Order Code RL33803
Congressional Restrictions on U.S. Military Operations
in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Somalia, and Kosovo:
Funding and Non-Funding Approaches
January 16, 2007
Amy Belasco
Specialist in U.S. Defense Budget
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade
Lynn J. Cunningham and Hannah Fischer
Information Professionals
Knowledge Services Division
Larry A. Niksch
Specialist in Asian Affairs
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade

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Congressional Restrictions on U.S. Military Operations
in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Somalia, and Kosovo:
Funding and Non-Funding Approaches
Summary
The main body of this report is a series of tables and an appendix that
summarize and cite bill language that was intended to end or restrict U.S. military
operations in Indochina between 1970 and 1973, in Somalia in 1993, and in Kosovo
in 1999. The report covers enacted provisions or those where there were roll call
votes but the provision was not ultimately enacted. The first table outlines proposals
that restrict funding and the second table describes other types of restrictions.
Of 21 proposals to restrict funding for military operations that were considered
by Congress, 5 were enacted. In the case of Indochina, a major demarcation was the
signing of the Vietnam peace accords and a cease-fire agreement between the United
States and North Vietnam in January 1973 that required the total withdrawal of U.S.
troops by March 1973. Congress continued to provide funds for U.S. troops as levels
fell from a peak of 539,000 in June 1969 to 21,500 in January 1973.
In response to the invasion of Cambodia from April to June 1970, Congress
considered and ultimately enacted the Cooper-Church amendment in January 1971
which prohibited using any appropriated funds to introduce ground troops into
Cambodia. Legislation enacted in 1973 — after the cease-fire agreement — that cut
off funds for combat “in or over or from off the shores of North Vietnam, South
Vietnam, Laos or Cambodia” was designed to prevent President Nixon from
reintroducing troops or bombing if the North Vietnamese violated the cease-fire.
The legislation described either cut off funding or called on the president to take
certain military actions — such as troop withdrawals. The cutoffs generally
prohibited the obligation or expenditure of funds that Congress had appropriated, and
applied to military activities ranging from combat operations to initial deployments
in specified countries. Funds are obligated when the government signs a contract for
goods or services or pays military or civilian employees. Those funds are expended
(or outlayed) when contractors or personnel are paid.
Some legislative language cut off funding for certain military operations but
permitted exceptions, such as the orderly withdrawal of U.S. troops, or was
contingent upon meeting certain conditions, such as the release of prisoners or war.
Restrictions applied to either funding within the bill, to previous appropriation bills,
or to any bill, and went into effect on or after a particular date or set no date. Other
language prohibited continued funding unless military operations were authorized.
Congress also considered non-funding approaches that urged the President to
withdraw forces, negotiate or terminate military operations, seek congressional
authorization for military operations, or set a date for U.S. troop withdrawals.
Another approach was congressional repeal of the August 1964 Tonkin Gulf
Resolution, which authorized the President to use military force in Vietnam.

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Contents
Vietnam War Policy Context for Congressional Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Types of Restrictions on Military Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Prohibiting the Obligation or Expenditure of Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Where and How Funding Prohibitions Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Types of Military Activities Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Non-Funding Restrictions on Military Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Appendix: Text of Proposed or Enacted Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Funding Restrictions on Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Non-Funding Restrictions on Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
List of Tables
Table 1. Funding Restrictions on Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 2: Non-Funding Restrictions on Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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Congressional Restrictions on U.S. Military
Operations in Vietnam, Cambodia,
Laos, Somalia, and Kosovo:
Funding and Non-Funding Approaches
This report discusses the political context and congressional consideration of
various funding and other restrictive legislative language applying to military
operations in Indochina between 1970 and 1973. The report also briefly mentions
similar congressional actions applying to U.S. military operations in Somalia in 1993
and Kosovo in 1999. This discussion is followed by two tables that summarize
provisions that were enacted or considered by Congress and an appendix that cites
the specific language for each provision in the tables.
Table 1 includes funding restrictions on military operations and Table 2
includes other non-funding approaches. Those provisions that were enacted are listed
first followed by provisions that were not enacted but where there was a roll call vote
in either house. From the legislative history, it appears that funding cutoffs may have
been more effective than non-funding approaches in altering executive branch plans
for military operations.1
Vietnam War Policy Context
for Congressional Legislation
During the 1970-1973 period, Congress considered a variety of proposals to
restrict U.S. military operations in Indochina and require a withdrawal of troops from
Vietnam in response to the growing controversy in the United States over U.S.
military involvement in Vietnam during the 1965-1969 period. The specific
proposals for legislation often were in response to key elements of the Nixon
Administration’s policies and were intended to influence or force changes in the
Administration’s policies on U.S. military involvement, particularly in Vietnam and
Cambodia.
A main element of the Nixon Administration’s policies was the staged
withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam from mid-1969 until the end of 1972 as part
of the Administration’s Vietnamization strategy of turning over the responsibility for
ground combat operations in Vietnam to the South Vietnamese government and
1 For a comparison of funding cutoffs and use of the War Powers Act, see CRS Report
RS20775, Congressional Use of Funding Cutoffs since 1970 Involving U.S. Military Forces
and Overseas Deployments, by Richard F. Grimmett.

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CRS-2
army. According to Department of Defense statistics, U.S. troop levels fell from
539,000 in June 1969 to 415,000 in June 1970, 239,000 in June 1971, 47,000 in June
1972, and 21,500 in January 1973.
The Nixon Administration, however, set no goal of a total withdrawal of U.S.
forces or a total end of U.S. combat operations in Vietnam. In particular, the Air
Force continued bombing operations at a high level. Thus, many of the proposed
amendments and bills in Congress in the 1970-1972 period were aimed at requiring
the President to withdraw all U.S. troops from Vietnam and prohibit U.S. combat
operations in Vietnam and Indochina. Several of these came to votes in the full
House of Representatives and the Senate, but none was enacted into law.
A second policy element was the incursion of U.S. ground forces into eastern
Cambodia that President Nixon ordered on April 30, 1970. U.S. ground troops
withdrew by June 30, 1970, but U.S. bombing of North Vietnamese and Khmer
Rouge forces in Cambodia continued. Proposed and enacted amendments in
Congress were designed to prohibit both the reintroduction of U.S. ground forces into
Cambodia after June 30, 1970 and continued U.S. aerial bombing of Cambodia. The
“Cooper-Church” amendment, enacted into law in January 1971, prohibited the
reintroduction of U.S. ground forces into Cambodia. The restrictive bills passed in
June and July 1973 mandated an end to the bombing in Cambodia by August 15,
1973, and bombing stopped on that date.
The incursion into Cambodia had an important impact on congressional
attempts to legislate restrictions on U.S. military operations. It triggered
congressional amendments aimed at restrictions on U.S. military operations not only
in Cambodia but in Vietnam as well.
The third policy element was the negotiation and signing of an “Agreement on
Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam” between the United States and
North Vietnam on January 27, 1973. The agreement, in effect a cease-fire agreement
with additional political provisions, provided for the withdrawal of all U.S. troops
from South Vietnam within 60 days of the signing of the accord. U.S. troops were
withdrawn fully by March 1973.
A major problem for President Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
in negotiating the agreement was securing the support of South Vietnamese President
Nguyen Van Thieu. In a November 14, 1972, letter, President Nixon assured
President Thieu that “But far more important than what we say in the agreement on
this issue is what we do in the event the enemy renews its aggression. You have my
absolute assurance that if Hanoi fails to abide by the terms of this agreement it is my
intention to take swift and severe retaliatory action.”2
President Nixon and other Administration officials hinted publicly in March
1973 that the United States would intervene militarily if North Vietnam violated the
cease-fire agreement. On May 3, 1973, President Nixon submitted a report to
2 Nixon, Richard. No More Vietnams. New York, Arbor House, 1985. P. 155-156.
Kissinger, Henry. Ending the Vietnam War. New York, Simon & Schuster, 2003. P. 385.

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CRS-3
Congress entitled U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970s: Shaping a Durable Peace. In
it, he asserted that the United States would not tolerate communist violations of the
agreement and that North Vietnam would risk renewed confrontation with the United
States if it broke the agreement.3
President Nixon undoubtedly had in mind the renewal of U.S. bombing of North
Vietnam and North Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam if Hanoi renewed the war.
As the Nixon Administration withdrew U.S. ground forces from Vietnam in 1971
and 1972, it ordered heavy bombing of communist forces and installations, including
massive bombing by B-52 bombers. These indications of Nixon’s policy intention
no doubt influenced the legislation proposed and passed by Congress in mid-1973 to
cut off funding for combat operations “in or over or from off the shore of North
Vietnam, South Vietnam....”
For a CRS Report that compares Congressional funding cutoffs of U.S. military
forces to use of the War Powers Act, see CRS Report RS20775, Congressional Use
of Funding Cutoffs Since 1970 Involving U.S. Military Forces and Overseas
Deployments, by Richard F. Grimmett.
Types of Restrictions on Military Activities

The proposals included in Table 1 adopted funding cutoffs that follow certain
patterns. The section that follows describes the types of restrictions and identifies
proposals that fall under that category using the number included in both the tables
and the appendix that follow.
Prohibiting the Obligation or Expenditure of Funds
The proposals to cut off funds generally prohibit obligating or expending funds
in a particular bill or bills after Congress has appropriated the funds. Obligations
occur when the government signs a contract to buy goods or services or pays its
military or civilian personnel.4 Expenditures, or outlays, take place when the
contractor or employee is paid.
Generally, funding prohibitions apply as of a certain date, to specific countries,
and particular types of military activities (entries 2, 3, 4, 5). In one case, the
Department of Defense was prohibited from transferring funds from its regular
programs to finance wartime operations (entry 18).
3 Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York, The Viking Press, 1983. P. 656. U.S.
Congressional Research Service. U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: An Analysis of the
President’s 1973 Foreign Policy Report and Congressional Action. Prepared for the Senate
Committee on Foreign Relations. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1973. P. 19.
4 Obligations also occur when one of the military services orders goods or services from
other DOD organizations that supply parts, repair weapons systems, or provide other
services such as providing fuel.

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CRS-4
Where and How Funding Prohibitions Applied. In some cases, funding
prohibitions applied to certain military operations — such as combat operations —
and were absolute (entries 2, 3, 4, 17). In other cases, funding was to be cut off for
some military activities (e.g., combat) but permitted for other activities (e.g., the
withdrawal of troops or the protection of U.S. civilians) (entries 6, 9, 10, 14).
In other cases, the funding cutoff was contingent upon certain conditions or
events taking place, such as the negotiation by the President of a cease-fire, the
release of U.S. prisoners of war (POWs), or a presidential determination that
personnel can be withdrawn safely (entries 11,12,13,15). In some cases, the
President could recommend extending the deadline if certain conditions, such as the
safe withdrawal of troops, have not occurred (entries12,13). The prohibition on
obligating or spending funds could also be reversed if Congress authorized the
activity (entries 5,7,19,20).
Prohibitions on funding were set to take effect as of or after a particular date or
some specified length of time after enactment and applied to the funds included in
the bill under consideration, all previous bills of that type, or any bill (entry 2, 3, 7,
16, 19, 24 and 26).5 Funding restrictions were placed in various types of bills, often
appropriations bills but sometimes authorization or other bills (e.g., amendments to
the Selective Service Act).
Types of Military Activities Covered. The range of prohibited military
activities included also varied from the specific — “Bomb, rocket, napalm, or
otherwise attack by air, any target whatsoever ...”(entry 13) or the “deployment of
ground elements” in Yugoslavia (entry 20) to general designations such as combat
activities, conducting U.S. military operations (entries 2 and 12) or “to support
directly or indirectly combat activities,” (entry 17), or the “involvement United States
military forces in hostilities” (entry 19).
The well-known McGovern-Hatfield amendment that was considered in 1970
combined several of the elements above — prohibiting funds for some but not other
specified military activities, setting two specific deadlines, one for a ceiling on the
number of troops and another for the withdrawal of remaining forces while at the
same time giving the President some leeway to propose an alternative.
The amendment prohibited the obligation or expenditure of funds “authorized
by this or any other act” to “maintain a troop level of more than 280,000 armed
forces” in Vietnam after April 30, 1971, unless the President finds that a 60-day
extension is necessary and recommends that to Congress. For a set period —
between April 30 and December 31, 1971, the amendment limited the “expenditure
of funds” in or over Indochina to the “safe and systematic withdrawal of remaining
forces,” or providing asylum to endangered Vietnamese (entry 8). It was rejected in
June 1971.

5 Prohibitions that apply to any bill including future bills could be challenged on
constitutional grounds since one Congress cannot obligate another Congress.

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CRS-5
Non-Funding Restrictions on Military Activities
Table 2 describes eight proposals — including four that were enacted — which
adopt a variety of non-funding restrictions considered by Congress during the
Indochina conflict. Several well-known amendments were introduced by Senator
Mansfield including two that required the termination of U.S. military operations in
Indochina at “the earliest practicable date” as well as a withdrawal of all troops
within either six or nine months. These versions ultimately did not pass (entries 24
and 26).
Two other Mansfield amendments provided for a “prompt and orderly
withdrawal” at “the earliest practicable date,” but did not set a time limit (entries 23
and 25). One amendment was a sense of the Congress and the other stated that it was
U.S. policy to terminate military operations and withdraw forces. Although both of
these amendments were enacted in the fall of 1971, their practical effect is not clear
since no deadline was set. All U.S. troops were withdrawn by March 1973 as
required by the Paris Peace accords, almost a year and a half after passage of the first
Mansfield amendment.
In other cases, such as Somalia in 1993, Congress considered provisions
requiring that the President remove forces by January 31, 1994, unless there is a
declaration of war or specific Congressional authorization (entry 29).
Congress also considered and passed a repeal of the August 10, 1964, Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution that gave congressional approval to “take all necessary measures”
to repel an armed attack against the United States in January 1971, but military
operations continued in Vietnam for another two years (entry 21).

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CRS-6
Table 1. Funding Restrictions on Military Operations
Common
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
ENACTED
1970
H.R.
Special
Cooper-
Prohibited using any
S.Rept.
H.Rept.
Adopted
5-Jan-71
P.L.
1
19911
Foreign
Church
funds authorized or
91-1437
91-1791
72-22 [S.
91-652
Assistance
appropriated in this or
H. Adopted
Rpt]
Sec. 7
Act of 1971
any other act to finance
voice vote
the introduction of
S. Adopted
ground troops or U.S.
41-20
advisors in Cambodia.
Specified that any
military or economic
assistance given to
Cambodia should not be
construed as a
commitment to defend
Cambodia.
1973
H.J.Res. Making
Prohibited obligation or
S.Rept.
H.Rept. 93-364 Adopted
1-Jul-73
P.L.
2
636
Continuing
expenditure of any funds
93-277
H. Adopted
73-16
93-52
Approp. for
in this or any previous
266-75
[S. Rpt.]
Sec. 108
the Fiscal
law on or after August
S. Adopted by
Year 1974,
15, 1973 to directly or
voice vote
and for Other
indirectly finance
Purposes
“combat in or over or
from off the shores of
North Vietnam, South
Vietnam, Laos or
Cambodia.”

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CRS-7
Common
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
ENACTED
1973
H.J.Res. Continuing
Extended the ban on
H.Rept.
Adopted Adopted
16-Oct-73
P.L.
3
727
Approp.,
obligating or expending
93-519
309-99
73-2
93-124
1974
funds appropriated in
Adopted
Sec. 1
this or previous laws for
368-7
[See
combat activities in or
Sec. 108
over Cambodia, Laos
of
and North and South
P.L.
Vietnam that was
93-52]
included in the CR for
FY74 CR (P.L.93-52)
from August 15, 1973
until the adjournment of
the 93rd Congress.
1973
H.R.
Second
Prohibited expenditure
H.Rept.
No amdt.
Adopted Adopted
1-Jul-73
P.L.
4
9055
Supp.
of funds in this act for
93-350
or debate
278-124 72-14
93-50,
Approps.
reconstruction in North
Sec. 304
Act, 1973
Vietnam; prohibited
and
expenditure of funds in
Sec. 307
this or any previous act
or for combat activities
“in or over . . . or off the
shores of” Cambodia,
Laos, North Vietnam and
South Vietnam after
August 15, 1973.

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CRS-8
Common
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
ENACTED
1973
H.R.
Department
Prohibited obligation or
S.Rept.
H.Rept. 93-367; Adopted Adopted
18-Oct-73
P.L.
5
7645
of State
expenditure of
93-176
2nd Conf. Rpt:
1st Conf. Senate Rept.
93-126,
Approp.
appropriations in
H.Rept. 93-563; Rpt. by
67-15
Sec. 13
Auth. Act of
previous or any future
[Added August voice
Adopted 2nd
1973
act on or after August 15,
15, 1973 date to vote,
Conf. Rpt.
1973 to “finance the
Case-Church
with
by voice
involvement of U.S.
amdt.]
revisions vote
military forces in
2nd Conf. Rpt.
Adopted
hostilities in or over or
adopted in H.
2nd
from off the shores of”
and S. by voice Conf.
North Vietnam, South
vote.
Rpt. by
Vietnam, Laos or
voice
Cambodia or to provide
vote
assistance of any kind to
North Vietnam unless
funds are specifically
authorized by Congress.
1993
H.R.
Department
Byrd
Prohibited the
H.Rept.
Adopted Byrd floor
11-Nov-93
P.L.
6
3116
of Defense
obligations of funds after
103-339
conf.
amdt.,
103-139
Approp. Act,
March 31, 1994 for
rpt.,
calling for
Sec.8151
1994
military operations in
voice
March 31
Somalia unless 1)
vote
deadline,
requested by the
Adopted
president and authorized
76-23
by Congress; 2)
Adopted
necessary to protect U.S.
conf. rpt.,
civilians; 3) for U.S.
88-9
combat forces under the
command and control of
U.S. commanders; and 4)
if the President
intensifies efforts, to
have UN members
deploy additional troops
to Somalia to take over
U.S. efforts.

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CRS-9
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1970
H.R.
To Amend
Cooper-
Prohibits expenditure of
Tabled in a Adopted
7
15628
the Foreign
Church
funds in this Act or any
motion by 58-37
Military Sales
other law after July 1,
Riegle,
Act, and for
1970 to retain U.S. forces
237-153
Other
in Cambodia, support
Purposes
U.S. personnel or contract
for military instruction or
conduct combat activities
in Cambodia “unless
specifically authorized by
law hereafter enacted.”
[As introduced in the
Senate and adopted, and
later tabled in the House]

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CRS-10
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1970
H.R.
Military
McGovern Prohibits the obligation or
Rejected
8
17123
Procurement
-Hatfield
expenditures of funds
39-55
Authorization
“authorized by this or any
Act of
other act” to “maintain a
FY1971
troop level of more than
280,000 armed forces” in
Vietnam after April 30,
1971 unless the president
finds that up to a 60-day
extension is needed in
case of a clear and present
danger to U.S. troops, or
the president submits a
new date for
Congressional approval
and informs Congress
within 10 days of the
extension; between April
30 and December
31,l971, limits
expenditure of funds for
U.S. armed forces “in and
over Indochina” to “safe
and systematic
withdrawal of remaining
armed forces” and
provision of safe asylum
for endangered
Vietnamese.
[As introduced in the
Senate and rejected.]

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CRS-11
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1971 H.R.
Military
McGovern Prohibits expenditure of
Rejected
9
6531
Selective
-Hatfield
any funds after Dec. 31,
42-55
Service Act
1972 that have been
of 1967,
authorized or
Amendments
appropriated under this
or any other act for
deploying U.S. armed
forces or conducting
military operations “in
or over Indochina”
except for protecting
U.S.forces during a
withdrawal, arranging
protection for
endangered S.
Vietnamese,
Cambodians, or
Laotians, or assisting
Indochinese nations as
approved by Congress.
[As introduced in the
Senate and rejected.]

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CRS-12
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1971 H.R.
Military
Chiles
Prohibits expenditure of
Rejected
10
6531
Selective
any funds authorized or
44-52
Service Act
appropriated under this
of 1967,
or any other act after
Amendments
June 1, 1972 to deploy
or maintain U.S. armed
forces or conduct
military operations “in
or over Indochina”
except to protect U.S.
forces during
withdrawal, provide
protection for
endangered S.
Vietnamese,
Cambodians, or
Laotians, or assist
nations of Indochina in
amounts approved by
Congress.
[As introduced in the
Senate and rejected.]

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CRS-13
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1971 H.R.
Military
Cook
Prohibits expenditure of
Adopted
11
6531
Selective
funds authorized or
61-38
Service Act
appropriated in this or
Later
of 1967,
any other law nine
amended by
Amendments
months after enactment
Mansfield
to support U.S. troops or
amdt. in the
conduct U.S. military
nature of a
operations “in or over”
substitute
South Vietnam, Laos,
(see # 24).
Cambodia, or North
Vietnam, subject to a
commitment from the N.
Vietnamese gov’t to
release U.S. personnel
within 60 days of
enactment; requires
reporting to Congress
and sets up expedited
procedures to consider
continuation of
provisions.
[As introduced in the
Senate and adopted
(later amended by
Mansfield amdt. in the
nature of a substitute
(see #24)).]

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CRS-14
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1971 H.R.
Armed
Nedzi-
Prohibits expenditure of
Rejected
12
8687
Forces,
Whalen
any funds authorized or
158-255
Approp.
appropriated in this Act
Authorizatio
after December 31, 1971
n1972
to deploy U.S. military
personnel or conduct
military operations in or
over South Vietnam,
North Vietnam,
Cambodia, or Laos; if
the President determines
that U.S. military
personnel cannot be
withdrawn safely or
prisoners of war cannot
be returned, the
President shall
recommend to Congress
another date within the
fiscal year.
[As introduced in the
House and rejected]

---

CRS-15
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1971 H.R.
Armed
Gravel
Prohibits expenditure of
Rejected
13
8687
Forces,
any funds authorized or
19-64
Appropriatio
appropriated under this
n
or any other law to
Authorizatio
“bomb, rocket, napalm,
n1972
or otherwise attack by
air any target
whatsoever” within
Cambodia, Thailand,
Vietnam or Laos unless
the President determines
it necessary to ensure the
safety of U.S. forces
withdrawing from
Indochina.
[As introduced in the
Senate and rejected.]

---

CRS-16
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1971 H.R.
Foreign
Cooper-
States that the repeal of
[Stricken out
14
9910
Assistance
Church
the Tonkin Gulf
of H.R.
Act of 1971
Resolution has left the
9910 by the
U.S. government without
Scott amdt.,
congressional authority
which was
for continued
adopted by a
participation in the
47-44 vote]
Indochina war. Requires
that on or after
enactment of this act,
funds authorized in this
or any other Act can be
used only to withdraw
U.S. forces from
Indochina and may not
be used to engage in
hostilities in North or
South Vietnam,
Cambodia or Laos
except to protect
withdrawing forces.
[As reported by the
Senate Foreign Relations
Committee (later
stricken out by the Scott
amdt. on the floor)]

---

CRS-17
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1972 H.R.
Armed
Cranston
Requires withdrawal of
Adopted
15
15495
Forces,
all troops and states that
50-47
Approp.
“No funds shall be
Authorizatio
authorized, appropriated,
n1973
or used” to maintain any
U.S. military forces in
South Vietnam after
October 1, 1972. States
that U.S. involvement
“shall terminate” after a
verified ceasefire
agreement, the release of
U.S. Prisoners of War
(POW), and an
accounting for all
missing POWs.
[As introduced in the
Senate, adopted, and
later amended by the
Brooke amdt. (see #
16).]

---

CRS-18
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1972 H.R.
Armed
Brooke
Limits use of funds
H.Rept.
Amended
16
15495
Forces,
authorized or
92-1388
the Cranston
Approp.
appropriated by this or
amdt. in the
Authorizatio
any other act to
nature of a
n1973
withdrawal of or
substitute
protection of
(see # 15).
withdrawing forces from
Adopted
Vietnam, Cambodia and
49-47.
Laos to be carried out
Brooke
within four months after
amdt. then
the enactment provided
stripped out
that all American
of H.R.
prisoners of war are
15495 in
released. [As introduced
conference.
in the Senate, adopted to
House
amend the Cranson
Conferees
amdt. (see # 15) (later
ruled the
stripped out).]
provision
non-germane

---

CRS-19
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1973 H.R.
Supp.
Prohibits expenditure of
S.Rept.
H.Rept.
Adopted
as
Vetoed
17
7447
Approps.,
funds appropriated in
93-160
93-295
part of H.R.
June 27,
1973
Act for reconstruction of
H. Adopted
7447
1973
North Vietnam and
235-172
73-5
[See # 4,
prohibits use of funds
S. Adopted
the
appropriated in this or
81-11
Second
past acts to support
Supp.
“directly or indirectly
Approp.
combat activities in,
Act,
over, or from off the
1973 for
shores of Cambodia or
a similar
Laos” by U.S. forces.
version
[As reported in S. Rpt
that was
93-160 and included in
enacted]
both Senate and
Conference passed
versions of H.R. 7447,
which was later vetoed
by the President.]

---

CRS-20
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1973 H.R.
Supp.
Addabbo
Prohibits the Defense
H.Rept.
S.Rept.
H.Rept.
Adopted
Adopted as
Vetoed
18
7447
Approps.,
Department from
93-164
93-160
93-295
219-188
part of H.R.
June 27,
1973
transferring $430 million
H. Adopted Adopted
7447
1973
in H.R. 7447 from other
235-172
as part of
73-5
[See # 4,
defense programs for
S. Adopted H.R. 7447
the
U.S. military activity in
81-11
284-96
Second
Southeast Asia,
Supp.
including the cost of
Approp.
bombing raids over
Act,
Cambodia incurred from
1973]
January through March
1973 and paying for
increased costs due to
devaluation of the dollar.
[As reported in H.Rept.
93-164 and adopted in
House, Senate, and
Conference passed
versions of H.R. 7447,
which was later vetoed
by the President.]

---

CRS-21
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1973
H.R.
State
Case-
Prohibits obligation or
S.Rept.

Adopted as
19
7645
Department
Church
expenditure of funds
93-176
part of H.R.
Approp.
“heretofore or hereafter
7645
Authorization
appropriated” to finance
67-15
the involvement of U.S.
military forces in North
Vietnam, South Vietnam,
Laos or Cambodia or to
provide direct or indirect
assistance to North
Vietnam “unless
specifically authorized
hereafter by the
Congress.”
[As reported by the
Senate Foreign Relations
committee and adopted in
the Senate (modified in
conference., see #5 for an
enacted version of the
language).]
1999 H.R.
Military
Prohibits obligating or
Adopted
20
1569
Operations in
expending funds
249-180
the Federal
appropriated to the
Republic of
Defense Department for
Yugoslavia
the deployment of
Limitation
“ground elements” of the
Act of 1999
U.S. Armed Forces in the
Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia unless that
deployment is
specifically authorized by
law except to rescue U.S.
or NATO military
personnel or U.S.
civilians.
[As introduced and
passed by the House.]

---

CRS-22
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Common
Public
Legislative
Date
Appendix
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Vehicle
Enacted
#
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL-CALL VOTES
1999 H.R.
Emergency
Istook
States that none of the
Rejected
21
1664
Steel Loan
funds appropriated by
117-301
Guarantee
this act are available to
and
implement “any plan to
Emergency
invade the Federal
Oil and Gas
Republic of Yugoslavia
Guaranteed
with ground forces” of
Loan Act of
the U.S. “except in time
1999
of war.”
[As introduced and
rejected.]
Source: Congressional Record, Congressional reports and public law, as cited above.
Note: Table prepared by Lynn J. Cunningham and Hannah Fischer.

---

CRS-23
Table 2: Non-Funding Restrictions on Military Operations
Common
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Public
Legislative
Date
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Appendix #
Vehicle
Enacted
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
NON-FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
ENACTED
1970 H.R.
To Amend the Repeal of
Repealed the August 10,
H.Rept.
Adopted,
Adopted,
12-Jan-71
P.L.
22
15628 Foreign
the Gulf of
1964 Gulf of Tonkin
91-1805
voice vote voice vote
91-672
Military Sales Tonkin
Resolution which had given
Sec. 12
Act, and for
Resolution
congressional approval to the
Other
[Introduced Johnson Administration “to
Purposes
by Dole]
take all necessary measures to
repel an armed attack against
the forces of the United States
and to prevent any further
aggression” as of the
adjournment of the 91st
Congress, January 2, 1971.
1971 H.R.
Military
Mansfield
Called for the termination of
H.Rept.
Adopted
Adopted
28-Sep-71
P.L.
23
6531
Selective
military operations in
92-433
298-108
55-30
92-129
Service Act of
Indochina at “the earliest
[Conf.
[Conf.
Sec. 401
1967,
practicable date,” and for a
Rpt]
Rpt.]
Amendments
withdrawal of all forces,
subject to the return of all
American prisoners of war.
Also urged the President to
negotiate with North Vietnam
a date for the withdrawal of
all forces, an immediate
cease-fire agreement, and a
series of phased and rapid
withdrawals of U.S. forces in
return for the release of
prisoners of war.

---

CRS-24
Common
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Public
Legislative
Date
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Appendix #
Vehicle
Enacted
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
NON-FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
ENACTED
1971 H.R.
Armed
Mansfield
Called for the termination of
H.Rept.
Adopted
Adopted
17-Nov-71 P.L.
25
8687
Forces,
military operations in
92-618
by voice
65-19
92-156
Approp.
Indochina at “the earliest
vote
[Conf.
Sec. 601
Authorization
practicable date,” and for a
[Conf.
Rpt.]
1972
withdrawal of all forces,
Rpt.]
subject to the return of all
American prisoners of war.
Also urged the President to
set a final date for the
withdrawal of all forces, to
negotiate a cease-fire
agreement with North
Vietnam, and to negotiate
with North Vietnam a series
of phased and rapid
withdrawals of U.S. forces in
return for the release of
prisoners of war.
1993 H.R.
National
Gephardt
Sense of the Congress
H.Rept.
Adopted
Adopted
30-Nov-93 P.L.
27
2401
Defense
resolution that the President
103-357
Gephardt
Conf. Rpt.
103-160
Authorization
“should consult closely with
amdt. with 77-22
Sec.
Act for Fiscal
the Congress” about U.S.
this
1512
Year 1994
policy in Somalia,
language
particularly the deployment
405-23
of troops, required the
Adopted
President to report to
conf. rpt.
Congress on the goals,
273-135
objectives, and “anticipated
duration in Somalia” of U.S.
forces; Stated that Congress
“believes” the President
should “seek and receive
congressional authorization”
for the continued deployment
of U.S. forces in Somalia by
November 15, 1993.

---

CRS-25
Common
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Public
Legislative
Date
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Appendix #
Vehicle
Enacted
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
NON-FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL CALL VOTES
1971 H.R.
Military
Mansfield Declared it to be U.S.
Amended
24
6531
Selective
policy to “terminate at the
the Cook
Service Act
earliest practicable date all
amdt., in the
of 1967,
military operations of the
nature of a
Amendments
United states in
substitute
Indochina,” and “provide
(see #11 for
for a prompt and orderly
the Cook
withdrawal of all” U.S.
amdt.).
military forces within nine
Adopted,
months of enactment
57-42
subject to the release of all
Language
American prisoners of war.
revised in
“Urges and directs the
President” to set a
conference.
withdrawal date and
See # 23 for
negotiate with North
revised
Vietnam a cease-fire
version that
agreement with “a series of
became a
rapid and phased
public law.
withdrawals” of U.S.
forces in return for release
of U.S. prisoners of war.
[As introduced to amend
the Cook amdt. (see #11)
(later revised in
conference).]

---

CRS-26
Common
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Public
Legislative
Date
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Appendix #
Vehicle
Enacted
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
NON-FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL CALL VOTES
1971 H.R.
Armed
Mansfield Declared it to be U.S.
Adopted
26
8687
Forces,
policy to “terminate at the
57-38
Approp.
earliest practiable date all
Language
Authorizatio
military operations of the
revised in
n1972
United states in
conference.
Indochina,” and “provide
See # 25 for
for a prompt and orderly
revised
withdrawal of all” U.S.
version that
military forces within six
became a
months of enactment
public law.
subject to the release of
all American prisoners of
war. “Urges and directs
the president” to set a
withdrawal date and
negotiate with North
Vietnam a cease-fire
agreement with “a series
of rapid and phased
withdrawals” of U.S.
forces in return for
release of U.S. prisoners
of war.
[As introduced (later
revised in conference).]

---

CRS-27
Common
Committee Reports
Votes on amdt./rpt.
Public
Legislative
Date
Year
Bill #
Name of
Brief Description
Law #,
Appendix #
Vehicle
Enacted
Amdt.
Section
House
Senate
Conference
House
Senate
NON-FUNDING RESTRICTIONS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS
NON-ENACTED AMENDMENTS WITH ROLL CALL VOTES
1972 H.R.
Foreign
Hamilton
Terminates the
H.Rept.
Provision
28
16029
Assistance
“involvement of” U.S.
92-1273
included in
Act of 1972
forces in hostilities on or
H.Rept.
over Indochina and
92-1273 and
requires withdrawal of
then was
those forces by October 1,
stripped out
1972 if there is a verified
of H.R.
cease-fire between the
16029 by the
United States and North
Bolling amdt,
Vietnam and its allies
adopted
allowing for a safe
229-177.
withdrawal of U.S. forces,
and subject to release of all
American prisoners of war
and accounting for all
Americans missing in
action.
[As reported in H.Rept.
92-1273 (later stripped
out).]
1993 H.Con. Department
Gilman
Directs the President to
Adopted
29
Res.
of Defense
remove U.S. armed forces
224-203
170
Approp. Act,
from Somalia by January
Adopted an
1994
31, 1994 citing
amdt.,
requirement in the War
setting
Powers Act to remove U.S.
March 31
forces unless there is a
deadline,
declaration of war or
226-201
specific Congressional
authorization if Congress
passes a concurrent
resolution.
[As introduced (later
amended to set a March
31, 1994, rather than
January 31, 1994,
deadline).]
Source: Congressional Record, Congressional reports and public law, as cited above.
Notes: Numbers in the Appendix column are not sequential in order to segregate enacted and non-enacted provisions in the Mansfield Amendment, whereas the appendix
itself follows the chronological progression of the Mansfield amendment. Table prepared by Lynn J. Cunningham and Hannah Fischer.

---

CRS-28
Appendix: Text of Proposed or Enacted Provisions
Funding Restrictions on Military Operations
1. Cooper-Church Amendment, P.L. 91-652, H.R. 19911
Sec. 7. (a) In line with the expressed intention of the President of the United States,
none of the funds authorized or appropriated pursuant to this or any other act may be
used to finance the introduction of United States ground troops into Cambodia, or to
provide United States advisers to or for Cambodian military forces in Cambodia; (b)
military and economic assistance provided by the United States to Cambodia and
authorized or appropriated pursuant to this or any other act shall not be construed as
a commitment by the United States to Cambodia for its defense.
2. Continuing Appropriations, P.L. 93-52, H.J.Res. 636
Sec. 108. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, on or after August 15, 1973,
no funds herein or heretofore appropriated may be obligated or expended to finance
directly or indirectly combat activities by United States military forces in or over or
from off the shores of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos or Cambodia.
3. Continuing Appropriations, 1974, P.L. 93-124, H.J.Res. 727
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That clause (c) of section 102 of the joint resolution
of July 1, 1973 (Public Law 93-52), is hereby amended by striking out “September
30, 1973" and inserting in lieu thereof “the sine die adjournment of the first session
of the Ninety-third Congress”.
4. Second Supplemental Appropriations Act, P.L. 93-50, H.R. 9055
Sec. 304. No funds appropriated in this Act shall be expended to aid or assist in the
reconstruction of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).
Sec. 307. None of the funds herein appropriated under this Act may be expended to
support directly or indirectly combat activities in or over Cambodia, Laos, North
Vietnam and South Vietnam or off the shores of Cambodia, Laos, North Vietnam and
South Vietnam by United States forces, and after August 15, 1973, no other funds
heretofore appropriated under any other Act may be expended for such purpose.
5. Department of State Authorization, P.L. 93-126, H.R. 7645
Sec. 13. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, on or after August 15, 1973, no
funds heretofore or hereafter appropriated may be obligated or expended to finance
the involvement of United States military forces in hostilities in or over or from off
the shores of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia, unless specifically
authorized hereafter by the Congress. Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
upon enactment of this Act, no funds heretofore or hereafter appropriated may be
obligated or expended for the purpose of providing assistance of any kind, directly
or indirectly, to or on behalf of North Vietnam, unless specifically authorized
hereafter by the Congress.

---

CRS-29
6. Byrd Amendment, P.L. 103-139, H.R. 3116
Sec. 8151. (B) United States combat forces in a security role and as an interim force
protection supplement to United Nations units: Provided, That funds appropriated,
or otherwise made available, in this or any other Act to the Department of Defense
may be obligated for expenses incurred only through March 31, 1994, for the
operations of United States Armed Forces in Somalia: Provided further, That such
date may be extended if so requested by the President and authorized by the
Congress: Provided further, That funds may be obligated beyond March 31, 1994 to
support a limited number of United States military personnel sufficient only to
protect American diplomatic facilities and American citizens, and noncombat
personnel to advise the United Nations commander in Somalia: Provided further,
That United States combat forces in Somalia shall be under the command and control
of United States commanders under the ultimate direction of the President of the
United States: Provided further, That the President should intensify efforts to have
United Nations member countries immediately deploy additional troops to Somalia
to fulfill previous force commitments made to the United Nations and to deploy
additional forces to assume the security missions of United States Armed Forces....
7. Cooper-Church Amendment, H.R. 15628, Senate Foreign Relations
Committee Amdt. No. 3, H.R. 15628
In concert with the declared objectives of the President of the United States to avoid
the involvement of the United States in Cambodia after July 1, 1970, and to expedite
the withdrawal of American forces from Cambodia, it is hereby provided that unless
specifically authorized by law hereafter enacted, no funds authorized or appropriated
pursuant to this act or any other law may be expended after July 1, 1970 for the
purpose of:
(1) retaining United States forces in Cambodia;
(2) paying the compensation or allowances of, or otherwise supporting, directly or
indirectly, any United States personnel in Cambodia who furnish military instruction
to Cambodian forces or engage in any combat activity in support of Cambodian
forces;
(3) entering into or carrying out any contract or agreement to provide military
instruction in Cambodia or to provide persons to engage in any combat activity in
support of Cambodian forces; or
(4) conducting any combat activity in direct support of Cambodian forces; nothing
contained in this section shall be deemed to impugn the constitutional power of the
President as Commander in Chief, including the exercise of that constitutional power
which may be necessary to protect the lives of U.S. armed forces wherever deployed;
nothing contained in this section shall be deemed to impugn the constitutional
powers of the Congress including the power to declare war and to make rules for the
government and regulation of the armed forces of the United States.
8. McGovern-Hatfield Amendment, H.R. 17123
(a) In accordance with public statements of policy by the President, no funds
authorized by this or any other act may be obligated or expended to maintain a troop
level of more than 280,000 armed forces of the United States in Vietnam after April
30, 1971.
(b) After April 30, 1971, funds herein authorized or hereafter appropriated may be
expended in connection with activities of American Armed Forces in and over
Indochina only to accomplish the following objectives:

---

CRS-30
(1) the orderly termination of military operations there and the safe and
systematic withdrawal of remaining armed forces by December 31, 1971;
(2) to secure the release of prisoners of war;
(3) the provision of asylum for Vietnamese who might be physically endangered
by withdrawal of American forces; and
(4) to provide assistance to the Republic of Vietnam consistent with the
foregoing objectives; provided however, that if the President while giving effect to
the foregoing paragraphs of this section, finds in meeting the termination date that
members of the American armed forces are exposed to unanticipated clear and
present danger, he may suspend the application of paragraph 2(a) for a period not to
exceed 60 days and shall inform the Congress forthwith of his findings; and within
10 days following application of the suspension the President may submit
recommendations, including (if necessary) a new date applicable to subsection b(1)
for Congressional approval.
9. McGovern-Hatfield Amendment, H.R. 6531
Sec.302. (a) Subject to the provisions of subsection (c) of this section, no funds
authorized or appropriated under this or any other law may be expended after
December 31, 1971, to support the deployment of United States Armed Forces in or
the conduct of United States military operations in or over Indochina.

(b) Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the authority of the
President to:
(1) provide for the safety of American armed forces during the withdrawal from
Indochina,
(2) arrange asylum or other means of protection for South Vietnamese, Cambodians,
and Laotians who might be physically endangered by the withdrawal of American
armed forces, or
(3) to provide assistance to the nations of Indochina, in amounts approved by the
Congress, consistent with the objectives of this section.
(c) If, after sixty days after the date of enactment of this Act, North Vietnam and
other adversary forces in Indochina holding American prisoners of war have not
made arrangements for the release and repatriation, by December 31, 1971, of all
such prisoners:
(1) the date in subsection (a) shall be extended for sixty days, and
(2) the Congress may by joint resolution authorize such further action as is
recommended by the President to secure the release and repatriation of American
prisoners of war.
10. Chiles Amendment, H.R. 6531
Sec. 302. (a) Subject to the provisions of subsection (c) of this section, no funds
authorized or appropriated under this or any other law may be expended after June
1, 1972, to support the deployment or maintenance of United States Armed Forces
in or the conduct of United States military operations in or over Indochina.
(b) Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the authority of the
President to:
(1) provide for the safety of American Armed Forces during their withdrawal from
Indochina,
(2) arrange asylum or other means of protection for South Vietnamese, Cambodians,
and Laotians who might be physically endangered by the withdrawal of American
Armed Forces, or

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(3) to provide assistance to the nations of Indochina, in amounts approved by the
Congress, consistent with the objectives of this section.
(c) This section shall have no force or effect if North Vietnam and other
adversary forces in Indochina holding American prisoners of war or Americans
designated as missing in action but held as prisoners of war have not completed the
release and repatriation of all such prisoners and missing in action by a date 60 days
prior to the date in subsection (a).
11. Cook Amendment, H.R. 6531
Sec.302. (a) (1) It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to terminate
all involvement of the United States Armed Forces in Indochina as soon as
practicable, and to withdraw, within a period not to exceed nine months, all United
States military forces and equipment from South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
(2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, no funds authorized or
appropriated under this or any other law may be expended after nine months from the
date of enactment of this section to support the deployment of United States Armed
Forces in, or the conduct of United States military operations in or over, South
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, or North Vietnam.
(b) If, after the expiration of sixty days following the date of enactment of this
section, the President has been unable to obtain a firm commitment from the North
Vietnamese Government for the release of all United States personnel held captive
by that Government and by forces allied with that Government, he shall promptly
report such fact to the Congress in writing, and on and after the fifteenth day
following the date on which such report is received by the Congress the provisions
of subsection (a) of this section shall have no further force and effect unless the
Congress provides for an extension of such provisions as hereinafter provided.
Within fifteen days after receiving a report from the President under this subsection,
the Congress may determine under the following procedures whether the provisions
of subsection (a) of this section shall be continued in effect notwithstanding the
President’s report:
(1) any bill or resolution providing that subsection (a) of this section shall continue
in effect notwithstanding the report of the President, shall, if sponsored or
cosponsored by one-third of the Members of the House of Congress in which it
originates, be considered reported to the floor of such House no later than one day
following its introduction, unless the members of such House otherwise determine
by yeas and nays; and any such bill or resolution referred to a committee after having
passed one House of Congress shall be considered reported from such committee
within three days after it is referred to such committee, unless the Members of the
House referring it to committee shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays; and
(2) any bill or resolution reported pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection shall
immediately become the pending business of the House to which it is reported, and
shall be voted upon within three days after such report, unless such House shall
otherwise determine by yeas and nays.
(c) Nothing of this section shall be construed to affect the authority of the
President to:
(1) provide for the safety of the Armed Forces of the United States during their
withdrawal from South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia,
(2) arrange asylum or other means of protection for South Vietnamese, Cambodians,
and Laotians who might be physically endangered by the withdrawal of Armed
Forces of the United States, or

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(3) provide assistance as specified by the Congress to the nations of Indochina, in
amounts approved by the Congress, consistent with the objectives of this section.
12. Nedzi-Whalen Amendment, H.R. 8687
Sec. 502 (a) No funds authorized to be appropriated pursuant to this Act may be
expended after December 31, 1971, to support the deployment of U.S. military
personnel or the conduct of any U.S. military operations in or over South Vietnam,
North Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos.
(b) If the President determines that the above limitations will not permit the safe
and orderly withdrawal of all U.S. military personnel from Vietnam, or ensure the
return of prisoners of war, he shall recommend to the Congress legislation setting
another date within the fiscal year which will permit the accomplishment of these
objectives.
(c) This section shall not be construed to affect the constitutional power of the
President as Commander-in-Chief.
(d) This section shall not be construed to affect the power of the President to
provide for (1) asylum or other means to provide for the safety of citizens of the
Republic of Vietnam who may be endangered by withdrawal of U.S. forces , and (2)
military and economic assistance to Cambodia, Laos, or the Republic of Vietnam
consistent with the objectives of this section.
(e) This section shall not be construed to limit the use of funds for purposes
which may be necessary to ensure the return of prisoners of war.
(f) This section shall not be construed to prohibit the assignment of customary
military personnel to diplomatic missions.
13. Gravel Amendment, H.R. 8687
Title VI — Cessation of Bombing in Indochina
Sec. 601. (a) No funds authorized or appropriated under this or any other law may be
expended after the date of enactment of this Act to bomb, rocket, napalm, or
otherwise attack by air, any target whatsoever within the Kingdom of Cambodia, the
Kingdom of Thailand, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and the Kingdom of
Laos.

(b). No funds authorized or appropriated under this or any other law may be
expended after the date of enactment of this Act to bomb, rocket, napalm, or
otherwise attack by air, any target whatsoever within the Republic of Vietnam unless
the President determines any such air operation to be necessary to provide for the
safety of the United States Armed Forces during the withdrawal from Indochina.
14. Cooper-Church Amendment, H.R. 9910
Withdrawal of United States Forces From Indochina
Sec. 406. (a) The Congress hereby finds that the repeal of the joint resolution entitled
“Joint Resolution to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in
Southeast Asia”, approved August 10, 1964 (Public Law 88-408), known as the Gulf
of Tonkin Resolution, has left the Government of the United States without
congressional authority for continued participation in the war in Indochina.
Therefore, in order to bring an end to the involvement of the armed forces of the
United States in the hostilities in Indochina, to secure the safe return of the United
States’ prisoners of war held by North Vietnam and its allies, and to help bring about
a political settlement of the war in Indochina, it is the sense of the Congress that it
should be the policy of the United States to provide for the expeditious withdrawal
from Indochina of all United States armed forces.

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(b) On and after the date of enactment of this Act, in order to carry out the policy
of withdrawal of all United States armed forces from Indochina, funds authorized for
use by such forces by this or any other Act may be used only for the purpose of
withdrawal of all such forces from Indochina and may not be used for the purpose of
engaging such forces in hostilities in North or South Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos,
except for actions necessary to protect those forces against imminent danger as they
are withdrawn.
15. Cranston Amendment, H.R. 15495
(a) Notwithstanding any provision of this or any other Act, all United States
military forces, including combat and support forces, stationed in South Vietnam,
shall be withdrawn in a safe and orderly manner from South Vietnam no later than
October 1, 1972. No funds shall be authorized, appropriated, or used for the purpose
of maintaining any United States military forces, including combat and support forces
in South Vietnam after October 1, 1972.

(b) The involvement of United States military forces, land, sea, or air for the
purpose of maintaining, supporting, or engaging in hostilities in or over Indochina
shall terminate after an agreement for (1) a verified cease-fire between United States
Forces and the National Liberation Front and those allied with the National
Liberation Front, and
(2) the release of all United States prisoners of war held by the Government of North
Vietnam and forces allied with such Government, and
(3) an accounting for all Americans missing in action who have been held by or
known to such Government of such forces. An accounting for such American
personnel referred to above shall be subject to verification by the International Red
Cross or any other international body mutually agreed to by the President of the
United States and the Government of North Vietnam.
16. Brooke Amendment, H.R. 15495
Sec. 13. (a) Funds authorized or appropriated by this or any other Act for United
States forces with respect to military actions in Indochina may be used only for the
purposes of withdrawing all United States ground, naval, and air forces from
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia and protecting such forces as they are withdrawn. The
withdrawal of all United States forces from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia shall be
carried out within four months after the date of enactment of this act: Provided,
That there is a release within the four month period of all American prisoners of war
held by the Government of North Vietnam and all forces allied with such
Government.
17. Supplemental Appropriations, H.R. 7447
Title III, Sec. 304. No funds appropriated in this Act shall be expended to aid or
assist in the reconstruction of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).
Sec. 305. None of the funds herein appropriated under this Act or heretofore
appropriated under any other Act may be expended to support directly or indirectly
combat activities in, over or from off the shores of Cambodia or in or over Laos by
United States forces.

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18. Addabbo Amendment, H.R. 7447
On Page 6, strike out lines 9 through 12.
[Affected language, from H.Rept. 93-449: ‘General Provisions: Section 735 of the
Department of Defense Appropriation Act, 1973, is amended by deleting
“750,000,000" and inserting “1,180,000,000" in lieu thereof.”’]
19. Case-Church Amendment, H.R. 7645
Notwithstanding any other provision of law upon enactment of this act, no funds
heretofore or hereafter appropriated may be obligated or expended to finance the
involvement of United States military forces in hostilities in or over or from off the
shores of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos or Cambodia unless specifically
authorized hereafter by the Congress. Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
upon enactment of this act, no funds heretofore or hereafter appropriated may be
obligated or expended for the purpose of providing assistance of any kind, directly
or indirectly, to or on behalf of North Vietnam unless specifically authorized
hereafter by the Congress.
20. Military Operations in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Limitation Act
of 1999, H.R. 1569
Sec.2. Prohibition on use of Department of Defense Funds for deployment of United
States Ground Forces to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia without specific
authorization by law.
(a) In General. — None of the funds appropriated or otherwise available to the
Department of Defense may be obligated or expended for the deployment of ground
elements of the United States Armed Forces in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
unless such deployment is specifically authorized by a law enacted after the
enactment of this Act.
(b) Rule of Construction. — The prohibition in subsection (a) shall not apply with
respect to the initiation of missions specifically limited to rescuing United States
military personnel or United States citizens in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or
rescuing military personnel of another member nation of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a result of operations as a
member of an air crew.
21. Istook Amendment, H.R. 1664
Sec. 503. None of the funds appropriated by this Act shall be available for the
implementation of any plan to invade the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with
ground forces of the United States, except in time of war.
Non-Funding Restrictions on Military Operations
22. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Repeal, P.L. 91-672, H.R. 15628
Sec. 12. The joint resolution entitled “Joint resolution to promote the maintenance
of international peace and security in Southeast Asia”, approved August 10, 1964 (78
Stat. 384; Public Law 88-408), is terminated effective upon the day that the second
session of the Ninety-first Congress is last adjourned.

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23. Mansfield Amendment, P.L. 92-129, H.R. 6531
Title IV — Termination of Hostilities in Indochina
Sec. 401. It is hereby declared to be the sense of Congress that the United States
terminate at the earliest practicable date all military operations of the United States
in Indochina, and provide for the prompt and orderly withdrawal of all United States
military forces at a date certain subject to the release of all American prisoners of war
held by the Government of North Vietnam and forces allied with such Government,
and an accounting for all Americans missing in action who have been held by or
known to such Government or such forces. The Congress hereby urges and requests
the President to implement the above expressed policy by initiating immediately the
following actions:
(1) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for an immediate cease-fire
by all parties to the hostilities in Indochina.
(2) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for the establishing of a final
date for the withdrawal from Indochina of all military forces of the United States
contingent upon the release at a date certain of all American prisoners of war held by
the Government of North Vietnam and forces allied with such Government.
(3) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for an agreement which
would provide for a series of phased and rapid withdrawals of United States military
forces from Indochina subject to a corresponding series of phased releases of
American prisoners of war, and for the release of any remaining American prisoners
of war concurrently with the withdrawal of all remaining military forces of the United
States by not later than the date established pursuant to paragraph (2) hereof.
24. Mansfield Amendment, H.R. 6531 (as introduced)
Title V — Termination of Hostilities in Indochina
Sec. 302. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to terminate at
the earliest practicable date all military operations of the United States in Indochina,
and to provide for the prompt and orderly withdrawal of all United States military
forces not later than nine months after the date of enactment of this section subject
to the release of all American prisoners of war held by the Government of North
Vietnam and forces allied with such Government. The Congress hereby urges and
requests the President to implement the above expressed policy by initiating
immediately the following actions:
(1) Establishing a final date for the withdrawal from Indochina of all military forces
of the United States contingent upon the release of all American prisoners of war
held by the Government of North Vietnam and forces allied with such Government,
such date to be not later than nine months after the date of enactment of this Act.
(2) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for an immediate cease-fire
by all parties to the hostilities in Indochina.
(3) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for an agreement which would
provide for a series of phased and rapid withdrawals of United States military forces
from Indochina in exchange for a corresponding series of phased releases of
American prisoners of war, and for the release of any remaining American prisoners
of war concurrently with the withdrawal of all remaining military forces of the United
States by not later than the date established by the President pursuant to paragraph
(1) hereof or by such earlier date as may be agreed upon by the negotiating parties.

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25. Mansfield Amendment, P.L. 92-156, H.R. 8687
Title VI — Termination of Hostilities in Indochina
Sec. 601. (a) It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to terminate
at the earliest practicable date all military operations of the United States in
Indochina, and to provide for the prompt and orderly withdrawal of all United States
military forces at a date certain, subject to the release of all American prisoners of
war held by the Government of North Vietnam and forces allied with such
Government and an accounting for all Americans missing in action who have been
held by or known to such Government or such forces. The Congress hereby urges
and requests the President to implement the above expressed policy by initiating
immediately the following actions:
(1) Establishing a final date for the withdrawal from Indochina of all military forces
of the United States contingent upon the release of all American prisoners of war
held by the Government of North Vietnam and forces allied with such Government
and an accounting for all Americans missing in action who have been held by or
known to such Government or such forces.
(2) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for an immediate cease-fire
by all parties to the hostilities in Indochina.
(3) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for an agreement which
would provide for a series of phased and rapid withdrawals of United States military
forces from Indochina in exchange for a corresponding series of phased releases of
American prisoners of war, and for the release of any remaining American prisoners
of war concurrently with the withdrawal of all remaining military forces of the United
States by not later than the date established by the President pursuant to paragraph
(1) hereof or by such earlier date as may be agreed upon by the negotiating parties.
26. Mansfield Amendment, H.R. 8687 (as introduced)
Title VI — Termination of Hostilities in Indochina
Sec. 601. (a) It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to terminate
at the earliest practicable date all military operations of the United States in
Indochina, and to provide for the prompt and orderly withdrawal of all United States
military forces not later than six months after the date of enactment of this section
subject to the release of all American prisoners of war held by the Government of
North Vietnam and forces allied with such Government. The Congress hereby urges
and requests the President to implement the above expressed policy by initiating
immediately the following actions:
(1) Establishing a final date for the withdrawal from Indochina of all military forces
of the United States contingent upon the release of all American prisoners of war
held by the Government of North Vietnam and forces allied with such Government,
such date to be not later than six months after the date of enactment of this Act.
(2) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for an immediate cease-fire
by all parties to the hostilities in Indochina.
(3) Negotiate with the Government of North Vietnam for an agreement which would
provide for a series of phased and rapid withdrawals of United States military forces
from Indochina in exchange for a corresponding series of phased releases of
American prisoners of war, and for the release of any remaining American prisoners
of war concurrently with the withdrawal of all remaining military forces of the United
States by not later than the date established by the President pursuant to paragraph
(1) hereof or by such earlier date as may be agreed upon by the negotiating parties.

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27. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994, P.L. 103-160, H.R.
2401
Sec. 1512. Involvement of Armed Forces in Somalia.
(a) Sense of Congress Regarding United States Policy Towards Somalia. —
(1) Since United States Armed Forces made significant contributions under
Operation Restore Hope towards the establishment of a secure environment for
humanitarian relief operations and restoration of peace in the region to end the
humanitarian disaster that had claimed more than 300,000 lives.
(2) Since the mission of United States forces in support of the United Nations
appears to be evolving from the establishment of “a secure environment for
humanitarian relief operations,” as set out in United Nations Security Council
Resolution 794 of December 3, 1992, to one of internal security and nation building.
(b) Statement of Congressional Policy. —
(1) Consultation with the Congress. — The President should consult closely with the
Congress regarding United States policy with respect to Somalia, including in
particular the deployment of United States Armed Forces in that country, whether
under United Nations or United States command.
(2) Planning. — The United States shall facilitate the assumption of the functions of
United States forces by the United Nations.
(3) Reporting Requirement. —
(A) The President shall ensure that the goals and objectives supporting deployment
of United States forces to Somalia and a description of the mission, command
arrangements, size, functions, location, and anticipated duration in Somalia of those
forces are clearly articulated and provided in a detailed report to the Congress by
October 15, 1993.
(B) Such report shall include the status of planning to transfer the function contained
in paragraph (2).
(4) Congressional Approval. — Upon reporting under the requirements of paragraph
(3) Congress believes the President should by November 15, 1993, seek and receive
congressional authorization in order for the deployment of United States forces to
Somalia to continue.
28. Hamilton Amendment, H.R. 16029
Sec. 13. Notwithstanding any provision of this or any other Act, the involvement of
United States land, sea, and air forces, for the purpose of maintaining, supporting, or
engaging in hostilities in or over Indochina shall terminate and such forces shall be
withdrawn not later than October 1, 1972, subject to a cease-fire between the United
States and North Vietnam and those allied with North Vietnam to the extent
necessary to achieve safe withdrawal of such remaining forces, and subject to the
release of all American prisoners of war held by the Government of North Vietnam
and forces allied with such Government and an accounting for all Americans missing
in action who have been held by or known to such Government or such forces. The
accounting for the American prisoners of war and missing in action referred to above
shall be subject to verification by the International Red Cross or by any other
international body mutually agreed to by the President of the United States and the
Government of North Vietnam.

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29. Gilman Amendment, H.Con.Res. 170
Sec. 1. Finding that the United States Armed Forces in Somalia are engaged in
hostilities.
For purposes of sections 5(c) and 7 of the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1544(c)
and 1546), the Congress finds that the United States Armed Forces in Somalia are
engaged in hostilities without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization.
Sec. 2. Removal of Armed Forces from Somalia.
Pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1544(c)), the
Congress hereby directs the President to remove the United States Armed Forces
from Somalia by January 31, 1994.

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