Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2007 Update

June 13, 2007 (RL34043)

Contents

Figures

Tables

Summary

This report, which replaces a 2004 report on the same subject (CRS Report RL32570, Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2004 Update (pdf)), provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would allow states to impose restrictions on interstate waste shipments, a step the Constitution prohibits in the absence of congressional authorization. Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. It generally presents data as of 2005.

Total interstate waste shipments continue to rise due to the closure of older local landfills and the consolidation of the waste management industry. More than 42 million tons of municipal solid waste crossed state lines for disposal in 2005, an increase of 8% over 2003. Waste imports have grown significantly since CRS began tracking them in the early 1990s, and now represent 25.3% of the municipal solid waste disposed at landfills and waste combustion facilities. In the last 10 years, reported imports have increased 147%.

Pennsylvania remains the largest waste importer. The state received more than 7.9 million tons of MSW and 1.7 million tons of other non-hazardous waste from out of state in 2005. Most of this waste came from New Jersey and New York. Pennsylvania's waste imports represented 19% of the national total. Virginia and Michigan, the second and third largest importers, received 5.7 million tons and 5.4 million tons from out of state respectively in 2005, each of them about 30% less than the amount received by Pennsylvania.

With the exception of Pennsylvania, each of the 15 largest importers showed an increase in waste imports, compared to our last survey, which provided data as of 2003. Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin showed particularly large increases, with Ohio, New York, Oregon, and Georgia also increasing substantially. In each of these states, waste imports increased by 300,000 tons or more, in some cases substantially more. In all, 30 states had increased imports in the current report, and 11 states reported imports that exceeded 1 million tons.

While waste imports increased overall, Pennsylvania, the leading importer, reported a sharp decline in imports. Pennsylvania's imports fell for the fourth year in a row: about 2.7 million fewer tons of out-of-state MSW were received at Pennsylvania landfills in 2005 than in 2001. Factors causing this decline included the imposition of an additional $4.00 per ton state fee on waste disposal and the absence of rail service at Pennsylvania landfills.

New York remains the largest exporter of waste, with New Jersey in second place. Nine other states (Illinois, Missouri, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, Minnesota, North Carolina, Indiana, and Florida), the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario also exported more than 1 million tons each.


Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2007 Update

Introduction

This report provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Concerned about increased waste imports, some states have attempted to regulate this commerce, by imposing barriers or requirements specific to waste importation; federal courts, however, have declared such state restrictions unconstitutional. If states are to have such authority, these decisions say, congressional action is required.

Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would grant such authority.1 Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. It updates information provided in earlier CRS reports.2

The report presents information gathered through telephone contacts with solid waste officials in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario (which ships large quantities of waste to the United States, principally to Michigan). The data obtained from these contacts are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and Figures 1 and 2. Table 4 presents additional information, including the names and telephone numbers of state contacts, and in some cases links to detailed reports on solid waste management in the specific state that are available on the Web.

Not all states require reporting of waste imports, and very few track exports, so the available data are incomplete, and in some cases represent estimates rather than actual measurements. In a number of cases, faced with conflicting reports from exporters and importers or no quantitative data at all, the report provides CRS's best estimate, based on discussions with state officials or other sources.

Seven of the states provided data for a period other than calendar year 2005—either a fiscal year that included part of 2005 or a different calendar year. This adds another layer of imprecision: CRS generally combined data for whatever was the reporting period closest to 2005, even though in these seven cases, this meant combining data from somewhat different time periods. The exceptions are noted in the appropriate tables. As a result, many of the totals reported here represent a best estimate rather than precise figures.

Total Shipments

The data show that total interstate waste shipments continue to rise:3 imports in the current survey totaled 42.2 million tons, 17% of the 245.7 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the United States.4 Of municipal waste disposed (as opposed to recycled or composted), the percentage is higher. EPA estimates that 79.0 million tons of municipal solid waste were recycled or composted in 2005, leaving 166.7 million tons to be disposed in landfills or incinerators. Of this amount, 25.3% crossed state lines for disposal.5

Between CRS's year 2004 report (reporting largely 2003 data) and the current survey (reporting generally 2005 data), imports increased 3.2 million tons, or 8%. Since 1995, reported imports have risen 147%, from 17.1 million tons in 1995 to 42.2 million tons in the current survey.

Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year, in Tons

Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year, in Tons

Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year

(in tons)

State

Quantity Imported

Pennsylvania

a7,931,984

Virginia

b5,709,441

Michigan

b,c5,442,044

Indiana

a2,428,838

Wisconsin

2,143,133

 

 

Illinois

c2,114,898

Oregon

1,795,971

Georgia

1,744,317

New Jersey

1,731,729

Ohio

a1,689,470

 

 

South Carolina

a1,243,993

Kansas

800,318

New York

769,083

Tennessee

682,411

Kentucky

663,685

 

 

Mississippi

553,772

New Mexico

471,345

Maine

436,412

Arizona

433,400

New Hampshire

402,900

 

 

Oklahoma

400,868

Nevada

381,719

Iowa

d300,528

Maryland

a286,011

Texas

259,040

 

 

Missouri

227,858

West Virginia

194,917

Massachusetts

169,845

Washington

147,746

Alabama

146,637

 

 

North Carolina

e137,298

North Dakota

88,000

Louisiana

e77,190

California

75,734

Connecticut

43,921

 

 

Montana

32,205

Utah

a16,038

Arkansas

7,574

Rhode Island

5,924

Nebraska

d5,028

South Dakota

1,500

Total

42,194,725

Source: CRS, based on data provided by state program officials. See text and Table 4 for qualifications/details.

a. In addition, the state received substantial amounts of industrial, construction and demolition ( C&D), or other non-hazardous waste. See Table 4.

b. 10/1/2004 - 9/30/2005.

c. Converted from cubic yards by CRS.

d. 7/1/2004 - 6/30/2005.

e. 7/1/2005 - 6/30/2006.

Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year

(in tons)

State

Quantity Exported

New York

7,198,648

New Jersey

5,772,838

Illinois

4,441,679

Ontario, Canada

a3,976,399

Missouri

2,398,865

Maryland

2,048,204

 

 

Massachusetts

1,986,945

Washington

1,745,171

Minnesota

1,085,000

North Carolina

1,074,386

Indiana

1,061,581

District of Columbia

1,061,558

 

 

Florida

1,039,611

Ohio

875,005

California

856,509

Connecticut

636,599

Tennessee

518,896

Kentucky

488,157

 

 

Texas

460,000

Kansas

446,150

Iowa

409,881

Pennsylvania

338,265

West Virginia

298,238

Wisconsin

263,126

 

 

Louisiana

260,588

Alabama

231,700

Virginia

210,688

Mississippi

194,164

New Hampshire

175,000

South Carolina

163,646

 

 

Arkansas

161,303

Georgia

125,000

Oklahoma

110,000

Vermont

104,278

British Columbia, Canada

a101,834

Michigan

99,855

 

 

Rhode Island

76,077

Maine

71,379

Idaho

63,056

Oregon

52,438

Delaware

30,000

Alaska

25,201

 

 

Nebraska

12,415

Arizona

7,000

Nevada

4,500

North Dakota

3,000

Utah

1,500

Wyoming

200

Total

42,766,533

Source: CRS, based on data provided by state program officials. In many cases, the amount is based on data compiled by receiving states. See text and Table 4 entries for additional information and qualifications.

a. exports to the United States

Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year

(in tons)

State

Imports

Exports

Net Imports
/Net Exports(-)

Pennsylvania

7,931,984

338,265

7,593,719

Virginia

5,709,441

210,688

5,498,753

Michigan

5,442,044

99,855

5,342,189

Wisconsin

2,143,133

263,126

1,880,007

Oregon

1,795,971

52,438

1,743,533

 

 

 

 

Georgia

1,744,317

125,000

1,619,317

Indiana

2,428,838

1,061,581

1,367,257

South Carolina

1,243,993

163,646

1,080,347

Ohio

1,689,470

875,005

814,465

New Mexico

471,345

-

471,345

 

 

 

 

Arizona

433,400

7,000

426,400

Nevada

381,719

4,500

377,219

Maine

436,412

71,379

365,033

Mississippi

553,772

194,164

359,608

Kansas

800,318

446,150

354,168

 

 

 

 

Oklahoma

400,868

110,000

290,868

New Hampshire

402,900

175,000

227,900

Kentucky

663,685

488,157

175,528

Tennessee

682,411

518,896

163,515

North Dakota

88,000

3,000

85,000

 

 

 

 

Utah

16,038

1,500

14,538

Nebraska

5,028

12,415

-7,387

Alaska

25,201

-25,201

Delaware

30,000

-30,000

Idaho

63,056

-63,056

 

 

 

 

Rhode Island

5,924

76,077

-70,153

Alabama

146,637

231,700

-85,063

West Virginia

194,917

298,238

-103,321

Vermont

104,278

-104,278

Iowa

300,528

409,881

-109,353

 

 

 

 

Arkansas

7,574

161,303

-153,729

Louisiana

77,190

260,588

-183,398

Texas

259,040

460,000

-200,960

Connecticut

43,921

636,599

-592,678

California

75,734

856,509

-780,775

 

 

 

 

North Carolina

137,298

1,074,386

-937,088

Florida

1,039,611

-1,039,611

District of Columbia

1,061,558

-1,061,558

Minnesota

1,085,000

-1,085,000

Washington

147,746

1,745,171

-1,597,425

 

 

 

 

Maryland

286,011

2,048,204

-1,762,193

Massachusetts

169,845

1,986,945

-1,817,100

Missouri

227,858

2,398,865

-2,171,007

Illinois

2,114,898

4,441,679

-2,326,781

New Jersey

1,731,729

5,772,838

-4,041,109

New York

769,083

7,198,648

-6,429,565

Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews. Data subject to qualifications: see text and Tables 1, 2, and 4.

Waste Import Highlights

Thirty states had increased imports of municipal waste since 2003, with the largest increases occurring in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. These three states, along with Pennsylvania and Virginia, accounted for 56% of total municipal waste imports in 2005.

As shown in Table 1, Pennsylvania continues to be the largest waste importer. Disposal facilities in the state received 7.9 million tons of MSW and 1.7 million tons of other nonhazardous waste from out of state in 2005. The amounts represented 39% of all solid waste disposed in the state and 19% of the national total for interstate MSW shipments. Pennsylvania has abundant landfill capacity, relatively low tipping fees, and is near two major states that have a shortage of disposal capacity: New York and New Jersey.

Despite the state's continued predominance on the list of waste importers, Pennsylvania's MSW imports actually declined for the fourth year in a row in 2005—a cumulative decrease of more than 2.7 million tons. This happened simultaneously with continued growth of interstate waste shipments along the Eastern seabord.

Several factors appear to have been at work. First, beginning in 2002, Pennsylvania imposed a new state fee of $4.00 per ton on waste disposal. Added to pre-existing fees, the state and local governments in Pennsylvania now collect $7.25 on each ton of waste disposed in the state. This may have provided sufficient economic incentive for some haulers to dispose elsewhere. Second, the state appears to be receiving less waste from New York City, whose Mayor has adopted a goal of shipping all of New York City's waste by rail, rather than truck. Pennsylvania has no landfills served by rail, so some of this waste has been diverted to large landfills in Virginia that do have rail service.

After Pennsylvania, Virginia is the largest waste importer, with imports totaling 5.7 million tons of MSW and 1.3 million tons of other nonhazardous waste. Waste imports to Virginia have increased 45% since 2001, when they totaled 4.1 million tons of MSW and 0.7 million tons of other waste. The state has attempted to restrict imports, but has not been as successful as Pennsylvania, in part because it has chosen a variety of measures that have run afoul of the Constitution's interstate commerce clause. These included a ban on barge shipping of wastes on Virginia rivers, truck regulations that applied only to commercial solid waste transporters, and daily limits on the amount of waste that Virginia landfills could accept.6

Michigan, the third-largest waste importer for the past several years, has also seen substantial growth in imports. Significant amounts of waste come to Michigan from Indiana, Illinois, and other neighboring states; but the biggest source, accounting for 69% of Michigan's out-of-state waste, is Ontario, Canada. Ontario is also Michigan's neighbor, but the fact that it lies in a foreign country and that it has large expanses of open land where landfills might be sited seems to have added additional notoriety to its waste shipments. Ontario's shipments to Michigan have grown as Toronto, Canada's largest city, awarded new contracts for waste disposal and closed its last two landfills. At the beginning of 1999, the Toronto area was generating about 2.8 million tons of waste annually, of which about 700,000 tons were shipped to Michigan. By early 2003, however, there was virtually no local disposal capacity in the Toronto area, and almost all of the waste was being shipped to Michigan, where large disposal sites offered very low cost disposal.

In August 2006, the Ontario Minister of the Environment reached an agreement with Michigan's two Senators, under which Ontario will eliminate shipments of municipally managed waste to Michigan by the end of 2010. In return, the Senators agreed not to pursue passage of legislation that would have imposed large inspection fees and other requirements on Ontario's waste shipments to the United States.7 On September 19, 2006, Toronto's City Council approved a letter of intent to purchase a landfill near London, Ontario, where it is expected to ship its waste as it phases out shipments to Michigan.

The agreement reached by the two Michigan Senators in their exchange of letters with Ontario's Minister of the Environment would not eliminate the majority of the waste shipped from Ontario to Michigan, however. The agreement refers to "municipally managed waste," and specifically uses a 2005 baseline amount of 1.34 million metric tons of municipal waste shipped.8 About two-thirds of the waste shipped from Ontario is not "municipally managed"—it is waste collected by private haulers and shipped to Michigan landfills under private contracts. These wastes are exported to Michigan either because it provides lower cost disposal options or because the landfills in Michigan are controlled by the same company that collects the waste in Canada. The provincial government and the local governments within the province have no authority to prevent these private waste shipments from leaving Ontario. (For additional information on Canadian waste import issues, see CRS Report RL33720, Imports of Canadian Waste.)

In other highlights from the CRS survey:

Major Exporters

As shown in Table 2, eleven states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Missouri, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, Minnesota, North Carolina, Indiana, and Florida) and the District of Columbia each exported more than 1 million tons of waste to facilities in other states in the latest reporting period, and 21 other states exported more than 100,000 tons. As noted above, the Canadian province of Ontario also exported a substantial amount of municipal waste (nearly 4 million tons), most of it to Michigan.12

Although the reported amount of total waste exports grew by more than 4 million tons, shipments from the two largest exporting states, New York and New Jersey, did not increase. Compared to CRS's last survey, New York's exports fell more than a million tons to 7.2 million tons in 2005, according to 10 receiving states. New Jersey's estimated exports, 5.8 million tons, remained steady.

By far, the largest growth in exports came from Illinois, whose exports more than doubled, to 4.4 million tons.13 Most of the exports originate in Cook County (Chicago and its suburbs), which has a relative shortage of disposal capacity. Illinois as a whole has reported a more than doubling of landfill capacity since 1995, but Chicago is located near the border of both Indiana and Wisconsin; so increases in capacity elsewhere in Illinois may not affect disposal decisions in the Chicago metropolitan area.

In all, 10 states and Ontario increased waste exports by more than 100,000 tons each in the period. In addition to Illinois and Ontario, Minnesota and Florida showed the largest increases. Five states and D.C. had decreases of more than 100,000 tons. Besides New York, the others were Georgia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan.

Net Imports and Exports

Table 3 combines import and export data to rank the states by net amounts imported or exported. The table shows that 21 states were net importers; 24 plus the District of Columbia were net exporters. Thirty-eight of the 50 states had net imports or exports exceeding 100,000 tons in the reporting period; 22 exceeded 500,000 tons. Perhaps most interesting, given the tendency to identify states as either exporters or importers, 25 states both exported and imported in excess of 100,000 tons of municipal solid waste, an increase from 23 in CRS's last report.

Several factors are at work here. In the larger states, there are sometimes differences in available disposal capacity in different regions within the state. Areas without capacity may be closer to landfills (or may at least find cheaper disposal options) in other states. A good example is Illinois: the Chicago area, which is close to two other states, exports significant amounts of waste out of state. Downstate, however, Illinois has substantial available landfill capacity, and imported 2 million tons from St. Louis, other locations in Missouri, and Iowa.

As noted earlier, the movement of waste also represents the regionalization and consolidation of the waste industry. In 2005, the three largest firms (Waste Management, Allied Waste, and Republic Services) accounted for 66% of total revenues of the industry's 100 largest firms.14 These large firms offer integrated waste services, from collection to transfer station to disposal site, in many locations. Often, they ship waste to their own disposal facility across a border, rather than dispose of it at an in-state facility owned by a rival. As small landfills continue to close—the number of U.S. landfills declined 63% between 1993 and 2004, from 4,482 to 1,65415—this trend toward regionalization, consolidation, and waste shipment across state lines is likely to continue.

Additional Information

The remainder of this report consists of a table summarizing waste import and export data, by state. All 50 states and the District of Columbia are listed in alphabetical order, with data for the amount of waste exported, destination of exports, amount of waste imported, source of imports, and a state agency contact for additional information.

Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of Imported MSW, by State

State

Amount of
MSW Exported

Destination of
Exported Waste

Amount of
MSW Imported

Sources of
Imported Waste

Additional
Information

Alabama

Receiving states report 231,700 tons of MSW from Alabama in 2005.

Tennessee


Mississippi

Georgia

134,164 tons

97,517 tons

19 tons

146,637 tons in 2005. Imports doubled, to 297,387 tons in 2006, but remained less than half the peak amount (675,000 tons in 2002).

The state does not track the origins of imported waste, but believes it is mostly from Georgia and the Florida panhandle.

Philip Davis,
AL Dept. of Environmental Management
[phone number scrubbed]

Alaska

25,201 tons in 2005, according to Washington.

Washington.

No imports.

N.A.

Jennifer Roberts,
AK Dept. of Environmental Conservation
[phone number scrubbed]

Arizona

Arizona does not export significant amounts of MSW. There are small flows from border areas to New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. Based on state estimates, CRS estimates total exports at 7,000 tons.

Arizona estimates that between 1,000 and 10,000 tons may flow to New Mexico; 1,200 tons to Nevada; and 500 tons to Utah.

433,400 tons in 2005.

Nearly all (428,500 tons) from California. Small amounts from Nevada (4,500 tons) and New Mexico (400 tons).

David Janke,
AZ Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

Arkansas

Four receiving states reported receiving 161,303 tons from Arkansas, an increase of almost 50,000 tons since 2003.

Missouri ('06)


Mississippi

Texas

Tennessee

101,644 tons

29,895 tons

22,521 tons

7,243 tons

State does not track imports, but believes that imports are relatively small and confined to border areas.

Missouri reported 7,574 tons shipped to Arkansas in 2006.

Susan Speake,
AR Dept. of Pollution Control and Ecology
[phone number scrubbed]

British Columbia, Canada

B.C. shipped 101,834 tons to the United States, according to Washington

Washington

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

California

Receiving states report 856,509 tons of MSW shipped from California. Although exports are substantial, they represent only about 2% of the amount disposed in-state.

Arizona


Nevada


Oregon

428,500 tons

379,009 tons

49,000 tons

75,734 tons in 2005.

State does not keep track of where waste comes from.

Sherry Sala-Moore,
CA Integrated Waste Management Board
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/lgcentral/drs/Reports/Statewide/SWTotals.asp

Colorado

State does not track exports. Very small amounts may be exported to neighboring states.

Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico

State does not track imports. Small amounts may be imported from Kansas and Nebraska.

Kansas, Nebraska

Charles Johnson,
CO Dept. of Public Health and Environment
[phone number scrubbed]

Connecticut

Six states reported receiving 636,599 tons from Connecticut in 2005.

New York


Pennsylvania


Ohio


Massachusetts

Georgia

Michigan

West Va.

218,013 tons

201,700 tons

131,801 tons

81,151 tons

3,869 tons

36 tons

29 tons

Connecticut reports 43,921 tons of MSW imports in 2005.

Massachusetts

New York

Rhode Island

36,924 tons

3,769 tons

3,218 tons

Judy Belaval,
CT Dept. of Environmental Protection
[phone number scrubbed]

Delaware

The state does not track MSW exports. CRS estimates exports at 30,000 tons in 2005 based on reports from receiving states, a decline of about 75% since 2003.

Virginia

Pennsylvania

18,537 tons

8,741 tons

The state does not track MSW imports but says it is likely a negligible amount. All MSW landfills in the state are owned by the state and are prohibited from accepting out-of-state waste.

N.A.

Nancy Markur,
DE Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Control,
[phone number scrubbed]

Small amounts to Maryland and New Jersey.

District of Columbia

Receiving states reported receiving at least 1,061,558 tons in 2005, the bulk of which went to Virginia.

Virginia


Pennsylvania

1,059,700 tons

1,858 tons

There are no disposal facilities in the District of Columbia, but D.C. has imported substantial amounts of waste from Maryland to transfer stations located in the District. This waste is then exported for disposal. According to D.C., about one quarter of the waste handled at D.C. transfer stations originates in Maryland.

Maryland.

Thomas Henderson,
D.C. Dept. of Public Works, Solid Waste Division
[phone number scrubbed]

An uncertain amount went to Maryland, as well.

Florida

The state does not track exports. Georgia reports receiving over 1 million tons of MSW from Florida in 2005. Exports to Georgia increased 350,000 tons since 2003, but still represent only 3% of Florida's waste generation.

Georgia

1,039,611 tons

The state does not track imports. There is little incentive to import, since disposal is less expensive in Georgia, and there are no major out-of-state cities near the Florida border.

N.A.

Peter Goren,
FL Dept. of Environmental Protection
[phone number scrubbed]

Small amounts may go to Alabama.

Georgia

CRS estimates 125,000 tons of exports based on information available from three receiving states. Exports decreased from an estimated 600,000 tons in 2003.

Alabama

S. Carolina

Tennessee

75,000 tons

28,810 tons

17,056 tons

1,744,317 tons in 2005. Waste imports have increased by 750,000 tons since 2002.

Florida


N. Jersey

S. Carolina

New York

N. Carolina

Rh. Island

Tennessee

Maryland

12 others

1,039,611 tons

394,747 tons

81,738 tons

75,345 tons

42,668 tons

38,687 tons

30,083 tons

29,454 tons

11,984 tons

Scott Henson,
GA Dept. of Natural Resources
[phone number scrubbed]

Hawaii

No exports of MSW in 2005. Proposals to export waste from Oahu to Washington state or Idaho are under consideration.

N.A.

No imports of MSW.

N.A.

Gary Siu,
HI Dept. of Health
[phone number scrubbed]

Idaho

Idaho does not track exports. Three receiving states report 63,056 tons in 2005.

Washington

Montana

Oregon

32,256 tons

29,000 tons

1,800 tons

Idaho does not track imports, but says there is not a large amount of waste imported currently. Idaho Waste Systems has applied for permission to import substantial quantities from Hawaii, however.

Small amounts from Oregon and Nevada.

Dean Ehlert,
ID Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

Illinois

Six neighboring states report receiving 4,441,679 tons of MSW from Illinois in 2005. Exports more than doubled since 2003.

Indiana


Wisconsin


Michigan


Missouri

Iowa

Kentucky

2,522,635 tons

1,412,153 tons

416,538 tons

71,095 tons

12,926 tons

6,332 tons

The state reports 2,114,898 tons of imports in 2005. (Data converted from cubic yards to tons by CRS.)

Missouri (76%)

Iowa (19%)

Indiana (3%)

Wisconsin (2%)

Small amounts from 6 other states.

Ellen Robinson,
IL Environmental Protection Agency
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/landfill-capacity/index.html

Indiana

Five receiving states reported a total of 1,061,581 tons of MSW from Indiana in 2005.

Michigan


Kentucky


Ohio

Illinois

Virginia

731,270 tons

170,870 tons

97,518 tons

61,854 tons

69 tons

2,428,838 tons of MSW in 2005, an increase of 1.5 million tons from 2003. The state also received 658,000 tons of other solid waste from out of state in 2005.

Illinois


Ohio

Kentucky

Michigan

23 others

2,122,945 tons

115,489 tons

109,786 tons

65,521 tons

15,097 tons

Michelle Weddle,
IN Dept of Environmental Management
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.in.gov/idem/catalog/documents/land/far05.pdf

Iowa

409,881 tons in 2005.

Illinois


Missouri

Nebraska

Wisconsin

398,112 tons

6,704 tons

5,028 tons

37 tons

The state reported a total of 300,528 tons in FY2005. Imports declined to 281,925 tons in FY2006.

Minnesota

Illinois

Missouri

Nebraska

Wisconsin

265,939 tons

11,874 tons

10,857 tons

8,952 tons

2,901 tons

Mark Warren,
IA Dept of Natural Resources
[phone number scrubbed]

(Exports to Nebraska do not include waste directly hauled without passing through a transfer station.)

Kansas

Kansas reports MSW exports of 446,150 tons in 2005. Waste exports "went way down" in 2006, because a new landfill opened in Kansas.

Oklahoma


Missouri

400,868 tons

45,282 tons

800,318 tons of MSW in 2005, almost all from Missouri.

Missouri

Oklahoma

Nebraska

769,356 tons

27,499 tons

3,463 tons

Christine Mennicke,
KS Dept. of Health and Environment
[phone number scrubbed]

Kentucky

488,157 tons in 2005, a 48% increase since 2003.

Tennessee


Indiana


Ohio

Illinois

283,836 tons

141,365 tons

58,679 tons

4,277 tons

663,685 tons in 2005. Imports in 2006 rose slightly to 686,151 tons.

Ohio

Indiana

Tennessee

West Va.

249,902 tons

170,870 tons

126,416 tons

106,936 tons

Allan Bryant,
KY Dept. for Environmental Protection
[phone number scrubbed]

Smaller amounts from Illinois, Missouri, New Jersey, and Virginia.

Louisiana

Neighboring states reported 260,588 tons in 2005. Little change from 2003.

Texas


Mississippi

152,615 tons

107,973 tons

77,190 tons in FY2006 (July 1, 2005-June 30, 2006).

Mississippi

Texas

Arkansas

60,000 tons

10,300 tons

6,500 tons

John Rogers,
LA Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

(CRS estimates based on La. data.)

Maine

Maine reports exports of 71,379 tons in 2005.

About 15,000 tons went to New Brunswick, Canada, and the rest to New Hampshire.

Maine imported 436,412 tons of MSW and C&D waste in 2005.

Facilities don't report state of origin, but 2/3 to 3/4 of the waste is believed to come from Massachusetts. The rest probably comes from New Hampshire.

George MacDonald,
ME Dept of Environmental Protection
[phone number scrubbed]

Maryland

Receiving states reported receiving 2,048,204 tons from Maryland in 2005. 97% of the exports went to Virginia.

Virginia


Georgia

Pennsylvania

West Va.

1,992,313 tons

29,454 tons

26,350 tons

87 tons

The state reported receiving 286,011 tons of out-of-state MSW, and 245,835 tons of other waste, mostly C&D in 2005. Imports increased 37% compared to calendar year 2004.

Massachusetts, New York, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and D.C.

Edward Dexter,
MD Dept of the Environment
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/SW_Managed_in_MD_Report_CY_2005.pdf

Massachusetts

Receiving states reported a total of 1,986,945 tons from Massachusetts in 2005.

S. Carolina


Georgia


Maine


N. Hampshire


New York


Ohio


Maryland


Connecticut

Rhode Island

Pennsylvania

Michigan

Virginia

475,495 tons

394,747 tons

300,000 tons

281,375 tons

216,661 tons

168,740 tons

101,367 tons

36,924 tons

5,924 tons

5,417 tons

273 tons

22 tons

In 2005, Massachusetts reported importing a total of 169,845 tons.

Connecticut

N. Hampshire

Rhode Island

Vermont

New York

Maine

81,151 tons

41,079 tons

30,534 tons

16,391 tons

627 tons

63 tons

Brian Holdridge,
MA Dept. of Environmental Protection
[phone number scrubbed]

Michigan

The state does not track exports, but three neighboring states reported 99,855 tons from Michigan in 2005, a decrease of 125,000 tons since 2003.

Indiana

Ohio

Wisconsin

65,521 tons

32,658 tons

1,676 tons

In FY2005 (10/04 - 9/05), imports of MSW were 5,442,044 tons, an increase of almost half a million tons since FY 2003. Michigan also imported 721,000 tons of industrial solid waste. (Data converted from cubic yards to tons by CRS.) Imports leveled off in FY2006, increasing less than 1%.

Ontario


Indiana

Illinois

Ohio

Wisconsin

3,781,171 tons

731,270 tons

416,538 tons

299,791 tons

211,648 tons

Christina Miller,
MI Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-whm-stsw-ReportSolidWasteLandfilledFY2005.pdf

Three other states (New York, Massachusetts, and New Jersey) shipped small amounts.

Minnesota

In 2005, the state exported about 1,085,000 tons.

Wisconsin


Iowa


N. Dakota

S. Dakota

729,264 tons

265,939 tons

88,000 tons

1,500 tons

According to the state, a negligible amount has been imported.

N.A.

Jim Chiles,
MN Pollution Control Agency
[phone number scrubbed]

Mississippi

194,164 tons, according to receiving states.

Tennessee


Louisiana

134,164 tons

60,000 tons
(FY2006)

553,772 tons in 2005. Imported amounts have been relatively stable since 2002.

Tennessee

Louisiana

Alabama

Arkansas

318,391 tons

107,973 tons

97,517 tons

29,895 tons

Pradip Bhowal,
MS Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.deq.state.ms.us/MDEQ.nsf/pdf/SW_2005StatusReport/$File/AnnualReport2005%20-%20Web%20Version.pdf?OpenElement

Missouri

2,398,865 tons in 2005;

2,520,071 tons in 2006.

Illinois


Kansas


Iowa

Tennessee

Arkansas ('06)

Kentucky

1,598,625 tons

769,356 tons

10,857 tons

9,723 tons

7,574 tons

2,730 tons

227,858 tons in 2006, a slight increase over 2003.

Arkansas

Illinois

Kansas

Iowa

101,644 tons

81,917 tons

37,594 tons

6,704 tons

Glenda Marshall-Griffin,
MO Dept. of Natural Resources
[phone number scrubbed]

Montana

Montana does not track exports, and is not believed to export any significant amount of MSW.

N.A.

32,205 tons in 2005—almost identical to the amount in 2003.

Idaho

N. Dakota

29,000 tons

3,000 tons

Pat Crowley,
MT Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

The rest from Wyoming and Utah.

Nebraska

The state does not collect records on MSW exports, but Iowa and Kansas reported receiving 12,415 tons from Nebraska in 2005. Iowa alone received 23,628 tons from Nebraska in FY 2006.

Iowa

Kansas

8,952 tons

3,463 tons

The state does not collect records on MSW imports. Iowa reports sending Nebraska 5,028 tons of MSW in FY2005.

Iowa.

Keith Powell,
NE Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

Nevada

Arizona estimates that it received 4,500 tons of MSW from Nevada. In addition, a small amount is exported to Idaho from border communities in the northeast corner of the state.

Arizona, Idaho.

381,719 tons in 2005.

Almost all (379,009 tons) from California. A small amount is imported from neighboring communities in Utah and Arizona.

Dave Simpson,
NV Division of Environmental Protection
[phone number scrubbed]

New Hampshire

CRS estimates exports of 175,000 tons in 2005, based on reports from receiving states.

Mostly to Maine; 41,000 tons to Massachusetts.

In 2005, New Hampshire imported 402,900 tons of MSW, primarily from Massachusetts. Imports were unchanged compared to 2002.

Massachusetts

Maine

Vermont

Connecticut

Rhode Island

281,375 tons

54,000 tons

49,800 tons

10,661 tons

6,856 tons

Donald Maurer,
NH Dept. of Environmental Services
[phone number scrubbed]

New Jersey

5,772,838 tons in 2005, according to eight receiving states.

Pennsylvania


Georgia


Virginia


Ohio


S. Carolina


New York

West Va.

Maryland

4,512,908 tons

394,747 tons

334,009 tons

316,656 tons

155,716 tons

56,136 tons

2,086 tons

580 tons

1,731,729 tons in 2005, 94% from New York.

New York


Pennsylvania

International

9 other states

1,639,916 tons

70,950 tons

16,689 tons

4,174 tons

Ray Worob,
NJ Dept. of Environmental Protection
[phone number scrubbed]

New Mexico

Texas and Arizona report receiving small amounts of waste from New Mexico.

Texas and Arizona.

471,345 tons were imported in 2005, a decrease of about 65,000 tons since 2003.

Texas

Colorado

450,000 tons

17,000 tons

Connie Pasteris,
NM Environment Dept.
[phone number scrubbed]

The rest is from Arizona, Oklahoma, Mexico, and possibly Utah.

New York

Ten importing states report a total of 7,198,648 tons from New York in 2005, a decrease of over 1 million tons since 2003. New York facilities reported exports of 4,070,503 tons in 2005.

Pennsylvania


Virginia


New Jersey


Ohio


Georgia

West Va.

Connecticut

Michigan

Massachusetts

Kentucky

3,075,953 tons

1,803,754 tons

1,639,916 tons

583,999 tons

75,345 tons

13,810 tons

3,769 tons

1,325 tons

627 tons

150 tons

New York reports that 769,083 tons of MSW were imported in 2005, an increase of 450,000 tons since 2003. The state also imported 390,000 tons of other solid waste in 2005.

Connecticut

Massachusetts

Ontario

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Vermon

Quebec

N. Hampshire

218,013 tons

216,661 tons

195,228 tons

56,136 tons

41,368 tons

38,087 tons

2,114 tons

1,476 tons

Gerard Wagner,
NY State Dept. of Environmental Conservation
[phone number scrubbed]

North Carolina

1,074,386 tons in 2005, according to receiving states. In addition, the state exported 96,001 tons to a South Carolina transfer station, which, after baling, were sent back to North Carolina for disposal. Exports account for slightly over 10% of the waste generated in the state.

S. Carolina


Virginia


Tennessee

Georgia

West Va.

554,074 tons

418,868 tons

56,806 tons

42,668 tons

1,970 tons

137,298 tons in FY2006 (July 2005-June 2006). Does not include 107,888 tons of waste imported from a South Carolina transfer station, which originally received the waste from North Carolina.

S. Carolina

Virginia

80,661 tons

56,637 tons

Ellen Lorscheider,
NC Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources
[phone number scrubbed]

http://wastenot.enr.state.nc.us/swhome/AR05-06.pdf

North Dakota

Montana estimates that North Dakota exported 3,000 tons to Montana in 2005.

Montana

88,000 tons in 2005, according to Minnesota.

Minnesota

Steve Tillotson,
ND Dept. of Health
[phone number scrubbed]

Ohio

857,005 tons in 2005, a decrease of almost 250,000 tons since 2003.

Michigan


Kentucky


West Va.


Indiana


Pennsylvania

Georgia

Virginia

299,791 tons

249,902 tons

161,024 tons

115,489 tons

29,832 tons

815 tons

152 tons

Ohio imported 3,024,452 tons of solid waste in 2005, but 43% of it was C&D waste, industrial waste, and other non-MSW. Imports of general solid waste, the equivalent of MSW, totaled 1,689,470 tons.

Ohio imported waste from 27 states. The largest sources were New York (35%), New Jersey (19%), Pennsylvania (13%), Massachusetts (10%), Connecticut (8%), Indiana (6%), West Virginia (4%), and Kentucky (3%).

Michelle Kenton,
OH Environmental Protection Agency
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.epa.state.oh.us/pic/facts/2005_out_of_state_waste.pdf

Oklahoma

CRS estimates exports at 110,000 tons in 2005, based on reports from receiving states.

Texas


Kansas

about 80,000 tons

27,499 tons

State does not track imports. Kansas reports that 400,868 tons of waste were shipped from the Wichita area to Oklahoma in 2005, but the quantity imported dropped significantly in mid to late-2006, when a new landfill opened in Kansas.

Mostly from Kansas.

John Roberts,
OK Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

Small amounts to New Mexico.

Ontario, Canada

Ontario shipped 3,976,399 tons of MSW to the United States in 2005, according to receiving states. Michigan received 95% of the total. (Data for Michigan are for FY2005 and were converted from cubic yards to tons by CRS.)

Michigan


New York

3,781,171 tons

195,228 tons

None.

N.A.

Bruce Pope,
Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
[phone number scrubbed]

Oregon

Oregon exported 52,438 tons of MSW in 2005.

Washington and Idaho.

Oregon imported 1,795,971 tons of MSW in 2005. Imports accounted for 37% of all the waste disposed in Oregon that year.

Washington


California

Idaho

1,745,171 tons

49,000 tons

1,800 tons

Judy Henderson,
OR Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

Pennsylvania

The state does not track exports. According to neighboring states, Pennsylvania exported 338,265 tons of MSW in 2005.

Ohio


New Jersey

New York

West Virginia

Virginia

214,951 tons

70,950 tons

41,368 tons

9,513 tons

1,483 tons

7,931,984 tons in 2005 a decline of 2.7 million tons since 2001. The state is still, by far, the largest importer of MSW, representing about 20% of the national total of imports. In addition to MSW, Pennsylvania received 1.7 million tons of other solid waste from out of state in 2005.

New Jersey and New York accounted for nearly 96% of Pennsylvania's MSW imports in 2005.

Sally Lohman,
PA Dept. of Environmental Protection
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/landrecwaste/cwp/view.asp?a=1238&Q=464453&PM=1

(Exports to Ohio estimated by CRS, based on Ohio data.)

New Jersey


New York


Connecticut

West Va.

Ohio

Maryland

6 others

4,512,908 tons

3,075,953 tons

201,700 tons

68,264 tons

29,832 tons

26,350 tons

16,976 tons

Rhode Island

Receiving states reported 76,077 tons of MSW from Rhode Island in 2005.

Georgia

Massachusetts

N. Hampshire

38,687 tons

30,534 tons

6,856 tons

Massachusetts reports sending 5,924 tons of MSW to RI. Officially, however, RI does not accept MSW from out-of-state. In 2005, all MSW imported to RI was reported as sent back out-of-state for disposal.

Massachusetts

Robert Schmidt,
RI Dept. of Environmental Management
[phone number scrubbed] x7260

Small amounts to Connecticut and New Jersey.

South Carolina

Receiving states reported 163,646 tons of waste from South Carolina.

Georgia

NC (FY2006)

West Va.

Virginia

81,738 tons

80,661 tons

748 tons

499 tons

South Carolina imported 1,243,993 tons of MSW in FY2005 (7/04-6/05), plus 284,106 tons of other solid waste disposed at MSW landfills.

N. Carolina

Massachusetts

New Jersey

Texas

Georgia

554,074 tons

475,495 tons

155,716 tons

29,882 tons

28,810 tons

Pete Stevens,
SC Dept. of Health and Environmental Control
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.scdhec.gov/recycle/forms/msw05f.pdf

Non-MSW came mostly from Georgia, Delaware, and North Carolina.

South Dakota

The state does not track exports of MSW.

N.A.

The state does not track imports of MSW. Minnesota reports having shipped 1,500 tons of waste to South Dakota in 2005.

Minnesota

Jim Wente,
SD Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources
[phone number scrubbed]

Tennessee

Six neighboring states report receiving 518,896 tons of waste from Tennessee in 2005, an increase of about 70% since 2001.

Mississippi


Kentucky


Virginia

Georgia

318,391 tons

126,416 tons

39,805 tons

30,083 tons

682,411 tons in 2005, 741,560 tons in 2006. Imports increased 28% from 2003 to 2006.

Kentucky

Virginia

Mississippi

NC

283,836 tons

147,485 tons

134,164 tons

56,806 tons

A. Wayne Brashear,
TN Dept. of Environment and Conservation
[phone number scrubbed]

The remainder went to Indiana and W. Virginia.

The remainder came from 5 other states. (2005 data)

Texas

460,000 tons.

New Mexico


Louisiana (FY2006)

450,000 tons

10,300 tons

259,040 tons in 2005.

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Arkansas

152,615 tons

83,219 tons

22,521 tons

Edward Block,
TX Commission on Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

Small amounts from New Mexico and Kansas. (Oklahoma and Arkansas are estimated based on Texas data.)

Utah

CRS estimates exports at 1,500 tons. As in previous years, about 1,000 tons of waste went from Wendover, Utah, to Wendover, Nevada. Also, Arizona reports about 500 tons of waste from Utah. Perhaps 50 tons to Montana.

Nevada, Arizona, Montana

16,038 tons of MSW in 2005, plus 275,837 tons of industrial waste.

Arizona

Ralph Bohn,
UT Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

Vermont

In 2005, 104,278 tons were exported, according to receiving states. About 20% of the waste generated in the state goes out of state for disposal.

N. Hampshire

New York

Massachusetts

49,800 tons

38,087 tons

16,391 tons

Facilities in Vermont do not receive any out-of-state waste.

N.A.

Julie Hackbarth,
VT Dept. of Environmental Conservation
[phone number scrubbed]

Virginia

The state does not track MSW exports. Six states report 210,688 tons of exports from Virginia.

Tennessee


NC (FY2006)

West Va.

Pennsylvania

Kentucky

Georgia

147,485 tons

56,637 tons

5,321 tons

918 tons

283 tons

44 tons

Virginia remains the second-largest waste importer. The state imported 5,709,441 tons of MSW in 2005 and 1.3 million tons of other waste (mostly C&D waste, incinerator ash, and industrial waste). Imports increased by about 400,000 tons compared with 2003.

Maryland


New York


DC


N. Carolina

New Jersey

1,992,313 tons

1,803,754 tons

1,059,700 tons

418,868 tons

334,009 tons

Kathy Frahm,
VA Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.deq.virginia.gov/waste/aswrs.html

Smaller amounts from 13 other states.

Washington

1,745,171 tons of MSW in 2005, according to Oregon. Washington has over 200 million tons of disposal capacity (38 years at current disposal rates), but because of contractual arrangements, the state exports substantial amounts of waste.

Oregon.

147,746 tons of MSW in 2005, plus 67,112 tons of other waste.

B.C., Canada

Oregon

Idaho

Alaska

Montana

101,834 tons

45,554 tons

32,256 tons

25,201 tons

13 tons

Ellen Caywood,
WA Dept. of Ecology
[phone number scrubbed]

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0607024.pdf

West Virginia

No tracking system. Eight receiving states reported 298,238 tons of waste from West Virginia. Exports virtually unchanged since 2003.

Kentucky


Ohio

Pennsylvania

Virginia

Maryland

3 other states

106,936 tons

74,301 tons

68,264 tons

38,114 tons

8,844 tons

1,779 tons

194,917 tons in 2005, a decrease of almost 30% since 2003. Imports represented about 10% of total waste disposal in West Virginia in 2005.

Ohio

NY

Penn.

Virginia

161,024 tons

13,810 tons

9,513 tons

5,623 tons

Jan Borowski,
WV Solid Waste Management Board
[phone number scrubbed]

(Exports to Ohio estimated by CRS, based on Ohio data.)

The rest from 6 other states.

Wisconsin

The state does not collect export data, but four receiving states reported 263,126 tons of Wisconsin exports in 2005, an increase of 23% since 2003.

Michigan


Illinois

Iowa

Indiana

211,648 tons

47,056 tons

2,901 tons

1,521 tons

2,143,133 tons in 2005, an increase of 77% since 2003. Imports from Illinois and Minnesota both increased substantially.

Illinois


Minn.

Michigan

1,412,153 tons

729,264 tons

1,676 tons

Lindsey Miller,
WI Dept. of Natural Resources
[phone number scrubbed]

Wyoming

The state does not collect export data. Montana reported about 200 tons from Wyoming.

Montana

The state does not collect import data. A few tons a day may enter the state.

N.A.

Bob Doctor,
WY Dept. of Environmental Quality
[phone number scrubbed]

Source: CRS, based on information provided by state program officials.

Note: N.A. = not available

Footnotes

1.

Legislation on interstate shipment of waste has been introduced in every Congress since the 100th. In the 104th Congress, the Senate passed S. 534, which would have granted states authority to restrict new shipments of municipal solid waste from out of state, if requested by an affected local government. In the 103rd Congress, both the House and Senate passed interstate waste legislation (H.R. 4779 and S. 2345), but lack of agreement on common language prevented enactment. For a discussion of the issues addressed in these bills, see CRS Report RS20106, Interstate Waste Transport: Legislative Issues, by [author name scrubbed] (pdf).

2.

This report replaces CRS Report RL32570, Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2004 Update, by [author name scrubbed] (pdf). Earlier reports, many of which are now out of print but available directly from the author, were prepared in 2002, 2001, 2000, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, and 1993.

3.

We rely on imports rather than exports as our measure of total shipments, because we believe that waste management facilities and states have a greater interest in accurately measuring imports than they do exports. Often the amounts received and their source are subject to formal legal reporting requirements and/or fees, with penalties for failure to report. Exports are not generally subject to such requirements.

4.

Because many of the larger importing states now differentiate MSW from other non-hazardous waste imports, we compared total MSW imports to EPA's national estimate of MSW generation (245.7 million tons in 2005). For EPA data on waste generation, see Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures, at http://www.epa.gov/msw/pubs/mswchar05.pdf. State-reported waste generation, summarized in BioCycle magazine's biannual survey, is substantially higher (509 million tons in 2004) but may include other nonhazardous waste, provided it was disposed at MSW facilities. For state-reported data, see Phil Simmons, Nora Goldstein, Scott M. Kaufman, Nickolas J. Themelis, and James Thompson, Jr., "The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 2006, p. 26. Removing Canadian waste from the total imports would also reduce the percentage of waste crossing state lines for disposal, from 17% to 16%.

5.

Much of the waste destined for recycling may also have crossed state lines, but waste destined for recycling is not as controversial as that sent for disposal. In addition, recycling facilities do not generally require permits by state agencies. Thus, amounts shipped across state lines for recycling cannot generally be tracked by the solid waste agencies.

6.

See "Federal Appeals Court Strikes Majority of Virginia Restrictions on Trash Imports," Daily Environment Report, June 7, 2001, p. A-2. The case decided was Waste Management Holdings, Inc. v. Gilmore, 252 F.3d 316 (4th Cir 2001).

7.

Letter of Senators Stabenow and Levin to Hon. Lauerl C. Broten, Ontario Minister of the Environment, August 30, 2006.

8.

Letter of Laurel C. Broten, Ontario Minister of the Environment, to Senators Stabenow and Levin, August 30, 2006.

9.

United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth., 127 S. Ct. 1786 (2007).

10.

Personal communication, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, May 30, 2007.

11.

Transfer stations receive waste from collection trucks, compact it, bale it, and load it on larger trucks for disposal elsewhere.

12.

Another Canadian province, British Columbia, also exports waste to the United States, but the amount is substantially smaller (about 100,000 tons to Washington state).

13.

Illinois, like most states, does not report waste exports. This export estimate was derived from data provided by neighboring states.

14.

"Waste Age 100," Waste Age, June 2006, p. 22.

15.

"The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 1994, p. 51, and April 2006, pp. 38, 40.