Order Code RL33561
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation: A Side-By-Side
Comparison of Current Legislation
July 20, 2006
Sharon Squassoni
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Jill Marie Parillo
Research Associate
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation: A Side-By-Side
Comparison of Current Legislation
Summary
In mid-March 2006, the Bush Administration proposed legislation to create an
exception for India from certain provisions of the Atomic Energy Act to pave the way
for a future nuclear cooperation agreement. After hearings in April and May, the
House International Relations Committee and the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee considered bills in late June 2006 to provide an exception for India to
certain provisions of the Atomic Energy Act related to a peaceful nuclear cooperation
agreement. This report provides a thematic side-by-side comparison of the provisions
of the two bills, H.R. 5682 and S. 3709, with the Administration’s proposed
legislation, H.R. 4974/S. 2429.
The report concludes with a list of CRS resources that provide further
discussion and more detailed analysis of the issues addressed by the legislation
presented in the table. This reported will be updated as necessary.

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Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
H.R. 5682 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
S. 3709 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
List of Tables
Table 1: Comparison of Current Legislation on Waivers for U.S.-India
Nuclear Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

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U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation: A Side-By-
Side Comparison of Current Legislation
Overview
In July 2005, President Bush announced his intention to conclude a peaceful
nuclear cooperation agreement with India. India, which is not a party to the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), is considered under U.S. law to be a non-nuclear
weapon state, yet has tested nuclear weapons and has an ongoing nuclear weapons
program. For these reasons, U.S. nuclear cooperation under the Atomic Energy Act
(AEA) would require certain waivers and determinations from the President before
nuclear cooperation with a state such as India could proceed.
The Administration proposed legislation (introduced as H.R. 4974/ S. 2429) in
March 2006 that, in addition to providing waivers of relevant provisions of the AEA
(Sections 123 a. (2), 128, and 129), would have allowed a nuclear cooperation
agreement with India to enter into force without a vote from Congress, as though it
conformed to AEA requirements. In late June, the House International Relations
Committee and Senate Foreign Relations Committee reported their versions of
legislation (H.R. 5682 and S. 3709), both of which provide the requisite waivers,
retain the requirement for a joint resolution of Congress for such an agreement to
enter into force and contain some restrictions.

H.R. 5682
The House International Relations Committee met on June 27, 2006 to consider
H.R. 5682, “United States and India Nuclear Cooperation Promotion Act of 2006,”
introduced on June 26 by Representative Hyde.1 The Committee voted to adopt 6 of
12 amendments (one was withdrawn):
! Representative Royce offered an amendment to ensure that nothing
in the Act shall be interpreted as permitting any civil nuclear
cooperation with India that would in any way assist, encourage, or
induce India to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons
(Section 4 (d) (1));
! Representative Sherman offered an amendment to strengthen one of
the determinations the President must make to implement the
1 The National Journal and Congressional Quarterly wrote reports of the HIRC mark-up,
available at [http://nationaljournal.com/members/markups/2006/06/mr_20060627_5.htm]
and [http://www.cq.com/display.do?dockey=/cqonline/prod/data/docs/html/committees/
109/committe e s 1 0 9 -2 0 0 6 0 6 2 7 0 0 2 2 8 0 5 5 . h t ml @ commi t t ees&met apub=CQ-
COMMITTEEMARKUPS&searchIndex=0&seqNum=1].

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CRS-2
waivers pertaining to the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG),
stipulating that the required NSG decision would not permit nuclear
commerce with any other non-nuclear weapon state that does not
have full-scope International Atomic Energy Act (IAEA) safeguards
(Section 4 (b) (7)).
! Representative Schiff offered an amendment with three components:
to add a provision to U.S. policy with respect to South Asia (Section
3 (b)(7)) encouraging India not to increase its production of fissile
material at military facilities pending a multilateral moratorium on
production of such material for nuclear weapons; to add a reporting
requirement for the Presidential submission to implement the
waivers (Section 4 (c) (2) (I)) on steps taken to ensure the U.S.
transfers will not be replicated by India or used in its military
facilities and that U.S. nuclear fuel supply does not facilitate military
production of high-enriched uranium or plutonium; and to add a
reporting requirement for an annual report on the same (Section 4 (o)
(2) (C)).
! Representative Crowley offered an amendment to add a requirement
(Section 4 (o)(3)) for an annual report on new Indian nuclear
facilities.
! Representative Berkley offered two amendments related to India’s
spent fuel disposal: an annual report describing the disposal of spent
nuclear fuel from India’s civil nuclear program (Section 4 (o) (4),
and a statement of policy that any spent civilian nuclear fuel in India
that might be stored in the United States is considered by Congress
under existing procedures of the Atomic Energy Act (Section 3 (b)
(7)).
An amendment by Ms. Berkley to prohibit any Indian spent fuel from being
stored in the United States was rejected by a vote of 15-19. The Committee also
voted down four other amendments, including two by Representative Berman
designed to place limits on U.S. cooperation until India halts production of fissile
material for nuclear weapons. The first Berman amendment, rejected by a vote of 13-
32, sought to condition the President’s use of waiver authority (by adding a new
determination by the President in Section 4 (b) of the bill) on India’s adherence to a
unilateral or multilateral moratorium or a multilateral treaty prohibiting the
production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. The second amendment, rejected
by a vote of 12-31, sought to restrict transfers of U.S. nuclear material under a
cooperation agreement until such time that India halted fissile material production
for weapons, either by adhering to a unilateral or multilateral moratorium, or a
multilateral treaty. The Committee also rejected by a vote of 10-32 an amendment
by Representative Sherman to condition the President’s use of waiver authority on
an additional determination, under Section 4 (b) of H.R. 5682, that India’s nuclear
weapons program was not using more domestic uranium than it had before July 2005.
The amendment would have attached an annual certification that required termination
of nuclear cooperation if the certification could not be made. Finally, the Committee
rejected, by a vote of 4-37, an amendment by Representative Lee that would have
required India to join the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) before the President
could exercise his waiver authority.

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CRS-3
S. 3709
On June 29, 2006, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee considered
legislation (See Senate Report 109-288) to create an exception for India from
relevant provisions of the Atomic Energy Act.2 The Committee voted to adopt 2 of
3 amendments:
! Senator Chafee offered an amendment making it U.S. policy to
ensure that exports of nuclear fuel to India did not encourage India
to increase its production of fissile material (Section 103 (9));
! Senator Obama offered an amendment to ensure that the United
States did not encourage other states to continue nuclear exports to
India, if the United States exports to India terminated under U.S. law
(Section 102 (6)).
The Committee rejected an amendment by Senator Feingold requiring an additional
presidential determination in Section 105 of the bill by a vote of 5-13. The Feingold
amendment would have conditioned the President’s use of waiver authority on a
determination that U.S. civil nuclear assistance to India would in no way assist,
encourage, or induce India to manufacture nuclear weapons or nuclear devices. The
amendment was identical in text to the Schiff amendment to H.R. 5682, but sought
instead to require a determination rather than a report.
2 Details on the mark-up are available at Congressional Quarterly,
[http://www.cq.com/display.do?dockey=/cqonline/prod/data/docs/html/committees/109/c
o m m i t t e e s 1 0 9 - 2 0 0 6 0 6 2 9 0 0 2 2 8 0 9 0 . h t m l @ c o m m i t t e e s & m e t a p u b = C Q -
COMMITTEEMARKUPS&searchIndex=0&seqNum=1] for report of the mark-up.

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CRS-4
Table 1: Comparison of Current Legislation on Waivers for U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Waiver authority Provides authority for
Section 1 (a):
Section 4 (a):
Section 104 (a):
President to waive
President may waive
Same as H.R. 4974.
Same as H.R. 4974.
Atomic Energy Act
sections of AEA (see

(AEA) requirements.
below) if he makes a
determination.
Section 123 a.
Full-scope safeguards.
Section 1 (a) (1):
Section 4 (a) (1):
Section 104 (a) (1):
(2) of Atomic
Waived AND the
Waived BUT entry into
Equivalent to H.R. 5682.
Energy Act
future cooperation
force requires Joint
See Section 104 (b).
(AEA)
agreement enters into Resolution of Approval as
force as though it met all other exempted
all Section 123 a.
agreements (See also
requirements (does
Section 4 (e)).
not require a Joint
Resolution of
Approval).
Section 128 of
Annual review by
Section 1 (a) (2):
Section 4 (a) (2):
Section 104 (a) (2):
AEA
Congress of export
Application of
Waiver ends if India
Section 128 waived
license for an agreement Section 128 waived
engages in any Section
without conditions.
exempted from full-
without conditions.
129 actions (see
scope safeguards
description below for
requirement.
Section 129), except for
its ongoing weapons
program [129 a. (1) (D)]
and future reprocessing
transfers to a non-nuclear
weapon state [129 a. (2)
(C)].

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CRS-5
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Section 129 of
a. Terminate U.S.
Section 1 (a) (3):
Section 4 (a) (3):
Section 104 (a) (3):
AEA
nuclear exports if
“Sanctions” under
Waiver of Section 129
Equivalent to H.R. 5682
President determines
Section 129 waived.
limited to: Indian nuclear
but worded differently. The
that a (1) non-nuclear
tests before 2005 [Section language specifies waiver
weapon state:
129 a. (1) (A)] and
for sanctions under Section
(A) Has tested a nuclear
ongoing nuclear weapons
129 a. (1) (D), but covers
device
activities [Section 129 a.
the 1998 Indian nuclear test
(B) terminates or
(1) (D)].
by waiving any Section
abrogates IAEA
129 sanctions regarding
safeguards
any actions that occurred
(C) materially violates
before July 18, 2005.
IAEA safeguards
(There has only been one
(D) Has ongoing nuclear
Presidential determination
weapons program
for India prior to 2005 that
OR if President
is relevant to Section 129
determines (2) any state
– for the Indian nuclear test

in 1998).
(A) materially violates a
cooperation agreement
(B) assists non-nuclear
weapon state in nw-
related activities
(C) Has agreement or
transfers reprocessing
material, technology, or
equipment to a non-
nuclear weapon state.

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CRS-6
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Determination
Establishes threshold for Section 1b:
Section 4 (b):
Section 105:
President to use waiver
President must make
Same requirements with
Same requirements with
authority.
1 determination that 7 minor changes that
minor changes that
actions have occurred strengthen measures.
strengthen measures.
(see below).
Specifies safeguards in
Specifies safeguards in
perpetuity.
perpetuity.
Separation plan
Identification of Indian
(1) India has provided Section 4 (b) (1):
Section 105 (1) and (2)
civilian nuclear facilities to US and IAEA a
Same language as H.R.
Same language as H.R.
to US and IAEA.
credible plan to
4974.
4974 but separates the
separate civil and
declaration provision into
military facilities,
Section 105 (2).
materials, and
programs, and has
filed a declaration
regarding its civil
facilities with the
IAEA.
Safeguards plan
India committed to
(2) Entry into force of Section 4 (b) (2):
Section 105 (3)
placing additional
safeguards agreement Specifies safeguards in
Specifies safeguards in
civilian nuclear facilities in accordance with
perpetuity in accordance
perpetuity in accordance
under IAEA safeguards
IAEA practices for
with IAEA standards,
with IAEA standards,
under the July 18, 2005, India’s civil nuclear
principles and practices.
principles and practices.
Joint Statement.
facilities as declared
Also mentions safeguards
Also mentions safeguards
in the plan.
on materials and
on materials and programs.
programs, including
materials used in or
produced through use of
civil nuclear facilities.

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CRS-7
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Additional
An agreement with
(3) Making
Section 4 (b) (3)
Section 105 (4)
Protocol
IAEA to enhance
satisfactory
Specifies “substantial
Specifies “substantial
inspections, access, and
progress toward
progress” consistent with
progress.”
declarations relevant to
implementation.
IAEA principles, practices
safeguards.
and policies.
FMCT
Future negotiations to
(4) Working with the
Section 4 (b) (4)
Section 105 (5)
(Fissile Material
end production of fissile United States for
Specifies working
Equivalent to H.R. 4974.
Production
material for nuclear
conclusion of a
“actively” for the “early”
Cutoff Treaty)
weapons.
multilateral FMCT.
conclusion.
Halting
July 18, 2005,
(5) Supporting
Section 4 (b) (5)
Section 105 (6)
enrichment/
commitment by India to
international efforts
Specifies “working with
Specifies preventing spread
reprocessing
support U.S. policy to
to prevent the spread
and supporting US and
“to any state that does not
transfers
restrict access to
of enrichment and
international efforts.”
already possess full-scale,
enrichment and
reprocessing
functioning enrichment and
reprocessing.
technology.
reprocessing plants.”
Export controls
July 18, 2005,
(6) Ensuring that
Section 4 (b) (6)
Section 105 (7)
commitment by India to
necessary steps
Specifies enactment and
Specifies effective
strengthen export
are taken to secure
enforcement of export
enforcement actions.
controls and adhere to
nuclear materials and control laws; specifies
international norms,
technology through
harmonization of laws,
including Missile
comprehensive
regulations, policies and
Technology Control
export control
practices with the policies
Regime (MTCR) and
legislation and
and practices of MTCR
Nuclear Suppliers Group regulations; and
and NSG.
(NSG) guidelines.
harmonization and
adherence to MTCR
and NSG guidelines.

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CRS-8
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Nuclear
NSG guidelines
(7) Supply to India is
Section 4 (b) (7)
Section 105 (8)
Suppliers Group
currently prohibit
consistent with US
Specifies NSG consensus
Specifies NSG consensus
(NSG)
nuclear transfers to
participation in NSG. decision that does not
decision that does not
India; a decision must be This assumes that the permit exception for
permit exception for
taken to allow
NSG will agree to an
another non-nuclear
another non-nuclear
cooperation. NSG
exception for exports weapon state.
weapon state.
operates by consensus.
to India.
Report on
Notify Congress that 7
Section 1 c.
Section 4 (c) (2):
Section 105:
Determination
actions have occurred to Report to HIRC,
Provides details about
Determination must be
allow waiver.
SFRC that 7 actions
what reports to HIRC,
made in writing to
have occurred,
SFRC should contain,
appropriate Committees.
including basis for
specifically on the 7
determination.
actions. Also, two other
Similar reports are required
reports are required for the in Section 108 (a) (1), but
determination: a
those reports are not tied to
description of the scope of the President’s
the 123 agreement with
determination.
the US and the steps taken
to ensure that U.S.
assistance will not aid
India’s nuclear weapons
program (Schiff
amendment).

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CRS-9
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Termination
Establish a threshold for Section 1d.
Section 4 (a) (3):
Section 104 (a) (3): All
halting U.S. exports to
All waiver authorities All termination provisions termination provisions of
India (now contained in
(for Section 123 a.
of Section 129 of the AEA Section 129 of the AEA
Section 129 of the AEA
(2), Section 128, and
(except 129 a.(1) (D))
(except 129 a.(1) (D))
and in the proposed
Section 129)
would be in effect (see
would be in effect (see
peaceful nuclear
terminate if India
description of sec.129
description of sec.129
cooperation agreement
tests a nuclear
waiver above).
waiver above).
itself, which is not yet
explosive device.
drafted).
ALSO
No equivalent provision to
Section 4 (d) (3):
H.R. 5682 but Section 108
Exports would terminate if (b) (3) (A) contains a
India makes a materially
reporting reqt if India does
significant transfer of
not comply with NSG
items in violation of NSG
guidelines and Section 108
guidelines, or of items in
(b) (4) (A) requires an
violation of MTCR
annual certification that
guidelines.
India is in full compliance
with all July 18, 2005
commitments.

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CRS-10
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Sense of
To describe Congress’s
None
Section 2
Section 102
Congress
policy objectives with
Notes importance of
Notes that engaging India
respect to nuclear
nonproliferation and NPT
is in the national security
cooperation with India.
and focuses on how the
interest of the United
United States could
States, but need to
strengthen its
minimize proliferation risk.
nonproliferation policy by United States should not
engaging NPT outliers
facilitate trade by other
like India. Sets up criteria
nations if U.S. exports
(nonproliferation record,
terminated.
democratic government,
support for U.S.
nonproliferation aims) for
engagement and notes
India meets criteria.

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CRS-11
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Statements of
To describe U.S. policy
None
Section 3 (a) General
Section 103
Policy (I)
objectives, with respect
(1) Oppose nuclear
Section 103 (8): maintain
to nonproliferation.
weapons development.
support for NPT.
(2) Support peaceful uses
No equivalent
of nuclear energy, but
only with full NPT
compliance.
(3) Strengthen NSG
Similar to Section 103 (6)
implementation, including on support for NSG.
cutoff of exports for
violations.

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CRS-12
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Statements of
To describe U.S. policy
None
Section 3 (b) South Asia
Policy (II)
objectives, with respect
(1) Fissile material
Section 103 (1), but
to South Asia, U.S.-
production moratorium for moratorium does not
India bilateral relations,
India, Pakistan, China.
include China.
and South Asian
proliferation.
(2) FMCT
No equivalent
(3) Other nonproliferation Section 103 (2), but no
activities, like PSI,
mention of Convention on
Australia Group,
Supplementary
Wassenaar, Convention on Compensation.
Supplementary
Compensation.
(4) Support for U.S.
No equivalent
policies to prevent Iran
from acquiring nuclear
weapons.
(5) Cap, roll back and
No equivalent
eliminate South Asian
nuclear arsenals.
(6) No spent fuel transfer
No equivalent
without Congressional
approval.
(7) Encourage cap on
Similar to Section 103 (9)
production of fissile
material for weapons,
pending moratorium.

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CRS-13
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Statements of
None
No equivalent provision
Section 103 (3): Full
Policy (III)
compliance with all
nonproliferation
obligations.
No equivalent provision
Section 103 (4): Ensure
reliability of safeguards
and Additional Protocol.
No equivalent provision
Section 103 (5): Agreement
must meet all other Section
123 a. requirements.
No equivalent provision
Section 103 (6):
Consistency with NSG
guidelines.
No equivalent provision
Section 103 (7): Work with
NSG members to restrict
transfers of enrichment and
reprocessing, also to India.

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CRS-14
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Expedited
To provide procedures
None, except as
Section 4 (f) and (g): track None, except as provided
procedures
for expedited
provided already in
with existing law (Section already in Section 130 of
consideration of Joint
Section 130 of AEA
130 of AEA). Section 4
AEA.
Resolution of Approval
(h): Changes committee
discharge from 45 to 60
days
Section 4 (i): Adds floor
consideration, which is not
in Section 130 of AEA.
End-Use
To provide reasonable
None
None
Section 107 requires
Monitoring
assurances that the
following measures: (1)
recipient is complying
Obtain and implement
with relevant
assurances and conditions
requirements, terms and
regarding end-use
conditions of U.S.
monitoring; (2) a detailed
export licenses.
system of reporting on
technology transfers,
including those authorized
by Section 57 b of AEA.
(3) Fall-back safeguards,
should IAEA be unable to
implement safeguards in
India.

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CRS-15
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Restrictions on
None
Section 4 (d)
cooperation
(1) No assistance that
No equivalent
would aid India’s nuclear
weapons program.
(2) No transfers if they
Similar to Section 103 (6):
would violate NSG
to act in a manner fully
guidelines.
consistent with NSG
guidelines (but this is only
a Statement of Policy).
(4) President should seek
Section 102 (6): United
to prevent cooperation by
States should not seek to
other states with India if
facilitate cooperation by
United States terminates
other states with India if
exports.
United States terminates
exports.
No equivalent provision
Section 106
Bans cooperation on
enrichment, reprocessing,
and heavy water materials,
equipment, and technology
with exception for
multilateral and bilateral
fuel cycle cooperation, if
President determines that
the export will not improve
India’s ability to produce
nuclear weapons. ability to
produce fissile material for
weapons.

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CRS-16
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Other reporting
None
Section 4 (o) (1): annual
No equivalent
report on U.S. policy
objectives for South Asia
(i.e., steps taken by the
United States and India,
extent of success, and
cooperation by other
countries).
Section 4 (o) (2): annual
Section 108 (b) requires
report on U.S. nuclear
annual report on
exports to India, including Implementation and
estimates of Indian
Compliance.
uranium mining, fissile
material and nuclear
weapons production rates;
as well as impact of
imported uranium on such
rates. Report also to
describe India’s use of any
U.S. nuclear equipment,
material or technology in
an uninspected facility;
replication of anything
transferred and whether
imported nuclear fuel has
helped to increase fissile
material production for
weapons.

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CRS-17
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Other reporting,
Section 4 (o) (3): annual
Section 108 (b) (2): list of
continued
report on new Indian
licenses approved by NRC,
nuclear facilities.
DOE, Commerce or any
other U.S. authorizations of
exports and reexports of
nuclear materials and
equipment.
Section 4 (o) (4): annual
Section 108 (b) (1):
report on India’s spent
description of additional
fuel disposal.
nuclear facilities/materials
India places under IAEA
safeguards.
None
No equivalent provision
Section 108 (b) (3): Any
significant nuclear
commerce between India
and other countries that
does not comply with NSG
guidelines, or would not
meet standards applied to
U.S.-origin material.

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CRS-18
Issue/Provision
Description/Purpose
H.R. 4974/S. 2429 as H.R. 5682
S. 3709
introduced
as reported
as reported
Other
None
None
Section 108 (b) (4): That
Presidential
India is in full compliance
certifications
with following obligations
(listed in Section 108 (a)
(1)): Joint Statement
commitments, separation
plan, safeguards agreement,
Additional Protocol, 123
agreement, terms and
conditions of approved
export licenses. If
certification is not possible,
report on steps, responses
and implications.
Consultation
None
Section 4 (e) (2): Requires No equivalent provision
with Congress
monthly consultations
with Congress on progress
in 123 agreement
negotiations and IAEA
safeguards agreement
negotiations.
No equivalent provision
Section 108 (a): keep
Congress fully informed on
India’s:
(1) non-compliance
(2) nuclear facility
construction
(3) fissile material
production
(4) changes in operational
status of nuclear facilities.

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CRS-19
Additional Resources
CRS Report RL33016, U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress,
by Sharon Squassoni.
CRS Report RL33292, India’s Nuclear Separation Plan: Issues and Views, by
Sharon Squassoni.
CRS Report RL33072, U.S.-India Bilateral Agreements in 2005, by K. Alan
Kronstadt.
CRS Report RS22474, Banning Fissile Material Production for Nuclear Weapons:
Prospects for a Treaty (FMCT) by Sharon Squassoni, Andrew Demkee, and Jill
Marie Parillo.

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