Order Code RL32492
American War and Military Operations Casualties:
Lists and Statistics
Updated June 29, 2007
Hannah Fischer
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group
Kim Klarman
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group
Mari-Jana “M-J” Oboroceanu
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group

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American War and Military Operations Casualties:
Lists and Statistics
Summary
This report is written in response to numerous requests for war casualty statistics
and lists of war dead. It provides tables, compiled by sources at the Department of
Defense (DOD), indicating the number of casualties among American military
personnel serving in principal wars and combat actions.
Wars covered include the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican
War, the Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the
Korean War, the Vietnam Conflict, and the Persian Gulf War. Military operations
covered include the Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission, Lebanon Peacekeeping, Urgent
Fury in Grenada, Just Cause in Panama, Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Restore
Hope in Somalia, Uphold Democracy in Haiti, and the ongoing Operation Enduring
Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF).
For the more recent conflicts, starting with the Korean War, more detailed
information on types of casualties, and when available, demographics have been
included. This report also cites sources of published lists of military personnel killed
in principal wars and combat actions. This report will be updated as events warrant.

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Sources of Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Sources of Published Lists of Names of War Dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
List of Tables
Table 1. Principal Wars in Which the United States Participated:
U.S. Military Personnel Serving and Casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 2. Worldwide U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths —
Selected Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 3. Active Duty Military Deaths — Race/Ethnicity Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 4. U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 2006, Part I,
Total Military Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 5. U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 2006, Part II,
Cause of Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 6. Comparison of Death, Wounded and Amputation Statistics in
American Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 7. Korean War — Casualty Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 8. Vietnam Conflict — Casualty Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 9. Persian Gulf War — Casualty Summary
DesertShield/Desert Storm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Table 10. Global War on Terrorism — Operation Enduring Freedom by
Casualty Category Within Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 11. Operation Enduring Freedom, Demographics of Military Deaths . . . . 14
Table 12. Operation Enduring Freedom, Military Wounded in Action . . . . . . . . 15
Table 13. Operation Iraqi Freedom, By Casualty Category Within Service,
March 19, 2003, Through June 2, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 14. Operation Iraqi Freedom — Military Deaths,
March 19, 2003, Through April 30, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 15. Operation Iraqi Freedom — Military Deaths,
May 1, 2003, Through June 2, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 16. Operation Iraqi Freedom — Wounded In Action,
March 19, 2003, Through June 2, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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American War and Military Operations
Casualties: Lists and Statistics
Introduction
This report is written in response to numerous requests for war casualty statistics
and lists of war dead. It provides tables, compiled by sources at the Department of
Defense (DOD), indicating the number of fatalities and numbers of wounded among
American military personnel serving in principal wars and combat actions from the
Revolutionary War to the current Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation
Enduring Freedom (OEF) (operations in Afghanistan and related conflicts).
A review of the composite data reveals the following.
! During the period between the Revolutionary War and the Persian
Gulf War, it was the Civil War that produced the most American
fatalities, when Union statistics and Confederate estimates are taken
into account.
! World War II was the first war in which there were more battle
deaths than deaths from other causes such as accidents, disease, and
infections.
! With a total of 382 in-theater deaths, 147 of which were battle
deaths, the Persian Gulf War was the least costly in terms of
fatalities (see Table 1).
! The ongoing Operation Iraqi Freedom to date has produced more
than nine times the number of in-theater deaths than the Persian Gulf
War (which lasted seven months).
The casualty statistics for wars long ended are updated periodically, sometimes
yearly. This almost always reflects the identification of remains of persons
previously listed as missing in action and those persons’ reclassification as dead.
Other reasons, much rarer, include the discovery of errors in casualty records for
individuals or categories of people.

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Table 1. Principal Wars in Which the United States Participated:
U.S. Military Personnel Serving and Casualties
Casualtiesa
Wounds
War/
Branch of
Number
Total
Battle
Other
Not
Conflict
Service
Serving
Deaths
Deaths
Deaths
Mortalb
Revolutionary Warc
Total
—
4,435
4,435
—
6,188
1775-1783
Army
—
4,044
4,044
—
6,004
Navy
—
342
342
—
114
Marines
—
49
49
—
70
War of 1812d
Total
286,730
2,260
2,260
—
4,505
1812-1815
Army
—
1,950
1,950
—
4,000
Navy
—
265
265
—
439
Marines
—
45
45
—
66
Mexican Ward
Total
78,718
13,283
1,733
11,550
4,152
1846-1848
Army
—
13,271
1,721
11,550
4,102
Navy
—
1
1
—
3
Marines
—
11
11
—
47
Civil War
Total
2,213,363
364,511
140,414
224,097
281,881
(Union Forces Only)d Army
2,128,948
359,528
138,154
221,374
280,040
1861-1865e Navy
84,415
4,523
2,112
2,411
1,710
Marines
—
460
148
312
131
Spanish-American War Total
306,760
2,446
385
2,061
1,662
Armyf
280,564
2,430
369
2,061
1,594
Navy
22,875
10
10
—
47
Marines
3,321
6
6
—
21
World War I
Total
4,734,991
116,516
53,402
63,114
204,002
1917-1918
Armyg
4,057,101
106,378
50,510
55,868
193,663
Navy
599,051
7,287
431
6,856
819
Marines
78,839
2,851
2,461
390
9,520

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Casualtiesa
Wounds
War/
Branch of
Number
Total
Battle
Other
Not
Conflict
Service
Serving
Deaths
Deaths
Deaths
Mortalb
World War II
Total
16,112,566
405,399
291,557
113,842
671,846
1941-1946h Army
i
11,260,000
318,274
234,874
83,400
565,861
Navyj
4,183,466
62,614
36,950
25,664
37,778
Marines
669,100
24,511
19,733
4,778
68,207
Korean War
Total
5,720,000
36,574
33,741
2,833
103,284
1950-1953k
Army
2,834,000
29,856
27,731
2,125
77,596
Navy
1,177,000
658
506
152
1,576
Marines
424,000
4,508
4,266
242
23,744
Air Force
1,285,000
1,552
1,238
314
368
Vietnam Conflict
Total
8,744,000
58,209
47,424
10,785
153,303
1964-1973l
Army
4,368,000
38,218
30,957
7,261
96,802
Navy
1,842,000
2,565
1,631
934
4,178
Marines
794,000
14,840
13,091
1,749
51,392
Air Force
1,740,000
2,586
1,745
841
931
Persian Gulf War
Total
2,225,000
382
147
235
467
1990-1991m
Army
782,000
224
98
126
354
Navy
669,000
55
5
50
12
Marines
213,000
68
24
44
92
Air Force
561,000
35
20
15
9
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf], accessed on June 27,
2007.

a. Data prior to World War I are based on incomplete records in many cases. Casualty data are
confined to dead and wounded and, therefore, exclude personnel captured or missing in action
who were subsequently returned to military control.
b. Marine Corps data for World War II, the Spanish-American War, and prior wars represent the
number of individuals wounded, whereas all other data in this column represent the total number
(incidence) of wounds.
c. Not known, but estimates range from 184,000 to 250,000.
d. As reported by the Commissioner of Pensions in the annual report for the fiscal year 1903.
e. Authoritative statistics for the Confederate forces are not available. Estimates of the number who
served range from 600,000 to 1,500,000. The final report of the Provost Marshal General,
1863-1866, indicated 133,821Confederate deaths (74,524 battle and 59,297 other) based upon
incomplete returns. In addition, an estimated 26,000 to 31,000 Confederate personnel died in
Union prisons.
f. Number serving covers the period April 21 to August 13, 1898, while dead and wounded data are
for the period May 1 to August 31, 1898. Active hostilities ceased on August 13, 1898, but

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CRS-4
ratifications of the Treaty of Peace were not exchanged between the United States and Spain
until April 11, 1899.
g. Includes air service. Battle deaths and wounds not mortal include casualties suffered by American
forces in northern Russia to August 25, 1919, and in Siberia to April 1, 1920. Other deaths
cover the period April 1, 1917, to December 31, 1918.
h. Data are for the period December 1, 1941, through December 31, 1946, when hostilities were
officially terminated by presidential proclamation, but a few battle deaths or wounds not mortal
were incurred after the Japanese acceptance of the Allied peace terms on August 14, 1945.
Number serving from December 1, 1941, through August 31, 1945, were: Total 14,903,213;
Army 10,420,000; Navy 3,883,520; and Marine Corps 599,693.
i. Includes Army air forces.
j. Battle deaths and wounds not mortal include casualties incurred in October 1941 due to hostile
action.
k. Worldwide military deaths during the Korean War totaled 54,246. In-theater casualty records
are updated annually.
l. Number serving covers the period August 5, 1964, (“Vietnam era” begins) through January 27,
1973 (date of cease-fire). Deaths include the period November 1, 1955, (commencement date
for the Military Assistance Advisory Group) through May 15, 1975 (date last American
servicemember left Southeast Asia, i.e. Vietnam). Wounds not mortal exclude 150,332 persons
not requiring hospital care. Casualty records are updated annually, including current deaths that
are directly attributed to combat in the Vietnam Conflict.
m. Coast Guard numbers are included with Navy. Report does not include one POW (Speicher).
Casualty records are updated annually.

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Table 2. Worldwide U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths —
Selected Military Operations
Military
Casualty
Army
Navy
Air Force
Marine
Total
Operation/Incident
Type
Corps
Iranian Hostage Rescue
Non-Hostile
0
0
5
3
8
Mission
April 25, 1980
Lebanon Peacekeeping
Hostile
3
19
0
234
256
August 25, 1982 -
February 26, 1984a
Non-Hostile
5
2
0
2
9
Total
8
21
0
236
265
Urgent Fury, Grenada,
Hostile 11
4
0
3
18
1983
Non-Hostile
1
0
0
0
1
Total
12
4
0
3
19
Just Cause, Panama,
Hostile
18
4
0
1
23
1989
Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991
— Desert Shield
Non-Hostile
21
36
9
18
84
— Desert Storm
Hostile
98
6
20
24
148
Non-Hostile
105
14
6
26
151
Subtotal
203
20
26
50
299
Desert Shield/Storm
Total
224
56
35
68
383
Restore Hope/Unosom,
Hostile
27
0
0
2
29
Somalia, 1992-1994
Non-Hostile
4
0
8
2
14
Total
31
0
8
4
43
Uphold Democracy,
Non-Hostile
3
0
0
1
4
Haiti, 1994-1996
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/table13.htm], accessed on June 27, 2007.
a. Place of casualty, Lebanon.

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Table 3. Active Duty Military Deaths — Race/Ethnicity Summary
(as of March 15, 2003
Race/
Vietnam
Persian Gulf
Since 1980
Korean War
Ethnicity
Conflict
War
(all)
Number of Deaths
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
American Indian or
104
226
3
12
151
Alaska Native
Asian
241
139
1
15
332
Black or African
3,075
7,241
3
63
472
5,998
American
Hispanic or Latino
306
1
24
366
Hispanic or Latino-One
575
349
14
18
322
or More Races
More Than One Race or
2,853
204
3
37
590
Unknown
Native Hawaiian or
148
229
2
2
120
Pacific Islander
White
2 29,272
8 49,802
12
280
1,250
24,699
Total
2 36,574
8 58,190
15
367
1,830
32,578
Percentagesa
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
American Indian or
0.3
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.5
Alaska Native
Asian
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.8
1.0
Black or African
8.4
12.4
20.0
17.2
25.8
18.4
American
Hispanic or Latino
0.8
0.3
1.3
1.1
Hispanic or Latino-One
1.6
0.6
3.8
1.0
1.0
or More Races
More Than One Race or
7.8
0.4
0.8
2.0
1.8
Unknown
Native Hawaiian or
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.4
Pacific Islander
White
100.0
80.0
100.0
85.6
80.0
76.3
68.3
75.8
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/RACE-OMB-WC.pdf], accessed on June 27,
2007.
a. Percentages of total female or male deaths, divided by ethnicity. For instance, in the Persian Gulf
War, 20% of female deaths were Black or African American and 80% of female deaths were
White.

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CRS-7
Table 4. U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 2006,
Part I, Total Military Personnel
Selected
Total
Calendar
Active
Full-Time (est.)
Total
Reserve
Military
Year
Dutya
Guard-Reserve
Deaths
FTEb
FTE
1980
2,050,758
22,000
86,872
2,159,630
2,392
1981
2,093,032
22,000
91,719
2,206,751
2,380
1982
2,112,609
41,000
97,458
2,251,067
2,319
1983
2,123,909
49,000
100,455
2,273,364
2,465
1984
2,138,339
55,000
104,583
2,297,922
1,999
1985
2,150,379
64,000
108,806
2,323,185
2,252
1986
2,177,845
69,000
113,010
2,359,855
1,984
1987
2,166,611
71,000
115,086
2,352,697
1,983
1988
2,121,659
72,000
115,836
2,309,495
1,819
1989
2,112,128
74,200
117,056
2,303,384
1,636
1990
2,046,806
74,250
137,268
2,258,324
1,507
1991
1,943,937
70,250
184,002
2,198,189
1,787
1992
1,773,996
67,850
111,491
1,953,337
1,293
1993
1,675,269
68,500
105,768
1,849,537
1,213
1994
1,581,649
65,000
99,833
1,746,482
1,075
1995
1,502,343
65,000
94,585
1,661,928
1,040
1996
1,456,266
65,000
92,409
1,613,310
974
1997
1,418,773
65,000
94,609
1,578,382
817
1998
1,381,034
65,000
92,536
1,538,570
827
1999
1,367,838
65,000
93,104
1,525,942
796
2000
1,372,352
65,000
93,078
1,530,430
758
2001
1,384,812
65,000
102,284
1,552,196
891
2002
1,411,200
66,000
149,942
1,627,142
999
2003
1,423,348
66,000
243,284
1,732,632
1,228
2004
1,411,287
66,000
234,629
1,711,916
1,874
2005
1,378,014
66,000
220,000
1,664,014
1,942
2006
1,378,014
66,000
220,000
1,664,014
1,858
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/Death_Rates1.pdf], accessed on June 27, 2007.
Notes: As of February 28, 2007 (reflects preliminary counts for 2006 and revised figures for 2004
and 2005).
a. Official Department of Defense end-strengths as of December 31 for military pay accounts.
Excludes full time Guard and Reserve.
b. Full time equivalent (FTE) is based on official Department of Defense fiscal year end selected
reserve strength (10% of the figure is used to estimate days on active duty).

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Table 5. U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 2006,
Part II, Cause of Death
Calendar
Total
Hostile
Self
Terrorist
Undeter-
Accident
Homicide Illness Pending
Year
Deaths
Action
Inflicted
Attack
mined
1980
2,392
1,556
174
419
231
1
11
1981
2,380
1,524
145
457
241
13
1982
2,319
1,495
108
446
254
16
1983
2,465
1,413
18
115
419
218
263
19
1984
1,999
1,293
1
84
374
225
6
16
1985
2,252
1,476
111
363
275
5
22
1986
1,984
1,199
2
103
384
269
27
1987
1,983
1,172
37
104
383
260
2
25
1988
1,819
1,080
90
321
285
17
26
1989
1,636
1,000
23
58
294
224
37
1990
1,507
880
74
277
232
1
43
1991
1,787
931
147
112
308
256
33
1992
1,293
676
109
252
238
1
17
1993
1,213
632
86
221
236
29
9
1994
1,075
544
83
206
232
10
1995
1,040
538
67
174
250
7
4
1996
974
527
1
52
173
188
19
14
1997
817
433
42
170
159
13
1998
827
445
26
168
10
161
3
14
1999
796
436
37
150
13
145
15
2000
758
398
34
138
151
17
20
2001
891
437
3
49
185
1
140
55
21
2002
999
547
18
51
190
6
160
27
2003
1,228
440
344
36
207
16
167
18
2004
1,874
604
739
46
270
19
188
8
2005
1,942
632
739
49
281
72
150
19
2006
1,858
465
753
30
205
238
155
12
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/Death_Rates.pdf], accessed on June 27, 2007.
Note: As of February 28, 2007 (reflects preliminary counts for 2006 and revised figures for 2004 and 2005).

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Table 6. Comparison of Death, Wounded and Amputation
Statistics in American Conflicts
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Deathsa
Woundeda
Amputationsb,c
Deaths/
Amputations/
Amputations/
Wounded
Wounded
Deaths
Operation Iraqi
Freedom
3,091
23,417
472
1:7.6
1:49.6
1:6.5
Operation
Enduring Freedom
352
1,110
37
1:3.2
1:30
1:9.5
Persian Gulf War
382
467
N/A
1:1.2
N/A
N/A
Vietnam
58,209
153,303
5,283
1:2.6
1:29.0
1:11.0
Korea
36,578
103,284
1,477
1:2.8
1:69.9
1:24.8
World War II
405,399
671,846
7,489
1:1.7
1:89.7
1:54.1
World War I
116,516
204,002
2,610
1:1.8
1:78.2
1:44.6
Source: For deaths and wounded: Department of Defense Military Casualties webpage, at
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm]. For amputations: PowerPoint presentation
provided by Col. Michael Carino in the Office of the Surgeon General.
a. Current as of February 9, 2007.
b. Current as of November 31, 2006.
c. Individual soldiers may have multiple amputations.

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Table 7. Korean War — Casualty Summary
(as of June 15, 2004)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Air Force
Marines
Navy
Killed in Action
23,615
19,715
209
3,320
371
Died of Wounds
2,460
1,887
14
532
27
Missing in Action - Declared Dead
4,817
3,337
991
386
103
Captured - Declared Dead
2,849
2,792
24
29
4
Total Hostile Deaths
33,741
27,731
1,238
4,267
505
Missing - Presumed Dead
8
4
4
Other Deaths
2,825
2,121
310
242
154
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
2,833
2,125
314
242
154
Total In-Theater Deaths
36,574
29,856
1,552
4,509
657
Total Non-Theater Deaths
17,672
7,277
5,532
1,019
3,844
Total Deaths
54,246
37,133
7,084
5,528
4,501
Killed in Action — No Remains
1,533
1,081
49
255
148
Died of Wounds — No Remains
22
22
Missing in Action - Declared Dead
4,578
3,302
809
373
94
— No Remains
Captured-Declared Dead —
1,901
1,860
13
25
3
No Remains
Non-Hostile Missing- Presumed
8
4
4
Dead — No Remains
Non-Hostile Other Deaths —
84
5
37
6
36
No Remains
Total — No Remains
8,126
6,274
912
659
281
Wounded - Not Mortal
103,284
77,596
368
23,744
1,576
Number Serving Worldwideb
5,720,000
2,834,000
1,285,000
424,000
1,177,000
Number Serving In-Theaterb
1,789,000
1,153,000
241,000
130,000
265,000
Source: Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/korea.pdf], accessed on June 27, 2007.
a. Inclusive dates are June 25, 1950, to July 27, 1953. Casualty dates after the end date represent
servicemembers who were wounded during the period and subsequently died as a result of those
wounds and those servicemembers who were involved in an incident during the period and were later
declared dead.
b. Estimated figures.

---

CRS-11
Table 8. Vietnam Conflict — Casualty Summary
(as of June 15, 2004)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Air Force
Marines
Navy
Killed in Action
40,934
27,047
1,080
11,501
1,306
Died of Wounds
5,289
3,604
51
1,482
152
Missing in Action-Declared
1,085
261
589
98
137
Dead
Captured-Declared Dead
116
45
25
10
36
Total Hostile Deaths
47,424
30,957
1,745
13,091
1,631
Missing - Presumed Dead
123
118
0
3
2
Other Deaths
10,662
7,143
841
1,746
932
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
10,785
7,261
841
1,749
934
Total In-Theater Deaths a
58,209
38,218
2,586
14,840
2,565
Killed in Action —
622
181
221
123
97
No Remains
Missing in Action-Declared
737
216
366
75
80
Dead — No Remains
Captured-Declared Dead —
53
32
7
4
10
No Remains
Non-Hostile Missing-Presumed
97
92
3
2
Dead — No Remains
Non-Hostile Other Deaths —
336
70
30
37
199
No Remains
Total — No Remains
1,845
591
624
242
388
Wounded - Not Mortal
153,303
96,802
931
51,392
4,178
Number Serving Worldwide b
8,744,000
4,368,000
1,740,000
794,000
1,842,000
Number Serving Southeast
3,403,000
2,276,000
385,000
513,000
229,000
Asiab
Number Serving South
2,594,000
1,736,000
293,000
391,000
174,000
Vietnamb
Source: Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/vietnam.pdf], accessed on June 27, 2007.
a. Inclusive dates are November 1, 1955, to May 15, 1975. Casualty dates after the end date represent
servicemembers who were wounded during the period and subsequently died as a result of those
wounds and those servicemembers who where involved in an incident during the period and were later
declared dead.
b. Estimated figures.

---

CRS-12
Table 9. Persian Gulf War — Casualty Summary
DesertShield/Desert Storm
(as of June 15, 2004)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Air Force
Marines
Navya,b
Killed in Action
143
96
20
22
5
Died of Wounds
4
2
2
Missing in Action-Declared Dead
Captured-Declared Dead
Total Hostile Deaths
147
98
20
24
5
Missing - Presumed Dead
12
2
8
2
Other Deaths
223
126
13
36
48
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
235
126
15
44
50
Total In-Theater Deathsa
382
224
35
68
55
Total Non-Theater Deaths
1,590
608
299
171
512
Total Deaths
1,972
832
334
239
567
Killed in Action — No Remains
2
2
Missing in Action — No Remains
Captured-Declared Dead —
No Remains
Non-Hostile Missing- Presumed
12
2
8
2
Dead — No Remains
Non-Hostile Other Deaths —
No Remains
Total — No Remains
14
2
8
4
Wounded - Not Mortal
467
354
9
92
12
Serving Worldwideb
2,225,000
782,000
561,000
213,000
669,000
Serving In-Theater —
584,342
271,654
70,741
90,866
151,081
Active Duty
Serving In-Theater — Recalled
110,208
78,512
11,666
12,660
7,370
Source: [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/GWSUM.pdf], accessed on June 27, 2007.
a. Inclusive dates are August 7, 1990, to September 14, 1991. Any casualty date in the detailed records after
the end date represents a servicemember who was wounded during the period and subsequently died
as a result of those wounds or a servicemember who was in a missing status during a part of the war
period and later declared dead.
b. Estimated figures includes Coast Guard. Report does not include one POW (Speicher).

---

CRS-13
Tables 10-12 provide statistics on casualties during Operation Enduring
Freedom, which began on October 7, 2001, and is ongoing. Table 10 provides
statistics on total casualties by type. Table 11 provides statistics on the
demographics of military deaths. Table 12 provides statistics on the demographics
of servicemembers who have been wounded in action. These statistics may be
revised as circumstances are investigated and records are processed through the U.S.
military system. Daily casualty summaries are available at DOD’s website at
[http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf].
Table 10. Global War on Terrorism — Operation Enduring
Freedom by Casualty Category Within Service
(From October 7, 2001, through June 2, 2007)
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Navyc
Marines
Air Force
Killed in Action
173
144
16
6
7
Died of Woundsa
41
35
4
2
Died While Missing In Action
Died While Captured
Total Hostile Deaths
214
179
16
10
9
Accident
139
94
7
22
16
Illness
11
8
2
1
Homicide
1
1
Self-Inflicted
17
12
3
2
Undetermined
5
4
1
Pendingb
7
3
2
2
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
180
121
15
28
16
Total Deaths
394
300
31
38
25
Total Wounded In Action
1,292
1,119
10
93
70
Total Medical Air Transported
6,274
4,747
251
407
869
(Hostile and Non-Hostile)
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WOTSUM.pdf], accessed on June 21, 2007.
a. Includes died of wounds where wounding occurred in theater and death occurred elsewhere.
b. Pending means final category to be determined at a later date.
c. Navy totals include Coast Guard.

---

CRS-14
Table 11. Operation Enduring Freedom,
Demographics of Military Deaths
(From October 7, 2001, Through June 2, 2007)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
214
179
16
10
9
Nonhostile
180
121
15
28
16
Total
394
300
31
38
25
Male
382
294
29
37
22
Female
12
6
2
1
3
Total
394
300
31
38
25
Officer
62
46
6
6
4
E5-E9
180
138
16
11
15
E1-E4
152
116
9
21
6
Total
394
300
31
38
25
Age <22
60
42
3
15
22-24
72
53
4
8
7
25-30
116
94
9
8
5
31-35
67
51
7
4
5
>35
79
60
8
3
8
Total
394
300
31
38
25
Active
319
230
30
35
24
Reserve
25
21
1
3
National Guard
50
49
1
Total
394
300
31
38
25
American Indian or
6
3
1
1
1
Alaska Native
Asian
5
4
1
Black or African
27
20
3
4
American
Hispanic or Latino
34
27
2
2
3
Multiple races, pending,
3
2
1
or unknown
Native Hawaiian or
4
3
1
Pacific Islander
White
315
241
23
31
20
Total
394
300
31
38
25
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OEFDEATHS.pdf], accessed on June 21, 2007.
Note: Casualty areas include in/around Afghanistan, Republic of the Phillippines, Southwest Asia,
and other locations.

---

CRS-15
Table 12. Operation Enduring Freedom,
Military Wounded in Action
(From October 7, 2001, Through June 2, 2007)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
1,292
1,119
10
93
70
Nonhostile
Total
1,292
1,119
10
93
70
Male
1,281
1,110
10
93
68
Female
11
9
2
Total
1,292
1,119
10
93
70
Officer
137
117
10
10
E5-E9
553
477
7
19
50
E1-E4
602
525
3
64
10
Total
1,292
1,119
10
93
70
Age <22
207
173
2
30
2
22-24
114
275
27
6
25-30
151
336
3
19
25
31-35
174
147
2
6
19
>35
180
159
3
18
Not Available
40
29
3
8
Total
1,292
1,119
10
93
70
American Indian or
11
9
1
1
Alaska Native
Asian
17
15
2
Black or African
69
60
5
4
American
Hispanic or Latino
69
66
1
2
Multiple races, pending,
38
26
3
7
2
or unknown
Native Hawaiian or
1
1
Pacific Islander
White
1,087
942
7
77
61
Total
1,292
1,119
10
93
70
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis Division,
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OEFWIA.pdf], accessed on June 21, 2007.
Note: Casualty areas include in/around Afghanistan, Republic of the Phillippines, Southwest Asia,
and other locations.

---

CRS-16
Tables 13-16 provide statistics on casualties during Operation Iraqi Freedom,
which began on March 19, 2003, and is ongoing. Table 13 provides statistics on
total casualties by type. Tables 14 and 15 provide statistics on the demographics of
military deaths, divided between the period of major combat operations (March 19,
2003, through April 30, 2003) and the ongoing presence of U.S. forces in Iraq after
the end of major combat operations (May 1, 2003, through present). Table 16
provides statistics on the demographics of servicemembers who have been wounded
in action. These statistics may be revised as circumstances are investigated and
records are processed through the U.S. military system. Daily casualty summaries
are available at DOD’s website at [http://www.defenselink.mil/news/casualty.pdf].
Table 13. Operation Iraqi Freedom, By Casualty Category Within
Service, March 19, 2003, Through June 2, 2007
Casualty Type
Total
Army
Navyc
Marines
Air Force
Killed in Action
2,193
1,497
51
626
19
Died of Wounds a
652
480
1
171
Died While Missing In Action
7
7
Died While Captured
2
2
Total Hostile Deaths
2,854
1,986
52
797
19
Accident
405
279
10
106
10
Illness
63
53
7
2
1
Homicide
15
10
1
2
2
Self-Inflicted
113
96
3
14
Undetermined
8
7
1
Pendingb
22
3
3
16
Total Non-Hostile Deaths
626
448
25
140
13
Total Deaths
3,480
2,434
77
937
32
Total Wounded in Action
25,830
16,975
561
8,003
291
Total Medical Air Transported
34,778
28,418
987
4,126
1,247
(Hostile and Non-Hostile)
Source: Defense Manpower Data Center, Statistical Information Analysis
Division[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WOTSUM.pdf], accessed on June 21,
2007.
a. Includes died of wounds where wounding occurred in theater and death occurred elsewhere.
b. Pending means final category to be determined at a later date.
c. Navy totals include Coast Guard.

---

CRS-17
Table 14. Operation Iraqi Freedom — Military Deaths,
March 19, 2003, Through April 30, 2003
(As of June 2, 2007)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
109
47
3
56
3
NonHostile
30
19
1
9
1
Total
139
66
4
65
4
Male
138
65
4
65
4
Female
1
1
Total
139
66
4
65
4
Officer
28
11
3
11
3
E5-E9
36
19
16
1
E1-E4
75
36
1
38
Total
139
66
4
65
4
Age <22
33
15
18
22-24
30
14
16
25-30
35
13
3
17
2
31-35
19
12
7
>35
22
12
1
7
2
Total
139
66
4
65
4
Active
126
61
3
59
3
Reserve
9
2
1
6
National Guard
4
3
1
Total
139
66
4
65
4
American Indian or
2
2
Alaska Native
Asian
2
1
1
Black or African
23
15
1
7
American
Hispanic or Latino
23
9
1
13
Multiple races, pending,
2
1
1
or unknown
Native Hawaiian or
2
1
1
Pacific Islander
White
85
37
2
42
4
Total
139
66
4
65
4
Source: [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OIF-Deaths-Before.pdf], accessed on
June 21, 2007.
Note: The President’s statement concerning the end of major combat operations in Iraq can be found
in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, May 1, 2003, p. 516.

---

CRS-18
Table 15. Operation Iraqi Freedom — Military Deaths,
May 1, 2003, Through June 2, 2007
(As of June 2, 2007)
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navya
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
2,745
1,939
49
741
16
Nonhostile
596
429
24
131
12
Total
3,341
2,368
73
872
28
Male
3,270
2,311
67
866
26
Female
71
57
6
6
2
Total
3,341
2,368
73
872
28
Officer
310
240
6
58
6
E5-E9
1,078
895
32
137
14
E1-E4
1,953
1,233
35
677
8
Total
3,341
2,368
73
872
28
Age <22
794
469
6
316
3
22-24
916
600
15
297
4
25-30
894
677
21
187
9
31-35
343
282
15
41
5
>35
394
340
16
31
7
Total
3,341
2,368
73
872
28
Active
1,646
1,826
54
741
25
Reserve
274
121
19
131
3
National Guard
421
421
Total
3,341
2,368
73
872
28
American Indian or
35
20
1
14
Alaska Native
Asian
63
37
5
21
Black or African
307
265
5
32
5
American
Hispanic or Latino
353
221
9
120
3
Multiple Races,
41
33
6
2
pending or unknown
Native Hawaiian or
34
29
5
Pacific islander
White
2,508
1,763
53
674
18
Total
3,341
2,368
73
872
28
Source: [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/OIF-Deaths-After.pdf], accessed on
June 21, 2007.

Note: After the end of major combat operations.
a. Navy totals include one Coast Guard death.

---

CRS-19
Table 16. Operation Iraqi Freedom — Wounded In Action,
March 19, 2003, Through June 2, 2007
Casualty Type
Totals
Army
Navy
Marines
Air Force
Hostile
25,830
16,975
561
8,003
291
Nonhostile
Total
25,830
16,975
561
8,003
291
Male
25,340
16,545
557
7,968
270
Female
490
430
4
35
21
Total
25,830
16,975
561
8,003
291
Officer
1,479
1,062
29
370
18
E5-E9
8,232
6,416
196
1,448
172
E1-E4
16,119
9,497
336
6,185
101
Total
25,830
16,975
561
8,003
291
Age <22
6,005
3,128
91
2,758
28
22-24
7,255
4,624
137
2,427
67
25-30
6,537
4,811
137
1,498
91
31-35
2,573
2,076
64
395
38
>35
2,535
2,118
83
268
66
Not Available
925
218
49
657
1
Total 25,830
16,975
561
8,003
291
American Indian or Alaska
259
21
72
3
Native
Asian
227
226
17
92
2
Black or African American
2,110
1,843
35
216
16
Hispanic or Latino
1,682
1,248
23
389
22
Multiple races, pending, or
2,377
537
58
1,766
16
unknown
Native Hawaiian or Pacific
146
119
4
20
3
Islander
White
18,919
12,839
403
5,448
229
Total
25,830
16,975
561
8,003
291
Source: [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif-wounded-total.pdf], accessed on
June 21, 2007.

---

CRS-20
Additional Resources
Sources of Statistics
The Department of Defense Directorate of Information, Operations, and Reports
(DIOR) provides detailed historical tables as well as annual statistics on active duty
military deaths at [http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm].
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has published
statistics derived from its Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File. This
includes tables on Vietnam casualty data by branch of service, race, religion, state,
and other categories at [http://www.archives.gov/research/vietnam-war/casualty-
statistics.html].
The Women in Military Service to America Memorial (WIMSA) presents
casualty data on women in major wars as researched by its historian’s office at
[http://www.womensmemorial.org/H&C/Resources/hfaq.html].
Sources of Published Lists of Names of War Dead
The Congressional Research Service also receives requests for lists of the names
of war dead, often for use on memorials, tributes, or for other ceremonial purposes.
This report cites the following sources of published lists of U.S. military personnel
killed in major wars and other combat actions.
World War II
Army casualty lists for World War II are published in World War II Honor List
of the Dead and Missing (U.S. War Department, 1946). The lists are also available
online at [http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/army-casualties/index.html].
Navy casualty lists are published in State Summary of War Casualties (U.S.
Navy Department, 1946). The National Archives also publishes casualty lists online
at [http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/navy-casualties/index.html].
Korean War and Vietnam War
The National Archives has made state-level casualty lists from the Korean War
and the Vietnam War available at [http://www.archives.gov/research/korean-war/
casualty-lists/].
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)
The DIOR website lists the names of individuals killed in OEF at
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oef_list_of_names.pdf].

---

CRS-21
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)
The DIOR website lists the names of individuals killed in OIF at
[http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/oif_list_of_names.pdf].
Wars Prior to World War II
Lists of casualties that are not available from a central source may be obtained
on a state level from each state’s Adjutant General’s office. The Adjutant General
of each state is the military commander of the state’s national board. The following
is a list of these offices.
Alabama
(Acting) Major General John M. White, 1720 Cong. W. L. Dickinson Dr.,
Montgomery, AL 36109, (334)394-7252
Alaska
Major General Craig E. Campbell, P.O. Box 5800, Fort Richardson, AK
99505-0800, (907) 428-6007, craig.campbell2@us.army.mil
American Samoa
Attorney General Sialega Malaetasi Togafau, America Samoa Government, P.O.
Box 7, Pago Pago, AS 96799, (684) 633-4163
Arizona
Major General David P. Rataczak, Emergency and Military Affairs Department,
5636 East McDowell Road, Phoenix, AZ 85008-3495, (602) 267-2710
Arkansas
Major General Bill Wofford, Camp Robinson, North Little Rock, AR
72199-9600, (501) 212-5001, e-mail to assistant:
edie.wilkerson@ar.ngb.army.mil
California
Adjutant General William H. Wade, II, 9800 Goethe Road, Sacramento, CA
95827-9101, (916) 854-3500
Colorado
Brigadier General H. Michael Edwards, USAF, 6848 South Revere Parkway,
Centennial, CO 80112-6709, (720) 250-1500
Connecticut
Major General Thaddeus J. Martin, National Guard Armory, 360 Broad Street,
Hartford, CT 06105-3795, (860) 524-4953
Delaware
Major General Francis D. Vavala, USA, National Guard, First Regiment Road,
Wilmington, DE 19808-2191, (302) 326-7001, frank.vavala@us.army.mil
District of Columbia
Commanding General David F. Wherley, Jr., DC National Guard, 2001 East
Capitol Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003, (202) 685-9798
Florida
Major General Douglas Burnett, St. Francis Barracks, P.O. Box 1008, Saint
Augustine, FL 32085-1008, (904) 823-0100

---

CRS-22
Georgia

Lieutenant General David B. Poythress, USAF, Defense Department, 935
East Confederate Avenue, SE, Atlanta, GA 30316-0965, (678) 569-6001,
david.poythress@ga.ngb.army.mil
Guam
Brigadier General Don Goldhorn, Fort Juan Muna, 622 East Harmon Industrial
Park Road, Tamuning GU 96911-4421, (671) 475- 0802
Hawaii
Major General Robert G. F. Lee, 3949 Diamond Head Road, Honolulu, HI
96816-4495, (808) 733-4246
Idaho
Major General Lawrence Lafrenz, Gowen Field, 4040 West Guard Street, Boise,
ID 83705-5004, (208) 422-5242
Illinois
Major General Randal E. Thomas, Military Affairs Department, 1301 N.
MacArthur Boulevard, Springfield, IL 62702-2399, (217) 761-3500,
randal.e.thomas@us.army.mil
Indiana
Major General R. Martin Umbarger, Joint Forces Headquarters-Indiana, 2002
South Holt Road, Indianapolis, IN 46241-4839, (317) 247-3559,
marty.umbarger@us.army.mil
Iowa
Major General Ron Dardis, 7105 NW 70th Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131-1824,
(515) 252-4211, ron.dardis@ia.ngb.army.mil
Kansas
Major General Tod Bunting, 2800 SW Topeka Boulevard, Topeka, KS 66611-
1287, (785) 274-1001, tod.bunting@us.army.mil
Kentucky
Major General Donald C. Storm, Boone National Guard Center, 100 Minuteman
Parkway, Frankfort, KY 40601, (502) 607-1558
Louisiana
Major General Bennett C. Landreneau, USA, Camp Beauregard, Building 304
F Street, Pineville, LA 71360, (318) 641-3858
Maine
Major General John W. “Bill” Libby, Camp Keyes, Augusta, ME 04333-0033,
(207) 626-4271, John.W.Libby@maine.gov
Maryland
Major General Bruce F. Tuxill, USAF, 5th Regiment Armory, 29th Division
S t r e e t , B a l t i m o r e , M D 2 1 2 0 1 - 2 2 8 8 , ( 4 1 0 ) 5 7 6 - 6 0 9 7 ,
bruce.tuxill@mdbalt.ang.af.mil
Massachusetts
General Oliver J. Mason, Jr., 50 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757, (508) 233-
6552
Michigan
Major General Thomas Cutler, 3411 North Martin Luther King Boulevard,
Lansing, MI 48906, (517) 481-8083
Minnesota
Adjutant General Larry W. Shellito, 20 West 12th Street, St. Paul, MN 55155-
2098, (651) 268-8924

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CRS-23
Mississippi
Major General Harold A. Cross, P.O. Box 5027, Jackson, MS 39296-5027,
(601) 313-6232, harold.cross@us.army.mil
Missouri
Major General King E. Sidwell, 2302 Militia Drive, Jefferson City, MO 65101-
1203, (573) 638-9710
Montana
Major General Randall Mosley, P.O. Box 4789, Fort Harrison, MT 59636-4789,
(406) 324-3010, randall.mosley@us.army.mil
Nebraska
Major General Roger Lempke, 1300 Military Road, Lincoln, NE 68508-1090,
(402) 309-7210, roger.lempke@us.army.mil
Nevada
Major General Cynthia N. Kirkland, 2460 Fairview Drive, Carson City, NV
89701-5502, (775) 887-7302, cindy.kirkland@nvreno.ang.af.mil
New Hampshire
Major General Kenneth R. Clark, Four Pembroke Road, Concord, NH 03301-
5652, (603) 225-1200, k.clark@us.army.mil
New Jersey
Major General Glenn K. Rieth, USA, 101 Eggert Crossing Road, Lawrenceville,
NJ 08648-2805, (609) 530-6956, glenn.rieth@njdmava.state.nj.us
New Mexico
Brigadier General Kenny C. Montoya, 47 Bataan Boulevard, Santa Fe, NM
87508, (505) 474-1210, Kenny.Montoya@nm.ngb.army.mil
New York
Major General Joseph J. Taluto, USA, 330 Old Niskayuna Road, Latham, NY
12110-2224, (518) 786-4502
North Carolina
Major General William E. Ingram, Jr., USAR, 4105 Reedy Creek Road,
Raleigh, NC 27607-6410, (703) 695-7785
North Dakota
Major General David A. Sprynczynatyk, USA, P.O. Box 5511, Bismarck, ND
58506-5511, (701) 333-2000
Ohio
Major General Gregory L. Wayt, 2825 West Dublin Granville Road, Columbus,
OH 43235-2789, (614) 336-7070
Oklahoma
Major General Harry M. Wyatt, III, 3501 Military Circle, Oklahoma City, OK
73111-4398, (405) 228-5201, harry.wyatt@ok.ngb.army.mil
Oregon
Major General Raymont Fred Rees, 1776 Militia Way, SE, Salem, OR
97309-5047, (503) 584-3991
Pennsylvania
Major General Jessica L. Wright, Building S-O-47, Fort Indiantown Gap,
Annville, PA 17003-5002, (717) 861-8500, Jessica.Wright@pa.ngb.army.mil
Puerto Rico
Adjutant General David Carriyn-Baralt, P.O. Box 9023786, San Juan, PR
00902-3786, (787) 289-1631

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CRS-24
Rhode Island
Major General Robert Thomas Bray, 645 New London Avenue, Cranston, RI
02920-3097, (401) 275-4102, robert.bray@us.army.mil
South Carolina
Major General Stanhope S. Spears, One National Guard Road, Columbia, SC
29201-4766, (803) 806-4217, stanhope.spears@sc.ngb.army.mil
South Dakota
Major General Michael A. Gorman, USA, 2823 West Main, Rapid City, SD
57702-8186, (605) 737-6702, michael.gorman@sd.ngb.army.mil
Tennessee
Major General Gus L. Hargett, Jr., USA, Houston Barracks, 3041 Sidco
Drive, Nashville, TN 37204-1502, (615) 313-3001,
gus.hargett@tn.ngb.army.mil
Texas
Major General Charles G. Rodriguez, P.O. Box 5218, Austin, TX 78763-5218,
(512) 782-5006
U.S. Virgin Islands
Brigadier General Eddy L. Charles, Sr., 4031, Lot #1B, La Grande Princesse,
Christiansted, St. Croix, VI 00820-4353, (340) 712-7711
Utah
Major General Brian L. Tarbet, USA, P.O. Box 1776, Draper, UT 84020-1776,
(801) 523-4401, brian.tarbet@us.army.mil
Vermont
Major General Michael D. Dubie, USAFR, 789 Vermont National Guard Road,
Colchester, VT 05446-3099, (802) 338-3124
Virginia
Brigadier General Robert B. Newman, Jr., Fort Pickett, Building 316,
Blackstone, VA 23824-6316, (434) 298-6102
Washington
Major General Timothy J. Lowenberg, Camp Murray, TA-20, Tacoma, WA
98430-5000, (253) 512-8201
West Virginia
Major General Allen E. Tackett, 1703 Coonskin Drive, Charleston, WV 25311-
1085, (304) 561-6316, allen.tackett@wv.ngb.army.mil
Wisconsin
Major General Albert Wilkening, USAF, 2400 Wright Street, Madison, WI
53708, (608) 242-3001, al.wilkening@wi.ngb.army.mil
Wyoming
Major General Edward L. Wright, USA, 5500 Bishop Boulevard, Cheyenne,
WY 82009-3320, (307) 772-5234, edward.wright@us.army.mil
Source: The Leadership Library® on the Internet, a proprietary database, at
[http://ldi.bvdep.com/version-303/default.asp].
Additional Reading
Defenselink, the official website for the Department of Defense, issues news releases
every weekday that identify military personnel killed at
[http://www.defenselink.mil/news/].

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CRS-25
CRS Report RS21578. Iraq: Summary of U.S. Casualties, by JoAnne O’Bryant.
CRS Report RS22537. Iraqi Civilian Deaths Estimates, by Hannah Fischer.
CRS Report RS22532. Iraqi Police and Security Forces Casualty Estimates, by
Hannah Fischer.
CRS Report RS22452. United States Military Casualty Statistics: Operation Iraqi
Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, by Hannah Fischer.
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures
(Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2001)

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