Order Code RL30871
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Violence Against Women Act:
History and Federal Funding
Updated October 4, 2005
Garrine P. Laney
Analyst in Social Legislation
Domestic Social Policy Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Violence Against Women Act:
History and Federal Funding
Summary
On September 28, 2005, the House approved H.R. 3402, the Department of
Justice Appropriations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2006 through 2009, which
contains provisions to reauthorize expiring Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)
programs. On September 12, 2005, S. 1197, the Violence Against Women Act of
2005, was reported by the Senate Judiciary Committee. Among other provisions,
these bills would reauthorize VAWA, continue to encourage collaboration among
law enforcement, judicial personnel, and public and private service providers to
victims of domestic and sexual violence; address the special needs of victims of
domestic and sexual violence who are elderly, disabled, children, youth, and
individuals of ethnic and racial communities, including Native Americans; provide
emergency leave and long-term transitional housing for victims; make provisions
gender neutral; and require studies and reports on the effectiveness of approaches
used for certain grants in combating domestic and sexual violence. Other bills
introduced in the 109th Congress with provisions relating to violence against women
include: H.R. 1214, H.R. 2862, H.R. 2876, H.R. 3171, and H.R. 3594.
Both the House and the Senate have passed H.R. 2862, an appropriations bill
for the Department of Justice and related agencies, providing $386.04 million in
FY2006 for Violence Against Women Act programs administered by the Department
of Justice. The House passed H.R. 3010, providing a total of $129 million for
VAWA programs administered by HHS. The Senate Appropriations Committee
reported H.R. 3010 on July 14, 2005, recommending $129 million for VAWA
programs administered by HHS.

During the 108th Congress the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003
(P.L. 108-36), and the PROTECT Act (P.L. 108-21) were passed, which, among
other provisions, authorized funding of HHS and DOJ transitional housing assistance
programs for victims of domestic violence, respectively. The Keeping Children and
Families Safe Act also extended to FY2008 authorization for the national domestic
violence hotline and grants for battered women’s shelters programs.
The original Violence Against Women Act, enacted as Title IV of the Violent
Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (P.L. 103-322), became law in 1994. To
address violence against women, VAWA established within DOJ and HHS a number
of discretionary grant programs for state, local and Indian tribal governments. The
Violence Against Women Act of 2000 (VAWA 2000) was enacted on October 28,
2000, as Division B of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of
2000 (P.L. 106-386). VAWA 2000 reauthorized most of the original programs of
VAWA through FY2005. VAWA 2000 set new funding levels and created new
grant programs to prevent sexual assaults on campuses, assist victims of violence
with civil legal concerns, create transitional housing for victims of domestic abuse,
and protect elderly and disabled victims of domestic violence. In addition, VAWA
2000 created a program for safe custody exchange for families of domestic violence.
This report will be updated to reflect legislative activity.

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Contents
Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
History of the Violence Against Women Act
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Changes in Federal Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Debate over Gender Inclusiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Civil Rights and Supreme Court Ruling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Original VAWA Grant Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Law Enforcement and Prosecution (Special Training
Officers and Prosecutors [STOP]) Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
State Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Coalition Grants . . . . . . . 5
Rape Prevention and Education Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
National Domestic Violence Hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Grants to Encourage Arrests Policies in Domestic Violence Cases . . . 6
Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Community Programs on Domestic Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
National Stalker and Domestic Violence Reduction Grants . . . . . . . . . 7
Rural Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Enforcement Grants . . . . . 7
Victims of Child Abuse Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Federal Victims Counselors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Grants to Reduce Sexual Abuse of Runaway, Homeless,
and Street Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Equal Justice for Women in the Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
New Initiatives in the Violence Against Women Act 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Grant Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Grants for Legal Assistance to Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Short Term Transitional Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Older and Disabled Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Safe Haven Pilot Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Other Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Battered Immigrant Women Protection Act of 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Dating Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Task Force on Domestic Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Program Reauthorizations in the 108th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Transitional Housing Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
National Domestic Violence Hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Reauthorization of VAWA 2000 in the 109th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
House Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Senate Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Titles IV — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act
of 2005 of H.R. 3402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Title V — Enhancing Judicial and Law Enforcement Tools
to Combat Violence (H.R. 3402) and Title I —

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Enhancing Judicial and Law Enforcement Tools
to Combat Violence Against Women (S. 1197) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Titles VI (H.R. 3402) and II (S. 1197) — Improving Services
for Victims of Domestic Violence, Dating Violence,
Sexual Assault, and Stalking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Title V (S. 1197) — Strengthening the Health Care System’s
Response to Domestic Violence, Dating Violence,
Sexual Assault, and Stalking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Title VI (S. 1197) — Housing Opportunities and Safety
for Battered Women and Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Title VII (S. 1197) — Providing Economic Security
for Victims of Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Titles VII (H.R. 3402) and III (S. 1197) — Services,
Protection, and Justice For Young Victims of Violence . . . . . . . 17
Titles VIII (H.R. 3402) and IV (S. 1197) — Strengthening
America’s Families By Preventing Violence in the Home . . . . . 19
Title X — Safety for Indian Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
FY2006 Funding for Violence Against Women Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
VAWA 2000 Historical Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FY2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
FY2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
FY2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
List of Tables
Table 1. Funds Appropriated for Violence Against Women
Grant Programs, FY1996-FY2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Table 2. Funding Authorized in the Violence Against Women Act 2000
(P.L. 106-386) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 3. FY2005 Funding Authorized in the Violence Against Women Act
2000 (P.L. 106-386), FY2005 Appropriations, FY2006 Budget Request
of the President, and FY2006 Proposed Funding in House
and Senate Appropriations Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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Violence Against Women Act:
History and Federal Funding
Recent Developments
On September 28, 2005, the House passed H.R. 3402, the Department of Justice
Appropriations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years through 2009, which, among other
provisions, would reauthorize Violence Against Women Act programs. On
September 12, 2005, the Senate Judiciary Committee reported without a written
report S. 1197, the Violence Against Women Act. For a detailed discussion and
comparison of the House and Senate bills, see Reauthorization of VAWA 2000 in the
109th Congress, later in this report.
Both the House and the Senate (on June 16, 2005 and September 15, 2005,
respectively) have passed H.R. 2862, an appropriations bill for the Department of
Justice and related agencies, providing $386.04 million in FY2006 for Violence
Against Women Act programs administered by the Department of Justice. The
House also passed H.R. 3010 on June 24, 1995, providing a total of $129 million for
VAWA programs administered by HHS. The Senate Appropriations Committee
reported H.R. 3010 on July 14, 2005, with a FY2006 funding recommendation of
$129 million for VAWA programs administered by HHS .
History of the Violence Against Women Act
Legislation proposing a federal response to the problem of violence against
women was first introduced in 1990, although such violence was first identified as
a serious problem in the 1970s. Congressional action to address gender-related
violence culminated in the enactment of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA),
which is Title IV of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.1
Funding under the bill emphasized enforcement as well as educational and social
programs to prevent crime. The focus of the funding was on local government
programs, an approach that the sponsors of the bill believed was the most promising
technique for reducing crime and violence. They also cautioned that, due to the
variety of programs funded though the states, the impact of the bill may be difficult
to quantify.2 Funding through FY2000 was authorized through the Violent Crime
1 P.L. 103-322; 108 Stat. 1902; 42 U.S.C. § 13701.
2 Indeed, there are only two studies that attempt to evaluate the overall effects of a VAWA
grant program: (1) Martha R. Burt, Lisa C. Newmark, Lisa K. Jacobs, and Adele V. Harrell,
1998: Report: Evaluation of the STOP Formula Grants Under the Violence Against Women
(continued...)

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Reduction Trust Fund, created under Title XXXI of P.L. 103-322. Authorization for
VCRTF expired at the end of FY2000. Nonetheless, most of the programs in VAWA
received appropriations for FY2001.3
On October 28, 2000, President Clinton signed into law the Victims of
Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-386), of which Division
B is the Violence Against Women Act of 2000. The Violence Against Women Act
of 2000 continued to support VAWA by reauthorizing existing programs and adding
new initiatives including grants to assist victims of dating violence, transitional
housing for victims of violence, a pilot program aimed at protecting children during
visits with a parent who has been accused of domestic violence, and protections from
violence for elderly and disabled women. It also made technical amendments, and
required grant recipients to submit reports on the effectiveness of programs funded
by the grants to aid with the dissemination of information on successful programs.
The bill amended the Public Health Service Act (P.L. 98-457) to require that certain
funds be used exclusively for rape prevention and education programs. Moreover,
the bill made it easier for battered immigrant women to leave and to help prosecute
their abusers. Under the old law, battered immigrant women could be deported if
they left abusers who are their sponsors for residency and citizenship in the United
States. VAWA 2000 created special rules for alien battered spouses and children to
allow them to remain in the United States.4
Changes in Federal Criminal Law. To help combat violence against
women, the original VAWA rewrote several areas of federal criminal law. Penalties
were created for interstate stalking or domestic abuse in cases where an abuser
crossed a state line to injure or harass another, or forced a victim to cross a state line
under duress and then physically harmed the victim in the course of a violent crime.
Additionally, the law strengthened existing penalties for repeat sexual offenders and
required restitution to victims in federal sex offense cases. VAWA called for pretrial
detention in federal sex offense or child pornography felonies and allowed evidence
of prior sex offenses to be used in some subsequent trials regarding federal sex
crimes. The law also set new rules of evidence specifying that a victim’s past sexual
behavior generally was not admissible in federal civil or criminal cases regarding
sexual misconduct. Rape victims were allowed to demand that their alleged
assailants be tested for HIV, the virus that is generally believed to cause AIDS. A
2 (...continued)
Act of 1994 (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1998); and (2) Neal Miller, National
Evaluation of the Arrest Policies Program Under VAWA, presented at the Bureau of Justice
Statistics/Justice Research Statistical Association National Conference in Minneapolis, MN,
Nov. 2, 2000. Though both studies provide examples of effective programs funded by the
grants, neither offers a conclusion as to the overall effectiveness of these grant programs.
3 For detailed information on the grant programs and the application process, please consult
the Department of Justice’s Violence Against Women Office, at [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/
vawo/applicationkits.htm]. For information on grant programs in each state, consult
[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/vawo/stategrants.htm].
4 See CRS Report RL30559, Immigration: Noncitizen Victims of Family Violence, by
Andorra Bruno and Alison Siskin.

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CRS-3
federal judge could order such a procedure after determining that risk to the victim
existed.
As in the original Act, VAWA 2000 created new stalking offenses, changing the
law to create penalties for a person who travels in interstate or foreign commerce
with the intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate a spouse or intimate partner, and
who in the course of such travel commits or attempts to commit a crime of violence
against the spouse or intimate partner. It also created penalties for a person who
causes a spouse or intimate partner to travel in interstate or foreign commerce by
force or coercion and in the course of such travel commits or attempts to commit a
crime of violence against the spouse or intimate partner. The bill added the intimate
partners of the victim as people covered under the interstate stalking statute, and
made it a crime to use the mail or any facility of interstate or foreign commerce to
engage in a course of conduct that would place a person in reasonable fear of harm
to themselves or their immediate family or intimate partner. Additionally, VAWA
2000 created penalties for any person who travels in interstate or foreign commerce
with the intent of violating a protection order or causes a person to travel in interstate
or foreign commerce by force or coercion and violates a protection order.5
Debate over Gender Inclusiveness. Although the programs in the original
VAWA law tended to be popular among criminal justice practitioners, and VAWA
2000 passed with almost unanimous support in Congress, VAWA did have its critics.
Most of the criticisms of VAWA and VAWA 2000 came from those who felt that
violence was a problem of both men and women, and that both men and women were
victims of domestic violence. They argued that the programs in VAWA only
addressed the needs of women victims.6 Opponents of the law also felt that the
legislation was paternalistic; it implied that women needed special protections.7
Proponents of VAWA argued that the language of the law was gender-neutral and
that programs could address the needs of men as well as women.8
Civil Rights and Supreme Court Ruling.9 Under Title IV, subtitle C —
“Civil Rights for Women,” of the 1994 Act, language was included that would have
permitted private damage suits in federal court by victims of “gender motivated
violence.” This provision was struck down (5-4) on May 15, 2000, by the Supreme
Court in United States v. Morrison as unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause
5 P.L. 106-386, Section 1107.
6 For more information see the American Coalition for Fathers & Children homepage, at
[http://www.acfc.org], visited on Sept. 28, 2000.
7 Stephanie Gutmann, “Are All Men Rapists?” National Review, vol. 45, Aug. 1993, pp. 44-
47; Cathy Young, “Act Stirs Up Debate on Crime and Gender,” Insight, vol. 9, Nov. 29,
1993, pp. 12-16.
8 For more information, see the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence homepage,
at [http://www.ncadv.org].
9 For a detailed analysis of United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000), and its effect
on VAWA, see CRS Report RS20584, United States v. Morrison: The Supreme Court
Declares 42 U.S.C. § 13981 Unconstitutional, by T.J. Halstead, May 22, 2000.

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and the Fourteenth Amendment.10 The Court found that such violence did not
substantially affect interstate commerce. It further noted that the Fourteenth
Amendment is directed at state actions, not those of private citizens. None of the
other provisions of the 1994 Act have been challenged in the Supreme Court.
Unaffected by the court decision were grant programs created by VAWA and
placed within DOJ and HHS. These programs are administered by the states and
funds can be allocated by the states to state agencies, Indian tribal governments, units
of local government and private nonprofit groups, and include grants to improve law
enforcement and prosecution of violent crimes against women, grants to encourage
arrests in domestic violence incidents, moneys for rural domestic violence and child
abuse enforcement, rape prevention and education programs, and grants for battered
women’s shelters, among others. (A national domestic violence hotline is funded to
a single contractor under the administration of HHS.) The following sections
describe grant programs created by VAWA, followed by a section on additional
initiatives created in VAWA 2000.
Original VAWA Grant Programs
Law Enforcement and Prosecution (Special Training Officers and
Prosecutors [STOP]) Grants. The purpose of STOP grants, administered by the
Attorney General, is to help state governments, Indian tribal governments, and units
of local government strengthen law enforcement, prosecution, and victims’ services
in cases involving violent crimes against women. These grants may be used to
provide personnel, training, technical assistance, data collection, and other equipment
to increase the apprehension, prosecution, and adjudication of persons committing
violent crimes against women. Activities may include:
! training law enforcement officers and prosecutors to more
effectively identify and respond to violent crimes against women,
including those of sexual assault, domestic violence, and dating
violence;
! developing, training, or expanding units of law enforcement officers
and prosecutors specifically targeting violent crimes against women;
! developing and implementing more effective police and prosecution
policies, protocols, orders, and services specifically devoted to
preventing, identifying and responding to violent crimes against
women;
! developing, installing, or expanding relevant data collection and
communication systems;
! developing, enlarging, or strengthening programs for relevant victim
services to address stalking and to address the needs and
circumstances of Indian tribes in dealing with violent crimes against
women including dating violence;
! developing, enlarging, or strengthening programs to assist law
enforcement and the courts to address the needs of older individuals
10 Nonetheless, victims can still bring damage suit in state courts.

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and individuals with disabilities who are the victims of domestic
violence and sexual assault;
! coordinating the response of state law enforcement agencies,
prosecutors, courts, victim service agencies, and other state agencies
to violence crimes against women, including dating violence; and
! training of sexual assault forensic medical personnel in the
collection and preservation of evidence, analysis, prevention, and
providing expert testimony and treatment of trauma related to sexual
assault.
At least 25% of each grant must be allotted, without duplication, to each of three
areas, respectively: prosecution, law enforcement, and victim services. Of the
amounts appropriated: 5% is allocated to Indian tribal governments; $600,000 is
available for grants to applicants in each state; 5% of the funds must be set aside for
state sexual assault and domestic violence coalitions; and the remaining funds are to
be distributed to applicants in each state on the basis of relative population. For more
information see [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/vawo/funds_uses.htm]. [Section 40121]
State Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Coalition Grants.
These grants are distributed by the Attorney General for state domestic violence and
sexual assault coalitions. Such coalitions shall further the purposes of domestic
violence or sexual assault intervention and prevention through information and
training. Each state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the combined U.S.
Territories should receive 1/53rd of the funds allocated. In addition, 2.5% of the
STOP funds are set aside, each, for state sexual assault and domestic violence
coalitions.
Rape Prevention and Education Grants. The funds for these grants are
added to the Preventive Health Services Block Grants monies already distributed to
the states by the Department of Health and Human Services. The grants may be used
by the states for rape prevention and education programs conducted by rape crisis
centers or similar nongovernmental nonprofit entities. Specifically, these grants may
be used for:

! educational seminars
! operation of rape crisis hotlines
! training programs for professionals
! the preparation of training materials
! education and training for students and campus personnel
! education to increase awareness about drugs used to facilitate rapes
or sexual assaults
! other efforts to increase awareness or prevent sexual assault
especially in underserved communities.
Of the monies provided to the states 25% must be used for education in middle,
junior high, and high schools. Grants are made on the basis of the relative population
of each state. [Sections 40151-40152]
National Domestic Violence Hotline. These funds are authorized for the
Secretary of Health and Human Services to make a grant to a private, non-profit

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entity to provide for the operation of a national, toll-free telephone hotline to provide
information and assistance to victims of domestic violence. The grant may fund the
use and operation of the telephone line; the employment, training, and supervision
of personnel to answer calls and provide counseling and referral services on a 24-
hour basis; the establishment of a database with information and services available
for victims of domestic violence; and the advertisement of the hotline to potential
users nationwide. [Section 40211] This program has been reauthorized through
FY2008, outside of the VAWA reauthorization process, through the Keeping
Children and Families Safe Act (P.L. 108-36), described later in this report.
Grants to Encourage Arrests Policies in Domestic Violence Cases.
The purpose of these grants is to assist state governments, Indian tribal governments,
and units of local government in treating domestic violence as a serious violation of
criminal law. Grants may be used to:
! implement mandatory arrest or pro-arrest programs and policies in
police departments;
! develop policies and training in police departments to improve
tracking of cases involving domestic violence and dating violence;
! centralize and coordinate police enforcement, prosecution, or
judicial responsibility for domestic violence cases;
! coordinate computer tracking systems to ensure communication
between police, prosecutors, and the courts;
! strengthen legal advocacy service programs for victims of domestic
violence and dating violence;
! develop or strengthen policies and training for the police,
prosecutors, and the judiciary in recognizing, investigating, and
prosecuting instances of domestic violence and sexual assault
against older individuals and individuals with disabilities; and
! educate judges about domestic violence and improve judicial
handling of such cases.
Applicants must certify that their laws or official policies encourage or mandate
arrest policies in domestic violence cases and do not require the abused to bear the
costs associated with the filing of criminal charges. Priority is given to applicants
who do not currently provide for centralized handling of cases involving domestic
violence by police, prosecutors, and the courts, and to those who demonstrate a
commitment to strong enforcement and prosecution of such cases. For more
information consult [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/vawo/arrest_grant_desc.htm].
[Section 40231]
Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters. These grants are distributed by
the Secretary of Health and Human Services for battered women’s shelters. The
grants for each state are allocated based on the relative population of the state except
that (1) each state is allocated not less than 1% of the total grant or $600,000 which
ever is less; and (2) Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, the Northern
Mariana Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands are allotted not less
than one-eighth of 1% of the amounts available for grants. [Section 40241] This
program has been reauthorized through FY2008, outside of the VAWA

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reauthorization process by the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act (P.L. 108-
36), described later in this report.
Community Programs on Domestic Violence. These grants are provided
by the Secretary of Health and Human Services to non-profit private organizations
for the purpose of establishing projects in local communities to coordinate
intervention and prevention efforts against domestic violence.
Grants fund local projects that coordinate efforts among such sectors as health
care providers, the education community, the religious community, the criminal
justice system, human service entities, and business and civic leaders. Grants may
be made for up to three years and are to be geographically dispersed throughout the
country. [Section 40261]
National Stalker and Domestic Violence Reduction Grants. The
Attorney General is authorized to make grants to states and units of local government
to improve data entry for cases of stalking and domestic violence in local, state, and
national crime information databases most notably the National Crime Information
Center (NCIC).
Applicants must certify that they have established a program that enters into the
NCIC records of:
! warrants for the arrest of persons violating protection orders
intended to protect victims from stalking and domestic violence;
! arrests or convictions of persons violating protection or domestic
violence; and
! protection orders for the protection of persons from stalking and
domestic violence.
These grants are awarded on a need-based basis for entities that do not have this type
of system in place. [Sections 40602-40607]
Rural Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Enforcement Grants.
These grants are provided by the Attorney General to states, Indian tribal
governments, or local governments of rural states, and to other public and private
entities of rural states to (1) implement, expand and establish cooperative efforts and
projects between law enforcement officers, prosecutors, victim advocacy groups, and
other related parties to investigate and prosecute incidents of domestic violence,
dating violence, and child abuse; (2) provide treatment and counseling to such
victims; and (3) work cooperatively to develop education and prevention strategies
at the community level. A minimum of 5% of the grant monies are allocated to
Indian tribal government. For more information see [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/
vawo/rural_grant_desc.htm]. [Section 40295]
Victims of Child Abuse Grants. VAWA amended the Victims of Child
Abuse Act of 1990 to provide authorization for three purposes:
! the court-appointed special advocate program;

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! child abuse training programs for judicial personnel and
practitioners; and
! grants for televised testimony.
Priority for the court-appointed special advocate program grants are given to
localities that do not have existing programs and to programs in need of expansion.
Priority for child abuse training programs is given to programs that aim to improve
the procedures of child service agencies. For more information on Victims of Child
Abuse Act programs, see CRS Report RL32976, Child Welfare: Programs
Authorized by the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990, by Emilie Stoltzfus.
Federal Victims Counselors. This money is allocated to the U.S. Attorneys
to appoint victims/witness counselors for prosecution of sex and domestic violence
crimes where applicable. [Section 40114]
Grants to Reduce Sexual Abuse of Runaway, Homeless, and Street
Youth. The Secretary of Health and Human Services may make grants to private,
non-profit agencies for prevention of sexual abuse and exploitation of runaway,
homeless, and street youth. Funds may be used for street-based outreach and
education, including treatment, counseling, provision of information and referrals for
those subject to or at risk of sexual abuse. Priority is given to those agencies with
experience in providing services to this population. These grants were reauthorized
through FY2003 by P.L. 106-71; and subsequently through FY2008 by P.L. 108-96.
[Section 40155] For more information on this program, see CRS Report RL31933,
The Runaway and Homeless Youth Program: Administration, Funding, and
Legislative Actions, by Edith Fairman Cooper.
Equal Justice for Women in the Courts. The State Justice Institute and
the Federal Judicial Center, respectively, may make grants to provide model
programs involving training of judges and court personnel in state and federal courts
on rape, sexual assault, domestic violence, and other gender motivated crimes.
The State Justice Institute grants may be used to train Indian tribal judges and
court personnel in the laws on rape, sexual assault, domestic violence, dating
violence, and other crimes of violence motivated by the victim’s gender. The funds
may also be used for training on the issues raised by domestic violence and sexual
assault in determining custody and visitation. At least 40% of funds must be
expended on model programs regarding domestic violence and at least 40% of funds
must be expended on model programs regarding rape and sexual assault.
The Federal Judicial Center grants may be used to educate and train judges on
issues related to gender bias in the courts. [Sections 40411-414, 40421-422].

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New Initiatives in the
Violence Against Women Act 2000
Grant Programs
Grants for Legal Assistance to Victims. VAWA 2000 authorizes the
Attorney General to award grants to private nonprofit entities, Indian tribal
governments, and publically funded organizations to increase the availability of legal
assistance to victims of domestic violence, stalking, or sexual assault in legal matters,
such as immigration, housing matters, and protection orders, at minimum or no cost
to the victim. These grants may be used to establish or expand cooperative efforts
between victim services organizations and legal assistance providers, by providing
training, technical assistance, and data collection. [Section 1201]
Short Term Transitional Housing. VAWA 2000 included grants for short-
term transitional housing assistance and support services for victims of domestic
abuse. These grants are administered by the Secretary of HHS. [Section 1203]
Older and Disabled Individuals. VAWA 2000 amends the language of
STOP grants and “Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies” to provide funds to increase
protection of older individuals and individuals with disabilities from domestic
violence and sexual assault through policies and training for police, prosecutors, and
the judiciary. It also creates new grants, administered by the Attorney General, for
training programs to assist law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and court officials
in addressing, investigating and prosecuting instances of elder abuse, neglect, and
exploitation, and violence against individuals with disabilities, including domestic
violence and sexual assault. [Section 1209]
Safe Haven Pilot Program. VAWA 2000 authorizes the Attorney General
to award grants to state, local, and Indian tribal governments to provide supervised
visitation and safe visitation exchange for children involved in situations of domestic
violence, child abuse, or sexual assault. [Section 1301]
Other Initiatives
Studies. There are several studies authorized in VAWA 2000. These include
studies of: (1) insurance discrimination against victims of domestic violence; (2)
workplace effects of violence against women; (3) unemployment compensation for
women who are victims of violence; and (4) parental kidnaping. VAWA 2000 also
requires the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) to develop a research agenda and plans
to implement the agenda based on the National Academy of Sciences’
recommendations in the report Understanding Violence Against Women. [Sections
1206-1208, 1303-1304]
Battered Immigrant Women Protection Act of 2000. VAWA 2000
contains the Battered Immigrant Women Protection Act of 2000, which provides for
increased protection of immigrant women who are victims of domestic abuse, and

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creates special rules for alien battered spouses and children to allow them to remain
in the United States.11 [Sections 1501-1513]
Dating Violence. VAWA 2000 defines “dating violence” as:
violence committed by a person (A) who is or has been in a social relationship
of a romantic or intimate nature with the victim; and (B) where the existence of
such a relationship shall be determined based on a consideration of the following
factors: (i) the length of the relationship; (ii) the type of relationship; and (iii)
the frequency of interaction between the persons involved in the relationship.
VAWA 2000 amends the original law so that STOP grants, grants to encourage arrest
policies, and rural domestic violence grants can be awarded for programs to combat
“dating violence.” [Section 1109]
Task Force on Domestic Violence. VAWA 2000 also established a task
force to coordinate research on domestic violence. [Section 1407]
Program Reauthorizations in the 108th Congress
During the 108th Congress, legislation was enacted to reauthorize some VAWA
programs that are administered by the Department of Health and Human Services —
the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act (P.L. 108-36) and the Prosecutorial
Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003
(the PROTECT Act, P.L. 108-21). In addition, the PROTECT Act created a new
housing program for victims of domestic violence
Transitional Housing Assistance
The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act (P.L. 108-36) amended the Family
Violence Prevention and Services Act and reauthorized the following programs
administered by HHS: transitional housing assistance, national domestic violence
hotline, and grants for battered women’s shelters. The transitional housing assistance
program that is administered by HHS was reauthorized at $25 million for each of
FY2003 through FY2008. No funding, however, has been provided for this program,
which was originally established in VAWA 2000.
The PROTECT Act contains provisions for transitional housing assistance that
are very similar to the transitional housing program established within HHS. The
PROTECT Act, however, provides for DOJ to administer the transitional housing
assistance program. Among other provisions, the act directs the Attorney General,
in consultation with the Director of VAWO, to provide transitional housing
assistance grants to states, units of local governments, Indian tribes, and other
organizations. These grants can assist persons who need transitional housing as a
result of fleeing domestic violence conditions, and for whom emergency shelter
11 See CRS Report RL30559, Immigration: Noncitizen Victims of Family Violence, by
Andorra Bruno and Alison Siskin.

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CRS-11
services are lacking or are inadequate. For 18 months, eligible persons can receive
assistance with short-term housing (including rental), utilities payments, security
deposits, and other expenses related to relocating to transitional housing. Grant
recipients can waive the 18-month period and extend assistance for six more months
to persons who have made a good-faith effort to acquire permanent housing but have
been unsuccessful. In addition, a minor, an adult, or a dependent of such minor or
adult who is escaping a domestic violence situation can receive support services to
locate and secure permanent housing, and transportation, counseling, child care
services, case management, employment counseling, and other assistance to become
integrated into a community.
The act requires a grant recipient to prepare an annual report for submission to
the Attorney General that describes the number of minors, adults, and dependents
assisted and the types of housing assistance and support services that were provided.
Each year, the Attorney General, with the Director of VAWO, must submit a report
to the House and Senate Judiciary Committees that is a compilation of information
provided annually by grant recipients. For grants, $30 million is authorized for each
of fiscal years 2004 through 2008. Of this amount, the Attorney General in any fiscal
year can use no more than 3% for salaries and administrative expenses. For the
transitional housing program for FY2004, Congress appropriated $15 million as a
separate line item in the FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act. For FY2005,
President Bush requested $180 million for Special Training Officers and Prosecutors
(STOP) grant programs, of which $15 million was a set-aside for transitional housing
assistance.
National Domestic Violence Hotline
The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act also reauthorized the national
domestic violence hotline at $3.5 million for each of FY2004 through FY2008. For
FY2006, President Bush requested $3 million for the hotline. The hotline received
FY2005 funding of $3.22 million.
Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters
Another VAWA program that was reauthorized by the Keeping Children and
Families Safe Act is the grants for battered women’s shelters program. This program
was reauthorized at $175 million for each of FY2004 through FY2008. For FY2006,
the Bush Administration requested $126 million for the program. It was funded at
$126.63 million for FY2005.
Reauthorization of VAWA 2000
in the 109th Congress
A number of bills have been introduced in the 109th Congress with provisions
relating to the Violence Against Women Act, including H.R. 1214, Best Help for
Rape Victims Act (Maloney); H.R. 2862, Departments of Commerce, Justice,
Science and Related Agencies, 2006 (Wolf); H.R. 2876, Violence Against Women
Reauthorization Act of 2005 (Green); H.R. 3010, the Departments of Labor, HHS,

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Education and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006 (Regula); H.R. 3402, the
Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2006 through
2009 (Sensenbrenner); H.R. 3171, VAWA 2005 Reauthorization Act (Lofgren); H.R.
3402, Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2006
through 2009 (Sensenbrenner); H.R. 3594, Domestic Violence Victim Protection Act
(Rothman); and S. 1197 (Biden) Violence Against Women Act of 2005 (Biden).
Each bill was referred to its committee of jurisdiction. No hearings were held on
H.R. 1214, H.R. 2876, H.R. 3171 or H.R. 3594.12 In addition to the two
appropriations bills, there has been legislative action on the following reauthorization
bills — H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 — and selected provisions of these two bills are
summarized and compared in this report.
H.R. 3402 would authorize appropriations for the Department of Justice for
FY2006 through FY2009. H.R. 3402 also would reauthorize many VAWA 2000
programs and contains titles on domestic violence. Titles IV through X of H.R. 3402
are collectively cited as the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2005.
S. 1197, introduced on June 8, 2005, also would reauthorize the Violence Against
Women Act of 1994.
House Action. On September 28, 2005, the House approved H.R. 3402 by
a vote of 415 to 4. The bill had been reported by the Judiciary Committee on
September 22 (H.Rept. 109-233). Floor debate occurred on language in the reported
version of H.R. 3402, relating to STOP grant funds and underserved racial and ethnic
populations. As reported, the bill would have required states to describe how they
plan to address the needs of racial and ethnic minorities and other underserved
populations, and to recognize and meaningfully respond to the needs of racial and
ethnic minorities and other underserved populations in disbursing grants, and ensure
that program funds are equitably distributed to these populations. During the floor
debate, Judiciary Chairman Sensenbrenner stated that if this language were perceived
as prescribing race-based VAWA grant awards by conditioning certain grants upon
an applicant’s ability to address the needs of ethnic and racial minorities, then the
legislation could be challenged on constitutional grounds. Until the issue was legally
resolved, all program funding might be halted for years. As amended on the House
floor, the provision now refers to “populations under served because of geographic
locations, underserved racial and ethnic populations, populations underserved
because of special needs [such as language barriers, disabilities, alien age status, or
age] and any other population determined to be underserved by the Attorney
General.” Representative Conyers and others argued that the original provisions
would not require quotas or set asides and are constitutionally sound. They argued
further that the amended language would weaken provisions to improve access for
and support of underserved populations. The amendment passed by a vote of 225 to
191.
Senate Action. On September 12, 2005, S. 1197 was reported by the Senate
Judiciary Committee without a written report, following a mark-up session on
12 Readers should note that provisions of these bills related to immigrant victims of violence
are not addressed in this report. For information on these provisions, contact Andorra Bruno
(7-7865) or Alison Siskin (7-0260).

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September 8. At the mark-up, several amendments to S. 1197 were offered. The
Committee, by voice vote, adopted a manager’s package of amendments to S. 1197
which included provisions that male victims of domestic violence also could receive
funds; and that repeat offenders of a protective order who are convicted of stalking
would receive increased penalties. The package clarified that a tenant of public
housing actually must be a victim of domestic violence, not perceived to be one,
before authorities could be prohibited from evicting or revoking housing vouchers
for the tenant and that a landlord could not be prohibited from evicting a victim of
domestic violence for failing to pay rent or violating the lease.
On July 19, 2005, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on S. 1197.
Titles IV — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2005
of H.R. 3402. This title of the House bill provides definitions and requirements for
programs relating to violence against women. H.R. 3402 also contains a new section
clarifying that VAWA programs are gender neutral. S. 1197 contains no such
provision. Sections 1 and 2 of S. 1197 give the short title of the bill as the Violence
Against Women Act of 2005 and contain a section called “Definitions and Grant
Provisions.”
Title V — Enhancing Judicial and Law Enforcement Tools to
Combat Violence (H.R. 3402) and Title I — Enhancing Judicial and Law
Enforcement Tools to Combat Violence Against Women (S. 1197). H.R.
3402 would reauthorize the STOP grants at $215 million for each of fiscal years 2006
through 2010. S. 1197 would reauthorize the STOP grants at $225 million for the
same period. H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would provide new provisions that require state
legislation prohibiting victims of sexual assault from having to submit to polygraph
tests before an investigation or prosecution of the crime for a state to be eligible for
STOP funding; provide grants to protect the confidentiality of information that
victims provide and that is included in national databases; prohibit states from
requiring a victim to participate in the criminal justice system in order for the victim
to be reimbursed for a forensic exam; and support programs designed to specifically
serve racial and ethnic populations. H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would limit the
publication of registration or filing of a protection order, restraining order or
injunction in either the issuing or enforcing state, tribal, or territorial jurisdiction if
such publication would likely reveal the identity or location of the party protected
under such order information. The House and Senate measures allow a state, Indian
tribe or territory to share court-generated law enforcement information that is
contained in secure, governmental registries for protection order enforcement
purposes. Both bills would permit a state or Indian tribal government to use federal
grant funds to pay for forensic medical exams that are performed by persons trained
to examine victims of sexual assault. If, however, a state or Indian tribal government
requires victims of sexual assault to have their insurance carriers reimburse them for
the cost of such examinations, federal funds may not be used to pay for them.
To improve court responses to adult, youth, and minor domestic violence, dating
violence, sexual assault, and stalking both measures would add a new Subtitle J —
Violence Against Women Act Court Training and Improvements. H.R. 3402 would
authorize funding of $4 million for each of fiscal years 2006 to 2010 for grants for
court training and improvements. H.R. 3402 would support efforts to develop a

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national education curriculum for use by state and national judicial educators to
ensure that all courts and court personnel have access to appropriate information on
domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. Both bills would require
the Attorney General, through VAWO, to develop education curricula for tribal court
judges as well. H.R. 3402 would authorize $1 million for each of fiscal years 2006
to 2010 for national and tribal education curricula. On the other hand, S. 1197 would
authorize funding of $5 million for each of fiscal years 2006 to 2010 for both the
national education and the tribal education curricula.
S. 1197 would extend and authorize funding of $17 million for each of fiscal
years 2006 through 2010 for the Court Appointed Special Advocate Program. H.R.
3402 does not contain such a provision.
H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would authorize funding of $1 million for each of fiscal
years 2006 through 2010 for the Attorney General to appoint victim assistants for
prosecution of sex and domestic violence crimes where applicable (such as the
District of Columbia).
H.R. 3402 would require GAO to conduct a study to determine the extent to
which men, women, youth and children are victims of domestic and dating violence,
sexual assault, and stalking, and the availability of shelters, counseling, legal
representation, and other VAWA services for all victims of such crimes. S. 1197
does not contain such provisions.
Under this title, both the House and Senate bills contain technical amendments
that would increase set-asides for Indian tribal entities; require set-asides to provide
technical assistance for grantees; and change the set-aside for U.S. territorial sexual
assault coalitions from 1/54 to 1/56.
Both H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would reauthorize the following existing VAWA
grant programs:
! Grants to Encourage Arrest and Enforcement Protection Orders at
$75 million for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010;
! Legal Assistance for Victims at $65 million for each of fiscal years
2006 through 2010;
! Sex Offender Management — H.R. 3402 at $5 million and S. 1197
at $3 million for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010; and
! Stalker Database at $3 million for each of fiscal years 2006 through
2010.
Titles VI (H.R. 3402) and II (S. 1197) — Improving Services for
Victims of Domestic Violence, Dating Violence, Sexual Assault, and
Stalking. Both H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would amend Part T of Title I of the
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3796gg et seq.) by
adding a new Sexual Assault Services program for the purpose of assisting states,
tribes and territories in providing intervention, advocacy, support services and related
assistance to victims of sexual assault, their family and household members, and
others collaterally affected by the victimization, except for the perpetrator of the
crime. In addition, the program would provide technical assistance and training on

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sexual assault to federal, state, tribal, territorial and local governments, law
enforcement agencies, courts, professionals in legal, social service and health care
settings, nonprofit organizations, faith-based organizations and other individuals and
organizations seeking such assistance. Under provisions of these bills, grants would
be provided for states and territories, for culturally specific programs that address
sexual assault, for grants to state, territorial and tribal sexual assault coalitions, and
for grants to tribes. H.R. 3402 would require eligible applicants for state, territorial
and tribal sexual assault coalitions to be determined by the National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control in collaboration with VAWO; S. 1197 does not contain such
a provision. H.R. 3402 would authorize funding of $55 million for each of the fiscal
years 2006 through 2010 for Sexual Assault Services, while S. 1197 would authorize
funding of $50 million for the same period.
H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would amend 42 U.S.C. 13971 to reauthorize funding
of rural domestic violence programs. Both bills would expand eligibility for the
programs by allowing all rural areas and communities to participate rather than limit
eligibility to rural states as present provisions require. H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would
authorize $55 million for each of the fiscal years 2006 through 2010. Both bills
would provide that not less than 25% of the total amount made available for each
fiscal year for this section be allocated for grants that meaningfully address sexual
assault in rural communities. Both bills would also provide that for any fiscal year
in which funding is $45 million or more, $50 million or more, or $55 million or more
the allotment percentage would be 30%, 35%, and 40%, respectively.
Both legislative proposals would provide services for victims of abuse who are
disabled and elderly. H.R. 3402 would authorize $20,500,000 for each of the fiscal
years 2006 through 2010 for the section on assistance for victims of abuse. S. 1197
would authorize separate funding for different victims of abuse. S. 1197 would
authorize $10 million for women with disabilities; and $10 million for elderly
victims of abuse. H.R. 3402 would require GAO to conduct a study of the National
Domestic Violence Hotline to determine its effectiveness in assisting victims of
domestic violence; it does not provide for funding of the Hotline. S. 1197 would
authorize funding of $5 million for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010 for
strengthening the National Domestic Violence Hotline.
H.R. 3402 would provide grants for outreach to underserved populations. The
bill would authorize funding of $2 million for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010
for these grants. S. 1197 does not contain such provisions.
Title V (S. 1197) — Strengthening the Health Care System’s
Response to Domestic Violence, Dating Violence, Sexual Assault, and
Stalking. S. 1197 contains provisions that are intended to improve the health care
system’s response to domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking
through training and education for health care providers, developing comprehensive
public health responses to violence against women and children, increasing the
number of women screened, identified, and treated for lifetime exposure to violence,
and expanding research on effective interventions in the health care setting. For
training and education of health professionals in domestic and sexual violence, the
bill would authorize funding of $3 million for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010.
S. 1197 would provide grants to foster public health responses to domestic and dating

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violence, sexual assault, and stalking, authorizing funding of $5 million for each of
fiscal years 2006 through 2010. S. 1197 would authorize funding of $5 million for
each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010 for research on effective interventions in the
health care setting. H.R. 3402 does not contain a title with health care provisions.
Title VI (S. 1197) — Housing Opportunities and Safety for Battered
Women and Children. S. 1197 would create two new programs to provide long-
term housing for victims of domestic and sexual violence and to protect the safety of
those housing residents. S. 1197 would authorize $10 million annually for FY2006
through FY2010 for the Secretary of HHS, in consultation with the Department of
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), to award grants and contracts for a
minimum of 2 years to eligible entities to develop long-term housing options for
adult and youth victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and
stalking who are currently homeless or at risk of becoming so.
S. 1197 also would authorize the Attorney General, acting through the Director
of VAWO and in consultation with HUD and HHS, to award grants and contracts for
a minimum of 2 years to eligible grantees to promote the full and equal access to and
use of housing by adult and youth victims of domestic violence, dating violence,
sexual assault, and stalking. S. 1197 would authorize funding of $10 million for each
of fiscal years 2006 through 2010 for these grants to combat violence against women
in public and assisted housing.
S. 1197 would reauthorize Section 40299 of the Violence Against Women Act
of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 13075) to provide funding of $40 million for each of fiscal years
2006 through 2010 for existing transitional housing assistance grants for victims of
domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking.
The bill contains provisions that are intended to reduce evictions and denials of
housing to victims because of lease violations or crimes committed by the perpetrator
of violence or because of a poor credit or rental history that is associated with history
of abuse. S. 1197 would require housing program administrators and victim service
providers to collaborate. Provisions of S. 1197 would prohibit public housing
authorities from evicting a victim of violence but would allow the perpetrator of
violence to be evicted.
S. 1197 contains provisions to protect the safety of victims of domestic violence
by prohibiting grantees from disclosing identifying information about any victim of
violence who is a client. The bill amends the Public Housing program within HUD
(42 U.S.C. 1437d) by prohibiting a public housing authority from denying a person
admission to the project because the applicant is a victim of domestic violence,
dating violence, or stalking.
S. 1197 would require each public and Indian housing authority to complete
housing strategies that include a description of the housing needs of victims of
domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking and how those needs
will be addressed.
H.R. 3402 does not contain housing provisions.

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Title VII (S. 1197) — Providing Economic Security for Victims of
Violence. S. 1197 would require the Attorney General, acting through the Director
of VAWO, to award a grant to an eligible nonprofit nongovernmental entity or tribal
organization for establishment and operation of a national clearinghouse and resource
center on workplace responses to assist victims of domestic and sexual violence. The
bill would provide that information and assistance be given to employers, labor
organizations, and advocates on behalf of victims of domestic or sexual violence to
help their efforts to develop and implement appropriate responses to such violence.
S. 1197 would authorize funding of $1 million for each of fiscal years 2006 through
2010 for these grants. H.R. 3402 does not contain such provisions.
Titles VII (H.R. 3402) and III (S. 1197) — Services, Protection, and
Justice For Young Victims of Violence. 13 S. 1197 differs from H.R. 3402 by
including provisions reauthorizing the rape prevention and education program. S.
1197 lists several findings regarding rape and sexual assault, two of which state that
more than 4,000 rape or sexual assault incidents occur in one year in public schools
across the nation, and that college women have been victims of rape and attempted
rape. S. 1197 would authorize $80 million to be appropriated in each fiscal year from
2006 through 2010 for rape prevention and education; and $1.5 million for collecting
and distributing sexual assault information through the National Sexual Violence
Resource Center.
S. 1197 would require the Attorney General in consultation with HHS to make
three-year grants to eligible entities14 to conduct domestic and dating violence, sexual
assault, and stalking programs for serving 12- to-24-year old teen and young adult
victims of such violence. H.R. 3402 would require the Attorney General to make
such grants, and requires grantees to submit a report every 18 months to the HHS
Secretary. S. 1197, however, does not require such a report, and would authorize $15
million to be appropriated for each fiscal year from 2006 through 2010 for program
grants, while H.R. 3402 would authorize $10 million for such grants for each fiscal
year stipulated.
H.R. 3402 would require the Attorney General through VAWO to make three-
year competitive grants to eligible entities15 for training and collaboration in order to
13 This section was prepared by Edith Cooper, Analyst in Social Science, at CRS.
14 In the House proposal, eligible entities to assist 12- to 24-year-old victims of such
violence must be a nonprofit, nongovernmental group with the primary purpose of providing
services that assist domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking victims; a
religious or community-based group specializing in working with youth victims of such
violence; Indian tribes or tribal organizations that provide services primarily to assist tribal
youth or victims of such violence; or a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization that provide
services for runaway or homeless youth. S. 1197 does not explicitly include a religious
organization as an eligible entity, and stipulates that services would be provided to runaway
or homeless youth who were affected by domestic and sexual abuse.
15 In the House proposal, eligible entities that can apply for grants to enhance community
responses to families where both maltreatment and domestic violence occur must include
(continued...)

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enhance community responses to families where both child maltreatment and
domestic and dating violence occur. H.R. 3402 would authorize $8 million for such
grants. Contrastingly, S. 1197 would authorize the HHS Secretary in consultation
with VAWO to award two-year competitive training and collaboration grants to
eligible entities for such purposes, and would authorize $5 million to be appropriated
for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010.
S. 1197 also differs from H.R. 3402 by including a section entitled, “Access to
Justice for Youth,” that would require the Attorney General through VAWO to make
two-year grants to eligible entities16 to encourage cross training and collaborations
between the courts, domestic violence and sexual assault service providers, and other
similar groups working with law enforcement agencies to create and implement
policies, practices, and procedures to protect and provide more widespread and
effective service for 12- to 24-year-old victims of dating and domestic violence,
sexual assault, and stalking. The measure would authorize $5 million to be
appropriated for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010 for such grants.
S. 1197 would amend Section 826 of the Higher Education Amendments of
1998 (20 U.S.C. 1152) regarding grants to combat violent crimes against women on
campus by adding new language directing the Attorney General, through VAWO, to
make three-year grants to individual higher education institutions in amounts of not
more than $500,000, and not more than $1 million for consortia of such institutions.
In contrast, H.R. 3402 would not amend the Higher Education Amendments, but
would direct the Attorney General to award three-year competitive grants through
VAWO in amounts, as stated in S. 1197, of not more than $500,000, and not more
than $1 million for consortia of such institutions. Both proposals would authorize
$15 million for each fiscal year from 2006 to 2010 for such grants.
S. 1197 differs from H.R. 3402 by including a section entitled, “Juvenile
Justice,” to amend the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (42
15 (...continued)
a state or local welfare agency or Indian tribe, or a domestic or dating violence victim
service provider. An entity may include a court, a law enforcement agency, or Bureau of
Indian Affairs that provide tribal law enforcement, and any other such agencies or private
nonprofit groups, including community-based groups, with the ability to provide effective
assistance to adult, youth, and minor victims served by the collaboration. S. 1197 differs
slightly by indicating that faith-based groups may be eligible entities as well.
16 Eligible entities must include a victim service provider with a documented history of
successful work involving domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking
situations and the effects that such violence have on minors; and a court. Such entities may
include batterer intervention programs or sex offender treatment programs that have
personnel knowledgeable and experienced in working with youth offenders; community-
based youth groups that specifically address problems and concerns of youth; schools and
school-based programs structured to provide prevention or intervention assistance to youth
experiencing problems; faith-based groups that focus on youth problems and concerns;
healthcare entities that focus on problems of youth and are eligible for reimbursement under
Title 18 of the Social Security Act; HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases education
programs that target youth; and Indian Health Services, Indian Child Welfare, the Bureau
of Indian Affairs, or the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

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CRS-19
U.S.C. 5633(a)), requiring an analysis of gender-specific services to prevent and
treat juvenile delinquency that would indicate what services are available and needed
for females; and by stipulating that the use of funds includes policies to prohibit
unequal treatment of female juveniles and guaranteeing that such youth have access
to the full extent of health and mental health services, treatment for physical abuse
or sexual assault, and education in general, in parenting, and other training and
vocational benefits.
Both measures would amend the existing Safe Havens for Children Pilot
Program, by deleting reference to the program as a pilot. Both proposals specify that
the Attorney General would be allowed to award grants through VAWO, and include
public and nonprofit nongovernmental entities as grantees, along with states, local
government units, and Indian tribal governments as specified in current law. S. 1197,
however, does not include public and nonprofit nongovernmental entities as grant
recipients. Both bills would include dating violence as a situation for supervised
visitation and safe visitation exchange of children. Furthermore, the bills would add
provisions to (1) protect children from the trauma of witnessing domestic or dating
violence, or from experiencing abduction, injury, or death during parent and child
visitation exchanges; (2) protect parents or caretakers who are victims of domestic
and dating violence from experiencing further violence, abuse, and threats during
child visitation exchanges; and (3) protect children from the trauma of experiencing
sexual assault or other forms of physical assault or abuse during parent and child
visitation and visitation exchanges. Both bills would authorize $20 million for each
fiscal year from 2006 through 2010 for the program.
H.R. 3402 includes a provision for grants to combat domestic and dating
violence, sexual assault, and stalking in middle and high schools by the Supporting
Teens Through Education and Protection Act of 2005 or “STEP Act.” The bill
would authorize the Attorney General through VAWO to make three-year
competitive grants to schools that work with domestic violence and sexual assault
experts. Also, the measure would authorize $15 million to be appropriated for each
fiscal years 2006 through 2010 for such grants. S. 1197 does not contain such a
provision.
Titles VIII (H.R. 3402) and IV (S. 1197) — Strengthening America’s
Families By Preventing Violence in the Home.17 Both proposals would
amend VAWA by adding new language for the purpose of preventing violent crimes
against family members, and domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and
stalking, including when committed against children and youth. S. 1197 contains
language intended to ensure that male victims of domestic violence would be eligible
for assistance under the bill’s provisions. Both bills would increase resources and
services for these specific purposes, as well as to reduce the effects of exposure to
violence on children and youth to interrupt the intergenerational cycle of violence;
develop and put in place education and services programs to prevent children in at-
risk families from becoming victims or perpetrators of domestic and dating violence,
sexual assault, or stalking; promote programs guaranteeing that children and youth
would receive needed assistance to end the cycle of violence and develop mutually
17 This section was prepared by Edith Cooper, Analyst in Social Science, at CRS.

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CRS-20
respectful, nonviolent relationships; and encourage community-based groups to work
with governmental agencies serving children and youth, health and mental health
service providers, and service providers of domestic and dating violence, sexual
assault, and stalking victims to prevent violence.
S. 1197 authorizes $50 million for a grant program to engage men and youth in
preventing domestic and dating violence, sexual assault and stalking by assisting
them in developing mutually respectful, nonviolent relationships.
H.R. 3402 would authorize the Attorney General to make three-year competitive
grants to eligible entities,18 through VAWO, collaborating with the HHS Secretary
for alleviating the effects of domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and
stalking on children exposed to such violence, and for reducing the risk of becoming
future victims or perpetrators of such violence. S. 1197 would require two-year
competitive grants with the same stipulations. S. 1197 would authorize $20 million
for the grants for each fiscal year from 2006 through 2010, while contrastingly, H.R.
3402 would authorize $15 million for the awards. H.R. 3402 also would require
grantees to prepare and submit a report to the Director every 18 months with details
about the activities conducted with the funds, and any additional information that
might be required. S. 1197, however, does not include such a requirement.
H.R. 3402 would authorize the Attorney General to act through VAWO to make
three-year competitive grants to eligible entities,19 collaborating with the HHS
Secretary, to develop and enhance programs to build alliances among men, women,
and youth to prevent such violence by helping them develop mutually respectful and
nonviolent relationships. S. 1197 slightly differs because it would authorize the
Attorney General, acting through VAWO, to make two-year competitive grants
collaborating with HHS for the same purposes. Both bills would authorize $10
million for such purposes.
18 Eligible entities must be a victim service provider; tribal nonprofit organization or
community-based group with documented history for successful work concerning children
and youth exposed to domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking, including
programs that deliver culturally specific services, Head Start, child care, after-school
programs, and health and mental health providers; or a state, territorial, tribal, or local
government agency that is partnered with such entities listed above. S. 1197 includes faith-
based organizations as eligible entities.
19 Eligible entities involved in public education and community-based programs, including
gender-specific programs are nonprofit, nongovernmental domestic and dating violence,
sexual assault, or stalking victim service providers or coalitions; community-based child or
youth services groups that have demonstrated experience and skill in addressing the needs
and concerns of youth; and a state, territorial, tribal, or local government unit partnered with
either of the above organizations, or a program providing culturally specific services.
Furthermore, eligible entities experienced with conducting public awareness campaigns
addressing domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking are nonprofit,
nongovernmental organizations or coalitions that have documented history for effectively
creating and administering public education campaigns addressing the prevention of such
violence; or are a state, territorial, tribal, or local government unit that is partnered with
nonprofit nongovernmental groups that have successfully administered relevant public
campaign programs related to such violence.

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CRS-21
H.R. 3402 would require grantees to prepare and submit a report every 18
months to the VAWO Director with details about activities for which grant funds
were used, including evaluations of funded programs, and any additional information
required. S. 1197 does not have such a requirement.
S. 1197 requires the HHS Secretary, acting through the National Center for
Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to
make grants to entities for supporting research to study prevention and intervention
programs to foster the understanding of sexual and domestic violence committed by
and against adults, youth, and children. Such entities would be required to include
sexual assault coalitions and programs, research groups, tribal organizations, and
academic institutions. The measure would authorize $2 million for each fiscal year
from 2006 through 2010 for such research grants. H.R. 3402 does not include such
a provision.
H.R. 3402 would require the Attorney General, acting through VAWO, to make
two-year competitive grants to home visitation programs, jointly working with law
enforcement and victim services providers for developing and implementing model
policies and steps to train home visitation service providers about addressing
domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking situations in families
experiencing such violence, or are at risk of violence, in order to reduce the effects
of that violence on children, preserve safety, improve parenting skills, and put an end
to intergenerational cycles of violence. Furthermore, $5 million would be authorized
to be appropriated each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010 for such grants. S. 1197
has a similar provision, but would require the Attorney General to act through
VAWO and collaborate with HHS to award such competitive grants to home
visitation programs, but work jointly with victim service providers only regarding
addressing such violence. The measure would authorize $7 million to be
appropriated for each fiscal years 2006 through 2010 for such grants.
Title X — Safety for Indian Women.20 Both H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would
require the Secretary of the Interior and the Attorney General to consult annually with
Indian tribal governments on federal administration of VAWA tribal funds and
programs and to solicit recommendations from Indian tribes on the quality of federal
administration of these funds and programs, and on how to strengthen the federal
response to domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. Both bills
would require that a national baseline study be conducted on domestic and dating
violence, sexual assault, stalking, and murder of Indian women, which would include
an evaluation of the effectiveness of federal, state, tribal and local responses to these
crimes; S. 1197 adds a requirement for recommendations on how to improve the
effectiveness of responses to these crimes at all government levels. For these
purposes, the bills would authorize to be appropriated $1 million for each of fiscal
years 2006 and 2007.
H.R. 3402, but not S. 1197, would require the Government Accountability
Office (GAO) to submit to Congress, within one year of enactment of the bill, a
20 This section was prepared by Roger Walke, Specialist in American National Government,
at CRS.

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CRS-22
report on prosecution of sexual assaults and domestic violence against adult
American Indians and Alaska Natives in the years 2000-2005, including an
assessment of U.S. district attorneys’ effectiveness in prosecuting such crimes;
summaries of districts’ number of cases and charges under certain U.S. criminal code
sections; a summary of certain steps in cases prosecuted and not prosecuted for male
and female victims, both Indian and non-Indian; districts’ priorities and percentages
of prosecutions of sexual assault and domestic violence cases; and GAO
recommendations for improving federal prosecution of sexual assault and domestic
violence cases. On the other hand, S. 1197 would require the Secretary of HHS,
acting through the Indian Health Service and the Injury Control Division of the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to conduct a study to obtain a national
projection of the incidence of injuries and homicides resulting from domestic and
dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking against American Indian and Alaska
Native women as well as the cost of providing health care for those injuries. S. 1197
would require that a report describing the study’s findings and recommendations be
submitted to certain committees in the Senate and House. S. 1197 would authorize
to be appropriated $500,000 for each of fiscal years 2006 and 2007 for these
purposes.
Both H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would require the Attorney General to collect crime
information and disseminate the data to federal, state, and local governments, and
penal and certain other institutions. The bills would require the Attorney General to
allow Indian law enforcement agencies to enter information into these national crime
information databases and to obtain information from the databases for cases
involving domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. H.R. 3402
alone, however, gives examples of the types of information that can be obtained from
the databases, namely, identification records, criminal history records, protection
orders, and wanted persons records.
Both H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 would require the Attorney General to contract
with any interested Indian tribe, tribal organization, or tribal nonprofit organization
to develop and maintain a national tribal sex offender registry and a tribal protection
order registry. Both bills would authorize to be appropriated for these purposes $1
million for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2010.
Both H.R. 3402 and S. 1197 have provisions for VAWO officers specializing
in tribal affairs and for a formula grant program for Indian safety. H.R. 3402 would
amend Part T of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1986 by adding
two new sections — Section 2016 (Tribal Division) and Section 2017 (Safety for
Indian Women Formula Grants Program). Under the Tribal Division section, H.R.
3402 would require the Director of VAWO to designate one or more employees with
demonstrated expertise in tribal law and practice regarding domestic and dating
violence, sexual assault, and stalking against members of Indian tribes to comprise
the tribal division. S. 1197 would add a new Section 2007, Tribal Deputy, that would
require establishing within VAWO a Deputy Director for Tribal Affairs instead of
a tribal division. Duties for the administrator of the tribal division/affairs are similar
under both bills, although S. 1197 focuses on violence against Indian women while
H.R. 3402 focuses on the specific offenses of domestic and dating violence, sexual
assault, and stalking against all members of Indian tribes. Duties for the tribal
division administrator include administering grants and contracts with tribes and

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CRS-23
tribal organizations; ensuring that the approval of each tribe that benefits from grants
and contracts is obtained; ensuring that adequate training, technical assistance, and
data collection are made available to tribes and tribal organizations; advising the
VAWO director on policies and implementation of laws concerning such crimes; and
maintaining a liaison with federal, state, and tribal judicial branches on such crimes.
While both bills would require DOJ to develop policy and enforce federal laws
relating to violence (or the specific crimes) against Indian women (or tribal
members), only S. 1197 directs that DOJ enforcement of these laws include litigation
of civil and criminal actions.
S. 1197 also requires that the administrator of the tribal division support
enforcement of tribal protection orders and implementation of full faith and credit
educational projects and comity agreements between Indian tribes and states. H.R.
3402 requires the VAWO director to ensure that portions of tribal set-asides in
VAWA programs are used to enhance a tribes’ capacity to address the safety of their
members and to hold offenders accountable by enhancing the tribal response to
domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking, including through victims’
legal services, Indian-specific offender programs, tribally-based domestic violence
shelters and programs, tribal educational awareness programs, customary tribal
activities that strengthen the tribe’s intolerance of violence against embers and a
tribal electronic database of tribal protection order registries. S. 1197 would assign
these responsibilities to the VAWO deputy director of the tribal division.
Under the Safety for Indian Women Formula Grants Program section, both H.R.
3402 and S. 1197 would require the Attorney General to combine certain Indian set-
asides authorized in VAWA and related laws into a single formula grant program for
tribes, tribal organizations, and tribal consortia, to be administered by the new
VAWO tribal division or deputy director. H.R. 3402 combines nine programs (five
existing and four created by the bill), while S. 1197 combines seven programs (all of
them included in H.R. 3402’s list). The purposes of the formula grant program are
to increase tribal capacity to respond to domestic and dating violence, sexual assault,
and stalking crimes, strengthen tribal interventions, enhance tribal services to Indian
victims (in H.R. 3402, Indian women), but in ways determined by participating
tribes’ allocation and use of funds to best protect tribal members from domestic and
dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking (and, in H.R. 3402, kidnapping and
murder). H.R. 3402, but not S. 1197, provides for a distribution formula, which
allocates 60% of funds to participating tribes equally and 40% to participating tribes
on a per-capita basis. H.R. 3402 also sets aside 5-7% of total funds for training and
technical assistance contracts through expert tribal organizations, which S. 1197 does
not do. H.R. 3402, but not S. 1197, requires participating tribes to set aside at least
50% of their allocations under the program for victim services and advocacy related
to domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking, and to give preference
to tribal organizations providing advocacy services such as shelters or safety centers.
H.R. 3402, but not S. 1197, sets deadlines for notices to applicants and disbursement
of funds, requires an expedited application process and reduced reporting burdens,
requires a contract to evaluate tribal programs, and prohibits VAWO from requiring
matching funds from tribes (although VAWO may waive the prohibition if it
determines that a tribe has adequate resources to pay matching funds). Both bills
would require the new VAWO deputy director (or tribal division) to ensure that some
portion of any tribal set-asides from grants awarded under VAWA, VAWA 2000, or

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CRS-24
(in S. 1197) this Act, is used to enhance the capacity of Indian tribes to address the
safety of Indian women.
S. 1197, but not H.R. 3402, includes several amendments to federal criminal and
Indian laws. S. 1197 would amend criminal law, at 18 U.S.C. 921(33)(a)(i), to make
the crime of domestic violence a misdemeanor under tribal law, as it currently is
under federal and state law. S. 1197 would also add a new section to 18 U.S.C.,
Chapter 7, to require that a repeat offender of domestic assault who has been
convicted on at least two separate prior occasions in federal, state, or Indian tribal
court be fined or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. If substantial bodily
injury results from the domestic assault, however, the repeat offender must be
imprisoned for not more than 10 years.
S. 1197 would also amend Indian law, at 25 U.S.C. 2803(3), which relates to the
authority of Secretary of the Interior to charge Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
employees with law enforcement responsibilities. S. 1197 provides that the
Secretary may authorize BIA employees to make an arrest without a warrant for a
misdemeanor crime of domestic violence if the offense committed in Indian country
has as an element the use or attempted use of physical force or the threatened use of
a deadly weapon committed by a current or former spouse, parent, or guardian of the
victim, by a person who is a parent of the victim’s child, or by a person who is living
with or has lived with the victim as a spouse, parent, or guardian of the victim, and
the BIA employee reasonably believes that the person to be arrested has committed
or is committing a domestic violence crime.
FY2006 Funding for Violence Against Women Programs
On June 24, 2005 the House passed the Departments of Labor, Health and
Human Services, and Education, and Related Appropriations Act, 2006 (H.R. 3010),
which would provide $129 million for VAWA programs administered by HHS. Of
this amount, $126 million would fund the battered women’s shelters program and $3
million would support the national domestic violence hotline. On June 10, 2005, the
House passed the Departments of Commerce and Justice, Science and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006 (H.R. 2862), which would provide $387.50
million for VAWA programs administered by DOJ, $5.4 million above FY2005
funding. H.R. 3010 and H.R. 2862 would provide total FY2006 funding of $516.49
million for VAWA programs, compared to President Bush’s total request of $515
million.
H.R. 2862 would provide FY2006 funding for STOP grants at the same FY2005
level of $187.31 million. H.R. 2862, however, would provide that $15 million of
STOP grant funding be set aside for transitional housing assistance. In FY2005, the
set aside from STOP grant funding for transitional housing assistance was $12.30
million. Although funding for training programs for probation and parole officers
who work with released sex offenders was not authorized in VAWA 2000, the
program was funded for each of FY2001-FY2005. H.R. 2862 does not provide
FY2006 funding for this program.
On September 15, 2005, the Senate passed H.R. 2862, the Department of
Commerce and Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006,

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CRS-25
which would provide FY2006 funding of $386.04 million for DOJ VAWA programs,
$4 million less than FY2005 funding. The bill would provide $363 million for
programs administered by VAWO and $23.04 million for programs administered by
the Office of Justice Programs (OJP). According to Senate Appropriations
Committee report language, because OJP administers some programs for which
VAWO previously had received appropriations, the Committee transferred the
appropriations for these programs to OJP, which is now the administering agency.
These programs include: Court Appointed Special Advocate, Child Abuse Training
for Judicial Personnel, Televised Testimony, Stalking and Domestic Violence
Databases, and Training Programs to Assist Probation and Parole Officers.
On July 14, 2005, the Senate Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations
Committee reported H.R. 3010 (S.Rept. 109-103). Senate report language provided
total FY2006 funding of $129 million for VAWA programs administered by HHS.
This funding provides $3 million for the national domestic violence hotline and $126
million for the battered women’s shelters program.
For FY2006, President Bush requested a total of $515 million for VAWA
programs, of which $386 million was for programs administered by DOJ and $129
million for programs administered by HHS. Of requested funding for HHS, $3
million was for the national domestic violence hotline, and $126 million was for
grants for battered women’s shelters. (See Table 3).
VAWA 2000 Historical Funding
Actual appropriations for VAWA programs tend to be less than the amounts
authorized in the bill. VAWA 2000 authorized $3.2 billion for VAWA grant
programs from FY2001 through FY2005: $667.5 million for FY2001, $642.3
million for FY2002, $627.3 million for FY2003 and FY2004, $626.8 million for
FY2005. (See Table 2.) Appropriations for VAWA programs in FY1996-2001 are
shown in Table 1.
FY2005. On December 8, 2004, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005
(P.L. 108-447, H.R. 4818) was enacted. The act provided $387.28 million in
FY2005 funding for violence against women programs administered by DOJ. This
amount included $187 million for the STOP grant program, of which $12.5 million
was for transitional housing assistance grants for victims of domestic violence,
stalking, or sexual assault. For violence against women programs administered by
HHS, the act provided $129.9 million — $126.65 million for the battered women’s
shelters program and $3.25 million for the national domestic violence hotline. Total
FY2005 funding for violence against women programs administered by DOJ and
HHS was $517.18 million. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005 mandated
a funding reduction of 0.80% for some FY2005 discretionary appropriations, which
included VAWA funding. In addition, there was a 0.54% cut in Commerce-Justice-
State discretionary appropriations for FY2005 that affected funding for VAWA
programs administered by DOJ.
For FY2005, President Bush requested a total of $514.11 million for VAWA
programs compared to FY2005 authorization levels of $626.8 million. Of the
requested funding, $385.5 million was for grants administered by the DOJ and

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CRS-26
$128.65 million was for programs administered by HHS. These VAWA programs
address domestic violence and improve services for victims and their dependents.
The Bush Administration requested $15 million for the transitional housing
assistance programs as a set-aside under the VAWA STOP Formula Grant Program.
FY2004. The Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2004 became law on
January 23, 2004 (P.L. 108-199, H.R. 2673). Congress appropriated total FY2004
funding of $517 million for VAWA programs. This compared to President Bush’s
total request of $512.4 million for VAWA grant programs. For VAWA programs
that were administered by DOJ, Congress provided $387.6 million. For domestic
violence programs that were administered by HHS, the conference agreement
provided $129.4 million, of which $126.4 million would be for Grants for Battered
Women’s Shelters and $3 million for the National Domestic Violence Hotline.
(Note: these amounts were subject to a 0.59% across-the-board rescission included
in the act.) Congress also appropriated $15 million for the transitional housing
assistance grants program as a separate line-item.
For FY2004, the House Appropriations Committee (H.R. 2799, H.Rept. 108-
221) recommended $387.63 million for violence against women prevention and
prosecution programs that were administered by DOJ. According to the Committee
report, funding would have supported efforts of law enforcement officers and
prosecutors to address crimes against women, develop and establish policies that
would have enhanced the prevention, identification, and response to crimes against
women, and would have provided services, such as domestic violence court
advocates for victims of crime.
The Senate Appropriations Committee (S. 1585; S.Rept. 108-144) for FY2004
recommended $406 million for Violence Against Women Act programs, of which
$185 million would have been for general formula grants to states. This funding
would have been used to establish effective arrest and prosecution policies to
prevent, identify, and respond to violent crimes against women, to address stalking,
and to offer needed victims services such as specialized domestic violence court
advocates who obtain protection orders. Recommended funding would have
supported two programs in Alaska — $950,000 for a domestic violence protection
unit and $500,000 for the standing together against rape program.
For domestic violence programs that were administered by HHS for FY2004,
both the House (July 10, 2003) and Senate (September 10, 2003) passed H.R. 2660,
the Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations bill. The Senate, however, after
passing H.R. 2660, amended it on September 11. On October 2, the House disagreed
to the amended bill and requested a conference. Both the House-passed H.R. 2660
and the Senate-passed and amended H.R. 2660 would have provided $3 million for
the national domestic violence hotline and $126.4 million for family violence
prevention and services and battered women’s shelters. This funding would have
assisted states in preventing family violence and would have provided immediate
shelter and related assistance for victims of domestic violence and their dependents
as well as provided for states, public agencies, law enforcement agencies, nonprofit
private organizations, and others seeking technical assistance and training relating
to family violence programs.

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CRS-27
For FY2004, President Bush requested a total of $512.40 million for VAWA
programs, with $385.40 million for programs administered by DOJ and $127 million
for programs administered by HHS. The President’s budget for FY2004 requested
funding below levels authorized for these programs. As in FY2003, there was no
funding request for federal victims counselors or the domestic violence task force.
The Administration requested funding for the safe havens for children pilot program,
which was not authorized for FY2004. The FY2004 funding request for VAWA
grants for battered women’s shelters, administered by HHS, was $124.42 million,
which was $2.81 million less than the appropriation for FY2004. Authorized funding
for this program in FY2004 was $175 million.
FY2003. Total FY2003 funds appropriated for VAWA was $519.98 million
— $390.17 million for Department of Justice programs and $129.81 million for HHS
programs. President Bush requested a total of $520 million for VAWA programs,
of which $390 million was for programs administered by DOJ and $127 million was
for programs administered by HHS. The Administration did not request funding for
federal victims counselors or the domestic violence task force. The President
requested funding for two programs that were not authorized for FY2003 — safe
havens for children pilot program and training programs for medical personnel who
perform sexual assault forensic exams. FY2003 funding request for VAWA grants
for battered women’s shelters, administered by HHS, was $125 million; the same
amount appropriated in FY2002. Authorized funding for this program in FY2003
was $175 million.
FY2002. In FY2002, funding appropriated for VAWA programs totaled
$517.22 million — VAWA programs administered by DOJ received a total of
$390.60 million, while VAWA programs under HHS received $126.62 million.
Within HHS, the President requested funding for programs at FY2001 appropriations
levels, and did not request monies for the transitional housing grant program created
in VAWA 2000. The President also requested $44 million for rape prevention and
education grants; however, these grants were not specified by name in the Labor,
Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act of FY2002. Rather,
the Administration proposed that funding for these grants be included as part of
injury prevention grants. Congress provided $149.8 million for injury prevention
grants.
FY2001. For FY2001, the President requested $481 million and Congress
appropriated $407.1 million for VAWA programs, however, funding for VAWA
programs created in the original act did not truly decrease from FY2000
appropriation levels. Grants to Prevent Sexual Abuse of Runaway and Homeless
Youth were reauthorized in the Missing, Exploited, and Runway Children Protection
Act (P.L. 106-71) and received appropriations of $15 million, prior to the rescission,
for FY2001. In addition, the Center for Disease Control received $176 million for
prevention grants such as rape education and prevention and community domestic
violence programs, but the appropriations bill failed to specify amounts for the
different programs. Assuming FY2001 funding levels for the prevention grants
remained at FY2000 levels, funding for VAWA programs increased by almost $20

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CRS-28
million between FY2000 and FY2001.21 (The FY2000 amount enacted for VAWA
programs was $435.75 million, $3 million less than the amount enacted for
FY1999.22) As the following tables show, not all of the programs enacted under
VAWA have been funded continuously; some have received money for a brief period
only, while others have never been funded.
21 The Center for Disease Control reports that these grants received $45 million in FY2001.
22 Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2000 (P.L. 106-113) signed by President Clinton
on Oct. 29, 1999. (See source note at end of table for complete Congressional Record
citation.)

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CRS-29
Table 1. Funds Appropriated for Violence Against Women Grant Programs, FY1996-FY2001
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
Admin.
FY1995
FY1996
FY1997
FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
Program
agency
enacted
enacted
enacted
enacted
enacted
enacted
enacteda
Law Enforcement and Prosecution Grants (STOP Grants)
(Section 40121)
OJP
26.00
130.00
145.00
172.00
206.75
206.75
209.72
Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies (Section 40231)
OJP
0.00
28.00
33.00
59.00
34.00
34.00
33.93
Rural Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Enforcement
(Section 40295)
OJP
0.00
7.00
8.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
24.95
Court Appointed Special Advocates for Victims of Child
Abuse (Section 40156a)
OJP
0.00
6.00
6.00
7.00
9.00
10.00
11.48
Training for Judicial Personnel and Practitioners for Victims
of Child Abuse (Section 40156b)
OJP
0.00
0.75
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.95
Grants for Televised Testimony by Victims of Child Abuse
(Section 40156c)
OJP
0.00
0.05
0.55
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
National Stalker and Domestic Violence Reduction Grants
(Section 40602)
OJP
0.00
1.50
1.75
2.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
Training Programs for Probation and Parole Officers Who
Work With Released Sex Offenders (Section 40152)
OJP
0.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
National Study on Campus Sexual Assault (Section 40506)
OJP
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
State Databases Studies (Section 40292)
OJP
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Federal Victim Counselors (Section 40114)
USA
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Subtotal: Department of Justice
26.00
174.50
197.50
270.75
282.75
283.75
288.03
Training Judges/Court Personnel (Section 40421-22)
N/A
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Subtotal: The Judiciary
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Equal Justice for Women in Courts/Training Grants (Section
40411-14) N/A
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Subtotal: State Justice Institute
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

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CRS-30
Admin.
FY1995
FY1996
FY1997
FY1998
FY1999
FY2000
FY2001
Program
agency
enacted
enacted
enacted
enacted
enacted
enacted
enacteda
National Domestic Violence Hotline (Section 40211)
ACF
1.00
0.00
1.20
1.20
1.20
2.00
2.16
Grants to Reduce Sexual Abuse of Runaway, Homeless, and
Street Youth (Section 40155)
ACF
0.00
5.56
8.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00b
Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters (Section 40241)
ACF
0.00
15.00
10.80
76.80
88.80
101.50
116.92
Transitional Housing for Victims of Domestic Violence
(Section 1203 of VAWA)d
ACF
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.00
National Number and Cost of Injuries Study (Section 40293)
CDC
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Rape Prevention and Education Grants (Section 40151)
CDC
0.00
28.54
35.00
45.00
45.00
45.00
c
Community Programs on Domestic Violence (Section
40261)
CDC
1.00
3.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
c
Subtotal: Department of Health and Human Services
1.00
52.20
61.00
144.00
156.00
169.50
119.08
Grand Total
$27.00
$227.10
$258.50
$420.75
$438.75
$453.25
$407.11
Sources: For FY1995-FY2000 funding information, see Budget of the United States Government: Appendix for indicated years under named agencies. FY2001: Commerce, Justice
State Appropriations (P.L. 106-553) signed into law on Dec. 21, 2000. FY2001: Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations (P.L. 106-554) signed into law
on Dec. 21, 2000.
Abbreviations to table.
In DOJ: USA (United States Attorneys), OJP (Office of Justice Programs)
In HHS: ACF (Administration for Children and Families), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
a. The FY2001 Consolidated Appropriations Act ( P.L. 106-554) contained a provision mandating a 0.22% government-wide rescission of discretionary budget authority for FY2001
for all government agencies (except for certain defense activities). The amounts appropriated for FY2001 in the table include the rescission.
b. These grants were reauthorized through FY2003 by the Missing, Exploited, and Runway Children Protection Act (P.L. 106-71; S. 249/Hatch), which was signed into law on Oct.
12, 1999. Thus, these monies are not included in the total of VAWA funds for FY2001.
c. These grants were not specified by name in the appropriations bill. In H.R. 4577, however, the CDC was allocated $175.97 million for injury prevention grants which would include
these programs. The House Appropriations Committee report mentioned that $45 million should be appropriated for rape prevention grants, however, this language was not
included in the bill.
d. For this program, VAWA 2000 authorized $25 million for FY2001 only.

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CRS-31
Table 2. Funding Authorized in the Violence Against Women Act 2000 (P.L. 106-386)
($ in millions)
Admin.
Program
agency
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
Law Enforcement and Prosecution (STOP) Grants (Section 1102-1103)
OJP
185.00
185.00
185.00
185.00
185.00
Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies (Section 1104)
OJP
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
Rural Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Enforcement (Section 1105)
OJP
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
Court Appointed Special Advocates for Victims of Child Abuse (Section 1302)
OJP
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
Training for Judicial Personnel and Practitioners for Victims of Child Abuse (Section 1302)
OJP
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
Grants for Televised Testimony by Victims of Child Abuse (Section 1302)
OJP
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
National Stalker and Domestic Violence Reduction Grants (Section 1106)
OJP
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
Training Programs for Law Enforcement Officers on Elder Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation (Section
1209)
OJP 5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
Civil and Legal Assistance for Victims of Violence (Section 1201)
OJP
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
Safe Havens for Children Pilot Program (Section 1301)
OJP
15.00
15.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Grants to Decrease Violence Against Women with Disabilities (Section 1402)
OJP
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
Training Programs for Medical Personnel who Perform Sexual Assault Forensic Exams (Section 1405)
OJP
.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Domestic Violence Task Force (Section 1407)
OJP
.50
.50
.50
.50
0.00
Federal Victim Counselors (Section 1205)
USA
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Transitional Housing for Victims of Domestic Violence, Stalking, or Sexual Assaulta
VAWO
30.00
30.00
Subtotal: Department of Justice
377.50
377.30
362.30
392.30
391.80
Training Judges/Court Personnel (Section 1406(b))
N/A
.50
.50
.50
.50
.50
Subtotal: The Judiciary
.50
.50
.50
.50
.50
Equal Justice for Women in Courts/Training Grants (Section 1406(a))
N/A
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
Subtotal: State Justice Institute
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50

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CRS-32
Admin.
Program
agency
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
National Domestic Violence Hotline (Section 1204)b
ACF
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.50
3.50
Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters (Section 1202)c
ACF
175.00
175.00
175.00
175.00
175.00
Transitional Housing for Victims of Domestic Violence (Section 1203)d
ACF
25.00
0.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
Rape Prevention and Education Grants (Section 1402)
CDC
80.00
80.00
80.00
80.00
80.00
Community Programs on Domestic Violence (Section 1403)
CDC
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
Subtotal: Department of Health and Human Services
288.00
288.00
288.00
289.50
289.50
Grand Total
$667.50
$642.30
$652.30
$683.80e
$683.30e
Source: Violence Against Women Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-386) as signed by the President on Oct. 28, 2000.
Note: Section numbers refer to P.L. 106-386.
List of Abbreviations.
Within DOJ: USA: United States Attorneys; OJP: Office of Justice Programs; VAWO: Office on Violence Against Women
Within HHS: ACF: Administration for Children and Families; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
a. The Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 (the PROTECT ACT (P.L. 108-21)) authorized to be appropriated $30 million
each fiscal year 2004 through 2008 for the transitional housing assistance program under DOJ.
b. Under provisions of The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-36) the National Domestic Violence Hotline was reauthorized at $3.5 million for each FY2004
through FY2008.
c. Under provisions of the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, the Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters program was reauthorized at $175 million for each FY2004
through FY2008.
d. The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 amended provisions of the Family Prevention and Services Act by authorizing $25 million each fiscal year 2003 through 2008
for this program.
e. Total funding includes the following programs administered by HHS that were reauthorized under the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 — $3.5 million for the
National Domestic Violence Hotline and $25 million for the transitional housing assistance program. In addition, total funding includes $30 million that the PROTECT ACT
authorized for the transitional housing assistance program under DOJ.

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CRS-33
Table 3. FY2005 Funding Authorized in the Violence Against Women Act 2000 (P.L. 106-386), FY2005 Appropriations,
FY2006 Budget Request of the President, and FY2006 Proposed Funding in House and Senate Appropriations Bills
($ in millions)
Admin.
Authoriz.
FY2005
Request
House
Senate
Program
agency
FY2005
enactedg
FY2006
bills
bills
Law Enforcement and Prosecution (STOP) Grants (Section 1102-1103)
VAWO
$185.00
$184.59
$187.31
$187.31
$187.31
Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies (Section 1104)
VAWO
65.00
62.64
62.66
63.49
62.66
Rural Domestic Violence and Child Abuse Enforcement (Section 1105)
VAWO
40.00
39.16
39.17
39.69
39.17
Court Appointed Special Advocates for Victims of Child Abuse (Section 1302)
OJP
12.00
11.74
11.85
11.90
11.85
Training for Judicial Personnel and Practitioners for Victims of Child Abuse (Section 1302)
OJP
2.30
1.90
2.29
1.93
2.29
Grants for Televised Testimony by Victims of Child Abuse (Section 1302)
OJP
1.00
.97
.99
.98
.99
National Stalker and Domestic Violence Reduction Grants (Section 1106)
OJP
3.00
2.91
2.96
2.95
2.96
Training Programs for Probation and Parole Officers Who Work With Released Sex Offenders
(Section not included in VAWA 2000)
OJP
— a
4.35
4.96
4.42
4.96
Grants to Reduce Crimes Against Women on Campus (Section 1108)
VAWO
— b
9.05
9.05
9.18
9.05
Training Programs for Law Enforcement Officers on Elder Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation of
Older and Disabled Individuals (Section 1209)
VAWO
5.00
4.54
4.54
4.60
4.54
Civil and Legal Assistance for Victims of Violence (Section 1201)
VAWO
40.00
39.21
39.22
39.74
39.22
Safe Havens for Children Pilot Program (Section 1301)
VAWO
0.00
13.39
13.89
14.08
13.89
Grants to Decrease Violence Against Women with Disabilities (Section 1402)
VAWO 7.50
7.15
7.16
7.25
7.16
Training Programs for Medical Personnel who Perform Sexual Assault Forensic Exams (Section
1405)
OJP 0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
Report on Parental Kidnaping (Section 1303)
OJP
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
Domestic Violence Task Force (Section 1407)
OJP
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
Federal Victim Counselors (Section 1205)
USA
1.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
Transitional Housing Assistance Grants for Child Victims of Domestic Violence, Stalking, or
Sexual Assaultd e
VAWO 30.00d
(12.30)
(15.00)
(15.00)
(15.00)
Subtotal: Department of Justice
391.80
382.10
386.05
387.50
386.04

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CRS-34
Admin.
Authoriz.
FY2005
Request
House
Senate
Program
agency
FY2005
enactedg
FY2006
bills
bills
Training Judges/Court Personnel (Section 1406(b))
N/A
.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Subtotal: The Judiciary
.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Equal Justice for Women in Courts/Training Grants (Section 1406(a))
N/A
1.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Subtotal: State Justice Institute
1.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
National Domestic Violence Hotline (Section 1204)i
ACF
3.50
3.22
3.00
3.00
3.00
Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters (Section 1202)j
ACF
175.00
126.63
125.99
125.99
125.99
Transitional Housing for Victims of Domestic Violence (Section 1203 of VAWA)e
ACF
25.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Rape Prevention and Education Grants (Section 1402)k
CDC
80.00
c
h
k
k
Community Initiative Programs on Domestic Violence (Section 1403)k
CDC
6.00
c
h
k
k
Subtotal: Department of Health and Human Services
289.50
129.85
128.99
128.99
128.99
Grand Total
$683.30f
$511.95
$515.04
$516.49
$515.03
Sources: Violence Against Women Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-386) as signed by the President on Oct. 28, 2000. For FY2005 budget request, see Budget of the United States Government:
Appendix under named agencies. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2005 (P.L. 108-447), which includes appropriations for Commerce, Justice, State and Labor, Health and
Human Services, and Education, became law on Dec. 08, 2004. H.R. 2862, Departments of Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2006, as passed
by the Senate on July 15, 2005 and H.R. 2862, Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, Fiscal Year 2006, as passed by the House on June 16,
2005; H.R. 3010, Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 2006, as reported by the Senate on July 14, 2005 and
H.R. 3010, Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 2006, as passed by the House on June 24, 2005.
Note: Section numbers refer to P.L. 106-386. Totals may not add due to rounding.
Abbreviations to table.
In DOJ: USA: United States Attorneys; OJP: Office of Justice Programs; VAWO: Office on Violence Against Women
In HHS: ACF: Administration for Children and Families; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
a. VAWA 2000 did not reauthorize training programs for probation and parole officers who work with released sex offenders.
b. VAWA 2000 authorized “such sums as may be necessary” for grants to reduce crimes against women on campuses.
c. Within the Center for Disease Control’s Environmental Health and Injury Prevention account, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2005 provides $1 million dollars to expand
rape prevention and education activities, including funding for the National Resource Center on Sexual Assault at the statutory maximum. Grants for rape prevention and

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CRS-35
education and community programs on domestic violence were not given a separate line item in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2005 or the President’s budget. CDC
allocated FY2005 funding of $44 million for Rape Prevention and Education Grants and $5.3 million for Community Programs on Domestic Violence. These funding amounts
are not included in the FY2005 Grand Total of this table.
d. Administered by VAWO as provided in Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 (the PROTECT ACT), Title VI, Sec. 611,
Transitional Housing Assistance Grants for Child Victims of Domestic Violence, Stalking, or Sexual Assault ( P.L. 108-21, Apr. 30, 2003; 117 Stat. 693). For each fiscal year
2004 through 2008, the act authorized to be appropriated $30 million for the transitional housing assistance program under DOJ. For FY2005, Congress appropriated $12.3 million
as a set-aside under the VAWA STOP Formula Grants program. The President proposes $15 million for transitional housing as a set-aside under the VAWA STOP Formula
Grants Program for FY2005 and House and Senate appropriations bills would fund the program in this way. This account was a separate line-item in the FY2004 Consolidated
Appropriations Act.
e. The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-36) amended provisions of the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act by extending the authorization for
transitional housing assistance program administered by HHS. For the program, the act authorized funding of $25 million for each fiscal year 2003 through 2008. No appropriation
has been made or requested under this authority.
f. This total of authorized funding also includes $30 million that was authorized by the PROTECT ACT (P.L. 108-21).
g. These funding amounts reflect the rescission reductions of 0.80% for some FY2005 discretionary appropriations, which include VAWA funding as well as a 0.54% cut in Commerce-
Justice-State discretionary appropriations for FY2005 that affects funding for VAWA programs administered by DOJ.
h. There is no separate line item in the President’s FY2006 budget for Rape Prevention and Education grants and Community Initiative Programs on Domestic Violence.
i. Under provisions of The Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-36) the National Domestic Violence Hotline was reauthorized at $3.5 million for each FY2004
through FY2008.
j. Under provisions of the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, the Grants for Battered Women’s Shelters program was reauthorized at $175 million for each FY2004
through FY2008.
k. Grants for rape prevention and education and community programs on domestic violence have not been given a separate line number in either the House or Senate Appropriations
proposals for FY2006. Amounts, however, could be provided for these activities from other Centers for Disease Control accounts (see Footnote c)

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