Order Code RL33059
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Proper Scope of Questioning of
Supreme Court Nominees:
The Current Debate
September 1, 2005
Denis Steven Rutkus
Specialist in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Proper Scope of Questioning of
Supreme Court Nominees: The Current Debate
Summary
A recurring issue has been what kinds of questions are appropriate to pose to
a Supreme Court nominee appearing at hearings before the Senate Judiciary
Committee. Particularly at issue has been whether questions by committee members
should seek out a nominee’s personal views on current legal or constitutional issues,
or past Supreme Court decisions.
In recent decades, most Supreme Court nominees have undergone rigorous
questioning at their confirmation hearings on a wide range of subjects. Committee
members have never reached formal agreement among themselves or with the
nominees regarding the proper scope of questioning. Nevertheless, at most
confirmation hearings the questioning has been relatively uncontroversial when it has
focused on the nominee’s (1) knowledge of the law, the Constitution, and past Court
rulings; (2) “judicial philosophy,” including his or her overriding objectives as a
judge and general approach to judicial decision-making; (3) past writings or public
statements (other than those made in judicial opinions) on social, economic, political,
legal, or constitutional issues; and (4) past actions as a public figure.
More controversial, by contrast, has been the propriety of Senators asking, and
nominees providing direct answers to, questions concerned with the views of
nominees regarding (1) the soundness of particular Supreme Court rulings, including
whether they should be overruled; (2) legal or constitutional issues not immediately
pending but which might someday come before the Court; (3) the relative weight to
give to competing constitutional values; and (4) issues addressed previously by the
nominee as a judge (either as a Justice or a lower court judge).
There is general agreement in the Senate that Supreme Court nominees should
not, in replying to committee questioning, signal how they might rule on a case that
could come before them on the Court. Such constraint on the part of nominees
appears called for by a judicial ethics canon which provides that a judge or judicial
candidate “shall not ... with respect to cases, controversies, or issues that are likely
to come before the court, make pledges, promises or commitments that are
inconsistent with the impartial performance of the adjudicative duties of the office.”
The issue of appropriate areas of questioning is set to be revisited on September
6, 2005, when the Senate Judiciary Committee begins confirmation hearings on the
nomination of appellate court judge John G. Roberts, Jr., to succeed retiring
Associate Justice Sandra Day O’Connor. Some Senators on the committee have said
that in order to determine the fitness of nominees to serve on the Court, it is
necessary that committee questioning elicit their views on topical legal and
constitutional issues, as well as on past Supreme Court rulings involving those issues.
Others, however, doubt the propriety of such questioning, maintaining that nominees’
answers to questions which convey their personal views would interfere with their
obligation to avoid appearing to make commitments, or provide signals, as to how
they would vote as a Justice on future cases. This report will be updated at the
conclusion of the Roberts confirmation hearings.

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Contents
Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Past Comments of John G. Roberts, Jr., on Proper Scope of Questioning . . 5
His Advice in 1981 to Nominee Sandra Day O’Connor . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Questions He Declined to Answer as Court of Appeals Nominee
in 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Pre-Hearing Debate Over Proper Scope of Questioning for Roberts as
Supreme Court Nominee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chairman Sets Stage for Committee Questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Calls for Roberts to Answer Questions about Current Issues . . . . . . . . 8
Criticism of Calls for Roberts to Answer Questions about
Current Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

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Proper Scope of Questioning of
Supreme Court Nominees:
The Current Debate
In recent decades, a recurring Senate issue has been what kinds of questions are
appropriate to pose to a Supreme Court nominee appearing at hearings before the
Senate Judiciary Committee.1 Particularly at issue has been whether questions by
committee members should seek out a nominee’s personal views on current legal or
constitutional issues and past Supreme Court decisions.
Some Senators on the Judiciary Committee have said that in order to determine
the fitness of nominees to serve on the Court, it is necessary that committee
questioning elicit their views on topical legal and constitutional issues, as well as on
past Supreme Court rulings involving those issues. Others, however, doubt the
propriety of such questioning, maintaining that nominees’ answers to questions
which convey their personal views would conflict with their obligation to avoid
appearing to make commitments, or provide signals, as to how they would vote as
a Justice on future cases.
The issue of appropriate areas of questioning will likely be revisited on
September 6, 2005, when the Senate Judiciary Committee is set to begin
confirmation hearings on the nomination of appellate court judge John G. Roberts,
Jr., to succeed retiring Associate Justice Sandra Day O’Connor. Various members
of the committee have notified the nominee of their intention to question him at the
hearings regarding his views on a wide range of legal and constitutional issues and
on the soundness of past Supreme Court rulings. Unwillingness by Judge Roberts
to be forthcoming in answering their questions, they have said, might prompt them
to vote against confirmation. In hearings before the Judiciary Committee in 2003 on
his nomination to be a U.S. appellate court judge, Roberts (then a private attorney)
declined, in response to repeated requests by some Senators on the committee, to
critique past Court rulings and disclose personal views about various topical legal
and constitutional issues. He has not indicated whether he will take a similar stance
in responding to Senators’ questions at hearings on his Supreme Court nomination.
1 See archived CRS Report 90-429, Questioning Supreme Court Nominees — A Recurring
Issue, by Denis Steven Rutkus (out of print; available from author); William G. Ross, “The
Questioning of Supreme Court Nominees at Senate Confirmation Hearings: Proposals for
Accommodating the Needs of the Senate and Ameliorating the Fears of the Nominees,”
Tulane Law Review, vol. 62, Nov. 1987, pp. 109 (hereafter cited as Ross, “Questioning of
Supreme Court Nominees”); and Steven Lubet, “Advice and Consent: Questions and
Answers,” Northwestern University Law Review, vol. 84, Winter 1989, p. 879 (hereafter
cited as Lubet, “Advice and Consent”).

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Historical Background
In 1955, hearings on the Supreme Court nomination of John M. Harlan marked
the beginning of a practice, continuing to the present, of each Court nominee
testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee. The principal business of these
hearings is the questioning of the nominee by committee members (with the
committee thereafter also hearing the testimony of other public witnesses speaking
either in favor of or in opposition to the nominee’s confirmation). The subject areas
covered by those questions have often included the nominees’ legal qualifications,
private backgrounds, and earlier actions as public figures. Other questions have
focused on social and political issues, the Constitution, particular Court rulings,
current constitutional controversies, constitutional values, judicial philosophy, and
the analytical approach a nominee might use in deciding issues and cases.
For members of the Judiciary Committee, questioning of the nominee may serve
various purposes. For Senators who are undecided about the nominee, the hearings
may shed light on the nominee’s professional qualifications, temperament, and
character, and hence on how they should vote on confirmation.2 Other Senators, as
the hearings begin, may already be “reasonably certain about voting to confirm the
nominee,” yet “also remain reasonably open to counter-evidence,” and thus use the
hearings “to pursue a line of questioning designed to probe the validity of this initial
favorable predisposition.”3 Still others, however, may come to the hearings “having
already decided how they will vote on the nomination” and, accordingly, use their
questioning of the nominee to try “to secure or defeat the nomination.”4 For some
Senators, the hearings may be a vehicle through which to impress certain values or
concerns upon the nominee, in the hope of influencing how he or she might approach
issues later as a Justice.5 The hearings also may represent to some Senators an
opportunity to draw the public’s attention to certain issues, to advocate their policy
preferences, or to associate themselves with concern about certain problems. Last,
but certainly not least, Senators may hope to glean from the nominee’s responses
2 At the very least, one scholar maintains, the questioning process “can be useful to
Senators if they recognize its limitations and attempt to frame questions that are reasonably
calculated to elicit meaningful responses. The questioning process can and has provided
useful insights into the general thinking of nominees on important constitutional issues such
as the scope of various provisions of the Bill of Rights. The process has also helped to
measure the mental acuity of nominees, and to clarify their approach to the process of
adjudication.” Ross, Questioning of Supreme Court Nominees, p. 173.
3 George L. Watson and John A. Stookey, Shaping America; the Politics of Supreme Court
Appointments (New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1995), p. 150. (Hereafter
cited as Watson and Stookey, Shaping America.)
4 Ibid., p. 152.
5 See Stephen J. Wermiel, “Confirming the Constitution: The Role of the Senate Judiciary
Committee,” Law and Contemporary Problems, v. 56, Autumn 1993, p. 141, in which
author maintains that, since the 1987 hearings on Supreme Court nominee Robert H. Bork,
a purpose of Senators on the Judiciary Committee has been “to identify points of
constitutional concern and pursue those concerns with nominees, with the hope that, once
confirmed, the new Justices will remember the importance of the core values urged on them
by the senators or at least feel bound by the assurance they gave during their hearings.”

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signs of how the nominee, if confirmed to the Court, might be expected to rule on
particular issues. Senators, it has been noted, “may play multiple roles in any given
hearings.”6
For his or her part, however, a nominee might sometimes be reluctant to answer
certain questions that are posed at confirmation hearings. A nominee might decline
to answer for fear of appearing to make commitments on issues that later could come
before the Court.7 A nominee also might be concerned that the substance of candid
responses to certain questions could displease some Senators and thus put the
nominee’s chances for confirmation in jeopardy. “Nominees,” the current chairman
of the Judiciary Committee has reportedly remarked, “tend to answer just as many
questions as they have to in order to be confirmed.”8
The “ground rules” for asking and answering questions at Supreme Court
confirmation hearings, one law professor has noted, “are kind of ad hoc.”
Republicans and Democrats in the Senate, he maintains, have alternately argued for
and against expansive questioning over the years, invoking “the history they need for
the particular occasion.”9 While Judiciary Committee members have never reached
formal agreement among themselves or with Supreme Court nominees regarding the
proper scope of questioning and answering, it generally might be said that
questioning at most confirmation hearings, in recent decades, has been relatively
uncontroversial when it has dealt with the following areas of questioning:
! the nominee’s knowledge of the law, the Constitution and past
Supreme Court rulings, and the major issues addressed in those
rulings;
6 Watson and Stookey, Shaping America, p. 155.
7 Illustrative of such a concern was the following statement by nominee David H. Souter,
at a September 14, 1990, hearing, explaining his refusal to answer a question concerning
the issue of a woman’s right, under the Constitution, to have an abortion: “Anything which
substantially could inhibit the court’s capacity to listen truly and to listen with as open a
mind as it is humanly possible to have should be off-limits to a judge. Why this kind of
discussion would take me down a road which I think it would be unethical for me to follow
is something that perhaps I can suggest, and I will close with this question.
“Is there anyone who has not, at some point, made up his mind on some subject and
then later found reason to change or modify it? No one has failed to have that experience.
.... With that in mind can you imagine the pressure that would be on a judge who had stated
an opinion, or seemed to have given a commitment in these circumstances to the Senate of
the United States, and for all practical purposes, to the American people?” U.S. Congress,
Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Nomination of David Souter To Be Associate Justice of
the Supreme Court of the United States, hearings, 101st Cong., 2nd sess., Sept. 13, 14, 17, 18,
and 19, 1990 (Washington: GPO, 1991), p. 194.
8 Charles Babington, “On Question of Nominee Questions, No Clear Answer; History of
Hearings is Decidedly Mixed as Senators Prepare to Probe Roberts’s Legal Philosophy,”
Washington Post, July 28, 2005, p. A6, quoting Sen. Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania.
(Hereafter cited as Babington, “No Clear Answer.”)
9 Ibid., quoting Carl Tobias, law professor, University of Richmond.

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! the nominee’s “judicial philosophy,” including his or her overriding
objectives as a judge and general approach to judicial decision-
making;10
! the nominee’s past writings or public statements (other than those
made in judicial opinions) on social, economic, political, legal, or
constitutional issues;
! the nominee’s past actions as a public figure.
More controversial, by contrast, has been the propriety of Senators asking, and
nominees providing direct answers to, questions concerned with the views of
nominees on the following subjects:
! the soundness of particular Supreme Court rulings, including
whether they should be overruled;
! legal or constitutional issues not immediately pending but which
might someday come before the Court;
! the relative weight to give to competing constitutional values;
! issues addressed previously by the nominee as a judge (either as a
Justice or lower court judge).
All Senators, one news analysis has generalized, “agree that nominees should
not signal how they might rule on a case that could come before them on the
Court.”11 Such agreement, it can be assumed, is founded in large part on judicial
ethics canons, most notably Canon 5A(3)(d)(ii) of the American Bar Association’s
Model Code of Judicial Conduct. This canon provides that a judge or judicial
candidate “shall not ... with respect to cases, controversies, or issues that are likely
to come before the court, make pledges, promises or commitments that are
inconsistent with the impartial performance of the adjudicative duties of the office.”
Further, Senators on the Judiciary Committee, as well as the nominee, would be
aware that a comment by the latter about a pending case at the confirmation hearings,
would, under federal law as well as judicial ethical canons, “raise a serious question
of bias that might compel recusal.”12
10 See for example, the willingness of Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg, at her 1993 Supreme
Court confirmation hearings, to “state in a nutshell how I view the work of judging,” while
cautioning, moments later in her testimony, that it would be “injudicious” to “rehearse here
what I would say and how I would reason” on questions that the Supreme Court might be
called on to decide. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Nomination of Ruth
Bader Ginsburg, to Be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States,
hearings, 103rd Cong., 1st sess., July 20-23, 1993 (Washington: GPO, 1994), pp. 51-52.
11 Babington, “No Clear Answer.”
12 Ross, “Questioning of Supreme Court Nominees,” p. 124. Ross cites the governing
recusal statute, 28 U.S.C. 455, which provides in part that “[a]ny justice, judge, or
(continued...)

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For their part, committee members may differ in their assessments of a
nominee’s stated reasons for refusing to answer certain questions. Some may be
sympathetic and consider a nominee’s refusal to discuss certain matters as of no
relevance to his or her fitness for appointment. Others, however, may consider the
nominee’s views on certain subjects as important to assessing the nominee’s fitness
and hence regard unresponsiveness to questions on these subjects as sufficient reason
to vote against confirmation.13 Protracted questioning, occurring over several days
of hearings, is likely especially if the nominee is relatively controversial or is
perceived by committee members to be evasive or insincere in responding to certain
questions.
Past Comments of John G. Roberts, Jr.,
on Proper Scope of Questioning
His Advice in 1981 to Nominee Sandra Day O’Connor. In August
1981, after a one-year clerkship to then-Associate Justice William H. Rehnquist, John
Roberts began service in the Reagan Administration as Special Assistant to Attorney
General William French Smith. Ironically, his first Department of Justice assignment
was to prepare draft answers to questions that were likely to be asked during the
Supreme Court confirmation hearings for Sandra Day O’Connor. In a Department
of Justice memo recapping that assignment, Roberts said his “approach was to avoid
giving specific response to any direct questions on legal issues likely to come before
the Court, but demonstrating in the response a firm command of the subject area and
awareness of the relevant precedents and arguments.”14
In a September 9, 1981, memo to O’Connor, Roberts disagreed with a law
school professor who, in Roberts’ words, had argued that “the only practical manner
in which Senators can discharge their responsibility to ascertain the views of a
nominee is to ask specific questions on actual (though nonpending) or hypothetical
cases.” According to this argument, Roberts said, “statements after nomination
would not be disqualifying if the nominee and Senators understood that no promises
on future votes were intended.” Roberts, however, advised O’Connor that the
“suggestion that a simple understanding that no promise is intended when a nominee
12 (...continued)
magistrate of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his
impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”
13 In this vein, one Senator has written that, in his judgment, “the Senate should resist, if not
refuse, to confirm Supreme Court nominees who refuse to answer questions on fundamental
issues. In voting on whether to confirm a nominee, senators should not have to gamble or
guess about a candidate’s philosophy but should be able to judge on the basis of the
candidate’s expressed views.” Arlen Specter with Charles Robbins, Passion for Truth, 1st
Perennial ed. (New York: Perennial, 2001), p. 342.
14 “Internal History of Supreme Court Appointment,” Department of Justice memorandum,
from John Roberts, Special Assistant to the Attorney General, to Kenneth W. Starr,
Counselor to the Attorney General, Sept. 17, 1981, available at [http://www.archives.gov/
news/john-roberts/accession-60-88-0498].

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answers a specific question will completely remove the disqualification problem is
absurd. The appearance of impropriety remains.”15
Questions He Declined to Answer as Court of Appeals Nominee in
2003. On May 8, 2003, John Roberts was confirmed by the Senate as a circuit court
judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Earlier, at
his confirmation hearings, and in written replies to questions submitted to him prior
to the hearings, Roberts refused to answer questions seeking his views on particular
Supreme Court decisions or asking him to single out particular Supreme Court
rulings with which he might disagree. A series of questions, for example, asked
Roberts “what is your position” on Roe v. Wade,16 the 1973 Supreme Court decision
that found in the Constitution a right of privacy protecting a woman’s decision to
terminate a pregnancy. At one point (and consistent with his replies to similar
questions regarding the abortion issue), Roberts replied that Roe v. Wade is “the
settled law of the land. There’s nothing in my personal views that could prevent me
from fully and faithfully applying that precedent.”17
Prior to the hearings, a committee member’s written question had asked
Roberts to identify three Supreme Court cases that had not been reversed with which
he disagreed. Roberts declined to respond, citing for support the remark of the late
Washington, D.C., attorney Lloyd Cutler that judicial candidates “should decline to
reply when efforts are made to find out how they would decide a particular case.”18
Roberts elaborated on this position at the hearings, maintaining that Judge Ruth
Bader Ginsburg at the 1993 hearings on her Supreme Court nomination “on
numerous occasions said it would not be proper for her to comment on particular
Supreme Court precedents.”19
Later in the hearings, in a similar vein, Roberts replied to a Senator:
With respect, Senator, you’re getting back to the area of asking me to criticize
particular Supreme Court precedents. Justice Ginsburg thought that was
inappropriate because it would be harmful to the Supreme Court. I think it’s
inappropriate because it would be harmful to the independence and integrity of
the Federal judiciary. The reason I think key to the independence and strength of
the Federal judiciary is that judges come to the cases before them, unencumbered
by prior commitments, beyond the commitment to apply the rule of law and the
oath that they take. I think that is essential. And if you get into the business
where hints, forecasts are being required of a nominee because you need to know
15 “Rees Memorandum,” Department of Justice memorandum, from John Roberts, Special
Assistant to the Attorney General, to Sandra Day O’Connor, Sept. 9, 1981, available at
[http://www.archives.gov/news/john-roberts/accession-60-88-0498].
16 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
17 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Judiciary, Confirmation Hearings on Federal
Appointments, hearings, 108th Cong. 1st sess., Apr. 30, May 7, May 22, June 25 and July 9,
2003 (Washington, GPO, 2004), p. 56.
18 Ibid., p. 65.
19 Ibid., pp. 66-67.

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what he thinks about this case or that case, that will be very harmful to the
judiciary.20
Pre-Hearing Debate Over Proper Scope of Questioning
for Roberts as Supreme Court Nominee
Chairman Sets Stage for Committee Questioning. On July 24, 2005,
less than a week after President Bush’s announcement of John Roberts’s nomination
to the Supreme Court, Senator Arlen Specter, chairman of the Judiciary Committee,
provided an overview, in a newspaper op-ed piece,21 of the kinds of questions he
anticipated would be asked of John Roberts at his confirmation hearings in
September.
In this battle, the central issue remains Roe v. Wade, which established a
woman’s right to choose. Both sides are looking for assurances that Judge
Roberts will side with them. Some senators have stated their intention to directly
ask the nominee if he would overrule Roe v. Wade. While senators may ask any
question they choose, the nominee may answer or not as he sees fit.
The confirmation precedents forcefully support the propriety of a nominee
declining to spell out how he or she would rule on a specific case. Abraham
Lincoln is reputed to have said pretty much the same thing: “We cannot ask a
man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we would
despise him. Therefore, we must take a man whose opinions are known.”
This, of course, does not foreclose probing inquiries on the nominee’s general
views on jurisprudence. For example, it would be appropriate to ask how to
weigh the importance of precedent in deciding whether to overrule a Supreme
Court decision. Some legal scholars attach special significance to what they call
superprecedents, which are decisions like Roe v. Wade that have been reaffirmed
in later cases.
Beyond the range of social issues, the hearings for Judge Roberts will doubtless
focus on other key matters like First Amendment rights, presidential authority,
Congressional power under the Constitution’s Commerce Clause, judicial
restraint, civil rights, environmental law, eminent domain and the rights of
defendants in criminal cases.
While praising Judge Roberts for his “outstanding character and admirable
record of achievement,” which Senator Specter said “had disarmed critics on all
sides,” he said that Judge Roberts, nevertheless, “must do more,” and allow the
Judiciary Committee and the Senate “to know much more about his judicial
philosophy.” To that end, Senator Specter said, the committee would “conduct a full
and thorough hearing that will allow sufficient time for senators to prepare and to
20 Ibid., p. 72.
21 Arlen Specter, “Bringing the Hearings to Order,” New York Times, July 24, 2005, sec. 4,
p. 12.

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satisfy themselves that the nominee will uphold our constitutional values of equality,
liberty and justice.”22
Calls for Roberts to Answer Questions about Current Issues. In the
weeks following President Bush’s selection of John Roberts to be his Supreme Court
nominee, various Senators announced their intention to question the nominee at his
confirmation hearings on a range of legal and constitutional issues. On July 21,
2005, a member of the Judiciary Committee, Senator Charles E. Schumer of New
York, when paid a “courtesy call” visit by the nominee, handed the nominee more
than 70 written questions that he said he would ask at the hearings. These, a press
release stated, presented Roberts “with a number of questions on his judicial
philosophy ranging from the First Amendment to the Commerce Clause to the
environment.”23 Questions included whether Judge Roberts agreed with the rulings
or reasoning of various specified Supreme Court decisions,24 the proper role of
government in enacting laws to protect or promote various specified rights or values,
whether in certain specified cases the Supreme Court engaged in “judicial activism,”
and which Supreme Court Justices Judge Roberts believed his jurisprudence most
closely resembles. Senator Schumer declared that federal court candidates “should
be prepared to explain their views of the Constitution, of decided cases, of
federalism, and a host of other issues relevant to that lifetime post.”25
For his part, during the Senate’s August 2005 recess, Senator Specter, Chairman
of the Judiciary Committee, sent two separate letters to Judge Roberts to give
advance notice regarding questions the Chairman would be posing at the
confirmation hearings in September. In his first letter,26 the Chairman pointed to a
a 5-4 ruling by the Court that invalidated legislation to regulate, under the Interstate
Commerce Clause, gender-motivated crimes of violence. Senator Specter stated that
Members of Congress were “irate about the Court’s denigrating and, really,
disrespectful statements about Congress’s competence” expressed in that opinion.
The Chairman’s letter concluded with four questions to Judge Roberts, including one
asking “for your thinking on the jurisprudence” of two recent Court decisions “which
overturned almost 60 years of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause.” In
his second letter,27 Senator Specter drew Judge Roberts’s attention to two Court
22 Ibid.
23 Sen. Charles E. Schumer, “Schumer Meets Judge Roberts, Hands Him List of Questions
He Will Ask at Judiciary Committee Hearings,” July 21, 2005 news release, available at
[http://schumer.senate.gov/SchumerWebsite/pressroom/pr-latest_news.html].
24 One set of questions included: “Do you believe that Roe v. Wade (1973) was correctly
decided? What is our view of the quality of the legal reasoning in that case? Do you believe
that it reached the right result?” Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Sen. Arlen Specter, letter to Hon. John G. Roberts, Jr., Aug. 8, 2005, available at
[http://www.cq.com/flatfiles/editorialFiles/temporaryItems/20050808-8roberts-letter.pdf].
27 Sen. Arlen Specter, letter to Hon. John G. Roberts, Aug. 23, 2005, available at
[http://www.cq.com/flatfiles/editorialFiles/temporaryItems/mon20050823-23court-letter.
pdf].

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decisions on the Americans with Disabilities Act, “which I intend to ask you about
at your confirmation hearings.”

In a “P.S.” to his second letter, Senator Specter commented that, following the
release of his first letter to Judge Roberts, “there were misrepresentations that my
questions asked how you would have decided specific prior cases. That is not true.
The questions were carefully crafted to elicit your thinking on your jurisprudence and
judicial philosophy as opposed to how you would have decided specific cases.”
Other Senators, meanwhile, have said that Judge Roberts should be prepared to
express his views on particular Court rulings. Specifically, a number of Senators
have reportedly said they want Judge Roberts to answer whether he believes the
Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade should be overturned, indicating that a
negative answer to the question likely would be necessary if they were to vote for
Roberts’s confirmation.28
Advocates that Judge Roberts should express his views on Court rulings or
constitutional issues have rejected the notion that to do so would be prejudging, or
making a commitment as to how he would vote if the issues or rulings came up
before the Court in the future. In a newspaper op-ed piece,29 for example, Walter
Dellinger, law professor and former Acting Solicitor General in the Clinton
Administration, characterized as “unpersuasive” the “standard objections” to asking
a Supreme Court nominee “directly what he or she thinks about contentious social
and legal issues,” explaining:
It is said, for example, that a judge should be open-minded and that it is
inconsistent with the obligation to answer a question such as whether Roe v.
Wade was rightly decided. But having views doesn’t preclude an open mind —
nor ... does hiding your views make them go away.
Why would it be inappropriate to know as much about Roberts’s views on
controversial legal issues as we know about Justice John Paul Stevens’s views?
What is wrong with asking a nominee whether he or she agrees with Justice
Antonin Scalia’s dissenting opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey when we
know that Scalia agrees with it and Scalia will be able to take part in future
related cases without anyone suggesting that to be a problem?
There are legitimate concerns that should make some questions off limits,
such as a question about an actual case coming before the court. More generally,
nominees should answer questions about past cases and not future ones. And
everyone involved in the process should make clear that by answering questions
about his views on contentious legal and social issues such as abortion or
affirmative action, the nominee is not making any commitment about how he or
she would vote on any future case. A nominee may well come to a different view
after having read the briefs and heard arguments or may find that his general
28 See, for example, Bob Egelko, “Boxer Threatens to Slow Senate Activity over Court Pick;
She’ll Vote ‘No’ Unless Roberts Backs Right to Abortion,” San Francisco Chronicle, Aug.
11, 2005, p. A9; Gary Delsohn, “Feinstein to Seek Roberts’ Abortion Views,” Sacramento
Bee, Aug. 25, 2005, p. A1.
29 Walter Dellinger, “Fair Questions for Roberts,” Washington Post, July 27, 2005, p. A21.

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views do not determine how to resolve the issue raised in a particular case. But
with that important understanding, there is no reason why a nominee cannot
answer questions that will give senators a meaningful sense of what kind of
person the nominee is.”30
Criticism of Calls for Roberts to Answer Questions about Current
Issues. Within a week of President Bush’s selection of John Roberts for
appointment to the Court, the Senate Republican Policy Committee issued a six-page
statement criticizing calls for the nominee at the confirmation hearings to discuss his
views on current constitutional controversies.31 The statement objected to what it
said were the demands of some Senators that Supreme Court nominee Roberts
“announce his positions on constitutional questions that he may decide as a judge
after he is confirmed.” These demands, the statement stated, were improper for the
following reasons:
! “Making such demands threatens to radically politicize the
confirmation process, turning judicial nominees into mere
‘candidates’ who must make political promises in order to be
confirmed.”
! “No judicial nominee should be compelled to answer any question
that would force him or her to prejudge or signal future conclusions
regarding any case or issue.”
! “Any demand that Judge Roberts prejudge cases or issues threatens
the independence of the federal judiciary and jeopardizes
Americans’ right to fair and impartial judges.”32
Calling on judicial nominees to announce their positions on constitutional
questions “as a condition of confirmation,” the statement added, was contrary to
“settled standards and longstanding practice.” The requirement, it said, would be
contrary to the proscription of Canon 5A(3) of the ABA Model Code of Judicial
Conduct, mentioned above, against judges or judicial candidates making “pledges,
promises or commitments that are inconsistent with the impartial performance of the
adjudicative duties of the office.” The statement also provided quotations from all
nine of the Supreme Court’s current Justices, made either at their own confirmation
hearings or in other official remarks, in which they, according to the statement,
disagreed “with requiring nominees to prejudge issues and cases.”
A day later, in a Senate floor statement, a member of the Judiciary Committee,
Senator John Cornyn of Texas, also criticized the idea of requiring Judge Roberts to
state his positions on current constitutional issues as a condition of receiving Senate
confirmation votes. In a reference to the written questions that, as mentioned above,
30 Ibid.
31 U.S. Congress, Senate Republican Policy Committee, “The Proper Scope of Questioning
for Judicial Nominees,” July 26, 2005, 6 p., available at [http://kyl.senate.gov/legis_center/
rpc/rpc_072605.pdf].
32 Ibid.

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Senator Schumer of New York provided to Judge Roberts earlier, in advance of the
confirmation hearings, Senator Cornyn said:
Any of our colleagues can, of course, ask whatever questions they want, but the
notion that Judge Roberts puts his confirmation at risk if he does not answer the
questions on the list from the Senator from New York is contrary to the
traditional practice of this body. Nearly every single one of the questions on that
list involves an issue that is likely to come before the Supreme Court during
Justice Roberts’s tenure. Every single Justice confirmed in recent memory has
declined to answer questions of the sort contained on that list.33
Joining this side of the debate, a legal commentator has criticized “pressuring
nominees to answer long lists of questions.” This, he maintains, poses “five grave
dangers” to “judicial integrity and independence”:
First, candor could be fatal. Second, nominees — like politicians making
campaign promises — would be powerfully tempted to misrepresent their inner
thoughts. Third, this dynamic would favor people of malleable integrity. Fourth,
once on the Court, they would feel pressure to conform to the insincere views
expressed in their testimony.34
Worst, in the commentator’s view, expectations of demands of full disclosure
from Senators would encourage judicial candidates to make secret commitments to
the White House in order to be nominated (in contrast to the understood White House
practice of avoiding asking potential nominees questions about their views on current
constitutional controversies).35
Conclusion
When the Senate Judiciary Committee begins its confirmation hearings for
Supreme Court nominee John Roberts, set for September 6, 2005, a substantive issue
likely will be the proper scope of questions for committee members to pose to the
nominee. A recurring interest underlying the questions of many Senators at the
hearings likely will be to shed light on how the nominee, if confirmed, might, as the
newest of the Court’s nine Justices, affect the philosophical “balance” of the court
and the future direction of its rulings.
33 Sen. John Cornyn, “Nomination of Judge John Roberts,” remarks in the Senate,
Congressional Record, vol. 151, July 27, 2005, p. S9072.
34 Stuart Taylor, Jr., “A Time To Keep Silent,” Legal Times, vol. 28, Aug. 1, 2005, p. 53.
35 Ibid. For recent presidential administrations, a deterrent to asking potential nominees
questions about their views on current constitutional controversies is the questionnaire that
the Senate Judiciary Committee requires a Supreme Court nominee to fill out. The
questionnaire for recent Supreme Court nominees, including John Roberts, has included the
question, “Has anyone involved in the process of selecting you as a judicial nominee
(including but not limited to any member of the White House staff, the Justice Department,
or the Senate or its staff) discussed with you any specific case, legal issue or question in a
manner that could reasonably be interpreted as seeking any express or implied assurances
concerning your position on such case, issue, or question?”

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The imperative of committee members to question the nominee is almost
certain, at various points in the hearings, to come into tension with the nominee’s
objectives as a prospective Supreme Court Justice. The nominee’s objectives, at
such points, might be pragmatic in nature (for instance, to provide responses
calculated not to offend committee members) and/or principled and constitutionally
based (for instance, to take care that answers not call into question his integrity, his
ability in the future to judge cases impartially, and his commitment to the ideal of
judicial independence).
The nominee, for his part, it can be argued, may want to temper his
understandable inclination to be reticent about divulging personal views concerning
current legal and constitutional issues with an appreciation that many of the
committee’s members will be seeking to use the hearings to reach important insights
about the nominee — insights not only about the soundness of his professional
qualifications, but also about what special presence or influence he will bring to the
Court if confirmed.

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