Order Code 98-909
Updated October 20, 2006
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
The Javits Gifted and Talented Students
Education Program: Background and Funding
Susan Boren
Specialist in Social Legislation
Domestic Social Policy Division
Summary
The major federal source of support for education of gifted students is the program
authorized under the Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act of
2001. The Javits Act provides grants to state educational agencies (SEAs) and local
educational agencies (LEAs), institutions of higher education, and other public and
private agencies for model projects, scientifically based research, demonstration and
training activities designed to meet the special needs of gifted and talented students. The
ESEA reauthorization, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-110),
maintained the Javits Act as a separate program. Although the federal funding level is
not large, model projects developed by the Javits program have been used throughout
the United States. In terms of the funding level, the FY2005 appropriation continued
funding for the Javits Gifted program ($11.0 million), slightly less than the FY2004
appropriation ($11.1 million).. As in FY2005, the FY2006 budget requested no funding
for the Javits Gifted program, stating that the grants are not structured to easily assess
program effectiveness. The House-passed Labor, Health and Human Services, and
Education, and Related Agencies (L-HHS-ED) appropriations bill for FY2006 (H.R.
3010) provided no funding for the Javits Gifted program; however, the FY2006 Senate-
passed bill would have restored $11.0 million. The final FY2006 appropriation for the
Gifted program was $9.6 million. The Bush Administration’s FY2007 budget proposed
eliminating funding for the Javits Gifted program. The FY2007 House-reported L-HHS-
ED appropriations bill (H.R. 5647 — H.Rept. 109-515) does not include funding for the
Gifted program, whereas the Senate-reported appropriations bill (S. 3708 — S.Rept.
109-287) would provide $5.025 million. A Continuing Resolution (CR) (P.L. 109-289)
has provided temporary appropriations for FY2007, through November 17, 2006.
Legislative History in Brief
The current federal program for educating gifted and talented students was
established by the Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act of 1988,
as part of the Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement
Amendments of 1988, P.L. 100-297. A federal effort for the gifted existed prior to that
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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time under various titles of ESEA. However, it was the Javits Act, ESEA Title IV-B, that
restored separate categorical support, thereby increasing visibility and federal support for
education of the gifted. The Javits program was reauthorized by the Improving
America’s Schools Act of 1994, P.L. 103-382, and became Title X-B of ESEA.1 On
January 8, 2002, the Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act of 2001
was enacted as part of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, under Title V, Part D,
Subpart 6 (Innovative Programs: Fund for the Improvement of Education/Gifted and
Talented Students), and was extended through FY2007. Although ESEA authorizations
are under an automatic extension, legislation to amend and extend ESEA/NCLBA will
be considered in the next session of Congress.
The Javits Gifted Program
The Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act requires, as its
purpose, the provision of “a coordinated program of scientifically based research,
demonstration projects, innovative strategies, and similar activities designed to build and
enhance the ability of elementary schools and secondary schools nationwide to meet the
special educational needs of gifted and talented students” (excerpt from the Jacob K.
Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act of 2001).
Grants are provided to SEAs, LEAs, institutions of higher education, and other
public and private agencies to encourage the development of challenging curricula for all
students through the appropriate application and adaptation of “materials” and
instructional “methods” originally developed for the gifted.
According to the statute, Javits grants are provided for the following uses:
! scientifically based research on methods for identifying and teaching
gifted children;
! professional development, including fellowships for personnel involved
in educating gifted students;
! model projects and exemplary programs, including innovative methods
for identifying and educating gifted students (the act stipulates that the
Secretary of Education should give priority to projects for gifted students
not identified and served through traditional methods, including
economically disadvantaged, limited-English proficient (LEP) students,
and individuals with disabilities; the statute requires that at least half of
the applications funded contain a component designed to serve “special
needs” children who are also gifted);
! innovative strategies, including summer programs, cooperative programs
with business and industry, mentoring and peer tutoring, and service
learning programs;
1 The focus of this report is the federal program. However, most states also provide some support
for education of K-12 gifted and talented students. The National Center for Education Statistics
(NCES) indicates that 31 states plus Guam have state-mandated elementary and secondary
education programs for gifted and talented students. Digest of Education Statistics, 2002, Table
54. (This appears to be the most recent Digest that includes this information.)

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! making materials available through state regional educational service
centers, and/or institutions of higher education;
! providing high-level course work through technologies, including
distance learning for LEAs and groups that would not otherwise have the
resources; and
! technical assistance, information dissemination, and evaluation.
The statute stipulates that not more than 30% of the funds for the Javits Gifted and
Talented Education program be set aside for a grant to operate the National Center for
Research and Development in the Education of Gifted and Talented Children and Youth.
This Center was established in 1990 and is currently operated by a consortium led by the
University of Connecticut at Storrs. At the present time other members of the core
research consortium include the University of Virginia and Yale University. These
institutions engage in applied research involving collaborative efforts with school
districts. The Center publishes a periodical that highlights the most recent research
available on gifted programs. For FY2005, the Research Center received approximately
$2.0 million, and for FY2006 the Center received an estimated $1.74 million.
Federal Funding for the Javits Program
The FY2003, FY2004, FY2005 and FY2006, and now FY2007 Administration’s
budget requests have not included funds for the Javits Gifted and Talented program. The
current Bush Administration prefers that school districts use funds for the gifted that are
provided through other broad noncategorical “priority” programs such as state grants for
innovative programs. However, the FY2004 L-HHS-ED Appropriations provided
$11.111 million, and the FY2005 final appropriation (P.L. 108-447) provided a similar
amount ($11.022 million.) The FY2006 appropriation provided $9.56 million for the
Javits Gifted program. The FY2007 budget would have eliminated the Javits program.
FY2007 ED budget summaries state that the grants are not structured to assess program
effectiveness or to identify successful intervention strategies that could have broad
national impact, and that only research programs that can be held accountable to rigorous
standards warrant further investment. The FY2007 House-reported Labor-HHS-ED
appropriations bill (H.R. 5647 — H.Rept. 109-515) does not include funding for the
Gifted program; whereas the FY2007 Senate-reported L-HHS-ED appropriations bill (S.
3708 — S.Rept. 109-287) would allow $5.025 million. A Continuing Resolution for
FY2007, P.L. 109-289, has provided temporary appropriations for FY2007, through
November 17, 2006. Table 1, below, shows funding for the Javits program.

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Table 1. Javits Gifted and Talented Education Program
Appropriations, FY1989-FY2007
Fiscal Year
Appropriation
1989
$7,904,000
1990
9,888,000
1991
9,732,000
1992
9,732,000
1993
9,607,000
1994
9,607,000
1995
4,921,000
1996
3,000,000
1997
5,000,000
1998
6,500,000
1999
6,500,000
2000
$6,500,000
2001
7,500,000
2002
11,250,000
2003
11,177,000
2004
11,111,000
2005 appropriation
11,022,000
2006 budget request
0
2006 House-passed
0
2006 Senate-passed
11,022,000
2006 appropriation
9,596,000
2007 budget request
0
2007 House-reported
0
2007 Senate-reported
5,025,000
Program Data
According to the Digest of Education Statistics, 2005, there were 2.9 million gifted
students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools in 2000.2 This is the most
recent data available. Program data indicate that the Javits Gifted program has funded
more than 125 grants since 1989 that supported model programs for educating gifted
students and aided more than 2 million gifted students. In FY2006, funding provided for
14 continuation SEA/LEA capacity-building grants ($3,284,000) and 11 research and
2 National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 2005. Table 53.

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demonstration grants ($4,571,000); $1.74 million was provided to the National Research
Center.3
The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented conducted an evaluation
of the Javits Gifted program published in 2001. According to the Center’s evaluation,
91% of the teachers reported increased “independence on the part of students.” Eighty-
five percent of the respondents agreed that the Center’s work improved understanding of
gifted and talented education, and 86% of respondents thought that the Center’s
information was useful.
Another evaluation of the Javits program emphasized the positive impact of “gifted”
education programs on parents and teachers, as well as improving self-perception and
achievement test scores of gifted students in the program.4
Legislative Activity
ESEA Reauthorization (107th Congress)
The No Child Left Behind Act was enacted on January 8, 2002 as P.L. 107-110.
It incorporated an authorization for the Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act
of 2001. Although a separate program, the Javits program (Subpart 6, of Title V-D)
shared an authorization of appropriations with other programs under Title V-Part D,
Innovative Programs: Fund for the Improvement of Education (FIE). The No Child Left
Behind Act added “scientifically based research” as a priority use of funds under the
Gifted program. The current National Center for Research and Development in the
Education of Gifted and Talented Children and Youth was retained. The grant to the
National Research Center cannot constitute more than 30% of the total Javits program
funding. A special rule was also added, such that if an appropriation exceeds the FY2001
level (i.e., $7.5 million), then the Secretary of Education shall use the excess funding for
competitive awards to SEAs and/or LEAs as long as the uses of the funds are
nonduplicative. According to the ED’s Budget Justifications for FY2005, $1.5 million
was used for SEA/LEA capacity-building grants.
Other Legislative Proposals
108th Congress:
H.R. 1191 (Gallegly)/S. 501 (Grassley) Gifted and Talented Students Education Act
of 2003 (introduced March 2003). Would have established a competitive state grant
program for education of gifted and talented students, expanding on current law, and
outlining uses for state grants. Proposed a trigger appropriation amount of $7.5 million
3 For more detailed descriptions of grants, see U.S. Department of Education, FY2005 Project
Abstracts: Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Program (2005); and U.S. Department
of Education, FY2007 Justifications of Appropriations Estimates to Congress (2006).
4 Carolyn Callahan, What Have We Accomplished with the Javits Gifted and Talented Students
Education Act? Innovative Programs, Draft, U.S. Department of Education (not dated).

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and/or less than $57.5 million, whereby the excess could be used for state grants. When
an appropriation reached or exceeded $57.5 million, states would have been allotted
funds to award grants directly to local educational agencies for expanding gifted
programs and providing direct educational services and materials. Authorized
appropriations of $170 million for FY2004-FY2010. (No further action.)
109th Congress:
S. 493 (Grassley) (introduced March 2, 2005)/H.R. 1156 (Gillmor) (Gifted and
Talented Education Enhancement Act of 2005 — introduced March 8, 2005.) A bill to
amend Title II of the Higher Education Act of 1965 to increase teacher familiarity with
the educational needs of gifted and talented students. The bill would incorporate the
learning needs of gifted and talented students, and expand new teacher mentoring to help
them possess the knowledge of identifying learning differences of gifted students and
accommodating such differences in the classroom. (No further action.)
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