants under the ESEA, and, under the Higher
Education Act (HEA), the $771 million Supplemental Educational
Opportunity Grants. A decrease of $291 was requested for the
Special Education Part B Grants to States program under the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). A decrease of
$247 million was requested for the Safe and Drug-Free Schools
State Grants, and a decrease of $686 million was requested for the
Perkins Career and Technical Education program. The Fund for the
Improvement of Education would be reduced by $100 million, and
the Pell Grants program would be reduced by $247 million. Overall,
$56.2 billion in FY2008 discretionary appropriations was requested
for ED, 2.2% less than the FY2007 amount of $57.5 billion.
! For the related agencies, the FY2008 budget proposed to eliminate
the two-year advance appropriations for the Corporation for Public
Broadcasting (CPB), which was provided with a two-year advance
appropriation of $400 million in the FY2007 bill.

---

CRS-6
Major Discretionary Programs, FY2007-FY2008
Table 3 shows the L-HHS-ED discretionary programs with the highest funding
levels in FY2007; eight programs accounted for at least 60% of all L-HHS-ED
discretionary appropriations. Each of the programs shown in Table 3 received more
than $3.0 billion in FY2007, and the aggregate funding for this group was $87.8
billion. As previously shown in Table 2, L-HHS-ED discretionary funding totaled
$144.7 billion in FY2007. For FY2008, under the budget request these eight
programs still account for more than 60% of the discretionary appropriations for L-
HHS-ED programs.
Table 3. Major Discretionary Programs, FY2007-FY2008
(dollars in millions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Major Program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
$28,999
$28,621
Pell Grants
13,661
13,414
Title I Part A Education for the
12,838
13,910
Disadvantaged, Grants to LEAs
IDEA Special Education, Part B
10,783
10,492
Grants to States
Head Start
6,889
6,789
SSA Administrative Expenses
6,345
6,614
WIA, all programs
5,135
4,494
CMS Program Management
3,141
3,274
Major L-HHS-ED subtotal
87,791
87,608
Other L-HHS-ED discretionary
56,932
54,102
L-HHS-ED discretionary total
144,723
141,710
Major programs as a % of total
60.7%
61.8%
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007, table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
FY2007 amounts reflect the funding provided under P.L. 110-5, Revised Continuing Appropriations
Resolution, 2007. They do not yet include FY2007 supplemental appropriations and rescissions.
302(a) and 302(b) Allocation Ceilings
The maximum budget authority for annual L-HHS-ED appropriations is
determined through a two-stage congressional budget process. In the first stage,
Congress establishes the 302(a) allocations — the maximum spending totals for
Congress for a given fiscal year. This task is sometimes accomplished through the
concurrent resolution on the budget, where spending totals are specified through the
statement of managers in the conference report. In years when the House and Senate
do not reach a budget agreement, these totals may be set through leadership
arrangements in each chamber. The 302(a) allocations determine spending totals for
each of the various committees, as well as the total discretionary budget authority
available for enactment in annual appropriations through the House and Senate
Committees on Appropriations.

---

CRS-7
Congress reached agreement on the FY2008 budget resolution on May 17, 2007,
when the House and Senate agreed to the conference report (H.Rept. 109-153) to
S.Con.Res. 21. The resolution established a 302(a) discretionary budget allocation
of $953.1 billion. For the purpose of comparison, the 302(a) discretionary allocation
agreed to for FY2007 was $872.8 billion. For additional information, please see CRS
Report RL33291, Congressional Budget Actions in 2007, by Bill Heniff Jr.
In the second stage of the annual congressional budget process, the House and
Senate Committees on Appropriations separately establish the 302(b) allocations —
the maximum discretionary budget authority available to each subcommittee for each
annual appropriations bill. The total of these allocations must not exceed the 302(a)
discretionary total. This process creates the basis for enforcing discretionary budget
discipline, since any appropriations bill reported with a total above the ceiling is
subject to a point of order. The 302(b) allocations can and often do get adjusted
during the year as the various appropriations bills progress toward final enactment.
Table 4 shows the 302(b) discretionary allocations for the FY2008 L-HHS-ED
appropriations determined by the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations.
Comparable amounts for the FY2007 appropriations and the President’s FY2008
budget request are also shown. Both the 302(a) and 302(b) allocations regularly
become contested issues in their own right.
Table 4. FY2008 302(b) Discretionary Allocations
(budget authority in billions of dollars)
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2007
request
House
Senate
enacted
comparable
comparable
allocation
allocation
comparable
$144.5
$140.3
$151.1
$149.2
Sources: The FY2008 House allocation is based on H.Rept. 110-212, June 26, 2007; the FY2008
Senate allocation is based on S.Rept. 110-87, June 19, 2007. The comparable amounts for FY2007
budget authority and the FY2008 budget request are taken from Congressional Quarterly, CQ Today,
June 15, 2007, table on “Senate Appropriations Committee Allocations,” with a source note which
states, “This chart includes Senate calculations of the enacted levels for fiscal 2007 and the President’s
fiscal 2008 request, which in some cases vary slightly from the House calculations.” The April 17,
2007, table of the House Committee on Appropriations did not provide figures for the comparable
302(b) allocations for FY2007 or the FY2008 request.
Advance Appropriations
Advance appropriations occur when funds enacted in one fiscal year are not
available for obligation until a subsequent fiscal year. For example, P.L. 109-149,
which enacted FY2006 L-HHS-ED appropriations, provided $400 million for the
Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) for use in FY2008. Advance
appropriations may be used to meet several objectives. These might include the
provision of long-term budget information to recipients, such as state and local
educational systems, to enable better planning of future program activities and
personnel levels. The more contentious aspect of advance appropriations, however,
involves how they are counted in budget ceilings.

---

CRS-8
Advance appropriations avoid the 302(a) and 302(b) allocation ceilings for the
current year, but must be counted in the year in which they first become available for
obligation. This procedure uses up ahead of time part of what will be counted against
the allocation ceiling in future years. In FY2002, the President’s budget proposed the
elimination of advance appropriations for federal discretionary programs, including
those for L-HHS-ED programs. Congress rejected that proposal, and the proposal
has not been repeated. For an example of the impact of advance appropriations on
program administration, see the discussion titled “Forward Funding and Advance
Appropriations,” later in this report.
The FY1999 and FY2000 annual L-HHS-ED appropriations bills provided
significant increases in advance appropriations for discretionary programs.
Following FY2000, advanced appropriations generally have been provided at $19.3
billion, with the exceptions of $18.8 billion in FY2001 and $21.5 billion in FY2003.
At $19.3 billion, advance appropriations accounted for 13.3% of the L-HHS-ED
current year discretionary total of $144.7 billion in FY2007. For FY2008, the
President requested $18.9 billion in advance appropriations for L-HHS-ED.
From FY1998 to the present, advance appropriations included in L-HHS-ED
bills have been as follows:
! FY1998, $4.0 billion;
! FY1999, $8.9 billion;
! FY2000, $19.0 billion;
! FY2001, $18.8 billion;
! FY2002, $19.3 billion;
! FY2003, $21.5 billion;
! FY2004, $19.3 billion;
! FY2005, $19.3 billion;
! FY2006, $19.3 billion;
! FY2007, $19.3 billion; and
! FY2008, President’s budget request, $18.9 billion.
Major Funding Trends
The L-HHS-ED appropriations bills include both mandatory and discretionary
funds; however, the Appropriations Committees fully control only the discretionary
funds. Mandatory funding levels for programs included in the annual appropriations
bills are modified through changes in the authorizing legislation. Typically, these
changes are accomplished through authorizing committees by means of reconciliation
legislation, and not through appropriations committees in annual appropriations bills.
Table 5 shows the trend in discretionary budget authority enacted in the
L-HHS-ED appropriations for FY2002 through FY2007. During the past six years,
L-HHS-ED discretionary funds have grown from $127.2 billion in FY2002 to an
estimated $144.7 billion in FY2007, an increase of $17.5 billion, or 13.8%. During
this same period — and using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator to adjust
for inflation — L-HHS-ED discretionary funds in estimated FY2007 dollars have
dropped from $145.0 billion in FY2002 to $144.7 billion in FY2007, a decrease of
$0.3 billion, or 0.2%.

---

CRS-9
Table 5. Discretionary Funding Trends, FY2002-FY2007
(budget authority in billions of dollars)
FY2007
Type of funds
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005 FY2006
estimate
L-HHS-ED discretionary
$127.2
$132.4
$139.7
$143.4
$141.5
$144.7
L-HHS-ED discretionary in
$145.0
$147.9
$152.2
$151.6
$145.1
$144.7
estimated FY2007 dollars
GDP deflator (FY2000=1.0)
1.0432
1.0643
1.0918
1.1251
1.1598
1.1892
Sources: The GDP deflator is based on the Budget of the United States Government, Historical
Tables, Fiscal Year 2008, Table 10.1. L-HHS-ED totals for FY2002-FY2005 discretionary budget
authority are based on annual conference reports for L-HHS-ED appropriations, and therefore may
not be completely comparable from year to year. FY2006 and FY2007 L-HHS-ED discretionary totals
are based on the April 17, 2007 table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
Department of Labor
FY2007 discretionary appropriations for the Department of Labor (DOL) were
$11.7 billion. For FY2008, the budget request is $11.0 billion, $0.7 billion (6.2%)
less than the FY2007 amount, as shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Department of Labor Discretionary Appropriations
($ in billions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Funding
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Appropriations
$11.7
$11.0
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007 table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
Amounts represent discretionary programs funded by L-HHS-ED appropriations; funds for mandatory
programs are excluded.
Mandatory DOL programs included in the Revised Continuing Appropriations
Resolution, 2007 (P.L.110-5) were funded at $3.0 billion, and consist of the Black
Lung Disability Trust Fund ($1,070 million), Federal Unemployment Benefits and
Allowances ($838 million), Advances to the Unemployment Insurance and Other
Trust Funds ($465 million), Special Benefits for Disabled Coal Miners ($297
million), Employment Standards Administration (ESA) Special Benefits ($227
million), and Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Fund ($102
million).
Key Issues
President’s Request. The President’s FY2008 current law budget request
for DOL proposed changes in funding for a number of activities. Proposed
discretionary changes of at least $100 million compared to FY2007 appropriations
were as follows:

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CRS-10
! Training and Employment Services programs, funded in the
aggregate at $5.1 billion in FY2007, would be decreased by $640
million under the President’s FY2008 budget request.
! WIA Adult Training grants to states, funded at $864 million in
FY2007, would be reduced by $152 million.
! WIA Youth Training, funded at $941 million in FY2007, would be
reduced by $100 million.
! The WIA Dislocated Worker Assistance programs, funded at $1.5
billion in FY2007, would be decreased by $357 million in FY2008,
including a decrease of $298 million for state grants.1
! Community Service Employment for Older Americans would be
reduced by $134 million, from $484 to $350 million.
CRS Products
CRS Report RL33754, Minimum Wage in the 110th Congress, by William G.
Whittaker.
CRS Report RL33362, Unemployment Insurance: Available Unemployment Benefits
and Legislative Activity, by Julie M. Whittaker.
Websites
Department of Labor
[http://www.dol.gov]
[http://www.dol.gov/_sec/Budget2008/overview.htm]
[http://www.doleta.gov/budget/08bud.cfm]
Detailed Appropriations Table
Table 7 shows the appropriations details for offices and major programs of
DOL.
1 Appropriations for FY2007 set aside $125 million from the Dislocated Worker Assistance
National Reserve program for the Community College initiative. The President requested
$150 million in direct appropriations for Community College grants.

---

CRS-11
Table 7. Detailed Department of Labor Appropriations
($ in millions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Total Workforce Investment Act, Title I
$5,135
$4,494
(WIA) (non-add)
Employment and Training Administration (ETA)
Training and Employment Services
(TES), WIA Adult Training Grants to
864
712
States
WIA Youth Training
941
841
WIA Dislocated Worker Assistance
1,472
1,115
(DWA)
DWA State Grants (non-add)
1,190
892
DWA National Reserve Community
College initiative set aside (non-add)
125
0
(a)
DWA National Reserve, other (non-
157
223
add) (a)
WIA Migrant and Seasonal
80
0
Farmworkers
WIA Job Corps
1,578
1,522
WIA Community College Grants
0
150
(Community-Based Job Training) (a)
Other WIA and TES Activities
200
155
TES subtotal
5,135
4,494
Community Service Employment for
484
350
Older Americans
Federal Unemployment Benefits and
838
889
Allowances (mandatory)
State Unemployment Insurance and
Employment Service Operations
2,508
2,561
(SUI/ESO) Unemployment
Compensation
SUI/ESO Employment Service
749
722
SUI/ESO Employment Service State
716
689
Grants (non-add)
SUI/ESO One-Stop Career Centers
64
56
SUI/ESO Work Incentives Grants
20
0
SUI/ESO subtotal
3,340
3,339
Advances to Unemployment Trust
465
437
Fund and other funds (mandatory)
ETA Program Administration
200
216
ETA subtotal
10,461
9,725
Employee Benefits Security
142
147
Administration
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
0
0
(PBGC) Administration
PBGC program level (non-add)
405
411

---

CRS-12
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Employment Standards Administration (ESA)
ESA Salaries and Expenses
421
448
ESA Special Benefits (mandatory)
227
203
ESA Special Benefits for Disabled
297
270
Coal Miners (mandatory)
ESA Energy Employees Occupational
Illness Compensation Fund
102
105
(mandatory)
ESA Black Lung Disability Trust Fund
1,070
1,068
(mandatory)
ESA subtotal
2,117
2,094
Occupational Safety and Health
487
490
Administration (OSHA)
Mine Safety and Health
302
313
Administration (MSHA)
Bureau of Labor Statistics
548
574
Office of Disability Employment
28
19
Policy
Departmental Management
International Labor Affairs
73
14
Veterans Employment and Training
223
228
Departmental Management, other
299
319
Departmental Management subtotal
595
561
Working Capital Fund
6
12
TOTALS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Total appropriations (b)
14,685
13,936
Current year funding
12,154
11,411
One-year advance funding
2,531
2,525
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007, table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
a. The WIA community college initiative (i.e., Community-Based Job Training program) was funded
at $125 million in FY2007 from Dislocated Worker Assistance National Reserve funds. The
President’s budget request for FY2008 would provide direct appropriations of $150 million.
To reflect this difference, in Table 7 the program is shown on two lines.
b. Appropriations totals include discretionary and mandatory funds, and may be subject to additional
scorekeeping and other adjustments.
Department of Health and Human Services
FY2007 discretionary appropriations for the Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) were $64.0 billion. For FY2008, the budget request was $63.2
billion, $846 million (1.3%) less than the FY2007 amount, as shown in Table 8.

---

CRS-13
Table 8. Department of Health and Human Services
Discretionary Appropriations
($ in billions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Funding
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Appropriations
$64.0
$63.2
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007 table of the House Committee on Appropriations;
they do not yet include FY2007 supplemental appropriations. Amounts represent discretionary
programs funded by L-HHS-ED appropriations; funds for mandatory programs are excluded, as are
funds for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Indian Health Service (IHS). FDA and
IHS are both agencies of HHS, but they are funded through other appropriations bills.
Mandatory HHS programs included in the L-HHS-ED bill were funded at
$358.1 billion in FY2007, and consist primarily of Medicaid Grants to States ($170.7
billion), Payments to Medicare Trust Funds ($176.3 billion, including both Part B
Supplementary Medical Insurance and Part D Prescription Drugs), Foster Care and
Adoption ($6.7 billion), Family Support Payments to States ($4.3 billion), and the
Social Services Block Grant ($1.7 billion).
Key Issues
President’s Request. The President’s FY2008 budget request for HHS
proposed increased support for the Public Health and Social Services Emergency
Fund (PHSSEF), and for program management and a fraud control initiative for the
administration of Medicare and Medicaid. At the same time, it proposed overall
funding reductions for health resources and services, disease control and prevention,
medical research, substance abuse and prevention, programs for children and
families, and services for the aging. Not all programs in each category were
decreased; selected programs in most of the categories were requested for increases.
Requests for major changes are indicated below.
Discretionary spending changes of at least $100 million were requested in the
President’s FY2008 budget for several HHS programs, as follows.
! Health Professions programs other than those for nursing, funded at
$184 million in FY2007, would be decreased by $174 million to $10
million.
! Children’s Hospitals Graduate Medical Education, funded at $297
million in FY2007, would be reduced by $187 million to $110
million.
! Rural Health Programs, funded at $168 million in FY2007, would
be reduced by $143 million to $25 million.
! Buildings and Facilities at the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), funded at $134 million in FY2007, would be
reduced by $114 million to $20 million.
! The National Institutes of Health (NIH), funded at $29.0 billion in
FY2007, would be reduced by $378 million to $28.62 billion.
! At the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), a Fraud
and Abuse Control initiative would be funded at $183 million, while

---

CRS-14
CMS Program Management would be increased by $133 million,
from $3.14 billion in FY2007 to $3.27 billion.
! The Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP),
funded at $2.16 billion in FY2007, would be decreased by $379
million to $1.78 billion.
! Head Start, funded at $6.89 billion in FY2007, would be decreased
by $100 million to $6.79 billion.
! The Community Services Block Grant (CSBG), funded at $630
million in FY2007, would be eliminated.
! The PHSSEF, funded at $605 million in FY2007, would be
increased by $1.15 billion to $1.75 billion. Funding covers
homeland security activities and pandemic influenza preparedness,
both of which would be increased. (For details on pandemic
influenza appropriations, see CRS Report RS22576.)
Abortion: Funding Restrictions. Annual L-HHS-ED appropriations
regularly contain restrictions that limit — for one year at a time — the circumstances
under which federal funds can be used to pay for abortions. Restrictions on
appropriated funds, popularly referred to as the “Hyde Amendments,” generally apply
to all L-HHS-ED funds. Medicaid is the largest program affected. Given the
perennial volatility of this issue, these provisions may be revisited at any time during
the annual consideration of L-HHS-ED appropriations. From FY1977 to FY1993,
abortions could be funded only when the life of the mother was endangered. The
103rd Congress modified the provisions to permit federal funding of abortions in
cases of rape or incest. The FY1998 L-HHS-ED appropriations, P.L. 105-78,
extended the Hyde provisions to prohibit the use of federal funds to buy managed
care packages that include abortion coverage, except in the cases of rape, incest, or
life endangerment. The FY1999 L-HHS-ED appropriations, P.L. 105-277, continued
the FY1998 Hyde Amendments with two added provisions: (1) a clarification to
ensure that the restrictions apply to all trust fund programs (namely, Medicare), and
(2) an assurance that Medicare + Choice plans cannot require the provision of
abortion services. No changes were made from FY2000 through FY2004.
The FY2005 L-HHS-ED appropriations, P.L. 108-447 (H.Rept. 108-792, p.
1271), added a restriction, popularly referred to as the “Weldon Amendment,” that
prevents federal programs or state or local governments that receive L-HHS-ED
funds from discriminating against health care entities that do not provide or pay for
abortions or abortion services. The FY2006 L-HHS-ED appropriations retained the
Weldon amendment language and the Hyde restrictions. These provisions can be
found in §507 and §508 of P.L. 109-149. Under the FY2007 continuing resolution
(P.L. 110-5), the provisions also apply to FY2007 funds. For additional information,
please see CRS Report RL33467, Abortion: Legislative Response, by Jon O.
Shimabukuro and Karen J. Lewis.
Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Funding Restrictions. On August
9, 2001, President Bush announced a decision to use federal funds for research on
human embryonic stem cells for the first time, but limited the funding to “existing
stem cell lines.” Embryonic stem cells have the ability to develop into virtually any
cell in the body, and have the potential to treat medical conditions such as diabetes
and Parkinson’s disease. In response to the President’s announcement, the NIH
developed a registry of 78 embryonic stem cell lines eligible for use in federally

---

CRS-15
funded research. However, many of these lines were found to be unavailable or
unsuitable for research; only 21 of the 78 eligible stem cell lines are currently
available for general research purposes. Some scientists are concerned about the
quality, longevity, and availability of eligible stem cell lines. Many believe that the
advancement of research requires new stem cell lines, possibly including stem cells
derived from cloned embryos. The use of stem cells, however, raises ethical issues
regarding embryo and fetal tissue research because the embryos are destroyed in
order to obtain the cells. Given its potential volatility, the issue may be revisited at
any time during the annual consideration of L-HHS-ED appropriations.
An FY1996 appropriations continuing resolution, P.L. 104-99 (§128), prohibited
NIH funds from being used for the creation of human embryos for research purposes
or for research in which human embryos are destroyed. Since FY1997, annual
appropriations acts have extended the prohibition to all L-HHS-ED funds, with the
NIH as the agency primarily affected. The restriction, originally introduced by
Representative Jay Dickey, has not changed significantly since it was first enacted.
The FY2006 L-HHS-ED appropriations continued the restrictions without significant
change, and they carried over to FY2007 under the continuing resolution, P.L. 110-5.
The current provision can be found in §509 of P.L. 109-149. For additional
information, please see CRS Report RL33540, Stem Cell Research: Federal
Research Funding and Oversight, by Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams.
CRS Products
CRS Report RL33467, Abortion: Legislative Response, by Jon O. Shimabukuro and
Karen J. Lewis.
CRS Report RL30731, AIDS Funding for Federal Government Programs:
FY1981-FY2007, by Judith A. Johnson.
CRS Report RS21044, Background and Legal Issues Related to Stem Cell Research,
by Jon O. Shimabukuro.
CRS Report RL30785, The Child Care and Development Block Grant: Background
and Funding, by Melinda Gish.
CRS Report RL32872, Community Services Block Grants (CSBG): Funding and
Reauthorization, by Karen Spar.
CRS Report RL34048, Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2008, by
Michael E. Davey et al.
CRS Report RL30952, Head Start: Background and Issues, by Melinda Gish.
CRS Report RL31358, Human Cloning, by Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams.
CRS Report RL31865, The Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program
(LIHEAP): Program and Funding, by Libby Perl.
CRS Report RL33695, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Organization,
Funding, and Congressional Issues, by Pamela W. Smith.
CRS Report RS22576, Pandemic Influenza: Appropriations for Public Health
Preparedness and Response, by Sarah A. Lister.
CRS Report RL33354, The Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program:
Reauthorization in the 109th Congress, by Emilie Stoltzfus.
CRS Report RL31940, Public Health Service Operating Agencies, by Janet Kinzer.
CRS Report RL33279, The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Program, by Judith A.
Johnson and Paulette C. Morgan.
CRS Report 94-953, Social Services Block Grant (Title XX of the Social Security
Act), by Melinda Gish.

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CRS-16
CRS Report RL33540, Stem Cell Research: Federal Research Funding and
Oversight, by Judith A. Johnson and Erin D. Williams.
CRS Report RL33997, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA): Reauthorization Issues, by Ramya Sundararaman.
Websites
Department of Health and Human Services
[http://www.hhs.gov]
[http://www.hhs.gov/budget/docbudget.htm]
Detailed Appropriations Table
Table 9 shows the appropriations details for offices and major programs of
HHS.
Table 9. Detailed Department of Health and
Human Services Appropriations
($ in millions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Public Health Service (PHS)
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
Community Health Centers
$1,988
$1,988
National Health Service Corps
126
116
Health Professions, Nursing
150
105
Health Professions, other
184
10
Children’s Hospital Graduate Medical
297
110
Education
Maternal and Child Health Block Grant
693
693

Ryan White AIDS Programs
2,119
2,133
Rural Health Programs
168
25
Family Planning (Title X)
283
283
Health Care-Related Facilities and
0
0
Activities
Bioterrorism Hospital Grants (a)
0
0
Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust
61
58
Fund (mandatory)
HRSA, other
390
339
HRSA subtotal
6,459
5,860


Centers for Disease Control and
1,791
1,782
Prevention (CDC) Infectious Diseases
Terrorism Preparedness and Response
1,541
1,504
Preventive Health and Health Services
99
0
Block Grant (PHBG)
CDC Buildings and Facilities
134
20
CDC, other
2,373
2,411
CDC subtotal (b)
5,938
5,717

---

CRS-17
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) (b)
28,999
28,621
Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration (SAMHSA)
407
407
Mental Health Block Grant
Substance Abuse Block Grant
1,679
1,679
SAMHSA, other
1,120
960
SAMHSA subtotal
3,206
3,046
Agency for Healthcare Research and
0
0
Quality (AHRQ)
AHRQ program level (non-add)
319
330
PHS subtotal
44,601
43,244
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
Medicaid Grants to States (mandatory)
170,729
208,921
Medicare Trust Funds (mandatory)
176,298
188,628
CMS Program Management
3,141
3,274
Fraud and Abuse Control initiative
0
183
CMS subtotal
350,168
401,006
Administration for Children and Families (ACF)
Family Support Payments (mandatory)
4,264
3,950
Low Income Home Energy Assistance
2,161
1,782
Program (LIHEAP)
Refugee and Entrant Assistance
588
656
Child Care and Development Block
2,062
2,062
Grant (CCDBG)
Social Services Block Grant (SSBG)
1,700
1,700
(Title XX) (mandatory)
Head Start
6,889
6,789
Child Welfare Services
287
287
Developmental Disabilities
171
171
Community Services Block Grant
630
0
Battered Women’s Shelters
125
125
Abstinence Education
109
137
Children and Family Services, other
727
731
Promoting Safe and Stable Families
345
345
(PSSF) (mandatory)
PSSF (discretionary)
89
89
Foster Care and Adoption Assistance
6,722
6,858
(mandatory)
ACF subtotal
26,869
25,682
Administration on Aging (AOA)
1,383
1,335
Office of the Secretary
General Departmental Management
357
393
Medical Benefits, Commissioned
371
403
Officers (mandatory)
Public Health and Social Services
605
1,754
Emergency Fund (PHSSEF)
Office of the Secretary, other
176
240
Office of the Secretary subtotal
1,509
2,790

---

CRS-18
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
TOTALS, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Total appropriations (c)
424,531
474,057
Current year funding
355,075
402,599
One-year advance funding
69,456
71,457
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007, table of the House Committee on Appropriations;
they do not yet include FY2007 supplemental appropriations.
a. P.L. 110-5 transferred the HRSA bioterrorism grants program to the Office of the HHS Secretary.
b. Two HHS programs also received FY2007 funds from Interior-Environment appropriations — $75
million for CDC and $79 million for NIH; neither amount is included in this table.
c. Appropriations totals include discretionary and mandatory funds, and may be subject to additional
scorekeeping and other adjustments. Two HHS agencies were funded through other
appropriations in FY2007: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in Agriculture
appropriations ($1.6 billion), and the Indian Health Service (IHS) in Interior-Environment
appropriations ($3.2 billion); neither agency is included in this table.
Department of Education
FY2007 discretionary appropriations for the Department of Education (ED)
were $57.5 billion. For FY2008, the budget request was $56.2 billion, $1.3 billion
(2.2%) less than the FY2007 amount, as shown in Table 10.
Table 10. Department of Education
Discretionary Appropriations
($ in billions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Funding
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Appropriations
$57.5
$56.2
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007 table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
Amounts represent discretionary programs funded by L-HHS-ED appropriations; funds for mandatory
programs are excluded.
A single mandatory ED program is included in the FY2008 L-HHS-ED bill; the
Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants program was funded at $2.7 billion in
FY2007.
Key Issues
President’s Request. Under the FY2008 budget request, funding for several
programs would be increased, and six new education programs were proposed.
However, the President’s request would eliminate the funding for 44 existing
programs and reduce the total discretionary funding for ED programs in FY2008.
The President’s FY2008 budget request proposed changes of at least $100
million for ED programs, as follows.

---

CRS-19
! Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)
programs, funded in the aggregate at $23.5 billion in FY2007, would
be increased by $995 million in the President’s FY2008 budget
request.
! Three K-12 education initiatives of at least $100 million were
proposed by the President: $125 million for Math Now, Elementary;
$125 million for Math Now, Middle School; and $250 million for
Promise Scholarships.
! Title I, Part A, Grants to Local Educational Agencies (LEAs) for the
Education for the Disadvantaged, funded at $12.8 billion in FY2007,
would be increased by $1.1 billion.
! School Improvement Grants, funded at $125 million in FY2007,
would be increased by $375 million.
! Educational Technology State Grants, funded at $272 million in
FY2007, would be eliminated.
! The Fund for the Improvement of Education (FIE), funded at $159
million in FY2007, would be reduced by $100 million.
! The Teacher Incentive Fund, funded at $0.2 million in FY2007,
would be increased by $199 million.
! Safe and Drug-Free Schools State Grants, funded at $347 million in
FY2007, would be decreased by $247 million.
! The Special Education Part B Grants to States program under the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), funded at $10.8
billion in FY2007, would be decreased by $291 million.
! The Perkins Career and Technical Education program, funded at
$1.3 billion in FY2007, would be decreased by $686 million.
! The Pell Grants program, funded at $13.7 billion in FY2007, would
be reduced by $247 million.
! Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants, funded at
$771 million in FY2007, would be eliminated.
ESEA Funding Shortfall? Since the enactment of the No Child Left Behind
Act of 2001 (NCLBA), P.L. 107-110, which amended the ESEA among other
programs, there has been a continuing discussion regarding the appropriations
“promised” and the resulting “shortfall” when the enacted appropriations are
compared to authorization levels. Some would contend that the ESEA authorizations
of appropriations, as amended by NCLBA, represent a funding commitment that was
promised in return for legislative support for the new administrative requirements
placed on state and local educational systems. They would contend that the
authorized levels are needed for implementing the new requirements, and that the
differences between “promised” and actual funding levels represent a shortfall of
billions of dollars. Others would contend that the authorized funding levels represent
no more than appropriations ceilings, and as such are no different from authorizations
for most education programs. That is, when the authorization amount is specified,
it represents only a maximum amount, with the actual funding level to be determined
during the regular annual appropriations process. In the past, education programs
with specified levels of authorization generally have been funded at lower levels; few
have been funded at levels equal to or higher than the specified authorization amount.
Five ESEA programs, as amended by NCLBA, have specific authorization
levels for FY2002 through FY2007: Title I, Part A Grants to Local Educational

---

CRS-20
Agencies (LEAs); 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21CCLC); the
Education Block Grant; School Choice; and the Fund for the Improvement of
Education. For FY2007, the aggregate authorization for these five programs was
$28.9 billion, and the appropriation was $14.4 billion, or $14.5 billion less than the
amount authorized.
All current ESEA program authorizations expire after FY2007. However,
Section 422 of the General Education Provisions Act (GEPA) has already extended
the authorization of ESEA programs for one additional year. Therefore, current
ESEA programs are authorized through September 30, 2008. GEPA also specifies
that the amount authorized to be appropriated for a program during the extension
shall be the amount that was authorized to be appropriated for the program during the
terminal fiscal year of the program. Thus, in the case of the five ESEA programs
with specific authorization levels for FY2007, these authorizations remain the same
for FY2008. Therefore, for FY2008, the aggregate authorization for these five
programs is $28.9 billion, and the President’s request for these programs was $15.2
billion, or $13.7 billion less than the amount authorized.
IDEA Funding Shortfall? From 1975 to 2004, the IDEA Part B Grants to
States program authorized state payments up to a maximum amount of 40% of the
national average per-pupil expenditure (APPE) times the number of children with
disabilities ages 3-21 that each state serves. Appropriations have never reached the
40% level. In 2004, Congress addressed the authorization issue in P.L. 108-446,
which specified authorization ceilings for Part B Grants to States for FY2005 through
FY2011. For FY2007, the Part B Grants to States authorization was $16.9 billion,
and the appropriation was $10.8 billion, or $6.2 billion less than the authorized
amount. For FY2008, the authorized amount is $19.2 billion, and the President
requested $10.5 billion, or $8.7 billion less than the amount authorized. As with
ESEA and NCLBA, some view these differences as funding shortfalls, while others
see the maximum federal share and the specified authorizations as nothing more than
appropriation ceilings. For additional information, please see CRS Report RL32085,
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Current Funding Trends, by
Richard N. Apling and Ann Lordeman.
Forward Funding and Advance Appropriations. Most appropriations
are available for obligation during the federal fiscal year of the appropriations bill.
For example, most FY2008 appropriations will be available for obligation from
October 1, 2007, through September 30, 2008. Several L-HHS-ED programs,
including some of the larger ED programs, have authorization or appropriations
provisions that allow funding flexibility for program years that differ from the federal
fiscal year. For example, many of the elementary and secondary education formula
grant programs receive appropriations that become available for obligation to the
states on July 1 of the same year as the appropriations, and remain available for 15
months through the end of the following fiscal year. That is, FY2008 appropriations
for some programs will become available for obligation to the states on July 1, 2008,
and will remain available until September 30, 2009. This budgetary procedure is
popularly known as “forward” or “multi-year” funding, and is accomplished through
funding provisions in the L-HHS-ED appropriations bill.
Forward funding in the case of elementary and secondary education programs
was designed to allow additional time for school officials to develop budgets in

---

CRS-21
advance of the beginning of the school year. For Pell Grants for undergraduates,
however, aggregate program costs for individual students applying for postsecondary
educational assistance cannot be known with certainty ahead of time. Appropriations
from one fiscal year primarily support Pell Grants during the following academic
year; that is, the FY2008 appropriations will be used primarily to support grants for
the 2008-2009 academic year. Unlike funding for elementary and secondary
education programs, however, the funds for Pell Grants remain available for
obligation for two full fiscal years.
An advance appropriation occurs when the appropriation is provided for a
fiscal year beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriation was enacted. In the
case of FY2008 appropriations, funds normally would have become available
October 1, 2007, under regular funding provisions, but will not become available for
some programs until July 1, 2008, under the forward funding provisions discussed
above. However, if the July 1, 2008 forward funding date for obligation were to be
postponed by three months — until October 1, 2008 — the appropriation would be
reclassified as an advance appropriation since the funds would become available only
in a subsequent fiscal year, FY2009. For example, the FY2008 budget request for
Title I, Part A Grants to LEAs was $13.9 billion. This amount includes not only
forward funding of $6.5 billion (to become available July 1, 2008), but also an
advance appropriation of $7.4 billion (to become available October 1, 2009). Like
forward funding provisions, these advance appropriations are specified through
provisions in the annual appropriations bill.
What is the impact of these changes in funding provisions? At the
appropriations level, there is no difference between forward funded and advance
appropriations except for the period available for obligation. At the program or
service level, relatively little is changed by the three-month delay in the availability
of funds, since most expenditures for a standard school year occur after October 1.
At the scorekeeping level, however, a significant technical difference occurs because
forward funding is counted as part of the current fiscal year, and is therefore fully
included in the current 302(b) allocation for discretionary appropriations. Under
federal budget scorekeeping rules, an advance appropriation is not counted in the
302(b) allocation until the following year. In essence, a three-month change from
forward funding to an advance appropriation for a given program allows a one-time
shift from the current year to the next year in the scoring of discretionary
appropriations. For additional information, please see CRS Report RS20441,
Advance Appropriations, Forward Funding, and Advance Funding, by Sandy
Streeter.
CRS Products
CRS Report RL33960, The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, as Amended
by the No Child Left Behind Act: A Primer, by Wayne Riddle and Rebecca R.
Skinner.
CRS Report RL33371, K-12 Education: Implementation Status of the No Child Left
Behind Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-110), by Gail McCallion, Coordinator.
CRS Report RL32085, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Current
Funding Trends, by Richard N. Apling and Ann Lordeman.
CRS Report RL31668, Federal Pell Grant Program of the Higher Education Act:
Background and Reauthorization, by Charmaine Mercer.

---

CRS-22
CRS Report RL31618, Campus-Based Student Financial Aid Programs Under the
Higher Education Act, by David Smole.
CRS Report RS20441, Advance Appropriations, Forward Funding, and Advance
Funding, by Sandy Streeter.
Websites
Department of Education
[http://www.ed.gov/index.jhtml]
[http://www.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/budget08/index.html]
Detailed Appropriations Table
Table 11 shows the appropriations details for offices and major programs of
ED.
Table 11. Detailed Department of Education Appropriations
($ in millions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Total Elementary and Secondary
$23,479
$24,474
Education Act (non-add)
Education for the Disadvantaged
Title I, Part A Education for the
12,838
13,910
Disadvantaged, Grants to LEAs
Even Start
82
0
School Improvement Grants
125
500
Reading First State Grants
1,029
1,019
Math Now, Elementary initiative
0
125
Math Now, Middle School initiative
0
125
Promise Scholarships
0
250
America’s Opportunity Scholarships
0
50
Migrant State Grants
387
380
Education for the Disadvantaged,
264
330
other
Impact Aid
Impact Aid
1,228
1,228
School Improvement Programs
Teacher Quality State Grants
2,887
2,787
Mathematics and Science
182
182
Partnerships
Innovative Education Block Grant
99
0
Educational Technology State
272
0
Grants
21st Century Community Learning
981
981
Centers
State Assessments
408
412
Rural Education
169
169
School Improvement, other
257
167

---

CRS-23
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Indian Education
Indian Education
119
119
Innovation and Improvement
Teacher Incentive Fund (a)
0
199
Charter School Grants
215
215
Fund for the Improvement of
159
58
Education general funds (FIE)
Innovation and Improvement, other
464
450
Safe Schools and Citizenship Education
Safe and Drug-Free Schools State
347
100
Grants
Safe Schools and Citizenship, other
383
224
English Language Acquisition
English Language Acquisition State
669
671
Grants
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
IDEA Special Education, Part B,
10,783
10,492
Grants to States
IDEA Special Education, other
1,020
993
Vocational Rehabilitation State
2,837
2,874
Grants (mandatory)
Rehabilitation Services, other
405
347
Special Institutions for Persons with Disabilities
Special Institutions for Persons
181
181
With Disabilities
Office of Vocational and Adult Education
Perkins Vocational Education
1,304
617
Adult Education
580
580
Vocational and Adult, other
116
0
Student Financial Aid
Pell Grants, maximum award (in
$4,310
$4,050
dollars, non-add)
Pell Grants
13,661
13,414
Supplemental Educational
771
0
Opportunity Grants
Federal Work-Study
980
980
Federal Perkins Loans
65
0
Leveraging Educational Assistance
65
0
Partnership (LEAP)
Student Aid Administration
720
708
Higher Education
Aid for Institutional Development
506
489
Fund for the Improvement of
22
22
Postsecondary Education (FIPSE)
TRIO Programs
828
828
GEAR UP
303
303
Higher Education, other
285
196
Howard University
237
234
Institute of Education Sciences
517
594

---

CRS-24
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Departmental Management
559
594
TOTALS, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Total Appropriations (b)
60,310
59,099
Current year funding
45,277
44,065
One-year advance funding
15,034
15,034
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007 table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
Note: Details may not add to totals due to rounding.
a. Funded at $0.2 million in FY2007.
b. Appropriations totals include discretionary and mandatory funds, and are subject to additional
scorekeeping and other adjustments.
Related Agencies
FY2007 discretionary appropriations for L-HHS-ED related agencies were $11.5
billion. For FY2008, the budget request was $11.7 billion, $0.2 billion (1.8%) more
than the FY2007 amount, as shown in Table 12.
Table 12. Related Agencies Discretionary Appropriations
($ in billions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008
Funding
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Appropriations
$11.5
$11.7
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007 table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
Amounts represent discretionary programs funded by L-HHS-ED appropriations; funds for mandatory
programs are excluded.
Mandatory programs for related agencies included in the L-HHS-ED bill were
funded at $37.2 billion in FY2007, virtually all of it for the Supplemental Security
Income (SSI) program.
Key Issues
President’s Request. The President’s FY2008 budget for related agencies
proposed discretionary spending changes of at least $100 million for the following
agency:
! The Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) has been provided
with a two-year advance appropriation in recent years. The
President’s FY2008 budget did not request FY2010 funds for CPB.
The CPB has been funded at $400 million for FY2009 (included in
L-HHS-ED funding for FY2007 under the Revised Continuing

---

CRS-25
Appropriations Resolution, P.L.110-5), and $400 million for
FY2008 (enacted in FY2006).
CRS Products
CRS Report RS22168, The Corporation for Public Broadcasting: Federal Funding
Facts and Status, by Glenn J. McLoughlin.
CRS Report RL31320, Federal Aid to Libraries in the Museum and Library Services
Act of 2003, by Gail McCallion.
CRS Report RL33544, Social Security Reform: Current Issues and Legislation, by
Dawn Nuschler.
Websites
Note: Not all of the websites for the related agencies of L-HHS-ED appropriations
include FY2008 budget information.
Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled
[http://www.jwod.gov/jwod/index.html]
Corporation for National and Community Service
[http://www.cns.gov]
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
[http://www.cpb.org]
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
[http://www.fmcs.gov]
Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Committee
[http://www.fmshrc.gov]
Institute of Museum and Library Services
[http://www.imls.gov]
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission
[http://www.medpac.gov]
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
[http://www.nclis.gov]
National Council on Disability
[http://www.ncd.gov]
National Labor Relations Board
[http://www.nlrb.gov]
National Mediation Board
[http://www.nmb.gov]

---

CRS-26
Occupational Health and Safety Review Commission
[http://www.oshrc.gov]
Railroad Retirement Board
[http://www.rrb.gov]
Social Security Administration
[http://www.ssa.gov]
[http://www.ssa.gov/budget]
Detailed Appropriations Table
Table 13 shows the appropriations details for offices and major programs of the
L-HHS-ED related agencies.
Table 13. Detailed Related Agencies Appropriations
($ in millions)
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008 FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
Committee for Purchase From People
$5
$5
Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled
Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS) (a)
CNCS Domestic Volunteer Service Programs (DVSP)
Volunteers in Service to America
99
90
(VISTA)
National Senior Volunteer Corps
218
204
DVSP subtotal
317
294
CNCS National and Community Service Programs (NCSP)
National Service Trust
118
123
AmeriCorps Grants
265
256
National Civilian Community Corps
27
12
NCSP, other
85
70
NCSP subtotal
494
459
CNCS, other
74
75
CNCS subtotal
885
829
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
(CPB), two-year Advance for FY2009
400
0
(current request) with FY2008
comparable
CPB FY2009 rescission (non-add)
0
0
CPB FY2008 rescission (non-add)
0
-50
CPB advance for FY2009 with
400
400
FY2008 comparable (non-add)
CPB advance for FY2008 with
396
400
FY2007 comparable (non-add)
CPB Digitalization Program
30
0

---

CRS-27
FY2007
FY2008
FY2008
FY2008 FY2008
Office or major program
enacted
request
House
Senate
conf.
CPB Interconnection
35
0
Federal Mediation and Conciliation
43
44
Service
Federal Mine Safety and Health
8
8
Review Committee
Institute of Museum and Library
247
271
Services (IMLS)
Medicare Payment Advisory
12
11
Commission
National Commission on Libraries and
1
0
Information Science
National Council on Disability
3
3
National Labor Relations Board
252
256
National Mediation Board
12
12
Occupational Safety and Health
10
11
Review Commission
Railroad Retirement Board
193
184
Social Security Administration (SSA) (b)
SSA Payments to Social Security Trust
20
28
Fund (mandatory)
SSA Supplemental Security Income
42,931
38,728
(SSI) (mandatory)
SSA SSI, Discretionary
2,950
2,983
SSA SSI subtotal
45,881
41,711
SSA Administrative Expenses
6,345
6,614
SSA Office of Inspector General
92
95
SSA subtotal
52,339
48,448
TOTALS, RELATED AGENCIES
Total appropriations (c)
54,473
50,082
Current year funding
37,263
35,282
One-year advance funding
16,810
14,800
Two-year advance funding
400
0
Source: Amounts are based on the April 17, 2007 table of the House Committee on Appropriations.
a. Through FY2005, CNCS AmeriCorps Grants and other programs under the National and
Community Service Act were funded in the Veterans Affairs-Housing and Urban Development
(VA-HUD) Appropriations Act. All CNCS programs have been funded in L-HHS-ED since
FY2006.
b. The operation of the Social Security trust funds is considered off-budget, but the Social Security
Administration (SSA) Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, SSA Administrative
Expenses, and certain related SSA activities are included under L-HHS-ED related agencies.
c. Appropriations totals include discretionary and mandatory funds, and are subject to additional
scorekeeping and other adjustments.

---

CRS-28
Appendix A. Terminology and Web Resources
The following items include some of the key budget terms used in this report;
they are based on CRS Report 98-720, Manual on the Federal Budget Process, by
Robert Keith and Allen Schick. The websites provide general information on the
federal budget and appropriations.
Advance appropriation is budget authority that will become available in a fiscal
year beyond the fiscal year for which the appropriations act is enacted; scorekeeping
counts the entire amount in the fiscal year it first becomes available for obligation.
Appropriation is budget authority that permits federal agencies to incur obligations
and to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. Appropriations
represent the amounts that agencies may obligate during the period of time specified
in the law. Annual appropriations are provided in appropriations acts; most
permanent appropriations are provided in substantive law. Major types of
appropriations are regular, supplemental, and continuing.
Budget authority is legal authority to incur financial obligations that normally result
in the outlay of federal government funds. Major types of budget authority are
appropriations, borrowing authority, and contract authority. Budget authority also
includes the subsidy cost to the federal government of direct loans and loan
guarantees, estimated on a net present value basis.
Budget resolution is a concurrent resolution passed by both Houses of Congress, but
not requiring the signature of the President, setting forth the congressional budget for
at least five fiscal years. It includes various budget totals and functional allocations.
Discretionary spending is budget authority provided in annual appropriations acts,
other than appropriated entitlements.
Entitlement authority is the authority to make payments to persons, businesses, or
governments that meet the eligibility criteria established by law; as such, it represents
a legally binding obligation on the part of the federal government. Entitlement
authority may be funded by either annual or permanent appropriations acts.
Forward funding is budget authority that becomes available after the beginning of
the fiscal year for which the appropriation is enacted and remains available into the
next fiscal year; the entire amount is counted or scored in the fiscal year in which it
first becomes available.
Mandatory (direct) spending includes (a) budget authority provided in laws other
than appropriations; (b) entitlement authority; and (c) the Food Stamp program.
Rescission is the cancellation of budget authority previously enacted.
Scorekeeping is a set of procedures for tracking and reporting on the status of
congressional budgetary actions.

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Supplemental appropriation is budget authority provided in an appropriations act
that provides funds that are in addition to regular appropriations.
Websites
General information on budget and appropriations may be found at these
websites. Specific L-HHS-ED agency sites are listed in relevant sections of this
report.
House Committees
[http://appropriations.house.gov/]
[http://republicans.appropriations.house.gov/]
[http://budget.house.gov/]
[http://budget.house.gov/republicans/]
Senate Committees
[http://appropriations.senate.gov/]
[http://budget.senate.gov/democratic/]
[http://budget.senate.gov/republican/]
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
[http://www.cbo.gov]
Congressional Research Service (CRS)
[http://apps.crs.gov/cli/level_2.aspx?PRDS_CLI_ITEM_ID=73]
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
[http://www.gao.gov/]
Government Printing Office (GPO)
[http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/]
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
[http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/index.html]
[http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/legislative/sap/index.html]

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