Order Code RL32955
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Climate Change Legislation in the 109th Congress
Updated February 22, 2006
Brent D. Yacobucci
Specialist in Energy Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Climate Change Legislation in the 109th Congress
Summary
Climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are an issue in the 109th
Congress, as they have been in past Congresses. Bills directly addressing climate
change issues range from those focused primarily on climate change research to
comprehensive emissions cap-and-trade programs for the six greenhouse gases
covered under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Additional bills focus on GHG reporting and registries, or on power plant emissions
of carbon dioxide, as part of wider controls on pollutant emissions.
Within several broad categories, the bills vary in their approaches to climate
change issues. For example, some bills covering research issues focus solely on
modeling the effects of future climate change, whereas others address the
development of monitoring technologies. Bills focusing on technology deployment
do so through tax incentives and credit-based programs within the United States or
by promoting deployment in developing countries. Bills with greenhouse gas
registries may be voluntary or mandatory and vary in the entities covered and the
gases registered. Bills with emission reduction requirements also vary in the entities
covered, the gases limited, and the target emissions levels.
Most notably, on August 8, 2005, President Bush signed the Energy Policy Act
of 2005 (P.L. 109-58, H.R. 6). Among other provisions, Title XVI of the bill
establishes programs to promote the development and deployment of technologies
to reduce greenhouse gas intensity.
This report briefly discusses the basic concepts on which these bills are based
and compares major provisions of the bills in each of the following categories:
climate change research, technology deployment, GHG reporting and registries, and
emissions reduction programs. This report will be updated as events warrant.

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Contents
Energy Bill Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Climate Change Research Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Deployment of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
GHG Reporting and Registry Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
GHG Emission-Reduction Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Carbon Dioxide Reduction Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Comprehensive GHG Emissions Reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Comparison of Emissions Reduction Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
List of Tables
Table 1. Market-Based Greenhouse Gas Reduction Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Appendix 1. Climate Change Bills in the 109th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Appendix 2. Key Provisions of Climate Change Legislation in the 109th
Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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Climate Change Legislation
in the 109th Congress
Climate change is viewed as a global issue, but proposed responses generally
require action at the national level. In 1992, the United States ratified the United
Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which called on
industrialized countries to take the lead in making voluntary efforts to reduce
greenhouse gases.1 Over the past decade, a variety of voluntary and regulatory
actions have been proposed or undertaken in the United States, including monitoring
of utility carbon dioxide emissions, improved appliance efficiency, and incentives for
developing renewable energy sources. In 2001, President George W. Bush rejected
the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, which called for legally binding commitments
by developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, the Bush
Administration has focused on reducing the greenhouse gas intensity2 of the U.S.
economy. In the meantime, some states and local governments, as well as private
entities, have taken actions to reduce emissions and limit the potential impacts of
climate change. In light of these actions, a number of bills have been introduced in
Congress to address climate change.
In the 109th Congress, numerous bills have been introduced that directly or
indirectly address climate change. Several bills address the climate change issue
directly, either through emissions limits, incentives for reductions, or research and
information gathering on climate change and greenhouse gas emissions mitigation.
This report describes and compares bills that directly address climate change, as
opposed to those that address other issues but could have ancillary impacts (e.g.,
energy efficiency and conservation). Topics covered by these bills fall into four
major categories: (1) those that would promote research on the effects of climate
change and on methods to measure and predict climate change; (2) those that would
create incentives for the deployment of emission-reducing technologies in the United
States or other countries; (3) those that would establish greenhouse gas (GHG)
monitoring systems as a basis for research or for any potential reduction program;
and (4) those that would establish market-based programs to directly limit
greenhouse gas emissions. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and several
bills address more than one of the above categories. The major provisions of these
bills are categorized in Appendix 1 and summarized in Appendix 2.
1 Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO , the most ubiquitous and primary greenhouse
2
gas), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons
4
2
(PFCs), and sulfur hexafluorane (SF ). Some other greenhouse gases are controlled under
6
the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.
2 Greenhouse gas intensity is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide (or equivalent)
emitted per unit of gross domestic product.

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CRS-2
In several cases, bill sponsors have introduced modified versions of their climate
change bills. For the purposes of the discussion below, it is assumed that the newest
version supersedes earlier versions. These bills include S. 1151 for S. 342 (McCain);
S. 883 for S. 386 (Hagel); S. 887 for S. 388 (Hagel); and S. 1203 for S. 387 (Hagel).
Energy Bill Amendments
On August 8, 2005, President Bush signed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L.
109-58, H.R. 6). Title XVI establishes a voluntary national program designed to
accelerate demonstration and deployment of less-carbon-intensive technology to
encourage voluntary reductions in greenhouse gases. The title attempts to support
actions focused on reducing U.S. carbon intensity (the ratio of greenhouse gas
emissions per unit of gross domestic product). The program would not establish a
requirement to reduce emissions. This title also establishes a program to encourage
exports of carbon intensity-reducing technologies to developing countries.
As part of the Senate debate over H.R. 6, several amendments on climate change
were offered. S.Amdt. 817, which inserted a new Title XVI in the bill, incorporates
language from S. 883 and S. 887. This amendment was agreed to on a 66-29 vote.
These provisions are similar to those included in the final version of the bill. The
House version of H.R. 6 did not expressly address climate change issues.
Not included in the final bill was Section 1612 of the Senate bill, which
expressed the Sense of the Senate that human activities are a substantial cause of
greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere, causing average temperatures to
rise. Further, the resolution stated that “Congress should enact a comprehensive and
effective national program of mandatory market-based limits and incentives on
emissions of greenhouse gases that slow, stop, and reverse the growth of such
emissions at a rate and in a manner that — (1) will not significantly harm the United
States economy; and (2) will encourage comparable action by other nations that are
major trading partners and key contributors to global emissions.” This was the first
Sense of the Senate resolution on climate change since S.Res. 98 in 1997, which
voiced concern over the economic effects of emissions limits and the sense that
developing countries must participate in meaningful action to control emissions.
S.J.Res. 5 similarly urges U.S. action on climate change. This resolution has been
referred to committee.
The Senate also debated whether to adopt S.Amdt. 826, which contained
language similar to S. 1151. This amendment would have established a mandatory
cap-and-trade system to limit greenhouse gas emissions from covered entities to year
2000 levels by 2010. This amendment was rejected on a 38-60 vote.
Climate Change Research Bills
Global climate change is a complex issue. While most scientists agree that the
climate is changing in response to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, uncertainties
concerning the causes and the effects of climate change remain and are a continuing

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CRS-3
subject of extensive scientific research.3 Further, research is ongoing into
technologies to improve efficiency, reduce fossil fuel consumption, and sequester
carbon dioxide emissions.
Research Bills. One bill in the 109th Congress, S. 245 (Collins), focuses
solely on climate change research.4 S. 245 calls for the development and testing of
climate change models based on historic climatic changes, and to incorporate
nonlinear aspects of geophysical systems that could lead to abrupt changes in climate.
Research Provisions in Broader Bills. In addition to S. 245, several bills
include climate change research provisions as part of a broader climate change
legislation. Specifically, research in S. 1151, H.R. 759, and H.R. 2828 would focus
on abrupt climate change research and new climate change measurement
technologies.
Deployment of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technology
In the 109th Congress, several bills would promote the deployment and diffusion
of technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, either as part of broader
legislation to limit greenhouse gases, or as stand-alone legislation. Deployment
strategies include tax incentives for investment in technologies to improve efficiency
and/or lower emissions and grants, loans, and other incentives for technology transfer
to developing countries. S. 1203 (Hagel) would establish tax incentives for
investment in technologies to reduce greenhouse gas intensity. S. 745 (Byrd), S. 883
(Hagel), and S. 1151 (McCain) would establish grant and loan programs to deploy
technologies in developing countries that have been developed or demonstrated in
the United States. S. 887 (Hagel) would establish a credit-based deployment
program for technologies to reduce greenhouse gas intensity; support would include
direct loans, loan guarantees, lines of credit, and production incentive payments. The
final version of H.R. 6 incorporates language similar to S. 883 and S. 887. H.R. 2828
(Inslee) provides a wide array of incentives for improvements in energy efficiency
and other strategies that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
In addition to the above bills on technology deployment, §585(b) of the FY2006
Foreign Operations Appropriation Act (P.L. 109-102) requires the President to
submit (within 60 days of submitting the FY2007 budget request) a report on federal
agency expenditures (foreign and domestic) on climate change activities. The bill
specifically requires a report on U.S. Agency for International Development funding
for climate change activities in developing countries, including technology
deployment.
3 For more information on the science and policy of Global Climate Change see CRS Issue
Brief IB89005, Global Climate Change, by John R. Justus and Susan R. Fletcher.
4 This report does not include bills with other focuses that also had research components
related to climate change (particularly sequestration, renewable energy, and energy
efficiency).

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CRS-4
GHG Reporting and Registry Bills
Under the UNFCCC, the United States annually publishes reports on its GHG
emissions.5 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does this
reporting using various techniques (e.g., fuel analysis for CO ). The three dominant
2
sources of GHG emissions are electricity generation (33.1%), transportation (26.9%),
and industry (19%).6 At the national level, electric utilities must report their GHG
emissions pursuant to the 1990 Clean Air Act, but there is no overall national GHG
reporting requirement. However, some states also gather data through voluntary or
mandatory GHG emissions reporting mechanisms.7
H.R. 955 (Olver) focuses primarily on expanding emissions reporting to include
a broad array of sources. All entities that emit more than 10,000 metric tons of
carbon dioxide equivalent must report their emissions, except that farms are exempt.
Further, manufacturers and importers of automobiles and Department of Energy-
listed products8 must report the emissions from their products. The purpose of the
bill is to promote greenhouse gas reductions and to generate accurate emissions data
that can be used by public and private entities for various purposes.
In addition to H.R. 955, which focuses solely on GHG reporting, several other
bills would require emissions monitoring and reporting as part of a program to reduce
emissions of carbon dioxide or of all greenhouse gases. These emissions reductions
efforts are discussed in the following section. S. 150 (Jeffords), S. 730 (Leahy), H.R.
1451 (Waxman), and H.R. 1873 (Bass) would require electricity producers to report
their carbon dioxide emissions in order to determine compliance with carbon dioxide
caps. S. 1151 (McCain), H.R. 759 (Gilchrest), and H.R. 2828 (Inslee) would require
major emitters of all six greenhouse gases to report their emissions; the bills require
reporting from entities that emit more than 10,000 metric tons (11,000 tons) of
carbon dioxide equivalent.
GHG Emission-Reduction Bills
The United States has no federal GHG reduction requirements, though there are
proposals to require such reductions. These proposals include “command and
control” regulations on emissions, GHG emission taxes, and market-based techniques
5 For more information, see CRS Report 98-235, Global Climate Change: U.S. Greenhouse
Gas Emissions — Status, Trends, and Projections, by John Blodgett and Larry Parker.
6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-2001, p.
ES-6. Additional sources are agriculture (7.6%), commerce (7.2%), and residential
activities (5.4%).
7 For more information, see Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Climate Change
Activities in the United States: 2004 Update, Arlington, VA, 2004.
8 Defined as any product for which the Department of Energy has promulgated final
regulations for energy efficiency, energy conservation, maximum energy use, or energy
consumption.

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CRS-5
to limit emissions. The latter, market-based programs typically take as their model
the Clean Air Act’s acid rain program.9
In the 109th Congress, bills have been introduced that would establish market-
based GHG reduction programs. These bills are compared in Table 1. Three bills,
S. 1151 (McCain), H.R. 759 (Gilchrest), and H.R. 2828 (Inslee), would cap the
emissions of the six greenhouse gases specified in the United Nations’ Framework
Convention on Climate Change. Four other bills, S. 150 (Jeffords), S. 730 (Leahy),
H.R. 1451 (Waxman), and H.R. 1873 (Bass) would focus on reducing carbon dioxide
from electric utilities. Each of these bills would use market-based trading
mechanisms to limit GHG emissions. Cap-and-trade programs set strict limits on
specific emissions from a particular group of sources, allowing individual sources to
trade reductions. This flexibility in who makes reductions can lead to lower costs.
In an efficient market, entities that face relatively low emission-reduction costs could
achieve extra emission reductions. These entities could then sell their unused
allowances to entities that face higher emission-reduction costs. An entity facing
higher costs could purchase allowances that would allow it to emit more than its
initial emissions allotment would otherwise permit. It should be noted that in all
cases, total U.S. emissions may decrease or increase depending on the entities
covered, the greenhouse gases controlled, and the emissions trading schemes.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction Bills. As shown in Table 1, S. 150, S. 730,
H.R. 1451, and H.R. 1873 focus on electric utility emissions. These “multi-
pollutant” bills would limit emissions of carbon dioxide, along with other air
pollutants.10 (See Table 1.) In all four cases, carbon dioxide emissions limitations
would start in 2010.11
Comprehensive GHG Emissions Reductions. Unlike other bills
proposed in the 109th Congress, the Climate Stewardship Act of 2005 (H.R. 759), the
New Apollo Energy Act of 2005 (H.R. 2828), and the Climate Stewardship and
Innovation Act of 2005 (S. 1151) focus on achieving market-driven reductions in all
six greenhouse gases (see Table 1). The legislation applies to entities in the
electricity, transportation, industry, and commercial sectors that emit over 10,000
metric tons (11,000 tons) of greenhouse gases per year. Starting in 2010, the bills
would cap total GHG emissions from all these sources at 6.5 billion tons (CO2
equivalent emissions), reduced by the amount of CO (equivalent emissions) from
2
non-covered entities in the year 2000. The bills would also establish a formula for
allocating GHG emissions allowances, and a climate change credit corporation to
manage allowance trading. Language similar to S. 1151 was offered as an
9 The acid rain program caps emissions from each source, but allows sources to exceed their
caps if they purchase credits from sources that achieve emissions reductions beyond those
required.
10 S. 131 (Inhofe) and H.R. 227 (Sweeny) would also establish a cap-and-trade program for
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and mercury from utilities. However, the bills do not
address carbon dioxide emissions.
11 For more information on multi-pollutant bills, see CRS Report RL32755, Air Quality:
Multi-Pollutant Legislation in the 109th Congress, by Larry Parker and John Blodgett.

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CRS-6
amendment on the Senate floor to H.R. 6. This amendment was rejected on a 38-60
vote.
In addition to establishing caps on all six greenhouse gases, the bills would
support climate change research and establish a GHG emissions inventory (see
above). The bills also include a requirement that the Administrator of the EPA
establish a national GHG database, and develop methods and standards to measure
and verify GHG emissions.

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CRS-7
Comparison of Emissions Reduction Bills
Table 1. Market-Based Greenhouse Gas Reduction Legislation
S. 1151 (McCain), H.R. 759
H.R. 1451
S. 150 (Jeffords)
S. 730 (Leahy)
H.R. 1873 (Bass)
(Gilchrest), H.R. 2828 (Inslee)
(Waxman)
Covered sources
Any fossil fuel-fired
Any electric power, industrial, or
All electricity
Any fossil fuel-
Any fossil fuel-
electric generating facility
commercial entity that emits over
generating
fired electric
fired electric
that has a capacity of
10,000 metric tons of CO
facilities in the
generating
generating facility
2
greater than 15
equivalent/year; any refiner or
United States.
facility that has a
that has a capacity
megawatts, generates
importer of petroleum products for
capacity of
of greater than 25
electricity for sale, and
transportation use that when
greater than 15
megawatts and
emits a covered pollutant
combusted will emit over 10,000
megawatts and
generates
into the air.
metric tons of CO equivalent/year;
generates
electricity for sale.
2
and, any importer or producer of
electricity for
HFCs, PFCs or SF6 that, when
sale.
used, will emit over 10,000 metric
tons of CO equivalent/year.
2
Covered pollutants
One GHG: carbon
All six GHGs.
One GHG: CO ;
One GHG: CO ;
One GHG: CO ;
2
2
2
dioxide; other Pollutants:
other pollutants:
other pollutants:
other pollutants:
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
sulfur dioxide,
sulfur dioxide,
sulfur dioxide,
oxides, and mercury.
nitrogen oxides,
nitrogen oxides,
nitrogen oxides,
and mercury.
and mercury.
and mercury.

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CRS-8
S. 1151 (McCain), H.R. 759
H.R. 1451
S. 150 (Jeffords)
S. 730 (Leahy)
H.R. 1873 (Bass)
(Gilchrest), H.R. 2828 (Inslee)
(Waxman)
Emissions cap
Utility CO emissions
6.5 billion tons of CO equivalent
Utility CO
Utility CO
Estimated at 2.46
2
2
2
2
limited to 2.05 billion tons
per year beginning in 2010 for all
emissions
emission cap
billion tons in
per yeara beginning in
covered entities taken together.
limited to 2.05
estimated at 1.94
2010, declining to
2010.
billion tons per
billion tons per
2.38 billion tons in
year beginning in
year beginning in
2015.
2010.
2010.
Implementation Strategy
Tradeable allowance
Tradeable allowance system. EPA
Absolute caps on
To be
Tradeable
system. Allowances
is directed to determine allocations
mercury
determined by
allowance system
allocated to various
based on several economic and
emissions, no
EPA — market
for all pollutants;
sectors and interests,
equity criteria, including efficiency
trading permitted
mechanisms
allocations based
including households,
and impact on consumers.
between facilities
permitted (except
on historic
dislocated workers and
Allowances are to be allocated
at different sites.
for mercury).
electricity output.
communities, electricity-
upstream to refiners and importers
Implementation
CO program
2
intensive industries,
of transportation fuel, along with
strategy for other
includes allowance
affected utilities, energy
producers of HFCs, PFCs, and SF ;
pollutants to be
allocations for
6
efficiency and renewable
downstream to electric generation,
determined by
incremental
energy activities, and
industrial, and commercial entities.
EPA.
nuclear capacity
sequestration activities.
and renewable
energy.
Percentage change in CO
-7.5%
-5% -7.5%
-9.5%
-0.8%
2
emissions v. business as
usual by 2010b

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CRS-9
S. 1151 (McCain), H.R. 759
H.R. 1451
S. 150 (Jeffords)
S. 730 (Leahy)
H.R. 1873 (Bass)
(Gilchrest), H.R. 2828 (Inslee)
(Waxman)
Percentage change inCO
+24.2%
+27.7%
+24.2%
+21.7%
+32.2%
2
emissions v. 1990 levels
(UNFCCC baseline year)b
Penalties for
Same as Clean Air Act,
Excess emission penalty equal to
To be
To be
$100 per excess
noncompliance
title IV except that the
three times the market price for
determined by
determined by
ton plus
excess emission penalty is
allowances on the last day of the
EPA.
EPA.
one-for-one offset
three times the average
year at issue.
from future
market price for
emissions
allowances.
allocations.
a. S. 150 would further limit the number of emission allowances in a given year by the number of tons emitted two years prior by small electricity generating facilities, and by any
number required to protect the public health, welfare, or the environment.
b. CRS calculations based on projections contained in the UNFCCC Secretariat’s 2002 Climate Action Report. Available at [http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/
content/ResourceCenterPublicationsUSClimateActionReport.html]. For more information, see CRS Report RL32755, Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation in the 109th
Congress, by Larry Parker and John Blodgett.

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CRS-10
Appendix 1. Climate Change Bills in the 109th Congress
Emissions
Caps and
Allowance
Climate Change
Technology
GHG Reporting
Multi-
Trading for all
Bill(s) and Short Title(s)
Research
Deployment
and Registry
Pollutant Bill
GHGs
ENACTED LAW
H.R. 6, P.L. 109-58
X
Energy Policy Act of 2005
SENATE BILLS
S. 150 (Jeffords)
X
X
The Clean Power Act of 2005
S. 245 (Collins)
X
Abrupt Climate Change Research Act of 2005
S. 730 (Leahy)
X
X
Mercury Emission Act of 2005
S. 745 (Byrd)
International Clean Energy Deployment and Global Energy Markets
X
Investment Act of 2005
S. 883 (Hagel)
Climate Change Technology Deployment in Developing Countries Act
X
of 2005

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CRS-11
Emissions
Caps and
Allowance
Climate Change
Technology
GHG Reporting
Multi-
Trading for all
Bill(s) and Short Title(s)
Research
Deployment
and Registry
Pollutant Bill
GHGs
S. 887 (Hagel)
Climate Change Technology Deployment and Infrastructure Credit Act
X
of 2005
S. 1151 (McCain)
X
X
X
X
Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act of 2005
S. 1203 (Hagel)
X
Climate Change Technology Tax Incentives Act of 2005
S. 342* (McCain)
X
X
X
Climate Stewardship Act of 2005
S. 386* (Hagel)
Climate Change Technology Deployment in Developing Countries Act
X
of 2005
S. 387* (Hagel)
X
Climate Change Technology Tax Incentives Act of 2005
S. 388* (Hagel)
Climate Change Technology Deployment and Infrastructure Credit Act
X
X
of 2005
* Superseded by newer version

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CRS-12
Emissions
Caps and
Allowance
Climate Change
Technology
GHG Reporting
Multi-
Trading for all
Bill(s) and Short Title(s)
Research
Deployment
and Registry
Pollutant Bill
GHGs
HOUSE BILLS
H.R. 759 (Gilchrest)
X
X
X
Climate Stewardship Act of 2005
H.R. 955 (Olver)
X
National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Act of 2005
H.R. 1451 (Waxman)
X
X
Clean Smokestacks Act of 2005
H.R. 1873 (Bass)
X
X
Clean Air Planning Act of 2005
H.R. 2828 (Inslee)
X
X
X
X
New Apollo Energy Act of 2005

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CRS-13
Appendix 2. Key Provisions of Climate Change Legislation in the 109th Congress
Bill No.
Sponsor
Major Actions
Key Provisions
ENACTED LAW
H.R. 6, P.L.
Barton
Introduced April 18, 2005; passed House April
Omnibus energy bill addressing various climate- and non-climate related topics.
109-58
21, 2005; passed Senate June 28, 2005;
Among other provisions, establishes loans, loan guarantees, etc. to deploy
conference report file July 27, 2005; agreed to in
technology for greenhouse gas intensity reduction (similar language to S. 887);
House July 28; agreed to in Senate July 29;
requires the Secretary of State to provide assistance to developing countries on
signed into law August 8, 2005.
projects to reduce greenhouse gas intensity; establishes an export initiative for
greenhouse gas reduction technology (similar language to S. 883)
SENATE BILLS
S. 150
Jeffords
Introduced January 25, 2005; referred to Senate
Amends the Clean Air Act to require the Administrator of the Environmental
Environment and Public Works.
Protection Agency to promulgate regulations to achieve specified reductions in
emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and mercury from
certain electric generation facilities by January 1, 2010.
S. 245
Collins
Introduced February 1, 2005; referred to Senate
Establishes within the Department of Commerce a research program on abrupt
Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
climate change.
S. 730
Leahy
Introduced April 6, 2005; referred to Senate
Amends the Clean Air Act to require the Administrator of the Environmental
Environment and Public Works.
Protection Agency to promulgate regulations to achieve specified reductions in
emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and mercury from
certain electric generation facilities by January 1, 2010.
S. 745
Byrd
Introduced April 11, 2005; referred to Senate
Establishes within the Department of State a program to assist developing
Foreign Relations.
countries in the demonstration and deployment of emission reduction
technologies.

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CRS-14
Bill No.
Sponsor
Major Actions
Key Provisions
S. 883
Hagel
Introduced April 21, 2005; referred to Senate
Requires the Secretary of State to provide assistance to developing countries on
Foreign Relations — see also H.R. 6 (Senate
projects to reduce greenhouse gas intensity; establishes an export initiative for
Version)
greenhouse gas reduction technology.
S. 887
Hagel
Introduced April 21, 2005; referred to Senate
Establishes loans, loan guarantees, etc. to deploy technology for greenhouse gas
Energy and Natural Resources — see also H.R.
intensity reduction.
6 (Senate Version)
S. 1151
McCain
Introduced May 25, 2005; referred to Senate
Requires any entity that emits more than 10,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases
Environment and Public Works.
(CO equivalent) to reduce emissions to year 2000 levels by 2010. Allows:
2
tradeable credits for reductions beyond those required, reductions from non-
covered entities, increases in carbon sequestration, and emissions reductions in
other countries. Promotes innovation on mitigation technologies and establishes
incentives for technology deployment.
S. 1203
Hagel
Introduced June 8, 2005; referred to Senate
Establishes tax credits for investment in technologies to reduce greenhouse gas
Finance.
intensity; also provides tax incentives for nuclear technologies.
S. 342*
McCain
Introduced February 10, 2005; referred to
Requires any entity that emits more than 10,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases
Senate Environment and Public Works.
(CO equivalent) to reduce emissions to year 2000 levels by 2010. Allows:
2
tradeable credits for reductions beyond those required, reductions from non-
covered entities, increases in carbon sequestration, and emissions reductions in
other countries.
S. 386*
Hagel
Introduced February 15, 2005; referred to
Requires the Secretary of State to provide assistance to developing countries on
Senate Foreign Relations.
projects to reduce greenhouse gas intensity; establishes an export initiative for
greenhouse gas reduction technology.

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CRS-15
Bill No.
Sponsor
Major Actions
Key Provisions
S. 387*
Hagel
Introduced February 15, 2005; referred to
Establishes tax credits for investment in technologies to reduce greenhouse gas
Senate Finance.
intensity; also provides tax incentives for clean coal and nuclear technologies.
S. 388*
Hagel
Introduced February 15, 2005; referred to
Establishes a loans, loan guarantees, etc. to deploy technology for greenhouse
Senate Energy and Natural Resources.
gas intensity reduction; establishes a voluntary national greenhouse gas registry.
*Superseded by newer version
HOUSE BILLS
H.R. 759
Gilchrest
Introduced February 10, 2005; referred to House
Requires any entity that emits more than 10,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases
Science, and House Energy and Commerce.
(CO equivalent) to reduce emissions to year 2000 levels by 2010. Allows:
2
tradeable credits for reductions beyond those required, reductions from non-
covered entities, increases in carbon sequestration, and emissions reductions in
other countries.
H.R. 955
Olver
Introduced February 17, 2005; referred to House
Requires EPA to establish a GHG emissions information system to collect
Energy and Commerce.
information submitted regarding an entity’s GHG emissions. Establishes
mandatory registry for entities that emit more than 10,000 metric tons of carbon
dioxide equivalent.
H.R. 1451
Waxman
Introduced March 17, 2005; referred to House
Amends the Clean Air Act to require the Administrator of the Environmental
Energy and Commerce.
Protection Agency to promulgate regulations to achieve specified reductions in
emissions of carbon dioxide and pollutants from certain electric generation
facilities by 2010.
H.R. 1873
Bass
Introduced April 27, 2005; referred to House
Amends the Clean Air Act to require the Administrator of the Environmental
Energy and Commerce.
Protection Agency to promulgate regulations to achieve specified reductions in
emissions carbon dioxide and pollutants from certain electric generation facilities
by 2010 (2009 for nitrogen oxides).

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CRS-16
Bill No.
Sponsor
Major Actions
Key Provisions
H.R. 2828
Inslee
Introduced June 8, 2005; referred to House
Omnibus energy bill addressing various climate- and non-climate related topics.
Energy and Commerce, among other
Among other provisions, requires any entity that emits more than 10,000 metric
committees
tons of greenhouse gases (CO equivalent) to reduce emissions to year 2000
2
levels by 2010. Allows: tradeable credits for reductions beyond those required,
reductions from non-covered entities, increases in carbon sequestration, and
emissions reductions in other countries.

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