Order Code RL33345
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Federal Research and Development
Funding: FY2007
Updated May 2, 2006
Michael E. Davey, Coordinator
Specialist in Science and Technology
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Federal Research and Development
Funding: FY2007
Summary
The Bush Administration requested $137.2 billion in federal research and
development (R&D) funding for FY2007. This sum represents a 2.6% increase over
the estimated $133.7 billion that was approved in FY2006. As in the recent past, the
FY2007 increase over the FY2006 estimated funding levels is due to significant
funding increases in the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) space vehicles development program.
The centerpiece of the President’s proposed FY2007 R&D budget is the
American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI). The President proposed this initiative
in response to growing concerns about America’s ability to compete in the
technological global market place. Over the next 10 years, the $136 billion initiative
would commit $50 billion for research, science education, and the modernization of
research infrastructure. The remaining $86 billion would finance a revised permanent
R&D tax incentive over the next 10 years. The most recent federal research tax credit
expired on December 31, 2005. In his budget request, the President asked Congress
to pass a permanent Research and Experimental Federal tax credit.
As part of the $50 billion for research, the President has called for doubling
federal R&D funding over10 years. This increase would include the physical sciences
and engineering research in three agencies: the National Science Foundation (NSF),
the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Science, and the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST). According to the Administration, in FY2007, the
ACI overall funding increases for NSF, DOE, and NIST would be $910 million, or
9.3% above FY2006 estimated funding levels for th three agencies.
Despite the ACI proposal, total federal basic research funding for FY2007
would be flat at $28.2 billion (in real dollars). Five agencies account for 90% of all
federal basic research expenditures. Total federal research funding (the sum of basic
and applied research) is projected to decline 2.6%, to $54.4 billion. This decline is
due to a 6.6% drop in applied research funding. Some contend that the $1.8 billion
decline in funding for applied research helped to pay for the ACI.
Support for three federal, multiagency research initiatives would vary, with the
National Nanotechnology Initiative proposed to decline 1.8% to $1.3 billion,
primarily because DOD has not included FY2006 nanotechnology earmarks in its
FY2007 nanotechnology request. Funding for the Networking and Information
Technology R&D Initiative would increase 2.4% to $3.1 billion. ( The ACI contains
increasing support for computer sciences and other information technology research.)
Finally, support for the Climate Change Science Program would increase in FY2007
by 0.2% to $1.7 billion, after steep cuts in FY2006 due to declining NASA funding
for space-based observations of the environment.

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Contents
Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Congressional Actions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Department of Agriculture (USDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Department of Energy (DOE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Department of Defense (DOD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
National Institutes of Health (NIH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
National Science Foundation (NSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Department of Commerce (DOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) . . . . . . . . . . . 21
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Department of Transportation (DOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Department of the Interior (DOI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
List of Tables
Table 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 2. Department of Energy R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 3. Department of Defense RDT&E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 4. NASA R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 5. National Institutes of Health (NIH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 6. National Science Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 7. Department of Homeland Security R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Table 8. NOAA R&D Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 9. NIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 10. Department of Transportation R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 11. Department of Interior R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Table 12. Environmental Protection Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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Federal Research and Development
Funding: FY2007
Recent Developments
The Bush Administration requested $137.2 billion in federal research and
development (R&D) funding for FY2007. This sum represents a 2.6% increase over
the estimated $133.7 billion that was approved in FY2006. As in the recent past, the
FY2007 increase over the FY2006 estimated funding levels is due to significant
funding increases in the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) space vehicles development program.
According to the most recent NSF R&D data, in 2004, the United States spent
$312.1 billion on R&D. Of that amount, $199 billion, or 63.8%, was spent by
industry. The federal government was a distant second, accounting for $93.4 billion,
or 29.9% of the national total. The remaining 6.3% is divided between universities
(with $11.1 billion, or 3.6% of the national total) and nonprofits (with $8.6 billion,
or 2.7% of the national total). The federal share of total national R&D expenditures
declined below 50% for the first time in 1979. By 2000, the federal share of total
R&D had reached a record low of 24.9% before it rose to 29.9% of total national
R&D expenditures in 2004.1
The centerpiece of the President’s proposed FY2007 R&D budget is the
American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI). The President proposed this initiative
in response to growing concerns about America’s ability to compete in the
technological global market place.2 Over the next 10 years, the $136 billion initiative
would commit $50 billion for research, science education, and the modernization of
research infrastructure. The remaining $86 billion would finance a revised
permanent research and development tax incentive over the next 10 years. The most
recent federal research tax credit expired on December 31, 2005 (see P.L. 108-311).
In his budget request, the President has asked Congress to pass a permanent Research
and Experimental Federal tax credit.
As part of the $50 billion for research, the President has called for doubling the
federal R&D funding over 10 years. This increase would include the physical
sciences and engineering research in three agencies: the National Science Foundation
(NSF), the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Science, and the National
1 See, National Science Board. Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, Volume 1, p. 4-5.
2 See Rising Above The Gathering Storm and Energizing and Employing America for a
Brighter Economic Future, The National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of
Engineering , and the Institute of Medicine, The National Academies 500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20001, 2005.

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Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). According to the Administration, in
FY2007, the ACI overall funding increases for NSF, DOE, and NIST would be $910
million, or 9.3% above FY2006 estimated funding levels for the three agencies.
Despite the ACI proposal, total federal basic research funding for FY2007
would be flat at $28.2 billion (in real dollars). Five agencies account for 90% of all
federal basic research expenditures. Total federal research funding (the sum of basic
and applied research) is projected to decline 2.6%, to $54.4 billion. This decline is
due to a 6.6% drop in applied research funding. Some contend the $1.8 billion
decline in funding for applied research helped to pay for the ACI.
Funding for nondefense R&D expenditures would increase 1.9%, to $58.9
billion. This is more than the 0.5% decline requested for total nondefense
discretionary programs. Spending for defense R&D (the sum of DOD’s and DOE’s
defense programs) would increase 3.7%, to $78.2 billion. However, as in the past,
the Administration is requesting deep cuts in DOD’s science and technology
programs.
The Administration has requested flat funding for the National Institutes of
Health (NIH) in FY2007. Since Congress completed the doubling of NIH’s budget
between FY1999 and FY2003, funding for NIH has not increased in real dollars.
Other agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, the U. S. Geological Survey, and the Department
of Agriculture, would all see their FY2007 R&D budgets decline below FY2006
estimated funding levels.
Support for three federal, multiagency research initiatives would vary, with the
National Nanotechnology Initiative proposed to decline 1.8% to $1.3 billion,
primarily because DOD has not included FY2006 nanotechnology earmarks in its
FY2007 nanotechnology request. Funding for the Networking and Information
Technology R&D Initiative would increase 2.4% to $3.1 billion. (The ACI contains
increasing support for computer sciences and other information technology research.)
Finally, support for the Climate Change Science Program would increase in FY2007
0.2% to $1.7 billion, after steep cuts in FY2006 due to declining NASA funding for
space-based observations of the environment.
In addition to the President’s ACI proposal , a number of congressional bills that
focus on various aspects of innovation and competitiveness issues have been
introduced in the 109th Congress. Two such bills are the National Innovation Act
(NIA), S. 2109, and the Protecting of America’s Competitive Edge (PACE), which
consists of three separate bills: S. 2197, S. 2198, and S, 2199. The NIA (S. 2109)
would double NSF’s research budget in five years (by 2011) and increase private
sector interaction with NIST by authorizing $100 million over five years to support
small business innovation. The NIA bill also proposes allocating 3% of DOD’s total
budget to science and technology research, of which 20% must be devoted to basic
research. The PACE legislation would almost double funding for NSF over seven
years (by 2013); double DOE’s budget for basic research, development,
demonstration, and commercial activities; and double DOD’s and NASA’s basic
research budgets over seven years as well.

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Both legislative proposals also contain a variety of financial incentives to
encourage students to major in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics
(STEM). Incentives could include the federal government paying up to $20,000 a
year to qualified students who are studying to teach math or science at the K-12
levels. The legislation also provides a variety of incentives to encourage up to 10,000
STEM students, over the next 10 years, to pursue careers as university faculty and
researchers. Both bills call for the passage of a permanent extension of the research
tax credit.
Congressional Actions
The Senate has passed its budget resolution (S.Con.Res. 83), with some
Senators indicating an interest in increasing the NIH appropriation for FY2007 above
the level of the request. An increase of $1 billion for NIH was said to be assumed by
the Senate Budget Committee within the large budget category for health programs
(Function 550). In Senate floor action, an amendment was adopted adjusting a
different type of spending “in order to provide additional funding for health,
education, training, and low-income programs.” The Senate-passed budget resolution
endorses the recommendation of the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. The
resolution assumes that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will
be funded at FY2006 budgetary levels.
The House Budget Committee has passed an FY2007 budget resolution
(H.Con.Res. 376, H.Rept. 109-402) that reduces funding for the President’s $910
million ACI to an estimated $610 million for FY2007.The Senate-passed budget
resolution “assumes full funding” for the President’s ACI. Unlike the Senate, the
House budget resolution does not provide any additional funding for NIH.

Department of Agriculture (USDA)
The FY2007 request for research and education in the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) is $2,275.8 million, a 15% decrease ($401.6 million) from the
FY2006 estimate. (See Table 1). The USDA conducts in-house basic and applied
research. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the lead federal agency for
nutrition research, operating five major laboratories in this area, including the world’s
largest multidisciplinary agricultural research center, located at Beltsville, Maryland.
There are approximately 100 research facilities throughout the United States and
abroad. The ARS laboratories focus on efficient food and fiber production,
preservation of genetic resources, development of new products and uses for
agricultural commodities, development of effective biocontrols for pest management,
and support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance programs. Included in the
total support for USDA in FY2007 is $1,027.8 million for ARS, an 18.8% decrease
($238.4 million) from the FY2006 level. The Administration proposes reductions of
$146 million in all projects earmarked by Congress — $50 million in project
terminations and approximately $49 million in formally unrequested projects. These
amounts will be redirected to high-priority Administration initiatives that include
livestock production, food safety, crop protection, human nutrition, and new
products/value-added. Included in the FY2007 request for ARS is $8.4 million for

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buildings and facilities, a significant reduction from the FY2006 level of $131.2
million. The $8.4 million request by the Administration is to fund the design and site
preparation of the Classical Chinese Garden of the U.S. National Arboretum. The
Garden is a joint project between the governments of the United States and China.
The FY2007 request supports several research priority areas and strategic goals.
The USDA has given priority to the mapping and sequencing projects funded by
USDA, such as sequencing genomes of agriculturally important species. The
sequencing projects will be coordinated with ongoing genomics initiatives supported
by other federal agencies and facilitated by interagency working groups. Increases
are provided for research involving animal and plant genomes. Also, the FY2007
request provides support for research on emerging and exotic diseases as part of the
infrastructure to enhance homeland security. USDA states that this research is
significant in protecting the nation from the deliberate or unintentional introduction
of an agricultural health threat. The USDA has biocontainment complexes, where
research and diagnostic work is done on organisms that pose serious threats to the
crop, poultry, and livestock industries. Other research areas receiving support in the
FY2007 request include bovine spongiform encephalopathy, air and water quality,
food safety, obesity/nutrition, biobased products/bioenergy research, and agricultural
information.
The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
distributes funds to State Agricultural Experiment Stations, State Cooperative
Extension Systems, land-grant universities, and other institutions and organizations
that conduct agricultural research. Included in these partnerships is funding for
research at 1,862 institutions, 1,890 historically black colleges and universities, and
1,994 tribal land-grant colleges. Funding is distributed to the states through
competitive awards, statutory formula funding, and special grants. The FY2007
request for CSREES is $1,012 million, a decrease of $182.6 million from the
FY2006 level. Funding for formula distribution in FY2007 to the state Agricultural
Experiment Stations (and other eligible institutions) is $273.2 million, almost level
with FY2006. The FY2007 request provides $37.9 million for the 1,890 formula
programs, again almost level with FY2006. The FY2007 request will modify the
Hatch formula program by expanding the multistate research programs from 25% to
55.6%. A portion of the funds will be redirected to nationally, competitively awarded
grants. Such an approach should continue the matching requirement and leverage
nonfederal resources.
The FY2007 request funds the National Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive
Grants Program at $247.5 million, $66.3 million above the FY2006 level. The
increase will support initiatives in agricultural genomics, emerging issues in food and
agricultural security, the ecology and economics of biological invasions, plant
biotechnology, and water security. In addition to supporting fundamental and applied
science in agriculture, USDA contends that the NRI makes a significant contribution
to developing the next generation of agricultural scientists. The FY2007 request
includes approximately $7 million for grants to educational institutions and
community-based organizations to benefit socially disadvantaged farmers and
ranchers. These grants are intended to encourage greater participation of black
farmers, tribal groups, and Hispanic and other minority groups in the USDA portfolio
of commodity, loan, education, and grant offerings.

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The Economic Research Service (ERS) is the principal intramural economic and
social science research agency in USDA. The FY2007 request for ERS is $83
million, a $7.1 million increase over FY2006. The increase will continue the
development of a consumer data and information system that will provide USDA
with, among other things, current food prices, food purchases, sales volumes, and
information on consumer characteristics and purchasing behavior. In addition, the
increase will support a comprehensive data collection and research program to
examine the changing economic health of farm and nonfarm households in rural
areas. The multiyear, longitudinal data generated by this initiative will support the
programs administered by the Rural Development mission area. The National
Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducts the Census of Agriculture and
provides current data on agricultural production and economic indicators of the well-
being of the farm sector. The FY2007 request for the NASS is $153 million, $12.3
million above the FY2006 level. Funding would help improve the quality of the
principal economic indicators used by the Council of Economic Advisors and would
support the analysis required to develop the upcoming 2007 Farm Bill. NASS will
continue to develop the USDA Enterprise Architecture and the USDA Enablers
initiatives. (CRS Contact: Christine Matthews.)
Table 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Act.
Est.
Req.
Agric. Research Service (ARS)
Product Quality/Value Added
$104.6
105.4
$93.8
Livestock Production
84.1
85.1
69.8
Crop Production
196.8
201.4
150.8
Food Safety
102.7
104.6
108.1
Livestock Protection
78.5
89.7
98.0
Crop Protection
193.0
197.2
181.6
Human Nutrition
83.7
84.8
84.4
Environmental Stewardship
219.4
223.3
172.3
National Agricultural Library
21.5
21.8
25.0
Repair & Maintenance
17.8
17.7
17.7
Subtotal
1,102.0d
1,135.0
1,001.4
Buildings & Facilities
186.3
131.2
8.4
Trust Funds
18.0
0.0
18.0
Total, ARS
1,306.3
1,266.2
1,027.8
Coop. St. Res. Ed. & Ext. (CSREES) Research and Education
Hatch Act Formula
178.7
177.0
176.9
Cooperative Forestry Research
22.2
22.0
22.0
1890 Colleges and Tuskegee Univ.
12.3
37.2
37.9
Special Research Grants
135.5
141.6
18.1
NRI Competitive Grants
179.6
181.2
247.5
Animal Health & Disease Res.
5.1
5.0
0.0
Federal Administration
42.5
50.6
9.2
Higher Educationb
50.7
55.0
69.7
Total, Coop. Res. & Educ.c
655.5
686.8
581.3
Extension Activities
Smith-Lever Sections 3b&c
275.5
273.0
273.2
Smith-Lever Sections 3d
86.7
92.0
91.5
Renewable Resources Extension
4.1
4.0
4.1

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Integrated Activities
54.7
55.2
19.1
1890 Research & Extension
16.8
16.6
16.6
Other Extension Prog. & Admin.
7.8
14.7
26.2
Total, Extension Activitiesc
445.6
451.4
430.7
Total, CSREESc
1,184.0
1,194.6
1,012.0
Economic Research Service
74.2
75.9
83.0
National Agricultural Statistics Service
128.4
140.7
153.0
Total, Research, Education & Economics
$2,692.0
$2,677.4
$2,275.8
a. Funding levels are contained in U.S. Department of Agriculture FY2007 Budget Summary and
other documents internal to the agency.
b. Higher education includes payments to 1994 institutions and 1890 Capacity Building Grants
program, the Native American Institutions Endowment Fund, and the Alaska Native and Native
Hawaiian-Serving Institutions Education Grants.
c. Program totals may reflect set-asides (non-add) or contingencies. The CSREES total includes
support for Integrated Activities, Community Food Projects, and the Organic Agriculture
Research and Education Initiative.
d. Totals may not add due to rounding. Research activities carried out in support of Homeland
Security are include in Food Safety, Livestock Protection, and Crop Protection portfolios.
e. Aggregate support for Homeland Security — FY2005, $30.2 million, FY2006, $35.6 million, and
FY2007, $81.5 million.
Department of Energy (DOE)
The Department of Energy has requested $9.154 billion for R&D in FY2007,
including activities in three major categories: Science, National Security, and Energy.
(For details, see Table 2.) This request is 3.5% above the FY2006 level of $8.848
billion.
The requested funding for Science is $4.102 billion, a 14% increase from
FY2006. This unusually large increase reflects the American Competitiveness
Initiative (ACI), which the President announced in February 2006 in his State of the
Union address. Over the next 10 years, the ACI would double R&D funding for the
DOE Office of Science and two other agencies. About $200 million of the requested
increase in FY2007 would support increased operating time for facilities managed
by the Basic Energy Sciences program; the House and Senate appropriations reports
for FY2006 both called for increased funding for this purpose. In the Fusion Energy
Sciences program, the request includes $60 million for the International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), whose estimated U.S. total cost
remains at $1.12 billion through FY2014.
The requested funding for R&D in National Security is $3.188 billion, a 7.4%
decrease. Most of the reduction results from the completion of construction projects
and the elimination of items funded at congressional direction in FY2006.
The requested funding for R&D in Energy is $1.864 billion, up 3.0% from
FY2006. Within this total, R&D on nuclear, biomass, and solar energy would
increase, while natural gas and oil technology programs would be terminated.
Termination of the gas and oil technology programs was also proposed in FY2006,
but was rejected by Congress. (CRS Contact: Daniel Morgan.)

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Table 2. Department of Energy R&D
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Comparable
Comparable
Request
Science
3635.6
3596.4
4101.7
Basic Energy Sciences
1083.6
1134.6
1421.0
High Energy Physics
722.9
716.7
775.1
Biological and Environmental Research
566.6
579.8
510.3
Nuclear Physics
394.5
367.0
454.1
Fusion Energy Sciences
266.9
287.6
319.0
Advanced Scientific Computing Research
226.2
234.7
318.7
Other
374.9
276.0
303.5
National Security
3406.9
3442.2
3188.0
Weapons Activitiesa
2327.5
2311.7
2102.6
Naval Reactors
801.4
781.6
795.1
Nonproliferation and Verification R&D
219.8
318.8
268.9
Defense Environmental Cleanup TD&D
58.2
30.1
21.4
Energy
1727.4
1809.0
1863.8
Fossil Energy R&D
560.9
592.0
469.7
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energyb
908.9
857.0
951.4
Nuclear Energy R&D
168.4
223.7
347.1
Electric Transmission and Distribution R&D
89.2
136.3
95.6
Total
8769.9
8847.6
9153.5
a. Includes Stockpile Services R&D Support, Stockpile Services R&D Certification and Safety,
Reliable Replacement Warhead, Science Campaigns, Engineering Campaigns except Enhanced
Surety and Enhanced Surveillance, Inertial Confinement Fusion, Advanced Simulation and
Computing, and a prorated share of Readiness in Technical Base and Facilities. Additional
R&D activities may take place in the subprograms of Directed Stockpile Work that are devoted
to specific weapon systems, but these funds are not included in the table because detailed
funding schedules for those subprograms are classified.
b. Excluding Weatherization and Intergovernmental Activities.
Department of Defense (DOD)
Nearly all of what the Department of Defense (DOD) spends on Research,
Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) is appropriated in Title IV of the
defense appropriation bill (see Table 3). For FY2007, the Bush Administration is
requesting $73.2 billion for DOD’s baseline Title IV RDT&E. The baseline Title IV
RDT&E request is $2.0 billion more than the total obligational authority available
for Title IV in FY2006. RDT&E funds are also requested as part of the Defense
Health Program ($131 million) and the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction
Program ($231 million). The five-year budget plan projects spending $366.5 billion
for RDT&E through FY2011. The Administration’s FY2007 budget projection for
RDT&E through FY2011 is nearly $22 billion more than its projection last year.

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While the FY2007 RDT&E request represents an increase in RDT&E funding
over last year, Science and Technology (S&T) funding would decrease. S&T consists
of basic and applied research and advanced development (6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 activities
in the RDT&E account). Although the FY2007 S&T budget request ($11.1 billion)
is approximately $600 million more than the amount requested by the Administration
for FY2006, the FY2007 S&T request is $2.2 billion less than the amount Congress
appropriated for S&T in FY2006. The difference between the FY2007 S&T request
and the amount appropriated by Congress for FY2006 roughly equals the amount the
Administration claims was earmarked by Congress in the FY2006 S&T
appropriation. The FY2006 request for basic research ($1.4 billion) is $70 million
less than what Congress appropriated in FY2006 for basic research, but is over $100
million more than what the Administration requested for basic research in FY2006.
Over half of DOD’s basic research budget is spent at universities and represents the
major contribution of funds in some areas of science and technology. The FY2007
S&T request is 2.5% of the overall baseline DOD budget request of $439.3 billion.
This amount is below the 3% target that the Bush Administration and Congress have
set. The FY2007 budget request for Missile Defense RDT&E is $9.3 billion (an
increase of $1.7 billion from the amount available for Missile Defense in FY2006).
(CRS Contact: John Moteff.)
Table 3. Department of Defense RDT&E
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Actuald
Estimatee
Requestf
Accounts
Army
10,576 11,026

10,856
Navy
17,077 18,734

16,912
Air Force
20,478
21,671
24,397
Defense Agencies
20,855
19,555
20,810
(DARPA)
(2,947)
(2,979)
(3,294)
(MDAa)
(8,827)
(7,682) (9,310)
Dir. Test & Eval
310
166
182
Total Obligational Authority
69,296
71,152
73,157
Budget Activity
Basic Research
1,485
1,470
1,422
Applied Research
4,788
5,168
4,478
Advanced Dev.
6,768
6,603
5,183
Advanced Component
14,572 13,913

15,387
Dev. and Prototypes
Systems Dev. and Demo
16,558
19,343
19,277
Mgmt. Supportb
4,728 4,025

3,938

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CRS-9
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Actuald
Estimatee
Requestf
Op. Systems Dev
20,398
20,630
23,471
Total Obligational Authority c
69,297
71,152
73,156
Other Defense Programs
Defense Health Program
523
536
131
Chemical Agents and Munitions
205 67
231
Destruction
Sources: Figures based on Department of Defense Budget, FY2007 RDT&E Programs (R-1),
February 2006. Figures for the Defense Health Program are taken from the Department of Defense
Budget, FY2007 Operations and Maintenance Programs (O-1) document and the Chemical Agents,
and Munitions Destruction Program figures are taken from the Department of Defense Budget,
FY2007 Procurement Programs (P-1) document. Both released in February 2006. Totals may not add
due to rounding.
a. Includes only BMD RDT&E. Does not include procurement and military construction.
b. Includes funds for Developmental and Operational Test and Evaluation.
c. Numbers may not agree with Account Total Obligational Authority due to rounding.
d. The FY2005 figures in the R-1 reflect the FY2005 Supplemental (P.L.109-13) which included
$587 million for RDT&E.
e. The FY2006 figures reflect the 1% across the board cut called for in the FY2006 DOD
Appropriations bill (P.L. 109-148). It is not clear if the FY2006 figures in the R-1 reflect the
$91.9 million in additional RDT&E funding included in Title IX (Division A) and Title IX
(Division B) of the FY2006 DOD Appropriations. Division A appropriated contingency funds
for the Global War on Terror that included $50.6 million for specified RDT&E programs.
Division B provided emergency funds for hurricane relief that included $41.6 million for
specified RDT&E activities. The FY2006 figures do not include the $782 million requested for
RDT&E in the $72.4 billion FY2006 emergency supplemental request of February 16, 2006,
nor the approximately $19.0 million for RDT&E included in another Katrina-related
supplemental, also requested February 16, 2006.
f. It is not clear if the FY2007 R-1 figures include any RDT&E funds associated with another request
by the Administration for contingency funds for the Global War on Terror to be included as part
of the FY2007 DOD appropriations bill.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA)
NASA has requested $12.336 billion for R&D in FY2007. (For details, see
Table 4.) This request is a 7.5% increase over FY2006, in a total NASA budget that
would increase by just 1.0%. Within the increase for NASA R&D overall, however,
a large increase for Constellation Systems (primarily the new Crew Exploration
Vehicle and its launch vehicle) would be offset by decreases for Human Systems and
Aeronautics and an increase for Science that is substantially less than previously
projected.
Budget priorities throughout NASA are being driven by the Vision for Space
Exploration. Announced by President Bush in January 2004 and endorsed by
Congress in the NASA Authorization Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-155), the Vision
includes returning the space shuttle to flight status, then retiring it by 2010;
completing the space station, but discontinuing its use by the United States by 2017;

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CRS-10
returning humans to the moon by 2020; and then sending humans to Mars and
“worlds beyond.” Constellation Systems, the only R&D program to receive a large
increase in the FY2007 request, is responsible for developing vehicles to return
humans to the moon. The reduced rate of growth in requested funding for the Science
Mission Directorate, a total reduction of $3.1 billion through FY2010 relative to
projections in the FY2006 request, is mostly to offset higher than expected costs for
returning the space shuttle to flight status.
The request for Science has been particularly controversial. It includes full
funding for a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission (in early FY2008, pending
approval by the Administrator if the shuttle returns to flight successfully), but several
robotic missions to Mars are cancelled or deferred. In addition no funding is
requested for the SOFIA airborne infrared telescope or the Europa mission to one of
Jupiter’s moons. The request for Research and Analysis, which provides grant
funding to individual researchers, is down 15% from FY2006 in most programs.
The request for Aeronautics Research is also of congressional interest.
Although the requested budget for aeronautics research is about the same as was
projected a year earlier, its content has changed significantly. The largest program,
Vehicle Systems, has been renamed Fundamental Aeronautics and will now focus on
“core competencies” in subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flight regimes,
including work on rotorcraft. An amendment to the Senate FY2007 budget
resolution (S.Amdt. 3033 to S.Con.Res. 83) increased the recommended funding for
NASA aeronautics by $179 million. (CRS Contact: Daniel Morgan.)
Table 4. NASA R&D
($ in millions)
FY2006
FY2007
Estimated a
Request
Science - Solar System Exploration
1,582.3
1,610.2
Science - The Universe
1,507.9
1,509.2
Science - Earth-Sun Systems
2,163.5
2,210.6
Constellation Systems
1,733.5
3,057.6
Exploration Systems Research and Technology
692.5
646.1
Human Systems Research and Technology
624.1
274.6
Aeronautics Research
884.1
724.4
Cross-Agency Support Programs
533.5
491.7
International Space Station
1,753.4
1,811.3
Subtotal R&D
11,474.8
12,335.7
Space Shuttle
4,777.5 b
4,056.7
Space and Flight Support
338.8
366.5
Inspector General
32.0
33.5
Total NASA
16,623.0 b
16,792.2

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CRS-11
a. Figures for FY2006 are from NASA’s January 2006 operating plan and are not final. Figures for
FY2005 are not shown because changes in budget structure and program shifts between
accounts make comparisons between FY2005 and FY2007 difficult.
b. Includes $349.8 million in emergency supplemental funding for Hurricane Katrina response and
recovery.
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The President has requested a program level budget of $28.487 billion for NIH for
FY2007, essentially equal to the FY2006 final budget and $66.8 million (0.2%) lower
than the FY2005 level of $28.553 billion (see Table 5). The FY2006 amount was
the first decrease in NIH’s appropriation since 1970. In congressional action, the
Senate has passed its budget resolution (S.Con.Res. 83), with some Senators
indicating an interest in increasing the NIH appropriation for FY2007 above the level
of the request. An increase of $1 billion for NIH was said to be assumed by the
Senate Budget Committee within the large budget category for health programs
(Function 550). In Senate floor action, an amendment was adopted adjusting a
different type of spending “in order to provide additional funding for health,
education, training, and low-income programs.” A similar amendment was proposed
and defeated during markup of the House budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 376), and
the resolution as reported by the House Budget Committee (H.Rept. 109-402)
contains no special mention of NIH.

The bulk of NIH’s budget comes through the
Labor-HHS-Education
appropriation ($28.350 billion in the request). An additional small amount for
environmental work related to Superfund comes from the Interior, Environment, and
Related Agencies appropriation. Those two sources constitute NIH’s discretionary
budget authority. In addition, NIH receives $150 million preappropriated in separate
funding for diabetes research and $8.2 million from a transfer within the Public
Health Service (PHS). As in past years, the budget request proposes that $100
million of the NIH appropriation be transferred to the Global Fund to Fight
HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. The “NIH program level” cited in the
Administration’s budget documents, however, does not reflect that transfer.
FY2003 was the final year of the five-year effort to double the NIH budget from
its FY1998 base of $13.7 billion to the FY2003 level of $27.1 billion. The annual
increases for FY1999 through FY2003 were in the 14%-15% range each year. For
FY2004 and FY2005, faced with competing priorities and a changed economic
climate, Congress and the President gave increases of between 2% and 3%, levels
that were below the estimated 3.5% and 3.3% biomedical inflation index for those
two years. (The index has since been updated to show inflation of 3.6% for FY2004
and 5.5% for FY2005; the large increase is due to a new survey of medical school
faculty salaries and benefits.) The research advocacy community had originally
urged that the NIH budget grow by about 10% per year in the post-doubling years.
They modified their recommendation to 6% for FY2006 and 5% for FY2007,
maintaining that such increases would be needed to continue the momentum of
scientific discovery made possible by the increased resources of the doubling years.
With the projected biomedical inflation index at 4.1% for FY2006 and 3.8% for
FY2007, the NIH budget has been losing ground in real terms each year since
FY2003. In constant 2006 dollars, the FY2003 NIH budget was $30.8 billion, the

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CRS-12
FY2004 level was $30.6 billion, FY2005 was $29.7 billion, FY2006 is $28.5 billion,
and the FY2007 request level is $27.4 billion.
The agency’s organization consists of the Office of the NIH Director and 27
institutes and centers. The Office of the Director (OD) sets overall policy for NIH
and coordinates the programs and activities of all NIH components. The individual
institutes and centers (ICs) — each with a focus on particular diseases, areas of
human health and development, or aspects of research support — plan and manage
their own research programs in coordination with the OD. As shown in Table 5,
Congress provides a separate appropriation to 24 of the 27 ICs, to OD, and to a
buildings and facilities account. (The other three centers, not included in the table,
are funded through the NIH Management Fund, financed by taps on other NIH
appropriations.)
Although the FY2007 budget requests the same overall level of funding for NIH
as in FY2006, there are variable increases and decreases among the ICs and among
the different funding mechanisms. As shown in Table 5, most of the IC budgets
would decrease by 0.5%-0.8%, with several of the larger institutes losing between
$10 million and $40 million. The two accounts that gain funds over FY2006 are the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), up $12 million (0.3%),
and the Office of the Director (OD), up $140 million (26.6%). The NIAID increase
is largely due to pandemic influenza funding. The OD increase includes a program
formerly in NIAID for advanced development of biodefense countermeasures (up
$110 million) and the OD contribution to the NIH Roadmap (up $29 million). Both
programs are discussed below.
Specific priorities highlighted in the budget request include several trans-NIH
initiatives involving multiple institutes with coordination by OD. Biodefense
activities would receive a total of $1.9 billion, a net increase of $110 million (6.2%)
over FY2006. Within OD would be a $160 million fund (up $110 million) for the
advanced product development of vaccines and drugs that are priority targets for
acquisition by Project BioShield. The activity would involve NIH more extensively
than usual in working with academia and industry to bridge the research gap between
investigational testing of a new drug and full product development. Also in OD is
$96 million for research on countermeasures against nuclear/radiological threats and
chemical threats, the same as in FY2006, and $25 million for construction and
renovation of biosafety laboratories (down $5 million).
The NIH Roadmap for Medical Research Program, launched in September
2003, has identified critical scientific gaps that may be constraining rapid progress
in biomedical research. Consequently, the agency has developed a list of 28 NIH-
wide initiatives to address them. Roadmap initiatives are funded at $443 million for
FY2007 ($332 million from the institutes and centers and $111 million from the
Director’s Discretionary Fund), up $113 million (34%) from FY2006. Three core
themes focus on new paths to biological discoveries ($181 million), building
multidisciplinary research teams ($81 million), and improving the clinical research
enterprise ($181 million).
The Genes, Environment, and Health initiative would receive a total of $68
million (up $49 million) for its second year of funding. It will look for genetic and

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CRS-13
environmental interactions that might increase the risk of common chronic diseases
and will work on new technologies for assessing the role of diet, physical activity,
and environmental exposures in disease. On the other hand, a long-term (30+ year)
environmental health study called the Children’s Health Study, now in its fifth year
of planning, is proposed for cancellation in the request. The multi-agency study,
mandated by the Children’s Health Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-310), plans to examine the
effects of environmental influences on the health and development of more than
100,000 children across the United States, following them from before birth until age
21. Its planned cost for FY2007 was $69 million (up from $10 million in FY2006),
and the overall projected cost for the whole study is about $2.7 billion.
The new Pathway to Independence Award program ($15 million in the request)
addresses NIH concerns about the support of new investigators, particularly younger
scientists making the transition from training to independent research. The average
age at which they receive their first independent grant has been increasing. In
January 2006, NIH announced the new program to support promising postdoctoral
scientists. The five-year awards will have a two-year mentored phase and a three-
year independent phase. NIH expects to support 150-200 awards beginning in Fall
2006, and a similar number in each of the following five years, for a total
commitment of almost $400 million. The new Clinical and Translational Science
Award (CTSA) program, administered by the National Center for Research
Resources (NCRR), has been developed to foster transdisciplinary clinical research
and training, with the goal of speeding the translation of the findings of “discovery”
research into clinical practice. Begun in FY2006, the program will transition
elements of existing clinical research programs into CTSAs. Funding is estimated at
$361 million for FY2007, including an additional $3 million requested in NCRR,
sponsor of the current General Clinical Research Centers program.
In addition to showing the appropriation by institute, the other common way to
describe the NIH budget is by “funding mechanism.” On average, the ICs devote
more than 80% of their budgets to supporting peer-reviewed extramural research by
awarding research project grants, research center grants, contracts, training grants,
construction grants, and many other types of funding to researchers in universities
and other institutions around the country. The remaining 15%-20% of the IC budgets
supports their intramural research programs and research management costs. Budget
data displayed by funding mechanism reveals the balance between extramural and
intramural funding, as well as the relative emphasis on support of individual
investigator-initiated research versus funding of larger projects, comprehensive
research centers, agency-directed research contracts, research career training,
facilities construction, and so forth.
The largest category, “research project grants” (RPGs), represents 53% of the
total NIH request, or $15.1 billion. NIH estimates it would support a total of 37,671
RPGs in FY2007, which is 656 fewer grants than the estimate for FY2006. The main
reason for the drop is that a large number of grants that were started toward the end
of the doubling years are completing their funding cycles. (The average length of an
RPG award is just under four years, but each year’s funds are awarded separately
from that year’s appropriation.) Within the RPG total, about one quarter (9,337, for
$3.3 billion) would be “competing” (new or competing renewal) grants, and the
remaining three-quarters would be noncompeting (continuation) grants. The

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CRS-14
estimated number of competing RPGs would be an increase of 275 over the FY2006
number. The request proposes that the average cost of a competing RPG would not
increase over the FY2006 level, and that noncompeting grants would receive no
inflationary increases. NIH expects that the “success rate” of applicants receiving
funding for competing RPGs will be about 19%, the same as FY2006, compared with
22% in FY2005. During the doubling years, the success rate averaged 30%-32%.
Support for research centers would grow by 2.3% to $2.8 billion; research
training grants would remain at the FY2006 level ($760 million); research and
development contracts would increase by $44 million (1.6%) to $2.7 billion because
of the Genes, Health, and Environment initiative; the intramural research program
($2.8 billion) would decrease by $9 million (0.3%); research management and
support would increase by $14 million (1.3%) to $1.1 billion; extramural research
facilities construction would support only the $25 million for biosafety labs, with no
funds (same as FY2006) for non-biodefense extramural construction; and funding for
NIH’s own buildings and facilities remains at $89 million.
The NIH and other Public Health Service agencies within HHS are subject to
a budget “tap” called the PHS Program Evaluation Transfer (section 241 of the PHS
Act), which has the effect of redistributing appropriated funds among PHS agencies.
The FY2006 appropriation kept the tap at 2.4%, the same as in FY2005. NIH, with
the largest budget among the PHS agencies, becomes the largest “donor” of program
evaluation funds and is a relatively minor recipient.
After a hiatus of a dozen years, there has been some congressional movement
toward action on reauthorization legislation for NIH. A number of hearings have
been held in the past several years, and evolving drafts of proposed legislation are
fostering discussions on such issues as the balance of authority and control between
the central NIH Director’s Office and the individual institutes and centers, the best
methods of facilitating and funding cross-institute research initiatives, and possible
changes in how authorization and appropriations levels for the institutes and centers
are handled. (CRS Contact: Pamela Smith.)

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CRS-15
Table 5. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
($ in millions)
%
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
change
Institutes and Centers (ICs)
actual a
approp. b
request
FY07/06
Cancer (NCI)
$4,828.2
$4,793.4
$4,753.6
-0.8%
Heart/Lung/Blood (NHLBI)
2,941.2
2,921.8
2,901.0
-0.7%
Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
391.8
389.3
386.1
-0.8%
Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)
1,713.6
1,704.9
1,694.3
-0.6%
Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS)
1,539.4
1,534.8
1,524.8
-0.7%
Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) c
4,402.8
4,383.3
4,395.5
0.3%
General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
1,944.1
1,935.6
1,923.5
-0.6%
Child Health/Human Development
1,270.3
1,264.8
1,257.4
-0.6%
(NICHD)
Eye (NEI)
669.1
666.8
661.4
-0.8%
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
644.5
641.1
637.3
-0.6%
Aging (NIA)
1,052.0
1,046.6
1,039.8
-0.6%
Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin (NIAMS)
511.2
507.9
504.5
-0.7%
Deafness/Communication Disorders
394.3
393.5
391.6
-0.5%
(NIDCD)
Nursing Research (NINR)
138.1
137.3
136.6
-0.6%
Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA)
438.3
435.9
433.3
-0.6%
Drug Abuse (NIDA)
1,006.4
1,000.0
994.8
-0.5%
Mental Health (NIMH)
1,411.9
1,403.5
1,394.8
-0.6%
Human Genome Research (NHGRI)
488.6
486.0
482.9
-0.6%
Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering
298.2
296.8
294.9
-0.7%
(NIBIB)
Research Resources (NCRR)
1,115.1
1,099.1
1,098.2
-0.1%
Complementary/Alternative Med
122.1
121.5
120.6
-0.8%
(NCCAM)
Minority Health/Health Disparities
196.2
195.4
194.3
-0.6%
(NCMHD)
Fogarty International Center (FIC)
66.6
66.4
66.7
0.5%
Library of Medicine (NLM)
315.1
314.9
313.3
-0.5%
Office of Director (OD) d
405.1
527.6
667.8
26.6%
Buildings & Facilities (B&F)
110.3
81.1
81.1
0.0%
Subtotal, Labor/HHS Appropriation
$28,414.5 $28,349.3 $28,350.0
0.0%
Superfund (Interior approp to NIEHS) e
79.8
79.1
78.4
-0.9%
Total, NIH discretionary budget
$28,494.4 $28,428.4 $28,428.4
0.0%
authority
Pre-appropriated Type 1 diabetes funds f
150.0
150.0
150.0
0.0%
NLM program evaluation g
8.2
8.2
8.2
0.0%
Total, NIH program level
$28,652.6 $28,586.6 $28,586.6
0.0%
Global Fund transfer (AIDS/TB/Malaria) c
-99.2
-99.0
-100.0
1.0%
Total, NIH program level after transfer $28,553.4 $28,487.6 $28,486.6
0.0%
Source: FY2007 NIH budget justification.
a. FY2005 reflects across-the-board reduction (0.8%) totaling -$229.390m, Labor/HHS/Ed reduction
of -$6.787m for salaries and expenses, and +$2.987m NCI breast cancer stamp funds.

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CRS-16
b. FY2006 reflects across-the-board rescission (1%) of -$285.974m, and Interior reduction of
-$0.382m.
c. NIAID totals include funds for transfer to the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, TB, and Malaria.
FY2006 includes $18.0m supplemental funding from Public Health and Social Services
Emergency Fund (PHSSEF) for pandemic flu (P.L. 109-148) and a comparable transfer of
$49.5m from NIAID to OD for Advanced Development of countermeasures.
d. OD has Roadmap funds for distribution to ICs (FY2005, $59.520m; FY2006, $82.170m; FY2007,
$110.700m). FY2005 is comparable for $47.021m from PHSSEF for nuclear/radiological
countermeasures. FY2006 is comparable for $49.5m from NIAID for Advanced Development.
e. Separate account in the Interior/Related Agencies appropriation for NIEHS research activities
mandated in Superfund legislation (formerly in VA/HUD appropriation).
f. Funds available to NIDDK for diabetes research (P.L. 106-554 and P.L. 107-360).
g. Additional funds available from the PHS program evaluation set-aside (sec. 241 of the Public
Health Service Act), $8.2m for NLM each year.
National Science Foundation (NSF)
The FY2007 request for the National Science Foundation (NSF) is $6,020.2
million, a 7.9% increase ($439 million) over the FY2006 level of $5,581.2 million.
(See Table 6). President Bush’s ACI proposes to double the NSF budget over the
next 10 years. The FY2007 request is to be the first installment toward that doubling
effort. The FY2007 request for NSF provides support for several interdependent
priority areas: broadening participation in the science and engineering enterprise,
providing world-class facilities and infrastructure, advancing research at the frontier,
and bolstering K-12 education. NSF will invest approximately $640 million in
programs targeted at those groups underrepresented in the science and engineering
workforce. Total support for providing world-class facilities will approach $1.7
billion. Across the agency, activities for advancing research at the frontiers of science
would be $4.7 billion.
The NSF asserts that international research partnerships are critical to the nation
in maintaining a competitive edge, addressing global issues, and capitalizing on
global economic opportunities. To address these particular needs, the FY2007 request
proposes $40.6 million for the Office of International Science and Engineering. Also,
in FY2007, NSF will continue in its leadership role in planning U.S. participation in
observance of the International Polar Year, which spans 2007 and 2008. A first-year
investment of $62 million is provided to address major challenges in polar research.
Other FY2007 highlights include funding for the National Nanotechnology Initiative
($373.2 million), investments in Climate Change Science Program ($205.3 million),
continued support for homeland security ($384.2 million), and funding for
Networking and Information Technology Research and Development ($903.7
million). Also, a new effort in the FY2007 request will be a $20 million program of
fundamental research on new technologies for sensor systems that detect explosives.
Included in the FY2007 request is $4,666 million for Research and Related
Activities (R&RA), a 7.7% increase ($334.5million) over the FY2006 level of
$4,331.5 million. R&RA funds research projects, research facilities, and education
and training activities. Partly in response to concerns in the scientific community
about the imbalance between support for the life sciences and the physical sciences,
the FY2007 request provides increased funding for the physical sciences — $248.5
million, a 6.6% increase ($15.4 million) over the FY2006 estimate. Research in the

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CRS-17
physical sciences often leads to advances in other disciplines. R&RA includes
Integrative Activities (IA) and is a source of funding for the acquisition and
development of research instrumentation at U.S. colleges and universities. It also
funds Partnerships for Innovation, disaster research teams, and the Science and
Technology Policy Institute. The FY2007 request for IA is $131.4 million, a 4.2%
decrease ($5.8 million) from the FY2006 estimate. The Office of Polar Programs
(OPP) is funded in the R&RA. In FY2006, responsibility for funding the costs of
icebreakers that support scientific research in polar regions was transferred from the
U.S. Coast Guard to NSF. The NSF will continue to operate and maintain the three
icebreakers. The OPP is funded at $438.1 million in the FY2007 request, 12.5%
above the FY2006 level. Significant increases in OPP for FY2007 have been directed
at the programs for arctic and antarctic sciences.
Research project support in the FY2007 request totals $2,413.7 million. This
support is provided to individuals and small groups conducting disciplinary and
cross-disciplinary research. Included in the total for research projects is support for
centers, proposed at $259.8 million. The NSF supports a variety of individual centers
and center programs. The FY2007 request provides $67.5 million for Science and
Technology Centers, $55.7 million for Materials Centers, $62.8 million for
Engineering Research Centers, $37.4 million for Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Centers, and $6.5 million for Centers for Analysis and Synthesis.
The Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account
is funded at $240.5 million in the FY2007 request, a 26% increase ($49.6 million)
over the FY2006 level. The MREFC supports the acquisition and construction of
major research facilities and equipment that extend the boundaries of science,
engineering, and technology. Of all federal agencies, NSF is the primary supporter
of “forefront instrumentation and facilities for the academic research and education
communities.” First priority for funding is directed to ongoing projects. Second
priority is given to projects that have been approved by the National Science Board
for new starts. The NSF requires that in order for a project to receive support, it must
have “the potential to shift the paradigm in scientific understanding and/or
infrastructure technology.” NSF states that the projects receiving support in the
FY2007 request meet that qualification. Five ongoing projects and two new starts
are funded in the FY2007 request. Projects receiving support are the Atacama Large
Millimeter Array Construction ($47.9 million), EarthScope ($27.4 million), Ice Cube
Neutrino Observatory ($28.7 million), National Ecological Observatory Network
($12 million), Scientific Ocean Drilling Vessel ($42.9 million), Alaskan Region
Research Vessel ($56 million), and Ocean Observatories Initiative ($13.5 million).
The FY2007 request provides support for several NSF-wide investments:
biocomplexity in the environment ($42.6 million), human and social dynamics ($41.5
million), and mathematical sciences ($78.5 million). Additional priority areas include
those of strengthening core disciplinary research, continuing as lead federal agency
in networking and information technology R&D, and sustaining organizational
excellence in NSF management practices. The NSF maintains that researchers need
not only access to cutting-edge tools to pursue the increasing complexity of research,
but funding to develop and design the tools critical to 21st century research and
education. An investment of $596.8 million in cyber infrastructure will allow for
funding of modeling, simulation, visualization, and data storage and other

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CRS-18
communications breakthroughs. NSF anticipates that this level of funding will make
cyberinfrastructure more powerful, stable, and accessible to researchers and educators
through widely shared research facilities. Increasing grant size and duration has been
a long-term priority for NSF. The funding rate for research grants applications has
declined from approximately 30% in the late 1990s to an estimated 23% in FY2006.
The FY2007 request for the Education and Human Resources Directorate (EHR)
is $816.2 million, a 2.5% increase ($19.5 million) over FY2006. The EHR portfolio
is focused on, among other things, increasing the technological literacy of all citizens,
preparing the next generation of science, engineering, and mathematics professionals,
and closing the achievement gap in all scientific fields. Support at the various
educational levels in the FY2006 request is as follows: precollege, $215 million;
undergraduate, $196.8 million; and graduate, $160.6 million. Priorities at the
precollege level include research and evaluation on education in science and
engineering ($41.2 million), informal science education ($65.6 million), and a new
program, Discovery Research K-12 ($104.1 million). Discovery Research will
combine the strengths of three existing programs and encourage innovative thinking
in K-12 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education.
At the undergraduate level, approximately 72% of the funding is in support of
new awards and activities. Priorities at the undergraduate level include the Robert
Noyce Scholarship Program ($9.8 million), Course, Curriculum and Laboratory
Improvement ($86.5 million), STEM Talent Expansion Program ($26.1 million), the
National STEM Education Digital Library ($16 million), the Federal Cyber Service
($11 million), and Advanced Technological Education ($45.9 million). The Math
and Science Partnership Program (MSP) has been transferred to the undergraduate
level in FY2007.
MSP is supported at $46 million, a 27.2% decrease from the FY2006 estimate.
Funding in the FY2007 request will provide support for ongoing awards, in addition
to data collection, evaluation, knowledge management, and dissemination. No new
partnership awards are proposed in this budget request. The MSP has made
approximately 80 awards, with an overall funding rate of about 9%. At the graduate
level, priorities are those of Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship
($24.6 million), Graduate Research Fellowships ($88 million), and the Graduate
Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education ($46.8 million). Added support is given to
several programs directed at increasing the number of underrepresented minorities
in science, mathematics, and engineering. Among these targeted programs in the
FY2007 request are the Historically Black Colleges and Universities Programs ($29.7
million), Tribal Colleges and Universities Program ($12.4 million), Louis Stokes
Alliances for Minority Participation ($39.7 million), and Centers of Research
Excellence in Science and Technology ($24.9 million). Funding for the Experimental
Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) is $100 million in the
FY2007 request, a slight increase of $1.3 million over the FY2006 estimate.
Approximately 55% of the FY2007 request for EPSCoR would be available for new
awards and activities, with the balance supporting awards made in previous years.
(CRS Contact: Christine Matthews.)

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CRS-19
Table 6. National Science Foundation
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Act.
Est.
Req.
Res. & Related Act.
Biological Sciences
$576.8
$576.7
$607.9
Computer & Inform. Sci. & Eng.
490.2
496.4
526.7
Engineering
557.1
580.9
628.6
Geosciences
697.2
702.8
744.9
Math & Physical Sci.
1,069.4
1,085.5
1,150.3
Social, Behav. & Econ. Sci.
196.8
199.9
213.8
Office of Cyberinfrastructure
123.4
127.1
182.4
Office of International Sci. & Eng.
43.4
34.5
40.6
U.S. Polar Programs
349.7
390.5
439.6
Integrative Activities
130.9
137.2
131.4
Subtotal Res. & Rel. Act
$4,234.8
$4,331.5
$4,666.0
Ed. & Hum. Resr.
843.5
796.7
816.2
Major Res. Equip. & Facil. Constr.
165.1
190.9
240.5
Salaries & Expenses
223.5
246.8
281.8
National Science Board
3.7
4.0
3.9
Office of Inspector General
10.2
11.4
11.9
Total NSFa
$5,480.8
$5,581.2
$6,020.2
a. The totals do not include carry overs or retirement accruals. Totals may not add due to rounding.
b. Additional funding resulting from H-1B Nonimmigrant Petitioner Receipts is $26 million in
FY2005, an estimated $100 million in FY2006, and a projected $100 million in FY2007.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) R&D
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has requested $1.552 billion for
R&D in FY2007, which is an increase of 4.5% from FY2006. This total includes
$1.002 billion for the Directorate of Science and Technology, $536 million for the
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO), and $14 million for Research,
Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) in the U.S. Coast Guard. (For details,
see Table 7.) The request for DNDO is a 70% increase. The request for the S&T
Directorate is a 13% decrease.3
For individual portfolios within the S&T Directorate, comparing the FY2007
request with previous years is difficult because of several accounting factors. Certain
expenses previously funded by each R&D portfolio are being funded in the
Management and Administration account in FY2007. Funds for DNDO are being
requested separately rather than as part of S&T. The former Transportation Security
Administration R&D program, which was merged into S&T and funded in the R&D
Consolidation line in FY2006, constitutes part of the Explosives Countermeasures
3 DNDO was funded within the S&T Directorate in FY2006. The 70% increase for DNDO
is relative to its FY2006 funding within S&T. The 13% decrease for S&T is relative to its
FY2006 funding exclusive of DNDO.

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CRS-20
and Support of Components portfolios in FY2007. Some activities, most notably the
Counter MANPADS program to protect commercial aircraft against portable ground-
to-air missiles, will continue at their current level of effort in FY2007 but require
little additional budget authority because prior-year funds remain unspent. After
accounting for these factors, it appears that the FY2007 request would reduce net
funding for the Standards, Rapid Prototyping, SAFETY Act, and Critical
Infrastructure Protection portfolio, and increase net funding for Cyber Security and
the Office for Interoperability and Compatibility. Several of the requested net
changes would offset changes that Congress made in FY2006 relative to the FY2006
request.
The department’s FY2007 budget request marks the end of a period of
consolidation for its R&D programs. In the FY2004 appropriations conference report
(H.Rept.108-280), Congress directed the department to consolidate its R&D activities
into the S&T Directorate. This process began with several small programs in
FY2005, but a proposed move of the Coast Guard RDT&E program was rejected by
the Senate. In FY2006, the much larger R&D program of the Transportation Security
Administration was moved into S&T, but again the Senate rejected moving the Coast
Guard program. The FY2007 request proposes no further consolidations; conversely,
it proposes dividing out DNDO funding into a separate account, which would
comprise more than one third of the department’s R&D budget. (CRS Contact:
Daniel Morgan.)
Table 7. Department of Homeland Security R&D
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Enacted a
Enacted b
Request
Science and Technology Directorate
1115.4
1467.1
1002.3
Management and Administration
68.6
80.3
195.9
R&D, Acquisition, and Operations
1046.9
1386.8
806.4
Biological Countermeasures
362.6
376.2
337.2
NBACC Construction
35.0
0.0
0.0
Chemical Countermeasures
53.0
94.0
83.1
Explosives Countermeasures
19.7
43.6
86.6
Radiological/Nuclear Countermeasures c
122.6
18.9
-
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office c
-
314.8
-
Threat Awareness d
65.8
42.6
39.9
Standards
39.7
34.6
22.1
Support of DHS Components
54.6
79.2
88.6
University and Fellowship Programs
70.0
62.4
52.0
Emergent and Prototypical Technology e
86.8
42.6
19.5
Counter MANPADS
61.0
108.9
4.9
SAFETY Act
10.0
6.9
4.7
Office of Interoperability and Compatibility
21.0
26.2
29.7
Critical Infrastructure Protection
27.0
40.4
15.4
Cyber Security
18.0
16.5
22.7

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CRS-21
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Enacted a
Enacted b
Request
R&D Consolidation f
-
98.9
-
Rescission of Unobligated Funds from Prior Years
-
-20.0
-
Transportation Security Admin. and Customs R&D f
179.4
-
-
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office c
-
-
535.8
Management and Administration
-
-
30.5
Research, Development, and Operations
-
-
327.3
Systems Acquisition
-
-
178.0
U.S. Coast Guard RDT&E
18.5
18.1
13.9
Total DHS R&D
1313.3
1485.2
1552.0
a. The FY2005 enacted figures are from the FY2005 conference report (H.Rept. 108-774) and do not
reflect subsequent reprogramming or transfers, if any. Note that the “FY2005 actual” figures
given in the FY2007 Science and Technology Directorate budget justification are obligations;
they are not used here because they are not directly comparable with the FY2006 and FY2007
figures, which are budget authority.
b. The FY2006 enacted figures have been reduced by the 1% general rescission (P.L. 109-148) and
include a supplemental appropriation of $525,000 for Coast Guard RDT&E.
c. Funding for the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) was included in the budget for the
Science and Technology Directorate in FY2006. It incorporated most of what had been in
Radiological/Nuclear Countermeasures in FY2005. In FY2007, DNDO has a separate budget
request.
d. Threat Awareness was formerly known as Threat and Vulnerability Testing and Assessment.
e. Emergent and Prototypical Technology combines two previous portfolios, Emerging Threats and
Rapid Prototyping, whose funding in FY2005 and FY2006 has been summed for this table.
f. The Transportation Security Administration and Customs R&D programs were transferred into the
Science and Technology Directorate in FY2006, and funding for them was requested in that year
in the R&D Consolidation line. In FY2007, these activities will be funded by the Explosives
Countermeasures and Support of DHS Components portfolios.
Department of Commerce (DOC)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
President Bush requested a total of $532.6 million for FY2007 R&D programs
and facilities at NOAA (see Table 8). Included in this total is $521.2 million for the
Operations, Research, and Facilities (ORF) account and $11.4 million for the
Procurement, Acquisitions, and Construction (PAC) account.4 For FY2007, the
R&D total is 14.5% of NOAA’s total $3.68 billion budget request. Also, it is $13.5
million, or 2.5%, less than estimated $546.1 million appropriated for FY2006 and
$41.9 million, or 7.3%, less than FY2005 actual funding.5 The Office of Oceanic and
4 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office
of Financial Administration, Research and Development Budgets FY2005-FY2007, February
21, 2006.
5 The Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB’s) R&D Bureau estimates for NOAA
R&D spending differ (i.e., $602 million for FY2005, $595 million for FY2006, and $554
million for FY2007). However, OMB’s totals include capital costs for construction,
(continued...)

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CRS-22
Atmospheric Research (OAR) — NOAA’s primary line office for research —
conducts most of the agency’s R&D programs and manages R&D facilities; however,
not all OAR funding is for R&D. For example, the OAR request for FY2007 is
$383.2 million; the R&D funding request for OAR is $304 million. OAR R&D
levels would be $22.5 million, or 6.9%, less than the FY2006 estimate of $326.5
million. In addition, R&D funding of $73.1 million is requested for the National
Ocean Service (NOS), $46.7 million for the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS), $31.7 for the National Weather Service (NWS), $25.2 million for the
National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS), and $52
million for the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) under Program
Support. PAC Funding of $11.4 million is for systems acquisition and would include
$9.4 million for OAR and $2.0 million for NWS to enhance weather and climate
supercomputing capabilities.
Major Changes from FY2006 R&D Estimated Funding Levels. For
National Ocean Science, R&D funding for the National Centers for Coastal and
Ocean Science would decrease by $5 million. For OAR, Climate Observations and
Services would increase by $22.5 million, or 91%; climate partnership programs
would be zeroed out for a proposed saving of $150 million; the U.S. Weather
Research Program partnerships would be zeroed out, except for $3 million for
phased-array radar (PAR) research, for a proposed saving of $24.9 million; Ocean
and Great Lakes Research partnership programs would be zeroed out for a proposed
saving $16.1 million; and undersea and ocean exploration R&D funding would be
restored to FY2005 funding levels. For NMFS, there is a $0.5 million increase
requested for economic and social sciences research, a nine-fold increase for
cooperative research for recreational fisheries, a $0.4 million increase for stock
assessments and data collection, and a small decrease for fish information networks.
For NWS, central forecast guidance R&D funding would double, for a total of $5.7
million, and there would be a slight increase for local warnings and forecasts. For
NESDIS, the NOAA satellites program request includes $0.7 million for coral reef
monitoring and an increase of $4.4 million (from the FY2005 hurricane
supplemental) for product development, readiness, and applications. For OMAO,
there is a combined increase of $7.8 million for marine services, R&D data
acquisition, and research fleet maintenance and planning.
For information on the agency’s full budget request for FY2007, see CRS
Report RS22109, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget
for FY2007: President’s Request, Congressional Appropriations, and Related
Issues, by Wayne A. Morrissey. (CRS Contact: Wayne A. Morrissey.)
5 (...continued)
equipment, and maintenance for multiuse R&D facilities, which NOAA does not score as
R&D obligations.

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CRS-23
Table 8. NOAA R&D Estimates
($ in millions)
FY2006
NOAA
FY2005
FY2007 Request
Estimate
R&D Total
575
546
533
Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric
410
372
349
Research (OAR) Line Office Total
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office
of Financial Administration, NOAA Budget Office, Research and Development Budgets FY2005-
FY2007, February 21, 2006.
a. P.L. 108-447 totals were subject to a congressional across-the-board rescission of 0.80%.
b. P.L. 109-272 totals were subject to an OMB 1% across the board rescission. For FY2005 funding
details see, P.L 108-447, and for FY2006, see P.L. 109-272.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a laboratory of
the Department of Commerce. It is mandated to increase the competitiveness of U.S.
companies through appropriate support for industrial development of precompetitive
generic technologies and the diffusion of government-developed technological
advances to users in all segments of the American economy. NIST research also
provides the measurement, calibration, and quality assurance techniques that
underpin U.S. commerce, technological progress, improved product reliability,
manufacturing processes, and public safety.
The Administration’s FY2007 budget includes $581.3 million for NIST, almost
22% below the current fiscal year. Support for internal R&D activities under the
Scientific and Technology Research and Services (STRS) account would increase
18.3% to $467 million (including $8 million for the Baldrige National Quality
Program). There is no funding for the Advanced Technology Program (ATP), and
support for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) would decline 52.6%
to $46.3 million. Construction funding would total $68 million, a 60.8% decrease
from FY2006. (See Table 9.)
As part of the ACI, the Administration will attempt to double over 10 years
funding for “innovation-enabling research” done at NIST through its “core” programs
(defined as internal research in the STRS account and the construction budget). To
this end, the President’s FY2007 budget requests an increase of 18.3% for intramural
R&D at NIST. It remains to be seen how support for this effort will evolve and how
this might affect financing of extramural efforts such as ATP and MEP.
For FY2006, the President’s budget requested $532 million in NIST funding,
a 23% decrease from FY2005 due primarily to an absence of support for ATP and a
significant cut in financing for MEP. Included in the total figure was $426.3 million
for the STRS account, which primarily finances the internal R&D activities of the
laboratory. This amount was 12.5% above the previous fiscal year and included $5.7

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CRS-24
million for the Quality Program. MEP was to be funded at $46.8 million, 56% below
FY2005 support. The construction budget was $58.9 million.
H.R. 2862, as originally passed by the House, would have provided $548.7
million for NIST, 21% below FY2005 funding. The STRS account was to receive
$397.7 million, 5% more than FY2005 but 6.7% below the President’s request.
Financing for MEP totaled $106 million, a decrease of 1.4% from the earlier fiscal
year and more than twice the Administration’s budget request. There was no funding
for ATP. Construction activities would have received $45 million.
The version of H.R. 2862 initially passed by the Senate would have funded
NIST at $844.5 million, almost 21% above the FY2005 budget. Included in this
amount was $399.9 million for the STRS account (incorporating $7.2 million for the
Quality Program), an increase of 5.6% over previous funding. MEP was to receive
$106 million. Support for ATP, absent from both the President’s budget request and
the original House-passed bill, would total $140 million, 2.6% more than the
financing provided in FY2005. The construction budget was to be funded at $198.6
million, more than double the earlier figure. This construction funding was more
than three times that proposed by the Administration and more than four times that
included in the original House version of the bill.
Subsequently, the final FY2006 appropriations legislation, P.L. 109-108,
provides $745 million for NIST, an increase of 8.2% over FY2005 funding (after the
mandated rescissions). Support for the STRS account totals $394.8 million,
including $7.3 million for the Quality Program. This amount is an increase of 4.2%
over the previous fiscal year. MEP received $97.6 million (after an additional $7
million rescission from unobligated balances), and ATP is financed at $79 million.
The funding for MEP is a small decrease from FY2005, whereas support for ATP
declines 42% from the earlier figure. The construction budget more than doubles to
$173.6 million.
For FY2005, the Omnibus Appropriations Act, P.L. 108-447, provided NIST
with $695.3 million (after a mandated 0.8% across-the-board rescission and a 0.54%
rescission from Commerce, Justice, and State discretionary accounts). This amount
was 14% above FY2004 funding. Internal research and development under the STRS
account was $378.8 million (including funding for the Quality Program), almost 12%
over the previous fiscal year. The Manufacturing Extension Partnership was funded
at $107.5 million, an increase of 178% that brought support for the program up to
pre-FY2004 levels. The Advanced Technology Program was financed at $136.5
million (20% below FY2004), and the construction budget received $72.5 million.
The legislation also rescinded $3.9 million of unobligated balances from prior year
funds in the ATP account.
Continued support for the Advanced Technology Program has been a major
funding issue. ATP provides “seed financing,” matched by private sector investment,
to businesses or consortia (including universities and government laboratories) for
development of generic technologies that have broad applications across industries.
Opponents of the program cite it as a prime example of “corporate welfare,” whereby
the federal government invests in applied research activities that, they argue, should
be conducted by the private sector. Others defend ATP, arguing that it helps

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CRS-25
businesses (and small manufacturers) develop technologies that, while crucial to
industrial competitiveness, would not or could not be developed by the private sector
alone. While Congress has maintained support for the Advanced Technology
Program, the initial appropriation bills passed by the House since FY2002 provided
no funding for ATP. Although support is provided again in the FY2006
appropriations legislation, it was 41% below the earlier fiscal year.
For additional information, see CRS Report 95-30, The National Institute of
Standards and Technology: An Overview; CRS Report 95-36, The Advanced
Technology Program; and CRS Report 97-104, The Manufacturing Extension
Partnership Program: An Overview, all by Wendy H. Schacht. (CRS Contact:
Wendy H. Schacht.)
Table 9. NIST
($ in millions)
NIST Program
FY2005a
FY2006b
FY2007 Request
NIST Total
695.3
745
581.3
STRSc
378.8
394.8
467
ATP
136.5
79
0
MEP
107.5
97.6
46.3
Construction
72.5
173.6
68
a. After mandated rescissions (but not including those to unobligated balances).
b. Includes mandated rescissions.
c. Includes funding for the Baldrige National Quality Program.
Department of Transportation (DOT)
The Bush Administration requested $557 million for the Department of
Transportation’s (DOT’s) research and development budget in FY2007. This request
represents a decrease of almost 21% below the estimated $704 million approved for
R&D in FY2006. (See Table 10.) Funding for the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) would remain flat at $227 million for FY2007. R&D funding for the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) would decline from $311 million in FY2006
to $235 million in FY2007, a 24% decrease from FY2006 estimated funding levels.
Some of this decline can be attributed to continued cuts in FFA’s development
activities. Finally, funding for DOT’s other R&D programs are proposed to decline
42% below FY2006 funding levels to $95 million. Most of this decline can be
attributed to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration not requesting
applied research funding in FY2007. (CRS Contact: Mike Davey.)

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CRS-26
Table 10. Department of Transportation R&D
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Department of Transportation
Estimate
Estimate
Request
Federal Highway Administration
154
227
227
Federal Aviation Administration
263
311
235
Othersa
132
166
95
Total
549
704
557
a. “Others “ includes Office of the Secretary, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Federal
Railroad Administration, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, and the
Research and InnovativeTechnology Administration.
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Administration requested $598 million for R&D in the Department of the
Interior (DOI), a 5.7% decline from the $634 million the agency estimates it received
in FY2006. (See Table 11.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the primary
supporter of R&D (almost 90 % of the total) within DOI. The USGS areas of
research include mapping, geological resources, water quality, and biological
resources. The proposed FY2007 budget for R&D within the USGS would decline
from $558 million in FY2006 to $532 million in FY2007, a 4.7% decline. The USGS
is one of the major sponsors of earth science research, along with NSF, DOE, and
NASA.
As indicated in the table, funding for Geological Mineral Resources research is
proposed to decline 8.5%, whereas Water Resources is scheduled to decline 8.7%.
The geological hazards program conducts basic and applied research, collects long-
term data, operates a variety of monitoring networks, and helps to warn the public of
impending disasters, such as earthquakes. The geologic resources program assesses
the availability and quality of the nation’s energy and mineral resources. The
geologic processes program researches, monitors, and assesses the landscape to
understand geological processes to help distinguish natural change from those
resulting from human activity. Water resources research focuses on activities aimed
at improving the quality of the U.S. ground water. Within the earth sciences, the
USGS plays a major role in important geological hazards research, including research
on earthquakes and volcanoes. Enterprise Information conducts information science
research to enhance the National Map and National Spatial Data infrastructure.
Funding for USGS Biological Research would decline 3.3% below FY2006-
estimated funding levels. This research program develops and distributes
information needed in the conservation and management of the nation’s biological
resources. The program serves as the Department’s research arm, utilizing the
capabilities of 17 research centers and 40 Cooperative Research Units that support
research on fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. Major research initiatives are carried
out by USGS scientists who collect scientific information through research,
inventory, and monitoring investigations. These activities develop new methods and

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CRS-27
techniques to identify, observe, and manage fish and wildlife, including invasive
species and their habitats. Nearly 90% of USGS research is performed within
Interior labs to address the science needs of DOI and other agencies, such as the Fish
and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Land Management. (CRS Contact: Mike
Davey.)
Table 11. Department of Interior R&D
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
U. S. Geological Survey
Request
Estimate
Request
National Mapping
37
40
46
Geological Resources
210
212
194
Water Resources
126
126
115
Biological Research
172
179
173
Enterprise Information
1
1
4
USGS totala
546
558
532
Other agenciesb
75
76
66
Total all agencies
621
634
598
a. USGS R&D estimates are from the USGS budget office, and the USGS FY2007 Budget
Justification documents.
b. Other agencies includes, the Bureau of Reclamation, the Bureau of Land Management, the Minerals
Management Service, and the National Park Service.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Science and Technology
(S&T) account incorporates elements of the former research and development
account (also called extramural research) and EPA’s in-house research, development,
and technology work. The FY2007 total S&T budget request is $816.1 million,
which includes $27.8 million transferred from the Superfund account. For FY2006,
the S&T total is $761.0 million, which includes $30.2 million transferred from the
Superfund account. The FY2007 total S&T request represents an increase of $55.1
million over FY2006. The FY2005 - FY2006 data shown here reflect rescissions.
(See Table 12.)
The FY2007 request includes $61 million transferred into the S&T account from
EPA’s Environmental Programs and Management (EPM) account. This transfer of
funds, which is more than the total S&T increase of FY2007 over FY2006, is for
rent, security, and utilities costs that were handled previously in EPA’s EPM account.
This shift will better reflect actual costs for personnel with S&T funds, according to
EPA’s FY2007 Congressional Justification document. Also noteworthy is the
category of congressionally mandated research projects. The FY2007 budget

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CRS-28
requests no funds for this category, although the FY2006 amount for this category of
research amounted to $33.1 million, which was less than the FY2005 amount of
$65.7 million. The Agency’s FY2007 budget requests $12.5 million for its Climate
Protection Program, approximately $6 million less than its FY2006 level and $8
million less than the FY2005 amount. In addition, the FY2007 budget request
proposes to discontinue directed FY2006 Science to Achieve Results (STAR)
Research Fellowships, which competitively awards stipends and other research
support to graduate students in environmentally related fields. The FY2007 budget
request also proposes to discontinue EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification
(ETV) centers, which verify the performance of innovative clean-up and other
environmental technologies. The FY2007 budget request shows reductions of $3
million each for the STAR and ETV programs. EPA’s FY2007 budget request
includes an $8 million increase for developing new sampling methods for chemical,
biological, and radiological agents; for testing outdoor decontamination methods; and
for other related activities in the Agency’s Homeland Security program.
Beyond the appropriateness of funding levels, a continuing question is the
degree to which efforts to ensure sound science (such as the Information Quality Act
[IQA] and the Office of Management and Budget’s Peer Review guidelines) will
affect EPA’s S&T work, including the magnitude of Agency resources to satisfy IQA
requirements and peer-review guidelines. (CRS Contact: Michael Simpson.)
Table 12. Environmental Protection Agency
($ in millions)
EPA
FY2005 Enacted
FY2006 Enacted
FY2007 Request
S&T total
779.9
761.0
816.1
Specifically for
744.1
730.8
788.3
S&T
Transferred from
35.8
30.2
27.8
Superfund

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