Order Code RL31693
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected
Congressional Votes Since 1982
Updated April 28, 2006
Lisa Mages
Information Research Specialist
Knowledge Services Group
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional
Votes Since 1982
Summary
This report summarizes selected congressional votes related to instances in
which U.S. Armed Forces have been sent abroad in potentially hostile situations.
These votes reflect the type of congressional actions that observers maintain bear
directly on issues affecting policy and the funding of troops abroad, often in the
context of the War Powers Resolution, continued presence or withdrawal of troops,
and the “use of force.” The cases of Lebanon (1982-1983), Grenada (1983), Panama
(1989), the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991), Somalia (1992-1995), Haiti (1993-1996),
Bosnia (1992-1998), Kosovo (1999), the terrorist attack against America (2001)
(including the use of U.S. Armed Forces in Afghanistan), and the use of U.S. Armed
Forces against Iraq (2002-present) are examined. The roll call votes that are
available online (since 1990 in the House and 1989 in the Senate) are linked. This
report will be updated as events or legislation warrant.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Report Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lebanon (1982-1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Grenada (1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Panama (1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Somalia (1992-1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Haiti (1993-1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Bosnia (1992-1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Kosovo (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Terrorist Attack Against America (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Use of Force Against Iraq (2002-2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
War on Iraq (2003-present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Sources Consulted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected
Congressional Votes Since 1982
Introduction
The President and Congress have historically played different roles when
sending U.S. troops into hostile situations. The President has the power under
Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution to use the armed forces to repel attacks.
Congress under Article I, Section 8, has the power to declare war and raise and
support the armed forces. The War Powers Resolution1 was enacted to ensure that
the President and Congress share decisions where U.S. troops may become involved
in hostilities.
This sharing of power has often resulted in controversy, particularly when troops
are sent into situations where there has not been a formal declaration of war. In most
instances, Congress has used its legislative prerogatives through funding mechanisms
or declarations of policy either to affirm or to place limits on presidential action. In
three instances, Congress has authorized the use of military force in advance of
hostilities: the Persian Gulf War (1991), military operations in Afghanistan (2001),
and the “use of force against Iraq” resolution (2002). In each case, however, the
President has maintained that while he may have sought congressional consultation
and support, the President has the constitutional authority as Commander in Chief to
use force, including the armed forces of the United States, to protect U.S. national
security interests.

Report Content
This report describes the congressional debate that often surrounds the issue of
employing the U.S. military abroad. Initially written in response to a congressional
request for a list of votes on this topic from 1982-1992, this report has been updated
as needed since that time. The votes included are those directly related to the use and
funding of U.S. troops abroad, often in the context of the War Powers Resolution, or
to their continued presence or withdrawal.
The laws, bills, and resolutions below are listed in the chronological order of the
votes that were held. Links to the actual roll call votes are provided, when available
(since 1990 in the House and 1989 in the Senate). These links include each
Member’s yea or nay vote.
1 P.L. 93-148, November 7, 1973. For more detailed contextual and legislative history
information, see CRS Report RL32267, The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years, by
Richard F. Grimmett.

CRS-2
In some cases, House or Senate votes are voice votes, and, thus, no roll call vote
exists. Moreover, the ultimate disposition of amendments listed in the report (i.e.,
whether such amendments were incorporated into any final law) may not be self-
evident. In other instances, only one chamber of Congress may have voted on a
particular measure; for example, a House or Senate simple resolution is a
nonlegislative measure that expresses nonbinding opinions on policies or issues and
is effective only in the chamber in which it is proposed. It does not require
concurrence by the other chamber or approval by the President.
Lebanon (1982-1983)
On September 29, 1982, President Reagan deployed 1,200 marines to serve as
part of a multinational observer force to restore the sovereignty of the Lebanese
government. By March 30, 1984, the mission had ended.
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
98th
S. 639
Required the President to
Measure passed
(P.L. 98-43)
seek statutory authority for
Senate
Lebanon
any substantial expansion of
May 20, 1983
Emergency
U.S. participation in the
(voice vote)
Assistance
multinational peacekeeping
Act of 1983
force in Lebanon.
Measure passed
House
June 2, 1983
276-76
(vote #153)
98th
H.J.Res. 364
To provide statutory authority
Measure passed
Multinational
under the War Powers
House
Force in
Resolution for continued U.S.
September 28,
Lebanon
participation in the
1983
Resolution
multinational peacekeeping
270-161
force in Lebanon for up to 18
(vote #356)
months after enactment.
98th
H.Amdt. 395
Long substitute amendment
Rejected in
to H.J.Res.
requires the President to
House
364
invoke the War Powers
September 28,
Resolution by the end of
1983
November, or at the end of
158-272
any month thereafter, unless
(vote #360)
President certifies to
Congress that a cease-fire was
in effect and being observed
by all parties, and that
significant progress was being
made in negotiations to
broaden the base of Lebanese
government.

CRS-3
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
98th
S.J.Res. 159
Authorizes the President to
Measure passed
(P.L. 98-119)
maintain U.S. Armed Forces
House
Multinational
in Lebanon as part of a
September 29,
Force in
multinational peacekeeping
1983 253-156
Lebanon
force for 18 months;
(vote #370)
Resolution
determines that the
requirements of Section
Measure passed
4(a)(1) of the War Powers
Senate
Resolution became
September 29,
operational on August 29,
1983 54-46
1983.
(vote #274)
98th
S.Amdt. 2231
Baker motion to kill the Byrd
Agreed to in
to S.J.Res.
amendment stating that U.S.
Senate
159
Marines in Lebanon became
September 29,
engaged in hostilities on
1983 55-45
August 29, 1983, requiring
(vote #269)
the President to submit report
to Congress under Section
4(a)(1) of the War Powers
Resolution concerning
hostilities, and extending for
60 days from enactment of
the resolution the President’s
authority to keep U.S. forces
in Lebanon.
98th
S.Amdt. 2228
Baker motion to kill the Pell
Agreed to in
to S.J.Res.
amendment to authorize the
Senate
159
U.S. Marines to remain in
September 29,
Lebanon for an additional six
1983
months instead of 18.
62-38
(vote #270)

CRS-4
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
98th
S.Amdt. 2239
Baker motion to kill the
Agreed to in
to S.J.Res.
Tsongas amendment stating
Senate
159
that a purpose of the
September 29,
deployment of U.S. Marines
1983
in Lebanon was to help the
56-42
Lebanese government
(vote #271)
“maintain a secure area from
which to restore full control
over its own territory.”
98th
S.Amdt. 2240
Baker motion to kill the Levin
Agreed to in
to S.J.Res.
amendment stating that
Senate
159
“actual or imminent
September 29,
hostilities involving U.S.
1983
armed forces” began on
54-45
August 29, 1983.
(vote #272)
98th
S.Amdt. 2233
Baker motion to kill Eagleton
Agreed to in
to S.J.Res.
amendment to allow the U.S.
Senate
159
to take such “defensive
September 29,
measures as may be
1983
appropriate” to protect the
66-34
multinational peacekeeping
(vote #273)
force in Lebanon rather than
“protective” measures; would
require the President to report
to Congress periodically on
the results of efforts to secure
removal of all foreign forces
from Lebanon.
98th
H.Amdt. 494
Long amendment to prohibit
Rejected in
to
funds for deployment of U.S.
House
H.R. 4185
Armed Forces participating in
November 2,
Department
the multinational
1983
of Defense
peacekeeping force in
153-274
Appropriation
Lebanon after March 1, 1984.
(vote #441)
s for FY1984

CRS-5
Grenada (1983)
On October 25, 1983, President Reagan sent U.S. Marines and Army troops to
Grenada in order to protect American lives and restore law and order at the request
of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States. All U.S. troops were removed from
Grenada by December 15, 1983.
Bill and
Congress
Description and Comments
Votes
Title
98th
S.Amdt.
Hart amendment to invoke the
Agreed to in
2462 to
War Powers Resolution with
Senate
H.J.Res.
respect to American military
October 28, 1983
308 (P.L.
involvement in Grenada.
64-20
98-161)
(vote #321)
Joint
resolution
increasing
the
statutory
limit on the
public debt
98th
H.J.Res.
Declared that the requirements
Measure passed
402
of Section 4(a)(1) of the War
House
Powers Resolution became
November 1,
operative on October 25, 1983,
1983
when U.S. armed forces were
403-23
introduced into Grenada.
(vote #437)
Panama (1989)
On December 20, 1989, President George H.W. Bush deployed 14,000 U.S.
military forces to Panama in order to protect American lives, restore Panamanian
democracy, and apprehend General Manuel Noriega. Congress did not immediately
react to the situation, as the 101st Congress, first session had ended on November 22,
1989; the second session of the 101st Congress did not begin until January 23, 1990.
The 14,000 U.S. troops were removed from Panama by February 13, 1990.

CRS-6
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
101st
H.Con.Res. 262
Expresses sadness over the
Measure passed
loss of U.S. soldiers’ lives
House
as a result of Operation
February 7, 1990
Just Cause and commends
389-26
the President for his efforts
(vote #12)
to provide for the early
return of the remaining
U.S. troops from Panama.
Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)
On August 2, 1990, Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, seized its oil fields, ousted the
Kuwaiti leadership, installed a new government in Kuwait City, and massed troops
on the Saudi Arabian border. On August 9, President Bush reported that he had
deployed U.S. troops to the region. Legislation in late 1990 (101st Congress, second
session) focused on imposing sanctions against Iraq, in seeking the withdrawal of
Iraqi forces from the area, and in supporting the President in carrying out the
provisions of the relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. On January
12, 1991 (102nd Congress, first session), the Congress authorized the “use of force”
against Iraq in advance of the outbreak of hostilities with Iraq on January 16.
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
101st
S.Res. 318
Commends the President for his
Measure
Resolution to
initial actions with respect to
passed Senate
condemn
Iraq. Urges the President to
August 2, 1990
Iraq’s
seek ... additional multilateral
97-0
invasion of
actions involving air, sea, or
(vote #211)
Kuwait
land forces as necessary to
maintain or restore international
peace or security.
101st
H.J.Res. 658
Supports the deployment of
Measure
United States
U.S. armed forces to the Persian
passed House
Policy on
Gulf region and expresses
October 1,
Iraqi
appreciation to such forces.
1990
Aggression
380-29
Resolution
(vote #394)
101st
S.Con.Res.
Supports continued action by
Measure
147
the President to deter Iraqi
passed Senate
aggression and to protect
October 2,
American lives and interests in
1990
the region.
96-3
(vote #258)

CRS-7
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
102nd
H.J.Res. 77
Joint resolution to authorize the
Measure
(P.L. 102-1)
use of United States armed
passed House
Authorization
forces pursuant to United
January 12,
for Use of
Nations Security Council
1991
Military Force
Resolution 678.
250-183
Against Iraq
(vote #9)
Resolution
102nd
H.Con.Res.
Finds that the Constitution vests
Measure
32
all power to declare war in the
passed House
Congress.
January 12,
Declares that any offensive
1991
action against Iraq must be
302-131
explicitly approved in advance
(vote #7)
by the Congress.
102nd
H.Con.Res.
Authorizes the continued use of
Measure
33
American military force to
rejected in
enforce the United Nations
House
economic embargo against Iraq,
January 12,
to defend Saudi Arabia from
1991
direct Iraqi attack, and to
183-250
protect American forces in the
(vote #8)
region. Declares that (1) the
Constitution requires the
President to obtain
authorization from the Congress
before initiating new offensive
military action or waging war
against Iraq or Iraqi forces and
(2) the Congress does not rule
out the enactment at a later time
of a declaration of war or other
congressional authorization for
the use of force.

CRS-8
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
102nd
S.J.Res. 1
Authorizes the use of American
Measure
military force to enforce the
rejected by
United Nations economic
Senate
embargo against Iraq, defend
January 12,
Saudi Arabia from direct Iraqi
1991
attack, and protect American
46-53
forces in the region. Declares
(vote #1)
that (1) the Constitution vests
all power to declare war in the
Congress and (2) the Congress
will expeditiously consider any
presidential request for a
declaration of war or for
authority to use military force
against Iraq.
102nd
S.J.Res. 2
Authorizes the President to use
Measure
Authorization
U.S. armed forces against Iraq
passed Senate
for Use of
pursuant to United Nations
January 12,
Military Force
Security Council Resolution
1991
Against Iraq
678.
52-4
Resolution
(vote #2)
Somalia (1992-1995)
On December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had deployed U.S.
troops into Somalia on December 8, in response to United Nations Security Council
Resolution 794, which authorized the Secretary General to “use all necessary means
to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief
operations in Somalia” and to provide military forces for accomplishing this. U.S.
troops were deployed to assist United Nations Forces in Somalia (UNOSOM)
throughout 1993 and 1994, ending on March 3, 1995.

CRS-9
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
S.J.Res. 45
Joint resolution authorizing
Measure passed
the use of United States
Senate
Armed Forces in Somalia
February 4, 1993
pursuant to United Nations
(voice vote)
Security Council Resolution
794 providing for a secure
Measure passed
environment to deliver relief
House
supplies into Somalia. The
May 25, 1993
House reported version
243-179
authorized U.S. troops under
(vote #183)
the War Powers Resolution,
but terminated such
authorization at the earlier of
(1) end of one year from
date of enactment of the act
unless extended by
Congress; or (2) expiration
of the United Nations-led
force in Somalia.
103rd
H.Amdt. 66 to
Gilman substitute
Rejected in
S.J.Res. 45
amendment to reduce from
House
one year to six months
May 25, 1993
authorization for U.S.
179-248
participation and to delete
(vote #179)
the section of the bill
complying with the War
Powers Resolution.
103rd
H.Amdt. 67 to
Roth amendment to end the
Rejected in
S.J.Res. 45
U.S. troop authorization and
House
financial aid in Somalia on
May 25, 1993
June 30, 1993.
127-299
(vote #180)
103rd
H.Amdt. 68 to
Solomon amendment to
Agreed to in
S.J.Res. 45
commend U.S. Armed
House
Forces for establishing a
May 25, 1993
secure environment for
425-0
humanitarian relief in
(vote #181)
Somalia.

CRS-10
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
H.Amdt. 68 to
Separate vote at request of
Agreed to in
S.J.Res. 45
Walker on amendment
House
adopted by Solomon in
May 25, 1993
Committee of the Whole to
419-0
commend U.S. forces for
(vote #182)
establishing a secure
environment for
humanitarian relief in
Somalia.
103rd
S.Amdt. 790 to
Byrd amendment to the Byrd
Agreed to in
S.1298
amendment expressing sense
Senate
National
of Senate that the President
September 9,
Defense
should outline goals,
1993
Authorization
objectives, and duration of
90-7
Act for Fiscal
deployment of U.S. troops in
(vote #252)
Year 1994
Somalia and report to
Congress by October 15,
1993; President should ask
for and receive
congressional authorization
for continued deployment in
Somalia by November 15,
1993; U.S. participation
would terminate if Congress
failed to authorize such
continued involvement.
103rd
H.R. 2401
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-160)
House
National
September 29,
Defense
1993
Authorization
268-162
Act for FY1994
(vote #474)
Measure passed
Senate
October 6, 1993
(voice vote)

CRS-11
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
H.Amdt. 319
Gephardt amendment
Agreed to in
to
requiring the President to
House
H.R. 2401
report to Congress by
September 28,
October 15, 1993, on goals,
1993
objectives, and duration of
406-26
U.S. Armed Forces in
(vote #463)
Somalia and expressing
sense of Congress that the
President should seek
congressional authorization
by November 15, 1993, for
continued deployment in
Somalia.
103rd
H.Amdt. 319
Separate vote at request of
Agreed to in
to
Walker on Gephardt
House
H.R. 2401
amendment adopted in the
September 29,
Committee of the Whole
1993
(described above).
405-23
(vote #472)
103rd
Spence motion to recommit
Rejected in
bill to House Armed
House
Services with instructions to
September 29,
report back with amendment
1993
requiring the President to
192-238
certify that it is vital and
(vote #473)
necessary to protect U.S.
national interests before
placing U.S. troops under
control of a foreign national
on behalf of the United
Nations.
103rd
H.R. 3116
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-139)
Senate
Department of
October 21,
Defense
1993
Appropriations
(voice vote)
for FY1994
103rd
Thurmond motion to kill
Agreed to in
McCain amendment
Senate
(S.Amdt. 1043) to prohibit
October 15,
funding of U.S. military
1993
operations in Somalia except
61-38
for withdrawal of all U.S.
(vote #313)
troops.

CRS-12
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
S.Amdt. 1042
Byrd amendment to prohibit
Agreed to in
to H.R.3116
funding of U.S. military
Senate
operations in Somalia after
October 15,
March 31, 1994, except for
1993
limited purposes if the
76-23
President requests and
(vote #314)
Congress authorizes an
extension; requires U.S.
forces to be under command
of U.S. commanders.
103rd
H.Con.Res.
Concurrent resolution
Measure passed
170
directing the President
House
pursuant to Section 5(c) of
November 9,
the War Powers Resolution
1993
to remove United States
(voice vote)
Armed Forces from Somalia
by January 31, 1994.
103rd
H.Amdt. 384
Gilman amendment to
Agreed to in
to
change deadline for removal
House
H.Con.Res.
of U.S. troops in Somalia
224-203
170
from March 31, 1994, to
November 9,
January 31, 1994.
1993
(vote #555)
103rd
H.Amdt. 385
Hamilton substitute
Agreed to in
to
amendment to change
House
H.Con.Res.
deadline for removal of U.S.
226-201
170
troops back to March 31,
November 9,
1994, from January 31,
1993
1994; substituted by Gilman.
(vote #556)
103rd
H.R. 3759
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-211)
House
Emergency
February 3, 1994
Supplemental
337-74
Appropriations
(vote #13)
Act for FY1994
Measure passed
Senate
February 10,
1994
85-10
(vote #45)

CRS-13
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
H.Amdt. 424
Frank amendment to delete
Rejected in
to H.R. 3759
$1.2 billion for
House
peacekeeping and
February 3, 1994
humanitarian assistance in
158-260
Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and
(vote #8)
Haiti.
103rd
S.Amdt. 1453
Feingold amendment to
Rejected in
to H.R. 3759
eliminate $1.2 billion for
Senate
peacekeeping operations in
February 10,
Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and
1994
Haiti.
19-76
(vote #40)
103rd
H.R. 4650
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-335)
Senate
Department of
August 11, 1994
Defense
86-14
Appropriations
(vote #282)
for FY1995
103rd
S.Amdt. 2538
Kempthorne amendment
Agreed to in
to H.R. 4650
prohibiting funds from
Senate
supporting the continued
August 10, 1994
presence of U.S. troops in
54-44
Somalia after September 30,
(vote #278)
1994.
Haiti (1993-1996)
On October 20, 1993, President Clinton reported that U.S. ships had begun
enforcing a United Nations embargo against Haiti. On September 19, 1994,
President Clinton had deployed 1,500 troops to Haiti to restore democracy; that level
was ultimately increased to over 20,000. By March 21, 1995, U.S. troops were
reduced to under 5,300 and incorporated into the United Nations Multinational Force
in Haiti. By September 21, 1995, they were reduced to under 2,500 personnel. U.S.
troops ended their deployment to Haiti by April 17, 1996.

CRS-14
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
H.R. 3116
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-139)
Senate
Department of
October 21, 1993
Defense
(voice vote)
Appropriations
for FY1994
103rd
S.Amdt. 1072
Helms amendment to
Rejected in
to H.R. 3116
prohibit funding any U.S.
Senate
military operations in Haiti
October 21, 1993
unless Congress explicitly
19-81
authorizes such action or the
(vote #321)
President certifies to
Congress that U.S. citizens
are in danger.
103rd
S.Amdt. 1074
Mitchell amendment
Agreed to in
to H.R. 3116
expressing sense of
Senate
Congress that Congress
October 21, 1993
should authorize all U.S.
98-2
military operations in Haiti
(vote #322)
unless U.S. citizens are in
imminent need of protection
and evacuation or that
deployment is vital to
national security interests.
103rd
H.R. 3759
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-211)
House
Emergency
February 3, 1994
Supplemental
337-74
Appropriations
(vote #13)
Act for
FY1994
Measure passed
Senate
February 10,
1994
85-10
(vote #45)
103rd
H.Amdt. 424
Frank amendment deleting
Rejected in
to
$1.2 billion for
House
H.R. 3759
peacekeeping and
February 3, 1994
humanitarian assistance in
158-260
Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and
(vote #8)
Iraq.

CRS-15
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
S.Amdt. 1453
Feingold amendment
Rejected in
to
eliminating $1.2 billion for
Senate
H.R. 3759
peacekeeping operations in
February 10,
Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and
1994
Iraq.
19-76
(vote #40)
103rd
H.R. 4301
Measure passed
National
House
Defense
June 9, 1994
Authorization
260-158
Act for
(vote #226)
FY1995
103rd
H.Amdt. 575
Substitute amendment to the
Rejected in
to H.R. 4301
Goss amendment (see
House
below) sought to express the
May 24, 1994
sense of Congress that the
191-236
U.S. should not attack Haiti
(vote #196)
except in a case of a clear
and present danger.
103rd
H.Amdt. 574
Goss amendment expressing
Agreed to in
to
sense of Congress that the
House
H.R. 4301
United States with the
May 24, 1994
Organization of American
223-201
States (OAS) and the United
(vote #197)
Nations should establish a
safe haven for Haitian
refugees on Ile de la
Gonava; establish legitimate
Haitian administration to
govern; the President should
not undertake any military
action against Haiti unless it
presents a clear and present
danger to the United States.
103rd
H.Amdt. 574
Separate vote at request of
Rejected in
to
Dellums on the amendment
House
H.R. 4301
offered by Goss, previously
June 9, 1994
voted on at roll call vote
195-226
#197 above.
(vote #224)

CRS-16
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
H.R. 4426
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-306)
Senate
Foreign
July 15, 1994
Operations,
84-9
Export
(vote #203)
Financing, and
Related
Programs
Appropriations
for FY1995
103rd
S.Amdt. 2117
Gregg amendment to
Rejected in
to H.R. 4426
prohibit military action in
Senate
Haiti unless the operations
June 29, 1994
are authorized in advance by
34-65
Congress or necessary to
(vote #172)
protect U.S. citizens for
national security interests.
103rd
S.Amdt. 2118
Mitchell amendment
Agreed to in
to H.R. 4426
expressing sense of
Senate
Congress that Congress
June 29, 1994
should authorize all U.S.
93-4
military operations in Haiti
(vote #173)
unless U.S. citizens are in
immediate need of
protection or deployment is
vital to U.S. national
security.
103rd
H.R. 4624
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-327)
Senate
Department of
August 4, 1994
Veterans
86-9
Affairs
(vote #262)
Appropriations
for FY1995
103rd
S.Amdt. 2445
Dole amendment expressing
Agreed to in
to H.R. 4624
sense of Senate that United
Senate
Nations Security Council
August 3, 1994
Resolution 940 did not
100-0
constitute authorization for
(vote #254)
deployment of U.S. forces
in Haiti under the
Constitution or the War
Powers Resolution.

CRS-17
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
H.R. 4606
McCain motion to kill
Agreed to in
{P.L. 103-333)
Specter amendment
Senate
Departments of
(S.Amdt. 2460) barring the
August 5, 1994
Labor, Health
President from deploying
63-31
and Human
U.S. troops to restore
(vote #263)
Services, and
legitimately elected Haitian
Education
government unless
Appropriations
authorized by Congress,
for FY1995
unless vital to national
security interests, or to
protect lives of U.S.
citizens.
103rd
H.Con.Res.
Concurrent resolution
Measure passed
290
commending the President
House
and the special delegation to
September 19,
Haiti; supporting U.S.
1994
Armed Forces in Haiti;
353-45
supporting an orderly
(vote #424)
withdrawal of U.S. forces as
soon as possible.
103rd
S.Res. 259
Resolution expressing sense
Measure passed
of the Senate supporting
Senate
U.S. forces in Haiti;
September 21,
commending the special
1994
delegation led by former
94-5
President Carter; supporting
(vote #301)
lifting of economic
sanctions on Haiti;
supporting prompt and
orderly withdrawal of all
U.S. forces.
103rd
S.J.Res. 229
Joint resolution expressing
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-423)
sense of Congress for a
Senate
Joint resolution
prompt and orderly
October 6, 1994
regarding
withdrawal of all U.S.
91-8
United States
forces from Haiti as soon as
(vote #323)
policy toward
possible; requires President
Haiti
to submit reports to
Measure passed
Congress on the scope and
House
duration of U.S. mission in
October 7, 1994
Haiti.
(voice vote)

CRS-18
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
H.J.Res. 416
Joint resolution expressing
Measure passed
Limited
sense of Congress that all
House
Authorization
U.S. troops should be
October 7, 1994
for the United
promptly and orderly
236-182
States-led
withdrawn from Haiti as
(vote #500)
Force in Haiti
soon as possible; President
Resolution
should have sought
congressional approval
before deployment of
troops; requires the
President to submit
statement of national
security objectives of
Operation Uphold
Democracy within seven
days of enactment.
103rd
H.Amdt. 922
Gilman amendment
Rejected in
to H.J.Res.
expressing sense of
House
416
Congress that President
October 6, 1994
should not have ordered
205-225
U.S. troops to occupy Haiti
(vote #497)
and should immediately
begin the “safe and orderly
withdrawal” of all U.S.
forces; provides for
consideration of joint
resolution to be introduced
January 3, 1995, which if
enacted, would prohibit
continued use of U.S. troops
in Haiti within 30 days.

CRS-19
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
H.Amdt. 923
Dellums amendment
Agreed to in
to H.J.Res.
expressing sense of
House
416
Congress that all U.S.
October 6, 1994
troops should be promptly
258-167
and orderly withdrawn from
(vote #498)
Haiti; President should have
sought congressional
approval before deploying
troops; requires President to
submit to Congress within
seven days of enactment a
statement on national
security objectives of
Operation Uphold
Democracy and other
reports on situation there.
103rd
H.Amdt. 924
Toricelli amendment
Rejected in
to H.J.Res.
authorizing the presence of
House
416
U.S. troops in Haiti until
October 7, 1994
March 1, 1995, unless
27-398
President determines and
(vote #499)
certifies to Congress that
continued presence is
essential to protect U.S.
citizens or vital to national
security interests.
Bosnia (1992-1998)
The civil war in the former Yugoslav Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina resulted
in U.S. military participation in various efforts over several years to halt the fighting.
The United States participated in both United Nations and NATO actions without
explicit congressional authorization. Beginning in 1992, the United Nations Security
Council adopted Resolution 770, which called on all nations to take “all measures
necessary” to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Sarajevo. On
August 11, 1992, the Senate passed S.Res. 330, which urged the President to work
for such a resolution and pledged funds for participation, but also said that no U.S.
military personnel should be introduced into hostilities without clearly defined
objectives.
On the same day, the House passed H.Res. 554, which urged the Security
Council to authorize measures, including the use of force, to ensure humanitarian
relief. As the conflict in Bosnia continued and escalated over the next several years,
U.S. troops were sent to participate in NATO and United Nations peacekeeping

CRS-20
missions. Consequently, leaders in Congress began calling for greater congressional
involvement in decisions.
In 1994, for example, the Senate passed S. 2042, which called for the United
States to end unilaterally its arms embargo with Bosnia; the Senate also passed an
amendment to S. 2042 which stated that no ground combat troops should be deployed
to Bosnia unless previously authorized by Congress. The House did not act on the
measure. With the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia on December
14, 1995, NATO took over the ground operation from UNPROFOR (United Nations
Protection Force). Consequently, in late 1995, over 20,000 U.S. combat troops were
sent to Bosnia as part of the NATO-led peacekeeping force. In December 1995,
Congress considered and voted on a number of bills and resolutions, but the House
and Senate could not come to consensus on any single measure. In 1996, President
Clinton agreed to provide up to 8,500 ground troops to participate in the NATO-led
follow-on force in Bosnia termed the Stabilization Force (SFOR).
Subsequent efforts by both the House and Senate to require the President to
either limit funding for the Bosnia operations or to bring the troops home did not
succeed. On March 18, 1998, for example, the House defeated by a vote of 193-225
H.Con.Res. 227, which would have directed the President to remove U.S. Armed
Forces from the Republic of Bosnia- Herzegovina, pursuant to Section 5(c) of the
War Powers Resolution.
On July 22, 2002, President Bush reported to Congress that U.S. Armed Forces
contributions to SFOR in Bosnia-Herzegovina were approximately 2,400 personnel.
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
102nd
S.Res. 330
Expresses the sense of the
Measure passed
Senate that the President
Senate
should call upon the United
August 11, 1992
Nations to authorize all
74-22
means, including
(vote #186)
multinational military
action, to ensure the flow of
humanitarian relief in
Bosnia-Herzegovina and to
gain access for the U.N. and
International Red Cross
personnel to refugee and
war camps.

CRS-21
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
102nd
S.Amdt. 2925
Warner amendment to
Agreed to in
to S.Res. 330
express the Senate’s
Senate
support for the six
August 10, 1992
measures that President
90-5
Bush said on August 6 that
(vote #184)
the Administration was
taking to help resolve the
Balkan Crisis.
102nd
S.Amdt. 2929
Stevens amendment to
Agreed to in
to S.Res. 330
express the sense of the
Senate
Senate that the United
August 11, 1992
States will provide
82-13
necessary funds for U.S.
(vote #185)
participation in
humanitarian and
multilateral military action
in Bosnia-Herzegovina as
mandated by the United
Nations.
103rd
H.R. 3116
Making appropriations for
Measure passed
(P.L. 103-139)
the Department of Defense
House
Department of
for the fiscal year ending
September 30,
Defense
September 30, 1994.
1993
Appropriations
325-102
Act, 1994
(vote #480)
Senate agreed to
conference report
November 10,
1993
88-9
(vote #368)
103rd
S.Amdt. 1073
Mitchell amendment to
Agreed to in
to H.R. 3116
express the sense of
Senate
Congress that none of the
October 20, 1993
funds in the bill should be
99-1
used to deploy U.S. troops
(vote #320)
in Bosnia-Herzegovina
unless authorized by
Congress, except for
humanitarian missions
started before October 20,
1993.

CRS-22
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
103rd
S. 2042
A bill to remove the United
Measure passed
States arms embargo of the
Senate
government of
May 12, 1994
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
(voice vote)
103rd
S.Amdt. 1696
Mitchell amendment to
Agreed to in
to S. 2042
direct the President to seek
Senate
the immediate agreement of
May 10, 1994
NATO allies to terminate
50-49
the arms embargo against
(vote #110)
Bosnia-Herzegovina, direct
the President to seek a U.N.
Security Council resolution
to terminate the arms
embargo and ... authorize
U.S. air power to
implement NATO
exclusion zones and to
protect U.N. forces, but
prohibit the deployment of
U.S. ground combat forces
without congressional
authorization.
103rd
S.Amdt. 1695
Dole amendment to require
Agreed to in
to S. 2042
the President to terminate
Senate
the U.S. arms embargo of
May 12, 1994
Bosnia-Herzegovina upon
50-49
receipt of a request from
(vote #111)
that government for
assistance in its right of
self-defense and to prohibit
interference with the
transfer of conventional
arms by the executive
branch. The amendment
also states that nothing in
the amendment shall be
interpreted as an
authorization for the
deployment of U.S. forces.

CRS-23
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
104th
H.R. 2076
Making appropriations for
Measure passed
Departments of
the Departments of
House
Commerce,
Commerce, Justice, and
July 26, 1995
Justice, and
State, the Judiciary, and
272-151
State, the
related agencies for the
(vote #585)
Judiciary, and
fiscal year ending
Related
September 30, 1996, and
Measure passed
Agencies
for other purposes.
Senate
Appropriations
September 29,
Act, 1996
1995
(voice vote)
House agreed to
conference report
December 6,
1995
256-166
(vote #841)
Senate agreed to
conference report
December 7,
1995
50-48
(vote #591)
Vetoed by
President
December 19,
1995
House failed to
override veto
January 3, 1996
240-159
(vote #4)

CRS-24
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
104th
S.Amdt. 2842
Gregg amendment to
Agreed to in
to H.R. 2076
express the sense of the
Senate
Senate that U.S. troops
September 29,
should not be deployed to
1995
Bosnia-Herzegovina unless
94-2
Congress approves the
(vote #479)
deployment or the
temporary deployment as
necessary to evacuate U.N.
peacekeeping forces from
imminent danger, to
undertake air rescue
operations, or to provide
humanitarian supplies.
104th
H.Res. 247
Expresses the sense of the
Measure passed
House of Representatives to
House
the deployment of the
October 30, 1995
United States armed forces
315-103
on the ground in the
(vote #745)
territory of the Republic of
Bosnia- Herzegovina to
enforce a peace agreement.
Gilman motion to suspend
the rules and adopt the
resolution ... that a
successful outcome for the
Bosnia peace talks should
not assume the deployment
of U.S. troops, and that any
deployment should be
authorized by Congress.
104th
H.R. 2606
To prohibit the use of funds
Measure passed
appropriated to the
House
Department of Defense
November 17,
from being used for the
1995
deployment on the ground
243-171
of U.S. Armed Forces in
(vote #814)
the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina as part
Measure rejected
of any peacekeeping
in Senate
operations, or as part of
December 13,
any implementation force,
1995
unless funds for such
22-77
deployment are specifically
(vote #601)
appropriated by law.

CRS-25
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
104th
H.R. 2770
To prohibit federal funds
Measure rejected
from being used for the
in House
deployment on the ground
December 13,
of U.S. Armed Forces in
1995
the Republic of
210-218
Bosnia-Herzegovina as part
(vote #856)
of any peacekeeping
operations, or as part of any
implementation force.
104th
H.Res. 302
Relating to the deployment
Measure passed
of the U.S. Armed Forces
House
in and around the territory
December 13,
of the Republic of
1995
Bosnia-Herzegovina to
287-141
enforce the peace
(vote #857)
agreement between the
parties to the conflict.
Declares that the House has
serious concerns and
opposes the President’s
policy to deploy U.S.
ground troops to Bosnia ...
and that the U.S.
government should be
impartial and evenhanded
with all parties in the
Bosnian conflict as
necessary to ensure the
safety of U.S. troops.
104th
S.Con.Res 35
A concurrent resolution
Measure rejected
expressing the opposition
in Senate
of the Congress to President
December 13,
Clinton’s planned
1995
deployment of United
47-52
States ground forces to
(vote #602)
Bosnia while also
expressing congressional
support for the U.S. troops
ordered by the President to
help implement the Bosnia
peace agreement.

CRS-26
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
104th
H.Res. 306
Expressing the sense of the
Rejected in
House of Representatives
House
that while some Members
December 14,
of Congress have questions
1995
and concerns about the
190-237
deployment of U.S. Armed
(vote #858)
Forces to Bosnia, the House
unequivocally supports the
men and women of the U.S.
Armed Forces who are
serving there.
104th
S.J.Res. 44
A joint resolution
Measure agreed
expressing support for U.S.
to in Senate
troops in Bosnia, but
December 14,
expressing reservations
1995
about the deployment of
69-30
such troops. The measure
(vote #603)
would also limit the
deployment to
“approximately” one year
and require the President to
limit the use of U.S. troops
in Bosnia to the
enforcement of the military
provisions of the peace
agreement and provide an
exit strategy from Bosnia
that would include an
international effort to
achieve a military balance
in Bosnia by arming the
federation of Bosnia.

CRS-27
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
105th
H.R. 1119
An Act to authorize
Measure passed
(P.L. 105-85)
appropriations for FY1998
House,
National
for military activities of the
June 25, 1997
Defense
Department of Defense ...
304-120
Authorization
and for other purposes.
(vote #236)
Act for Fiscal
Year 1998
Measure passed
Senate
July 11, 1997
(unanimous
consent)
House agreed to
conference report
October 28, 1997
286-123
(vote #534)
Senate agreed to
conference report
November 6,
1997
90-10
(vote #296)
105th
H.Amdt. 204
Hilleary substitute
Rejected in
to H.R. 1119
amendment to the Buyer
House
amendment to prohibit the
June 24, 1997
obligation of funds for
196-231
ground deployment of U.S.
(vote #233)
troops in Bosnia after
December 31, 1997, unless
the President submits a
report to Congress
requesting an extension of
funding. The Hilleary
amendment would require
the extension to be
approved by a joint
resolution of Congress and
would permit deployment
for an additional 180 days
or until June 30, 1998.

CRS-28
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
105th
H.Amdt. 203
Buyer amendment to
Agreed to in
to H.R. 1119
prohibit funding for U.S.
House
ground troops in Bosnia
June 24, 1997
after June 30, 1998.
278-148
(vote #234)
105th
S. 936
Expresses the sense of
Measure passed
National
Congress that U.S. troops
Senate
Defense
should pull out of Bosnia
July 11, 1997
Authorization
by June 30, 1998.
94-4
Act for Fiscal
(vote #173)
Year 1998
105th
H.R. 2266
Making appropriations for
Measure passed
(P.L. 105-56)
the Department of Defense
House
Department of
for the fiscal year ending
July 29, 1997
Defense
September 30, 1998, and
322-105
Appropriations
for other purposes. The
(vote #338)
Act, 1998
bill/conference report
would cut off funding for
Measure passed
U.S. troops in Bosnia after
Senate
June 30, 1998, but would
July 29, 1997
permit the President to
(unanimous
request further funding.
consent)
House agreed to
conference report
September 25,
1997
56-65
(vote #442)
Senate agreed to
conference report
September 25,
1997
93-5
(vote #258)
Became P.L. 105-
56
October 8, 1997
Line item veto by
the President
October 21, 1997

CRS-29
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
105th
H.Con.Res
Directed the President,
Measure rejected
227
pursuant to Section 5(c) of
in House
Bosnia and
the War Powers Resolution,
March 18, 1998
Herzegovina
to remove U.S. Armed
193-225
U.S. Troop
Forces from the Republic of
(vote #58)
Removal bill
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
105th
S.Amdt. 2316
Craig amendment to add
Rejected in
to Treaty 105-
language to the resolution
Senate
36
of ratification that would
April 30, 1998
Protocols to
require Congress and the
20-80
the NATO
President to enact
(vote #110)
Treaty of 1949
legislation specifically
on Accession
authorizing the continued
of Poland,
deployment of U.S. troops
Hungary, and
in Bosnia before the United
Czech
States ratifies the NATO
Republic
expansion treaty.
105th
S.Amdt. 2328
B. Smith amendment to add
Rejected in
to Treaty 105-
language to the resolution
Senate
36
of ratification that would
April 30, 1998
Protocols to
require both houses of
16-83
the NATO
Congress to vote on
(vote #116)
Treaty of 1949
legislation, prior to
on Accession
ratification of NATO
of Poland,
expansion, that would
Hungary, and
authorize continued U.S.
Czech
troop deployments to
Republic
Bosnia.

CRS-30
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
105th
H.R. 3616
Frank motion to recommit
Rejected in
(P.L. 105-261)
the bill to the National
House
Strom
Security Committee with
May 21, 1998
Thurmond
instructions to report it
167-251
National
back with an amendment
(vote #182)
Defense
that no funds appropriated
Authorization
for the Department of
Act for Fiscal
Defense for FY1999 may
Year 1999
be used for the deployment
of U.S. Armed Forces in
the Republic of
Bosnia-Herzegovina after
December 31, 1998, unless
a law has been enacted that
explicitly authorizes the
deployment of such armed
forces.
105th
S. 2057
An original bill to authorize
Measure passed
National
appropriations for FY1999
Senate
Defense
for military activities of the
June 25, 1998
Authorization
Department of Defense ...
88-4
Act for Fiscal
and for other purposes.
(vote #181)
Year 1999
105th
S.Amdt. 2975
Thurmond amendment to
Agreed to in
to S. 2057
express the sense of
Senate
Congress that U.S. ground
June 24, 1998
forces should not remain in
90-5
Bosnia indefinitely, and
(vote #170)
that the President should
work with NATO to
withdraw U.S. forces
“within a reasonable period
of time.”
105th
S.Amdt. 2977
McCain motion to table
Agreed to in
to S. 2057
(kill) the Smith amendment
Senate
that would prohibit funding
June 24, 1998
for U.S. ground troop
65-31
deployment in Bosnia if
(vote #171)
both houses of Congress do
not vote by March 31,
1999, on legislation that
would authorize continued
deployment in Bosnia.

CRS-31
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
105th
S. 2132
An original bill making
Indefinitely
Department of
appropriations for the
postponed in the
Defense
Department of Defense for
Senate
Appropriations
the fiscal year ending
July 30, 1998
Act, 1999
September 30, 1999 ... and
(unanimous
for other purposes.
consent)
105th
McCain motion to table
Agreed to in
(kill) the Hutchison
Senate
amendment (S.Amdt. 3413)
July 30, 1998
that would require the
68-31
President to reduce U.S.
(vote #249)
combat forces in Bosnia to
6,500 by February 2, 1999,
and by 5,000 by October 1,
1999.
Kosovo (1999)
On March 24, 1999, President Clinton ordered U.S. military forces to begin air
strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in
cooperation with the NATO-led operation. The strike was ordered in response to
Yugoslavia’s campaign of violence against ethnic Albanians in the province of
Kosovo. On June 3, 1999, Yugoslavia agreed to a peace plan calling for withdrawal
of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo to include an international peacekeeping force. On
June 10, 1999, NATO air strikes were halted, and Yugoslav forces withdrew their
military forces from Kosovo by June 20, 1999.
Congress, while not authorizing directly, and in advance, this military action,
introduced and voted on several legislative measures related to deployment of U.S.
military forces for combat or peacekeeping in the Balkan region. The House adopted
H.Con.Res. 42 on March 11, 1999, which authorized the President to send troops as
peacekeepers; the Senate passed a non-binding resolution (S.Con.Res. 21) on March
23, 1999, that expressed the sense of Congress that the President was authorized to
conduct military air operations in cooperation with NATO allies against Yugoslavia.
However, the House later defeated the Senate resolution, on April 28, 1999. Other
House or Senate votes sent conflicting signals in addressing funding related to troop
deployments in the region, declaration of war issues, and executive and congressional
roles in sending U.S. military forces abroad.
For more detailed contextual and legislative history, see CRS Issue Brief
IB81050, War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance, by Richard F.
Grimmett, and CRS Report RL31053, Kosovo and U.S. Policy, by Steven Woehrel
and Julie Kim. The following legislation is representative of what was introduced
and voted on in the 106th Congress.

CRS-32
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
106th
H.Res. 103
Provides for consideration
Motion agreed to
of the concurrent
in House
resolution, H.Con.Res. 42,
March 11, 1999
regarding the use of U.S.
219-203
Armed Forces as part of a
(vote #45)
NATO peacekeeping
operation implementing a
Resolution
Kosovo peace agreement.
agreed to in
Motion to order the
House
previous question (thus
March 11, 1999
ending debate and the
218-201
possibility of amendment)
(vote #46)
on adoption of H.Res. 103.
106th
H.Con.Res. 42
A concurrent resolution
Measure passed
Peacekeeping
authorizing the President to
House
Operations in
deploy U.S. Armed Forces
March 11, 1999
Kosovo
personnel to Kosovo as part
219-191
Resolution
of a NATO peacekeeping
(vote #49)
operation implementing a
Kosovo peace agreement,
subject to certain
limitations
106th
H.Amdt. 25 to
Fowler amendment to limit
Rejected in
H.Con.Res. 42
the deployment of U.S.
House
Armed Forces to Kosovo
March 11, 1999
and to not authorize the
178-237
President to deploy ground
(vote #48)
forces as part of a NATO
peacekeeping operation.

CRS-33
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
106th
S. 544
An original bill making
Cloture motion
Emergency
emergency supplemental
rejected in
Supplemental
appropriations and
Senate
Appropriations
rescissions for recovery
March 23, 1999
Act for Fiscal
from natural disasters, and
55-44
Year 1999
foreign assistance, for the
(vote #55)
fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999, and
Measure passed
for other purposes. March
Senate
23, 1999: Cloture motion
March 23, 1999
(thus limiting debate) on
(voice vote)
the Lott amendment
(S.Amdt. 124) to the
Hutchison amendment
(S.Amdt. 81) to prohibit
the use of funds for military
operations in Yugoslavia
unless Congress enacts
specific authorizations in
law for the conduct of
those operations.
106th
S.Con.Res 21
A concurrent resolution
Measure passed
authorizing the President of
Senate
the United States to
March 23, 1999
conduct military air
58-41
operations and missile
(vote #57)
strikes against Yugoslavia.
Measure rejected
in House
April 28, 1999
213-213
(vote #103)
106th
H.Res. 130
Expresses the support of
Resolution
the House of
agreed to in
Representatives for the
House
members of the U.S.
March 24, 1999
Armed Forces who are
424-1
engaged in military
(vote #71)
operations against
Yugoslavia.

CRS-34
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
106th
H.R. 1141
A bill making emergency
Measure passed
(P.L. 106-31)
supplemental
House
1999
appropriations for the fiscal
March 24, 1999
Emergency
year ending September 30,
220-211
Supplemental
1999, and for other
(vote #70)
Appropriations
purposes — provides $15
Act
billion for Central
Measure passed
American humanitarian
Senate, as
relief, aid to Jordan, U.S.
amended, in lieu
farmer assistance, and U.S.
of S. 544
military and humanitarian
March 24, 1999
operations in the Balkans.
(voice vote)
House agreed to
conference
report
May 18, 1999
269-158
(vote #133)
Senate agreed to
conference
report
May 20, 1999
64-36
(vote #136)

CRS-35
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
106th
H.Res. 151
Provides for consideration
Resolution
of the bill (H.R. 1569) to
agreed to in
prohibit the use of funds
House
appropriated to the
April 28, 1999
Department of Defense
213-210
from being used for the
(vote #99)
deployment of ground
elements of the U.S. Armed
Forces in Yugoslavia
unless that deployment is
specifically authorized by
law; for consideration of
the concurrent resolution
(H.Con.Res. 82) directing
the President, pursuant to
Section 5(c) of the War
Powers Resolution, to
remove U.S. Armed Forces
from their positions in
connection with the present
operations against
Yugoslavia; for
consideration of the joint
resolution (H.J.Res. 44)
declaring a state of war
between the United States
and the Government of
Yugoslavia; and for
consideration of the
concurrent resolution
(S.Con.Res. 21)
authorizing the President of
the United States to
conduct military air
operations and missile
strikes against Yugoslavia.
106th
H.R. 1569
A bill to prohibit the use of
Measure passed
Military
funds appropriated to the
House
Operations in
Department of Defense
April 28, 1999
the Federal
from being used for the
249-180
Republic of
deployment of ground
(vote #100)
Yugoslavia
elements of the U.S. Armed
Limitation Act
Forces in Yugoslavia
of 1999
unless that deployment is
specifically authorized by
law.

CRS-36
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
106th
H.Con.Res. 82
A concurrent resolution
Measure rejected
directing the President,
in House
pursuant to Section 5(c) of
April 28, 1999
the War Powers
139-290
Resolution, to remove U.S.
(vote #101)
Armed Forces from their
positions in connection
with the present operations
against Yugoslavia.
106th
H.J.Res 44
A joint resolution declaring
Measure rejected
a state of war between the
in House
United States and the
April 28, 1999
government of Yugoslavia
2-427
(vote #102)
106th
S.J.Res. 20
A joint resolution
Motion to table
authorizing the President to
agreed to in
use all necessary force and
Senate
other means, in concert
May 4, 1999
with the U.S. allies, to
78-22
accomplish U.S. and
(vote #98)
NATO objectives in
Yugoslavia.
106th
H.Res. 159
Provides for consideration
Resolution
of the bill (H.R. 1664)
agreed to in
making emergency
House
supplemental
May 6, 1999
appropriations for military
253-171
operations, refugee relief,
(vote #116)
and humanitarian
assistance relating to the
conflict in Kosovo ... for
the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999, and
for other purposes.

CRS-37
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
106th
H.R. 1664
A bill (as introduced)
Measure passed
(P.L. 106-51)
making emergency
House as
Kosovo
supplemental
amended
Emergency
appropriations for military
May 6, 1999
Supplemental
operations, refugee relief,
311-105
Appropriations
and humanitarian
(vote #120)
bill
assistance relating to the
conflict in Kosovo ... for
the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1999, and
for other purposes —
provided $13.1 billion
relating to Kosovo
operations and other
purposes (Kosovo-related
supplemental funding was
ultimately removed from
this legislation and
included in H.R. 1141).
106th
H.Amdt. 68 to
Obey amendment to
Rejected in
H.R. 1664
provide the President’s
House
funding request for military
May 6, 1999
operations in Kosovo, etc.
164-260
(vote #118)
106th
H.Amdt. 76 to
Istook amendment to
Rejected in
H.R. 1664
prohibit funding for the
House
implementation of any plan
May 6, 1999
to invade Yugoslavia with
117-301
ground forces, except in
(vote #119)
time of war.

CRS-38
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
106th
S. 1059
An original bill to
Measure passed
(P.L. 106-65)
authorize appropriations for
Senate as
National
FY2000 for military
amended
Defense
activities of the Department
May 27, 1999
Authorization
of Defense ... and for other
92-3
Act for Fiscal
purposes.
(vote #154)
Year 2000
Measure passed
House, in lieu of
H.R. 1401
June 14, 1999
(voice vote)
House agreed to
conference
report
September 15,
1999
375-45
(vote #424)
Senate agreed to
conference
report
September 22,
1999
(voice vote)
106th
S.Amdt. 383 to
Specter amendment to
Motion to table
S. 1059
direct the President,
agreed to in
pursuant to the U.S.
Senate
Constitution and the War
May 25, 1999
Powers Resolution, to seek
52-48
approval from Congress
(vote #145)
prior to the introduction of
ground troops from the
U.S. Armed Forces in
connection with the present
operations against
Yugoslavia or funding for
that operation will not be
authorized.

CRS-39
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
106th
S.Amdt. 406 to
B. Smith amendment to
Motion to table
S. 1059
prohibit, effective October
agreed to in
1, 1999, the use of funds
Senate
for military operations in
May 26, 1999
Yugoslavia unless
77-21
Congress enacts specific
(vote #151)
authorization in law for the
conduct of those
operations.
106th
H.R. 1401
A bill to authorize
Measure passed
National
appropriations for fiscal
House
Defense
years 2000 and 2001 for
June 10, 1999
Authorization
military activities of the
365-58
Act for Fiscal
Department of Defense ...
(vote #191)
Year 2000
and for other purposes.
106th
H.Amdt. 160 to
Souder amendment to
Rejected in
H.R. 1401
prohibit any FY2000
House
funding for military
June 10, 1999
operations in Yugoslavia.
97-328
(vote #187)
106th
H.Amdt. 161 to
Skelton amendment to
Agreed to in
H.R. 1401
delete language which
House
prohibits any funding for
June 10, 1999
combat or peacekeeping
270-155
operations in Yugoslavia
(vote #189)
after September 30, 1999;
retains language which
requires the President to
request supplemental
appropriations in order to
conduct combat or
peacekeeping operations in
Yugoslavia.
Terrorist Attack Against America (2001)
On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States with a coordinated
series of aircraft hijackings and suicide crashes into populated buildings. Two
airplanes crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City,
causing their complete destruction. Another airplane crashed into the Pentagon, and
a fourth airplane crashed in southwestern Pennsylvania (near Shanksville) after
passengers attempted to take control of the aircraft in order to prevent it from

CRS-40
crashing into an important symbol of democracy and freedom, perhaps in the
Washington, D.C. area. Over 3,000 people lost their lives in these terrorist attacks.
Consequently, on September 14, 2001, Congress passed a joint resolution,
which “authorizes the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against
those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized,
committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or
harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of
international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations, or
persons.” It further states that the act is intended to constitute specific statutory
authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution. President
George W. Bush signed the joint resolution into law on September 18, 2001. On
October 9, 2001, President Bush reported in a letter to Congress that U.S. Armed
Forces had begun combat action in Afghanistan against the Al Qaeda terrorists
and their Taliban supporters starting at 12:30 p.m. (EDT) on October 7, 2001.
Congress
Bill and Title
Description and Comments
Votes
107th
H.J.Res 64
Joint resolution to authorize
Measure passed
Authorization
the use of United States
House
for Use of
armed forces against those
September 14,
Military Force
responsible for the recent
2001
(September 11, 2001) attacks
420-1
launched against the United
(vote #342)
States.
S.J.Res. 23
Joint resolution to authorize
Measure passed
(P.L. 107-40)2
the use of United States
Senate
armed forces against those
September 14,
responsible for the recent
2001
(September 11, 2001) attacks
98-0
launched against the United
(vote #281)
States.
Use of Force Against Iraq (2002-2003)
On October 10, 2002, after several days of debate, the House passed H.J.Res.
114, which authorized the use of military force against Iraq. The Senate had
considered its own measure, S.J.Res. 45, beginning on October 3, but indefinitely
postponed it, and passed H.J.Res. 114 instead on October 11, 2002. As enacted into
law, the joint resolution provides authorization for the use of military force against
Iraq and expresses support for the President’s efforts to
2 For a legislative history of P.L. 107-40, see CRS Report RS22357, Authorization
For Use Of Military Force in Response to the 9/11 Attacks (P.L. 107-40): Legislative
History
, by Richard F. Grimmett.

CRS-41
(1) strictly enforce through the United Nations Security Council all relevant
Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq; and
(2) obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq
abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and
strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions.
In addition, it authorizes the President to use the U.S. Armed Forces to (1)
defend U.S. national security against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and (2)
enforce all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq. It directs the
President, prior to or as soon as possible (but no later than 48 hours) after exercising
such authority, to make available to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and
the President pro tempore of the Senate his determination that:
(1) reliance on further diplomatic or peaceful means alone will not achieve the
above purposes; and
(2) acting pursuant to this joint resolution is consistent with the United States
and other countries continuing to take necessary actions against international
terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those who planned, authorized,
committed, or aided the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
It declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization
for use of the armed forces, consistent with the requirements of the War Powers
Resolution. Finally, it requires the President to report to Congress at least every 60
days on matters relevant to this resolution.
The war with Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) began on March 19, 2003, with an
aerial attack against a location where Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was suspected
to be meeting with top Iraqi officials. U.S. and British troops entered Iraq on March
20, 2003, and while the invasion encountered resistance, particularly in its early
stages, U.S. forces had largely gained control of Baghdad by April 9, 2003. The
northern cities of Kirkuk and Mosul fell shortly afterward, and on April 14, 2003,
U.S. troops entered Tikrit, Saddam’s birthplace and the last major population center
outside coalition control. On April 15, 2003, President Bush declared that “the
regime of Saddam Hussein is no more.”

CRS-42
Bill and
Description and
Congress
Votes
Title
Comments
107th
H.J.Res.
Joint resolution to authorize
Measure passed
114 (P.L.
the use of United States
House
107-243)
Armed Forces against Iraq.
October 10, 2002
296-133
(vote #455)
Measure passed
Senate
October 11, 2002
77-23
(vote #237)
107th
H.Amdt.
B. Lee amendment that
Rejected in House
608 to
would urge the President to
October 10, 2002
H.J.Res.
work through the United
72-355
114
Nations to ensure that Iraq
(vote #452)
is not developing weapons
of mass destruction, and to
urge the use of peaceful
means to resolve the issue,
including the resumption of
weapons inspections.
107th
H.Amdt.
Spratt amendment to
Rejected in House
609 to
authorize the U.S. military
October 10, 2002
H.J.Res.
to support any new U.N.
155-270
114
Security Council resolution
(vote #453)
that orders the elimination,
by force if required, of
Iraq’s weapons of mass
destruction, long-range
missiles, and the means of
producing such weapons.
The President would be
required to seek
congressional authority
before using military force
against Iraq without such a
U.N. resolution.

CRS-43
Bill and
Description and
Congress
Votes
Title
Comments
107th
Kucinich motion to
Rejected in House
recommit the bill to the
October 10, 2002
House International
101-325
Relations Committee with
(vote #454)
instructions that it be
reported back with
language that would require
the President, prior to the
use of force, to report to
Congress on the effect of
war with Iraq, including
estimates of its impact on
the U.S. economy, Iraqi
citizens, and international
stability.
107th
S.J.Res. 45
Joint resolution to authorize
Indefinitely
the use of United States
postponed by
Armed Forces against Iraq.
Senate
October 11, 2002
(unanimous
consent)
107th
McCain motion to table the
Agreed to in Senate
Graham amendment
October 9, 2002
(S.Amdt. 4857) to the
88-1
Lieberman substitute
(vote #231)
amendment (S.Amdt.
4856). The Graham
amendment would
authorize the use of force
against Iraq and five
terrorist organizations. It
would require the
Administration to report to
Congress that diplomatic
options have been
exhausted no later than 48
hours after action has
begun. The President
would be required to report
to Congress at least every
60 days.

CRS-44
Bill and
Description and
Congress
Votes
Title
Comments
107th
S.Amdt.
Byrd amendment to the
Rejected in Senate
4869 to
Lieberman substitute
October 10, 2002
S.J.Res. 45
amendment (S.Amdt.
31-6
4856). The Byrd
(vote #232)
amendment would provide
for the termination of
congressional authorization
of the use of force 12
months after the
resolution’s enactment,
unless the President
certifies that an extension is
necessary and Congress
does not pass a joint
resolution disapproving of
the extension.
107th
Motion to invoke cloture
Agreed to in Senate
(thus limiting debate) on
October 10, 2002
the Lieberman substitute
75-25
amendment (S.Amdt. 4856)
(vote #233)
that would authorize the use
of force against Iraq and
require the Administration
to report to Congress that
diplomatic options have
been exhausted no later
than 48 hours after military
action has begun. The
President also would be
required to submit a
progress report to Congress
at least every 60 days.

CRS-45
Bill and
Description and
Congress
Votes
Title
Comments
107th
S.Amdt.
Byrd amendment to the
Rejected in Senate
4868 to
Lieberman substitute
October 10, 2002
S.J.Res. 45
amendment (S.Amdt.
14-86
4856). The Byrd
(vote #234)
amendment would clarify
that any authorization of the
use of force against Iraq
would not alter the
constitutional authority of
Congress to declare war. It
also would clarify that no
additional authority not
directly related to a clear
threat of imminent, sudden,
and direct attack on the
United States be granted to
the President unless
Congress authorizes it.
107th
S.Amdt.
Levin amendment to the
Rejected in Senate
4862 to
Lieberman substitute
October 10, 2002
S.J.Res. 45
amendment (S.Amdt.
24-75
4856). The Levin
(vote #235)
amendment would
authorize the use of force
against Iraq if it failed to
comply with a new U.N.
resolution that demanded
unrestricted access for U.N.
weapons inspectors in Iraq
and authorized the use of
military force by U.N.
members to enforce the
resolution. Congress could
return to session at any time
to promptly consider
proposals related to Iraq if
the U.N. failed to adopt
such a resolution.

CRS-46
Bill and
Description and
Congress
Votes
Title
Comments
107th
S.Amdt.
Durbin amendment to the
Rejected in Senate
4865 to
Lieberman substitute
October 10, 2002
S.J.Res. 45
amendment (S.Amdt.
30-70
4856). The Durbin
(vote #236)
amendment would
authorize the use of military
force to cover an “imminent
threat” by Iraq’s weapons of
mass destruction, rather
than a “continuing threat”
by Iraq.
108th
S.Res. 95
A resolution commending
Measure passed
the President and the armed
Senate
forces of the United States
March 20, 2003
of America in the conflict
99-0
against Iraq.
(vote #61)
108th
H.Con.Res.
A concurrent resolution
Measure passed
104
expressing the support and
House
appreciation of the nation
March 21, 2003
for the President and the
392-11
members of the armed
(vote #83)
forces who are participating
in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
War on Iraq (2003-present)
On March 25, 2003, President Bush requested $74.8 billion in the FY2003
Emergency Supplemental for the ongoing military operations in Iraq, postwar
occupation, reconstruction and relief in Iraq, and international assistance to countries
contributing to the war in Iraq or the global war on terrorism. The cost of the
continued U.S. presence in Afghanistan and additional funds for homeland security
were also included. H.R. 1559, enacted into law as P.L. 108-11 on April 16, 2003,
provided $78.49 billion in funding for these purposes. The Senate passed H.R. 1559
in lieu of its version, S. 762, by unanimous consent.
On September 17, 2003, President Bush formally requested an additional $87
billion for the ongoing military operations and for reconstruction assistance in Iraq,
Afghanistan, and elsewhere. H.R. 3289 (FY2004 supplemental appropriations for
Iraq, Afghanistan, and the global war on terrorism) was enacted into law as P.L. 108-
106 on November 6, 2003, providing $87.5 billion in funding. The House approved
the conference agreement by a roll call vote on October 31, 2003, and the Senate
approved the conference agreement by voice vote on November 3, 2003. Earlier, on
October 17, 2003, the Senate had approved its own version of the measure, S. 1689,
but vitiated its passage and returned the bill to the Senate Calendar.

CRS-47
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
H.R. 1559
A bill making emergency
Measure passed
(P.L. 108-11)
wartime supplemental
House
Emergency
appropriations for the
April 3, 2003
Wartime
fiscal year ending
414-12
Supplemental
September 30, 2003, and
(vote #108)
Appropriations
for other purposes.
Act, 2003
Measure passed
Senate in lieu of
S. 762
April 7, 2003
(unanimous
consent)
House agreed to
conference report
April 12, 2003
(voice vote)
Senate agreed to
conference report
April 12, 2003
(unanimous
consent)
108th
S. 762
An original bill making
Measure passed
Supplemental
supplemental
Senate
Appropriations
appropriations to support
April 3, 2003
Act to Support
Department of Defense
93-0
Department of
operations in Iraq,
(vote #125)
Defense
Department of Homeland
Operations in
Security, and related
Iraq for Fiscal
efforts for the fiscal year
Year 2003
ending September 30,
2003, and for other
purposes.

CRS-48
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Cochran motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Hollings amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 479)that would
April 3, 2003
express the sense of the
79-18
Senate that the President
(vote #121)
should submit a report to
the Senate Finance
Committee on a plan to
raise revenues to offset the
funds in the bill spent on
the war with Iraq.
108th
S.Amdt. 455 to
Kohl amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 762
appropriate $600 million
Senate
for food assistance to the
April 3, 2003
people of Iraq.
67-26
(vote #124)
108th
H.R. 3289
A bill making emergency
Measure passed
(P.L. 108-106)
supplemental
House
Emergency
appropriations for defense
October 17, 2003
Supplemental
and for the reconstruction
303-125
Appropriations
of Iraq and Afghanistan
(vote #562)
Act for Defense
for the fiscal year ending
and for the
September 30, 2004, and
Measure passed
Reconstruction
for other purposes.
Senate with an
of Iraq and
amendment
Afghanistan,
October 17, 2003
2004
(unanimous
consent)
House agreed to
conference report
October 31, 2003
298-11
(vote #601)
Senate agreed to
conference report
November 3,
2003
(voice vote)

CRS-49
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Hastings motion to order
Motion agreed to
the previous question
in House
(thus ending debate and
October 16, 2003
possibility of amendment)
221-202, 1
on adoption of the rule
Present
(H.Res. 396) to provide
(vote #544)
for House floor
consideration of H.R.
3289.
108th
H.Amdt. 409 to
Obey amendment to
Rejected in
H.R. 3289
require that half of all
House
reconstruction aid to Iraq
October 16, 2003
be in the form of loans.
200-226
(vote #546)
108th
H.Amdt. 407 to
Obey amendment to
Rejected in
H.R. 3289
transfer $3.6 billion in
House
Iraq reconstruction funds
October 16, 2003
for quality of life
209-216
enhancements for U.S.
(vote #547)
service members.
108th
H.Amdt. 4109
Waxman amendment to
Rejected in
to H.R. 3289
reduce Iraqi
House
reconstruction funds in the
October 16, 2003
bill by $250 million.
197-224
(vote #548)
108th
H.Amdt. 411 to
Kirk amendment to strike
Adopted in
H.R. 3289
the provision of the bill
House
that would allow
October 16, 2003
noncompetitive contracts
405-20
to be reported to Congress
(vote #549)
seven days after the
contract has been awarded
in certain circumstances;
executive agencies would
be required to inform
Congress of “no-bid”
contracts before they are
offered.
108th
H.Amdt. 415 to
Holt amendment to strike
Rejected in
H.R. 3289
$900 million from the bill
House
for importing petroleum
October 16, 2003
products into Iraq.
169-256
(vote #551)

CRS-50
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
H.Amdt. 421 to
Loretta Sanchez
Rejected in
H.R. 3289
amendment to bar the
House
Secretary of Defense from
October 16, 2003
carrying out military
128-295
construction projects in
(vote #552)
excess of $1.5 million
outside Iraq without prior
notification to Congress.
108th
H.Amdt. 422 to
Kind amendment to
Rejected in
H.R. 3289
reduce reconstruction
House
funds for Iraq in the bill
October 17, 2003
by 50%.
156-267, 1
Present (vote
#553)
108th
H.Amdt. 423 to
Stupak amendment to
Rejected in
H.R. 3289
increase military pay in
House
the bill by $265 million to
October 17, 2003
cover $1,500 bonuses for
213-213
each service member in
(vote # 554)
Iraq and Afghanistan in
FY2004.
108th
H.Amdt. 431 to
Sherman amendment to
Agreed to in
H.R. 3289
require normal
House
competitive bidding
October 17, 2003
procedures for all
248-179
government contracts
(vote #557)
relating to Iraq’s oil
infrastructure.
108th
H.R. 3289
Obey motion to instruct
Motion agreed to
House conferees to insist
in House
on provisions in the
October 21, 2003
Senate bill that would
277-139
structure $10 billion of the
(vote #567)
$20.3 billion in
reconstruction aid to Iraq
in the form of loans
subject to certain
conditions (and for other
purposes).

CRS-51
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
H.R. 3289
Obey motion to recommit
Motion rejected
the conference report to
in the House
the conference committee
October 31, 2003
with instructions that it be
198-221
reported back to the
(vote #600)
House with provisions
that would put half the
reconstruction aid to Iraq
in the form of loans (and
for other purposes).
108th
S. 1689
An original bill making
Measure passed
Emergency
emergency supplemental
Senate
Supplemental
appropriations for Iraq and
October 17, 2003
Appropriations
Afghanistan security and
87-12
for Iraq and
reconstruction for the
(vote #400)
Afghanistan
fiscal year ending
Security and
September 30, 2004, and
Reconstruction
for other purposes.
Act, 2004
108th
S.Amdt. 1794 to
Byrd amendment to
Rejected in
S. 1689
eliminate $15.2 billion of
Senate
the $20.3 billion allocated
October 1, 2003
for Iraqi reconstruction
38-59
efforts. The remaining
(vote #371)
$5.1 billion would be used
for security, including
public safety requirement,
national security, and
justice purposes.
108th
S.Amdt. 1795 to
McConnell amendment
Agreed to in
S. 1689
that expresses the sense of
Senate
the Senate thanking U.S.
October 2, 2003
troops serving in Iraq and
98-1
Afghanistan and
(vote #372)
extending condolences to
the families of those who
have been killed or
injured.

CRS-52
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Biden amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1796) that
October 2, 2003
would offset Iraqi
57-42
reconstruction costs by
(vote #373)
eliminating income tax
cuts enacted in 2001 for
the top 1% of earners.
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Leahy amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1803) that
October 2, 2003
would remove the
56-42
Coalition Provisional
(vote #374)
Authority in Iraq from
Defense Department
control and place it under
the jurisdiction of the
State Department within
60 days after the bill’s
enactment.
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Dodd amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1817) that
October 2, 2003
would add $322 million to
49-37
the bill’s spending on
(vote #376)
battlefield clearance and
safety equipment for U.S.
troops in Iraq. The money
would be offset by a
reduction in Iraqi
reconstruction funds.
108th
Division I of the
Rejected in
Bingaman amendment
Senate
(S.Amdt. 1830) that
October 14, 2003
would authorize the
47-48
Defense Department to
(vote #378)
award the Iraqi Liberation
Medal to any person who
served in any capacity in
the armed forces in
Southwest Asia in
connection with
“Operation Iraqi
Freedom.”

CRS-53
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Stabenow amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1823) that
October 14, 2003
would reduce the amount
59-35
provided for Iraqi
(vote #379)
reconstruction by $5.03
billion and redirect that
funding for domestic
programs. Also would
express the sense of the
Senate that Congress
should consider an
additional $5.03 billion in
funding for Iraqi
reconstruction during the
fiscal 2005 budget and
appropriations process.
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Dorgan amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1826) that
October 14, 2003
would strike $20.3 billion
57-39
in appropriations for Iraqi
(vote #380)
reconstruction funds and
require the President to
direct the head of the
Coalition Provisional
Authority in Iraq to
establish an Iraq
Reconstruction Finance
Authority.

CRS-54
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion rejected
the Reed amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1834) that
October 14, 2003
would authorize an
45-52
additional 10,000 in Army
(vote #382)
personnel. Additional
personnel would be
required to be trained,
incorporated into an
appropriate force
structure, and used for
constabulary duty such as
military police and light
infantry. It would also
require that $409 million
be made available from
the Iraqi Freedom Fund to
fund the additional
personnel.
108th
S.Amdt. 1846 to
Byrd amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 1689
require the Coalition
Senate
Provisional Authority to
October 15, 2003
report to Congress
97-0
quarterly on the costs
(vote #383)
related to reconstruction
activities and the revenue
provided by foreign
nations and international
organizations. It would
also require the
Comptroller General to
conduct an ongoing audit
of the Coalition
Provisional Authority to
evaluate the
reconstruction and
security activities in Iraq.
108th
S.Amdt. 1806 to
Graham amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 1689
express the sense of
Senate
Congress that the removal
October 15, 2003
of the government of Iraq
95-2
under Saddam Hussein
(vote #384)
has enhanced the security
of Israel and other U.S.
allies.

CRS-55
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Byrd amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1818) that
October 16, 2003
would appropriate $5.1
57-42
billion in security funding
(vote #385)
immediately and up to $5
billion for Iraqi
reconstruction funding
before April 1. The
remaining $10.2 billion in
reconstruction funding
could be released after
April 1 as part of a
separate appropriations
bill — but only if the
United Nations had
adopted a new resolution
authorizing a
multinational military
force under U.S.
leadership in Iraq, with
U.N. leadership in
political and economic
reconstruction. The
President would also be
required to provide a
detailed reconstruction
plan that includes an
estimated schedule for the
transfer of sovereignty to
the Iraqi people and the
withdrawal of troops.

CRS-56
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Lautenberg
in Senate
amendment (S.Amdt.
October 16, 2003
1868) that would prohibit
65-34
the use of Iraqi
(vote #386)
reconstruction funds for
any contact or financial
agreement with an entity
that pays deferred
compensation to the
President, Vice President,
or a Cabinet-level official,
or any entity in which the
President, Vice President,
or Cabinet-level official
holds options to purchase
more than 1,000 shares of
stock.
108th
S.Amdt. 1874 to
McConnell amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 1689
express the sense of the
Senate
Senate that the Secretary
October 16, 2003
of Defense should issue
97-1
necessary regulations to
(vote #387)
implement and begin
awarding the Global War
on Terrorism Medal to
members of the armed
forces serving in
Operation Iraqi Freedom,
Operation Enduring
Freedom, and Operation
Noble Eagle.
108th
S.Amdt. 1876 to
Nickles amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 1689
express the sense of the
Senate
Senate that all countries
October 16, 2003
that hold debt from loans
98-0
for the former Iraqi regime
(vote #388)
of Saddam Hussein should
be urged to forgive their
debt.

CRS-57
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
S.Amdt. 1871 to
Bayh amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 1689
provide a total of $10.3
Senate
billion as a grant to
October 16, 2003
rebuild Iraq, including
51-47
$5.1 billion for security
(vote #389)
and $5.2 billion for
reconstruction costs. The
remaining $10 billion
would be structured as a
loan to be converted to a
grant if 90% of all
bilateral debt incurred by
the former Iraqi regime of
Saddam Hussein has been
forgiven by other
countries (and for other
related purposes).
108th
S.Amdt. 1837 to
Durbin amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 1689
require that a federal
Senate
employee who takes leave
October 17, 2003
without pay in order to
96-3
perform certain service as
(vote #390)
a member of the
uniformed service or the
National Guard, be
reimbursed for the
difference between their
salary and the pay and
allowances they receive
while on duty.

CRS-58
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Daschle amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1854) that
October 17, 2003
would require the
55-44
President to certify that
(vote #391)
future appropriations
which exceed the amount
in the bill are equal to or
exceeded by contributions
by the international
community. The
requirement could be
waived if the President
provides a report to
Congress that determines
the funding is in the
national security interests
of the United States.
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Landrieu amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1859) that
October 17, 2003
would require the
52-47
President to direct the
(vote #392)
head of the Coalition
Provisional Authority in
Iraq to establish an Iraq
Reconstruction Finance
Authority. The Authority
would be required to
obtain financing for the
reconstruction of Iraq’s
infrastructure through the
issuance of securities and
loans and by
collateralizing future
revenue from its oil
reserves.
108th
S.Amdt. 1843 to
Boxer amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 1689
reimburse service
Senate
members who paid for
October 17, 2003
meals while hospitalized
99-0
as a result of injuries or
(vote #393)
illness while in combat or
training since September
11, 2001.

CRS-59
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Corzine amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1882) that
October 17, 2003
would establish a
67-32
12-member independent,
(vote #395)
bipartisan commission to
examine and report on the
role of policy makers in
the development and use
of intelligence related to
Iraq and Operation Iraqi
Freedom. The amendment
would authorize $5
million for the
commission.
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Byrd amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1819) that
October 17, 2003
would limit the use of
51-47
reconstruction funds for
(vote #396)
certain programs and
projects, reduce
reconstruction funding by
$1.65 billion, and
reallocate the funds to
other purposes, such as
destroying conventional
weapons in Iraq and
accelerating
reconstruction in
Afghanistan.
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Byrd amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1886) that
October 17, 2003
would prohibit the use of
82-15
funds in the bill for the
(vote #397)
involuntary deployment
overseas for Operation
Iraqi Freedom of members
of the National Guard and
Reserves who have been
involuntarily deployed for
six months or more during
the past six years.

CRS-60
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Byrd amendment
in Senate
(S.Amdt. 1888) that
October 17, 2003
would strike a provision
49-46
in the bill that allows the
(vote #398)
President to reallocate
funds for the
reconstruction of Iraq and
insert a provision that
would require the
President to seek
additional funding in
subsequent appropriations
bills.
108th
Stevens motion to table
Motion agreed to
the Brownback
in Senate
amendment (S.Amdt.
October 17, 2003
1885) that would decrease
55-43
the amount in the bill for
(vote #399)
Iraqi reconstruction by
$600 million and increase
the amount available to
the Iraqi Civil Defense
Corps by $50 million (and
for other purposes).
108th
H.Res. 557
Commends the members
Agreed to in
of the U.S. Armed Forces
House
and Coalition forces for
March 17, 2004
liberating Iraq and
327-93, 7 Present
expresses its gratitude for
(vote #64)
their valiant service.
108th
H.Res. 627
Expresses deep
Agreed to in
appreciation to the
House
members of the Armed
May 6, 2004
Forces who have selflessly
365-50
served, or are so serving,
(vote #150)
in Operation Iraqi
Freedom.

CRS-61
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
S. 2400
Authorizes the Secretary,
Agreed to in
(P.L. 108-375)
during FY2005 through
Senate
Ronald W.
2009, to increase as
June 23, 2004
Reagan National
necessary by up to 30,000
97-0
Defense
the end strength
(vote #146)
Authorization
authorized for the Army to
Act for Fiscal
support the Army’s
Year 2005.
operational mission in
Iraq and Afghanistan and
to achieve Army
transformational
reorganization objectives.
Requires a fiscal year’s
budget to be amended to
reflect any such increase.
Authorizes supplemental
appropriations of $25
billion for DOD for
FY2005, to be available
only for activities in
support of operations in
Iraq and Afghanistan.
Allocates such funds
among specified military
department and
defense-wide accounts.
Allows such authorization
only to the extent that a
budget request is
transmitted from the
President to Congress that
includes a designation of
the requested amount as
an emergency and
essential to support
activities in such
countries. Provides certain
transfer authority limits.
Directs the Secretary to
report monthly to the
defense and
appropriations committees
on the use of such
authorized funds.

CRS-62
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
S.Amdt. 3260 to
Warner amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 2400
authorize to be
Senate
appropriated for the DOD
June 2, 2004
for FY2005, $25 billion,
95-0
to be available only for
(vote #106)
activities in support of
operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan.
108th
S.Amdt. 3379 to
Biden amendment to
Rejected by
S. 2400
provide funds for the
Senate
security and stabilization
June 17, 2004
of Iraq by suspending a
44-53
portion of the reduction in
(vote #130)
the highest income tax
rate for individual
taxpayers.
108th
H.Res. 691
Expresses gratitude to the
Agreed to in
U.S. armed forces for their
House
ongoing valiant service to
June 25, 2004
their country; offers
352-57
continued support to the
(vote #319)
U.S. armed forces; and
reaffirms that the U.S.
armed forces operating in
Iraq after June 30, 2004,
will remain under the full
authority and control of
their American
commanders.
108th
H.R. 4613
Appropriates additional
Agreed to in
(P.L. 108-287)
funds, to be designated for
House
Department of
overseas contingency
June 25, 2004
Defense
operations, to DOD for
410-12
Appropriations
military personnel,
(vote #418)
Act, 2005.
operation and
maintenance, and
Agreed to in
procurement (including
Senate
National Guard and
July 22, 2004
reserve equipment).
96-0
(vote #163)

CRS-63
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
108th
S.Amdt. 3502 to
Byrd amendment to
Agreed to in
H.R. 4613
express the sense of the
Senate
Senate that any request for
June 24, 2004
funds for a fiscal year for
89-9
an ongoing military
(vote #147)
operation overseas,
including operations in
Afghanistan and Iraq,
should be included in the
annual budget of the
President; and that any
funds provided for such a
military operation should
be provided in
appropriations Acts for
such fiscal year through
appropriations to specific
accounts set forth in such
Acts.
108th
H.R. 4200
Authorizes the Secretary
Agreed to in
(P.L. 108-375)
of Defense, during
House
Ronald W.
FY2005 through 2009, to
October 10, 2004
Reagan National
increase, by up to 30,000
359-14
Defense
for the Army and 9,000
(vote #528)
Authorization
for the Marine Corps, the
Act for Fiscal
end strength authorized to
Year 2005
support operational
missions in Iraq and
Afghanistan. Authorizes,
during FY2005, the use of
up to $300 million from
DOD O&M funds to
provide funds for the
Commanders’ Emergency
Response Program for
enabling military
commanders in Iraq to
respond to urgent
humanitarian relief and
reconstruction
requirements, and for a
similar program to assist
the people of Afghanistan.

CRS-64
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
109th
H.R. 1268
Provides funds for
Conference
(P.L. 109-13)
ongoing military
report agreed to
FY2005
operations in Iraq and
in House
Supplemental
Afghanistan. Expresses
May 5, 2005
Appropriations
the sense of the Senate
368-58, 1 Present
for Iraq and
that (1) any request for
(vote #161)
Afghanistan,
funds for a fiscal year
Tsunami Relief,
after 2006 for an ongoing
Conference
and Other
military operation
report agreed to
Activities.
overseas, including those
in Senate
in Afghanistan and Iraq,
May 10, 2005
should be included in the
100-0
annual budget of the
(vote #117)
President submitted to
Congress; (2) the
President should submit to
Congress an amendment
to the 2006 budget setting
forth detailed cost
estimates for such
operations; and (3) any
funds for such purposes
should be provided in
appropriations Acts
through appropriations to
specific accounts.
Requires additional
information concerning
such operations, including
Operations Enduring
Freedom and Iraqi
Freedom, to be included
in reports required under
both the Emergency
Supplemental
Appropriations Act for
Defense and for the
Reconstruction of Iraq and
Afghanistan, 2004, and
the Department of
Defense Appropriations
Act, 2005.

CRS-65
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
109th
S.Amdt. 464 to
Byrd amendment that
Agreed to in the
H.R. 1268
states that it is the sense of
Senate
the Senate that any request
April 18, 2005
for funds for a fiscal year
61-31
after FY2006 for an
(vote #96)
ongoing military operation
overseas, including
operations in Afghanistan
and Iraq, should be
included in the President’s
annual budget.
109th
H.Amdt. 214 to
Woolsey amendment to
Rejected in
H.R. 1815
express the sense of
House
National
Congress that the
May 25,2005
Defense
President should develop
128-300
Authorization
a plan for the withdrawal
(vote #220)
Act for Fiscal
of U.S. military forces
Year 2006
from Iraq and submit this
plan to the congressional
defense committees.
109th
H.Res. 383
Commends U.S. and
Agreed to in
coalition forces for
House
liberating the Iraqi people
July 27, 2005
from the repressive regime
426-0
of Saddam Hussein and
(vote #438)
for their ongoing efforts in
support of Iraq’s freedom
and stability.
109th
S. 1042
Authorizes emergency
Passed in Senate
National
supplemental
November 15,
Defense
appropriations to DOD for
2005
Authorization
FY2006 for operations in
98-0
Act for Fiscal
Iraq, Afghanistan, and the
(vote #326)
Year 2006
global war on terrorism.

CRS-66
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
109th
S.Amdt. 2518 to
Warner amendment to
Agreed to in
S. 1042
clarify and recommend
Senate
changes to the policy of
November 15,
the United States on Iraq.
2005
States that calendar year
79-19
2006 should be a period of
(vote #323)
significant transition to
full Iraqi sovereignty, with
Iraqi security forces taking
the lead for the security of
a free and sovereign Iraq,
thereby creating the
conditions for the phased
redeployment of United
States forces from Iraq,
and that United States
military forces should not
stay in Iraq any longer
than required.
109th
S.Amdt. 2519 to
Levin amendment to
Rejected in
S. 1042
clarify and recommend
Senate
changes to the policy of
November 15,
the United States on Iraq.
2005
States that calendar year
40-58
2006 should be a period of
(vote #322)
significant transition to
full Iraqi sovereignty, with
Iraqi security forces taking
the lead for the security of
a free and sovereign Iraq,
thereby creating the
conditions for the phased
redeployment of United
States forces from Iraq,
and that United States
military forces should not
stay in Iraq indefinitely.
109th
H.Res. 571
Expresses the sense of the
Rejected in
House of Representatives
House
that the deployment of
November 18,
U.S. forces in Iraq be
2005 3-403, 6
terminated immediately.
Present
(vote #608)

CRS-67
Description and
Congress
Bill and Title
Votes
Comments
109th
H.Res. 612
Expresses the
Agreed to in
commitment of the House
House
of Representatives to
December 16,
achieving victory in Iraq.
2005 279-109, 34
Present (vote
#648)
109th
H.R. 2863
Appropriates additional
Agreed to in
Department of
funds, to be designated for
House
Defense
contingency operations
December 19,
Appropriations
related to the global war
2005
Act, 2006
on terrorism. Authorizes
308-106, 2
amounts for operations in
Present
Iraq and Afghanistan to be
(vote #669 )
used for the purchase of
heavy and light armored
Agreed to in
vehicles. Allows O&M
Senate
funds appropriated in this
December 21,
title to be used to provide
2005
supplies, services,
93-0
transportation, and other
(vote #366)
logistical support to
coalition forces supporting
military and stability
operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan.

CRS-68
Sources Consulted
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CQ Weekly. Washington, CQ Press. Various issues.
CRS Issue Brief IB81050. The War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance,
by Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL32170. Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad,
1798-2004, by Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL32267. The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years, by
Richard F. Grimmett.
CRS Report RL31829. Supplemental Appropriations FY2003: Iraq Conflict,
Afghanistan, Global War on Terrorism, and Homeland Security, by Amy
Belasco and Larry Nowels.
CRS Report RL32090. FY2004 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq,
Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terrorism: Military Operations and
Reconstruction Assistance
, by Stephen Daggett, Larry Nowels, Curt Tarnoff,
and Rhoda Margesson.
CRS Report RL32783. FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq and
Afghanistan, Tsunami Relief, and Other Activities, by Amy Belasco and
Larry Nowels.
Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress. [http://www.congress.gov/].