Order Code RS21615
Updated September 14, 2005
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Farm Commodity Programs:
Base Acreage and Planting Flexibility
Jim Monke
Analyst in Agricultural Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Summary
Under the 2002 farm bill, farmers were given a one-time opportunity to update their
farms’ base acreages and program yields, which are used to determine direct and
counter-cyclical payments. Previously, yields had been frozen since 1985, and bases
since the mid-1990s. USDA data indicate that 78% of farms benefitted from the
opportunity, with 37% of farms updating base acreage for all crops, and 41% adding
oilseed acreage to their 1996 base acreage. Regional differences were apparent,
particularly between western regions, which tended to make fewer changes, and
midwestern and eastern regions, which more frequently added oilseeds or updated bases.
Two policy issues have arisen regarding planting flexibility on base acres,
particularly restrictions on growing fruits and vegetables as an alternative crop. First,
some Midwestern producers felt penalized because their history of growing fruits and
vegetables reduced their soybean bases under the 2002 farm bill. H.R. 2045 and S. 1038
would allow certain fruits and vegetables to be grown without penalizing any future
recalculation of base, while reducing a farm’s subsidy payments for one year. S. 194
would allow chicory to be grown on base acres. Second, a World Trade Organization
(WTO) dispute settlement panel found that the restriction on planting fruits and
vegetables made direct and counter-cyclical payments ineligible to be a nondistorting
payment (green box) for international trade purposes. This report will be updated.
Background
A farm’s base acreage and program yield are historical averages of crop production,
and are used to calculate certain government payments. The Farm Security and Rural
Investment Act of 2002 (the 2002 farm bill) offered farmers a rare opportunity to update
their program base acreage and yields (P.L. 107-171, sec. 1101-1102). Previous farm bills
had frozen program yields since 1985, and base acreages since 1996. Moreover, even
when base acreages could be increased in the 1980s and early 1990s, many farmers did
not change their base acreages because they would lose program benefits during the time
they established a different planting history. Thus, for the vast majority of farmers who
chose to participate every year, bases and yields had not been updated for over a decade.
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
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During the 2002 farm bill’s development, most farm interest groups called for
updating bases and yields, and the issue received bipartisan support in Congress. Several
factors contributed to the widespread desire for the update opportunity: the entry of new
farm operators wanting to make their own program participation choices; ownership
changes due to retirements or consolidation; trends in crop plantings due to market price
or subsidy signals; planting flexibility introduced in the government programs (especially
in 1990 and 1996); and changes in agronomic conditions such as rising crop yields.
While the 1996 farm bill had created some uncertainty about whether farm programs
would continue after it expired, the 2002 farm bill removed any such doubts.
Furthermore, the new farm law added oilseeds and peanuts to the list of program crops
with bases, and created a new counter-cyclical program that depends on base acres. Thus,
with the continuation and expansion of government farm programs, parameters such as
bases and yields were increasingly important for receiving benefits.
How Do Bases and Yields Affect Government Payments?
Participating farms have a unique “base acreage” and “payment yield” recorded with
the USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) for each of the “covered commodities” and
peanuts.1 These bases and yields are used to calculate government payments such as
direct and counter-cyclical payments,2 but are unrelated to the marketing loan program.
The law gives farmers considerable flexibility to plant nearly any crop (except fruits
and vegetables) on base acres and still receive payments. Having an established base for
a particular crop entitles farmers to receive direct and counter-cyclical payments for that
crop, regardless of whether that crop is actually grown on the farm in the current year.3
A farm’s base acreage and payment yield depend on its planting history of the crop,
and can change only when bases are allowed to be updated. Certain exceptions allow
prevented plantings to be counted as planted acres after droughts or floods. Farmers
report acreage and yields annually at their local FSA county office.
The formula for both direct and counter-cyclical payments uses a definition of
“payment acres” equal to 85% of base acres. This adjustment reduces program costs, and
had been used in previous farm bills. The direct payment equals the payment acres
multiplied by the payment yield and a fixed payment rate established in the farm bill for
each crop. The counter-cyclical payment is similar, but uses a payment rate tied to
1 The “covered commodities” are wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats, upland cotton, rice,
soybeans, and other minor oilseeds (sunflower seed, rapeseed, canola, safflower, flaxseed,
mustard seed, crambe, and sesame seed). Soybeans, minor oilseeds, and peanuts became program
commodities with base acreages and yields only after enactment of the 2002 farm bill. Thus the
updating process was designed to accommodate establishing bases and yields for these latter
crops and integrating them with other commodities.
2 Direct and counter-cyclical payments are legislated in P.L. 107-171, sec. 1103 and 1104, for
“covered commodities,” and sec. 1303 and 1304 for peanuts.
3 Planting flexibility is legislated in P.L. 107-171, sec. 1106 for covered commodities and sec.
1306 for peanuts.
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season-average market prices.4 For more information on direct and counter-cyclical
payments, see CRS Report, RS21779, Farm Commodity Programs: Direct Payments,
Counter-Cyclical Payments, and Marketing Loans.
Updating Under the 2002 Farm Bill
Sections 1101-1102 of the 2002 farm bill provided a one-time opportunity to update
bases and yields for the covered commodities. Similar provisions were instituted in sec.
1302 for peanuts. Once updated, these bases and yields are frozen until at least the 2007
crop year, the expiration of the 2002 farm bill. USDA implemented five options based
on the statute, most using the production flexibility contract (PFC) base from the 1996
farm bill as a starting point. For updates, the 4-year period 1998-2001 was used to
determine “average” plantings and yields for each relevant crop. Peanut base was limited
to “historic growers” of peanuts during 1998-2001 when the peanut quota system existed.
USDA tracked the decisions of the 2.1 million eligible farms that had PFC acreage
from the 1996 farm bill and/or a planting history of at least one covered commodity
between 1998 and 2001. Results indicate that 37% of farms chose to establish new base
acreages using only their planting histories from 1998-2001. Three-fourths of this subset
(28% of the total) also chose to update their program yields. Another 41% of farms chose
to add oilseed acreage to their existing 1996 base acreage. Thus, 78% of farms made
some change to their base acres. The remaining 22% of farms chose to make no changes.
Certain regions tended to prefer different options. Figure 1 shows that a majority
of farms in the western Great Plains preferred to keep their 1996 base acreage with no
changes. Figure 2 illustrates that adding oilseeds to 1996 base was preferred by
majorities throughout many parts of the Midwest (particularly Iowa), northern Great
Plains, Southeast, and west Southwest. Figure 3 indicates that updating all base acres
was the majority choice in parts of central Illinois and the border area of South Dakota
and Minnesota.
Policy Issues
Planting Flexibility on Base Acres. Restrictions on growing fruits and
vegetables as an alternative crop on base acres remains a policy issue on two fronts.
These restrictions were created in the 1990 farm bill when the concept of “planting
flexibility” was introduced. Planting flexibility refers to the ability to receive subsidy
payments for a base crop (such as corn), but to grow a different crop on those base acres
(such as soybeans). It is meant to allow farmers to respond to market signals when
choosing crops, but has restrictions to protect fruit and vegetable growers who do not
receive government payments. The 2002 farm bill allows limited exceptions to the fruit
and vegetable protections only for growers with a history of such planting (P.L. 107-171,
Sec. 1106 (c)).
4 If market prices are low, the counter-cyclical payment makes up for the difference between the
farm bill’s “target price” and the lower season-average market price. If market prices are above
the target price, then no counter-cyclical payment is made.
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Fruits and Vegetables (FAVs) for Processing. Adding soybeans to the list
of program crops with base acreage created problems for producers who grow FAVs for
processing (canning and freezing). FAVs for processing are a different market from fresh
FAVs, and each is grown in a different region of the country. FAVs for processing often
were grown on soybean acres in the upper Midwest. But FAVs are not allowed under
planting flexibility, and those acres were excluded from planting histories in establishing
soybean base. Fewer soybean base acres resulted in smaller government payments.
Some landowners felt penalized for not being able to maximize their soybean base
and now discourage FAV planting when negotiating leases with tenants. Processors
sometimes are unable to contract new acreage for FAVs. The exceptions to planting
flexibility restrictions do not allow new growers to start raising a prohibited crop.
In the 109th Congress, H.R. 2045 and S. 1038 would allow producers to reduce their
base acres for one year (and thus their government payments) to plant FAV for
processing, without penalizing any future recalculation of base acres.5 After the FAV is
harvested, base acres would return to normal the next year, unless the FAV option was
elected again. Another bill, S. 194 was introduced to open planting flexibility to chicory
(an herb), which is prohibited as a fruit and vegetable.
Fresh FAVs growers generally oppose such bills because the change would weaken
protections that have existed since planting flexibility was created in the 1990 farm bill.
Fruit and vegetables are not program crops, and FAV growers maintain that they would
face unfair competition if producers of program crops were allowed to plant FAVs on
program base acres and still receive government payments.
A non-program crop has been counted in the computation of base acres before. The
FY2003 omnibus appropriations law (P.L. 108-7, Division A, Title VII, sec. 767)
contained a provision to allow popcorn to be counted as corn acres when calculating base.
World Trade Organization (WTO) Finding. Price support in the United States
has become a focus of developing country criticism in multilateral and other trade
negotiations. A World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement panel released
findings in summer 2004 in a case brought by Brazil against United States cotton
subsidies. The United States lost an appeal of the case in March 2005. Some findings
affect programs that the United States had considered WTO compliant, and thus may
influence the development of the next farm bill.
For example, the WTO settlement panel found that the restriction on planting fruits
and vegetables made direct and counter-cyclical payments ineligible to be a nondistorting
payment (green box) for international trade purposes. If this finding becomes enforced,
it could affect the United States’ ability to meet its WTO commitments during years when
farm commodity payments are particularly high. For more information on the findings,
see CRS Report RL32571, U.S.-Brazil WTO Cotton Subsidy Dispute.
Bills such as those discussed above would remove some, but not all, of these
restrictions by allowing some FAV planting (only FAVs for processing) on base acres.
5 No recalculation of base acres is planned or allowed under current law.
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Figure 1. Percent of Farms Making No Change to 1996 Base Acres
Figure 2. Percent of Farms Adding Oilseeds to 1996 Base Acres
Figure 3. Percent of Farms Updating Using 1998-2001 Planting
History for All Program Crops