Order Code RL32123
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Airborne Laser (ABL): Issues for Congress
August 18, 2005
Christopher Bolkcom
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Steven A. Hildreth
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Airborne Laser (ABL): Issues for Congress
Summary
The United States has pursued a variety of ballistic missile defense concepts and
programs over the past fifty years. Since the 1970s, some attention has focused on
directed energy weapons, such as high-powered lasers for missile defense. Today, the
Airborne Laser (ABL) program is the furthest advanced of these directed energy
weapons and remains the subject of some technical and program debate.
The Department of Defense (DOD) has been a strong advocate for the ABL and
its predecessor programs. The Defense Department and most missile defense
advocates argue that the ABL, which is designed to shoot down attacking ballistic
missiles within the first few minutes of their launch, is a necessary component of any
broader U.S. ballistic missile defense system. Congress has largely supported the
Administration’s ABL program.
Funding for the ABL began in FY1994, but the technologies supporting the
ABL effort evolved over 25 years of research and development concerning laser
power concepts, pointing and tracking, and adaptive optics. Delayed now for many
years, the ABL program plans to conduct a lethality test no earlier than 2008.
Assuming a successful test, the Defense Department has said that this test platform
could then be made available on an emergency basis in a future crisis. To date, about
$3.1 billion has been spent on the ABL program. Total program costs are not
available because the system architecture has not been defined.
Program skeptics continue to raise several issues. Their questions include the
maturity of the technologies in use in the ABL program and whether current technical
and integration challenges can be surmounted. If the ABL is proven successful, there
have been questions about the number of platforms the United States should acquire.
Seven aircraft have been mentioned previously, but is this number appropriate? What
stresses might continued ABL program slippage or delays place on the supporting
industrial base? How does the ABL compare to alternative concepts? To what degree
should the United States invest in alternative missile defense technologies in the
event that the ABL program may not prove successful?
This report examines the ABL program and budget status. It also examines some
of the issues raised above. This report does not provide a detailed technical
assessment of the ABL program (see CRS Report RL30185, The Airborne Laser
Anti-Missile Program). This report may be updated as necessary.

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Program Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Technology and Program Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Concept of Operations (CONOPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Industrial Base Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Lethality Test and Contingency Capability Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Alternatives to the ABL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
List of Tables
ABL Budget Request & Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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Airborne Laser (ABL): Issues for Congress
Introduction
The United States has sought to develop and deploy ballistic missile defenses
for more than 50 years. Since President Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
in 1985, Congress has provided some $100 billion for ballistic missile defense
programs and studies. National missile defense (NMD) has proven to be challenging
and deployment of an effective NMD system has been elusive. Until recent years,
NMD was a divisive political and national security issue. Debate has focused on the
nature and immediacy of foreign missile threats to the United States and its interests,
the pace and adequacy of technological development, the foreign affairs and
budgetary costs of pursuing missile defenses, and implications for deterrence and
global stability.
In the mid-1980s and into the early 1990s, Congress reacted to these concerns
and questions by reducing requested missile defense budgets and providing
legislative language to guide the development of missile defense programs and
policy.
During this time, many in Congress appeared more concerned than the Defense
Department and the military about near-term threats to forward-deployed U.S.
military forces posed by shorter range ballistic missiles. Congress demonstrated those
concerns by supporting the development and deployment of theater missile defenses
(TMD),1 oftentimes over the objections of the Defense Department. Since the end of
the 1991 Persian Gulf War, and especially over the last several years, Congress
generally has supported larger missile defense budgets. Currently, the FY2006
request of $8.7 billion for missile defense programs is the largest Defense
Department program and is strongly supported by Congress.2
1 Theater missile defenses are anti-missile systems designed to destroy or deflect an
attacking short-range ballistic missile from reaching its intended target. Those early TMD
programs strongly supported by Congress in the mid-late 1980s included the Israeli Arrow
program and the Patriot ATM (anti-tactical missile) system used in the Persian Gulf war.
2 For a broad treatment of missile defense issues see CRS Report RL31111, Missile Defense:
The Current Debate, Steven A. Hildreth (coordinator).

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CRS-2
The primary technological concept for missile defense since the early 1980s3 has
been ‘hit-to-kill’ interceptor missiles,4 but other alternatives have also been pursued.
One is the development of laser technology and the platforms on which lasers might
be based. For most missile defense advocates the Airborne Laser (ABL) program
represents the most promising near-term effort. Although the Air Force contends that
the ABL is mature technology, some observers have questioned whether this
technical assessment is accurate, pointing out that the various ABL components have
yet to be fully integrated and tested. Considerable debate also continues over whether
the ABL will be capable of dealing with likely future ballistic missile threats.5
The effort that led to the ABL dates to the early 1970s when the Air Force began
development of an Airborne Laser Laboratory (ALL) — a modified KC-135A aircraft
— to demonstrate that a high-powered laser mounted on an aircraft platform could
destroy an attacking missile. After ten years of research, development, and field
testing (culminating in 1983) the ALL program announced that lasers had managed
to “destroy or defeat” five Sidewinder air-to-air missiles and a simulated cruise
missile6 at short range. The ALL aircraft was retired in 1984 because its research
purpose was considered no longer necessary.
Although the ALL test targets were not ballistic missiles, the Air Force and the
Defense Department became increasingly interested in the possibility of using high-
powered lasers aboard aircraft to destroy enemy ballistic missiles during their boost
phase.7 Through the 1980s and mid-1990s, further research on various ground laser
concepts and designs and tracking and beam compensation tests convinced Pentagon
officials to proceed with the conditional development of the ABL in June 1998
3 Prior to the early 1980s, the United States had pursued missile defense concepts that
largely employed nuclear-tipped missile interceptors, because a high degree of accuracy
was not required. More recently, conventional explosive warheads were used to develop the
Patriot PAC-2 system used in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Advanced and exotic concepts,
such as various lasers, are now being considered.
4 A kinetic kill interceptor would seek to destroy its intended target through a direct collision
at relatively high speeds. The force of the impact would then destroy the attacking missile
or warhead, render it inoperable, or divert it from its intended target. With such an approach,
however, a near-miss has the same practical affect as a large distance miss — the target is
not destroyed.
5 There is considerable on-going technical debate outside of government regarding ballistic
missile countermeasures, and the design or procedural measures by which an adversary
might seek to defeat or mitigate missile defenses. See especially the report by the American
Physical Society, Report of the American Physical Society Study Group on Boost-Phase
Intercept Systems for National Missile Defense: Scientific and Technical Issues, July 2003.
6 CRS Report RL30185, The Airborne Laser Anti-Missile Program, Michael Davey and
Frederick Martin, Feb. 18, 2000, p. 4.
7 The Defense Department defines the boost-phase as that portion of the flight of a ballistic
missile or space vehicle during which the booster and sustainer engines operate. This can
last up to several minutes. During this time, a ballistic missile is relatively large and
vulnerable — its rocket engine plume makes the ballistic missile highly visible, the missile
is under tremendous pressures, and it is slower relative to later portions of the flight
trajectory.

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CRS-3
(although low-level funding for the program began as early as FY1994). Currently,
the ABL program is the primary focus of the Missile Defense Agency’s (MDA)
Boost Defense program.8 The ABL’s lethality test demonstration, which is designed
to test the various subsystems and target and destroy a ballistic missile, has been
delayed many times. According to the Missile Defense Agency, that lethality test,
which was initially scheduled for late FY2003, is now planned for no earlier than
2008.
Congress has funded the development of missile defenses in the face of growing
concerns about the proliferation of missiles around the world. Of all the current
efforts, most missile defense advocates believe the ABL shows the best near-term
promise for destroying enemy ballistic missiles during their boost-phase. While the
missile is still in the earth’s atmosphere, the airborne laser would seek to rupture or
damage the target’s booster skin to cause the missile to lose thrust or flight control
and fall short of the intended target before decoys, warheads, or submunitions are
deployed. The expectation is that this would occur near or even over the enemy’s
own territory. Second, although the United States has primarily pursued kinetic
energy kill mechanisms for missile defense for the past twenty years, most defense
analysts believe that if the United States chooses to pursue increasingly effective
missile defenses for the longer term future, then alternative concepts such as high-
powered lasers may be the answer.
This report tracks the current program and budget status of the Airborne Laser
program. In addition, this report examines several related issues that have been of
interest to Congress. It will be updated as necessary. This report does not provide a
technical overview or detailed assessment of the ABL or Air-Based Boost Program9
System Overview
It is envisioned that the ABL would use a high-powered chemical laser mounted
in a bulbous turret on the front of a modified Boeing 747 aircraft to destroy or disable
enemy theater ballistic missiles during the initial portion or first several minutes of
their flight trajectory (from shortly after launch and before they leave the earth’s
atmosphere). Analysts indicate that during this period (up to several minutes) the
missile is at its most vulnerable stage — it is slower relative to the rest of its flight,
it is easier to track because the missile is burning its fuel and thus has a very strong
thermal signature, and it is a much larger target because any warhead has not yet
8 Because the ABL’s predecessor — the ALL — came under the Air Force’s Space and
Missile Systems Center (SMC), the ABL at first also came under the responsibility of the
SMC. After a prototype model was completed, ABL personnel management functions were
transferred to the Air Force’s Aeronautical Systems Center (ASC) in 2001 (both SMC and
ASC are under the Air Force’s Materiel Command, based at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio).
Also in 1991, ABL funding and program management was transferred to BMDO (the
Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, which was MDA’s precursor organization). ASC
is responsible for ABL’s personnel and MDA is responsible for program execution or
carrying out the program.
9 A useful technical review of the ABL program at that time is CRS Report RL30185, The
Airborne Laser Anti-Missile Program.

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CRS-4
separated from the missile itself. Analysts also point out the advantages of destroying
the missile before any warhead, decoys, or submunitions are deployed, and
potentially over the enemy’s own territory.
To date, the ABL program has put a weapons-class chemical laser aboard a
modified Boeing 747-400 series freighter aircraft (747-400F). The Air Force acquired
the 747-400F in January 2000 directly from the Boeing Commercial Aircraft
assembly line and flew it to Wichita, Kansas, where Boeing workers virtually rebuilt
the aircraft. Among other things, they grafted huge sheets of titanium to the plane’s
underbelly for protection against the heat of the laser exhaust system, and added a
12,000-pound bulbous turret on the plane’s front to house the 1.5 meter telescope
through which the laser beams would be fired. This plane made its maiden flight in
July 2002; it logged 13 more flights in 2002 before relocating to Edwards AFB
California.
Since 2002, the focus of the ABL program has been on system integration, an
effort that has been considered challenging. Officials have reported completing
ground integration and testing of the Beam Control Fire Control (BCFC) segment
and most of that segment’s integration into the ABL aircraft. Additionally, six laser
modules in the System Integration Laboratory (SIL) have been integrated and tested.
Further integration and testing of the BCFC, laser modules in the SIL, and
communications links took place in 2005. However, the primary goal to have
achieved a lethality test by 2005 was not met. That test has now been moved to no
earlier than 2008. Program officials have said the delay was due largely to program
restructuring and budget changes. Others have suggested that technical and
integration problems have proven more challenging than anticipated.
Major subsystems include the lethal laser, a tracking system, and an adaptive
optics system. The kill mechanism or lethal laser system (as distinct from the other
on-board acquisition and tracking lasers) is known as COIL (Chemical Oxygen
Iodine Laser). COIL generates its energy through an onboard chemical reaction of
oxygen and iodine molecules. Because this laser energy propagates in the infrared
spectrum, its wavelength travels relatively easily through the atmosphere. The
acquisition, tracking, and pointing system (also composed of lasers) helps the laser
focus on the target with sufficient energy to destroy the missile. As the laser travels
to its target, it encounters atmospheric effects that distort the beam and cause it to
lose its focus. The adaptive optics system compensates for this distortion so that the
lethal laser can hit and destroy its target with a focused energy beam.
The current ABL program began in November 1996 when the Air Force
awarded a $1.1 billion PDRR contract (Program Definition Risk Reduction phase)
to several aerospace companies. The contractor team consists of Boeing, Lockheed
Martin, and Northrop Grumman (formerly TRW). Boeing Integrated Defense
Systems (Seattle, WA) has overall responsibility for program management and
systems integration, development of the ABL battle management system,
modification of the 747 aircraft, and the design and development of ground-support
subsystems. Lockheed Martin Space Systems (Sunnyvale, CA) is responsible for the
design, development, and production of ABL target acquisition, and beam control
and fire control systems. Northrop Grumman Space Technology (Redondo Beach,

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CRS-5
CA) is responsible for the design, development, and production of the ABL high-
energy laser). A number of subcontractors are also involved.
It is envisioned that a fleet of some number of ABL aircraft would be positioned
safely in theater then flown closer to enemy airspace as local air superiority is
attained. Although the Defense Department once indicated that a fleet of five aircraft
might support two 24-hour combat air patrols in a theater for some unspecified
period of time in a crisis, there has been no public discussion in recent years as to
how many aircraft might eventually be procured or deployed as an part of a future
BMD system.
Program Status
The current ABL development and acquisition strategy is described in terms of
several ‘blocks’ or two-year periods of research, development, testing and evaluation
activities. The program goals for ABL Block 2006 (2006-2007) are to continue
integration and ground and flight test activities for the first ABL aircraft or weapon
system test bed. Program officials further plan to improve domestic production
capabilities for advanced optics and sensors for high-energy lasers. Finally, the
program expects to study and establish baseline capabilities for a more advanced
second ABL weapon system.
The goals for ABL Block 2008 are for further ground and flight testing of the
first ABL weapon system and studies defining the second ABL weapon system.
Additionally, integration of the ABL into the wider ballistic missile defense system
is expected and the initiation of ground support activities for the ABL. A transition
from studies of the second aircraft to design activities and acquisition is also planned.
Finally, a lethality test of the ABL is anticipated sometime during this period. In
Block 2010, programs officials plan to evaluate a broader spectrum of ballistic
missile threats as part of the overall ballistic missile defense system in place at that
time. During this period, the primary focus will be on the second ABL aircraft. More
specifically, this includes completion of design activities, delivery and initial
modifications of the aircraft, and initial fabrication of weapon components.
The total ABL program cost cannot be given or estimated because of the
acquisition strategy adopted by MDA for missile defense. Nor has the final system
architecture been identified, meaning that the total number of ABL aircraft to be
procured has not been determined. Prior to adopting this new evolutionary
acquisition or “spiral development” strategy,10 however, there were a couple points
of reference as to what the Pentagon envisioned. In its FY1997 Annual Report to
Congress, DOD’s Office of Test and Evaluation envisioned seven ABL aircraft for
a total program cost of $6.12 billion (then year dollars). The most recent cost
estimate, from the Clinton Administration, was $10.7 billion (life-cycle costs) for the
same number of aircraft. No other system cost data are available.
10 See CRS Report RS21195, Evolutionary Acquisition and Spiral Development in DOD
Programs: Policy Issues for Congress, Gary Pagliano and Ronald O’Rourke.

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CRS-6
Since its funding inception, Congress has largely supported the ABL program
by appropriating the Defense Department’s requests, which have totaled about $3.1
billion. See table below, which shows the President’s Budget (PB) request and the
amount Congress appropriated. For FY2006, the Bush Administration requested
about $484 million for the ABL program. Congressional committee action to date
this year funds the President’s budget request for ABL.
ABL Budget Request & Appropriations
($million)
Fiscal Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
PB
1.90
20.00
19.95
56.83
157.14
292.22
308.63
App.
1.90
20.00
19.95
54.28
157.14
276.22
308.63
Fiscal Year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
PB
148.64
410.0
597.97
610.04
474.3
483.9
App.
233.64
483.5
597.97
610.04
474.3
Issues for Congress
Several factors combine to affect the near future of the ABL program. First, the
ABL continues to face technical challenges. Second, in January 2002, the MDA
dropped the traditional requirements-setting process in favor of a “capabilities-based”
approach, intended to more quickly field a system capable of responding to some, if
not all of the current ballistic missile threat. Third, on June 13, 2002, the United
States withdrew from the Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, thus removing
numerous barriers to potential anti-missile platforms. Fourth, the MDA is exploring
alternatives to the ABL for the Boost Phase Intercept (BPI) mission. Finally, recent
changes in funding profiles for both the ABL and for the MDA’s new kinetic kill
vehicle reinforce the uncertainty related to the ABL program. Specific issues that
may confront Congress include the severity and implications of the ABL
programmatic and technological challenges, how the ABL might be employed if and
when it is fielded, the potential for industrial base problems, the scheduled lethality
test, and consideration of boost-phase alternatives to the ABL.
Technology and Program Challenges
As a new type of weapon system, the ABL has faced technological challenges
throughout its history.11 The GAO has pointed out the challenges of developing and
fielding a new type of weapon system, when it noted that “only one of the ABL’s five
11 See CRS Report RL30185 for a more comprehensive assessment of the ABL’s technical
challenges.

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CRS-7
critical subsystems, the aircraft itself, represents mature technology.”12 In October
1997 the GAO issued a report (GAO/NSIAD-98-37) highlighting the program’s
technical challenges and calling them “significant.” In 2001, DOD’s Director of
Operational Test and Evaluation called the ABL a “high technical risk” program and
outlined a number of technical challenges to be overcome.13
There is some consensus on the ABL’s current technical challenges. In
congressional testimony, the GAO pointed out that the ABL program office agreed
with its assessment of the technological maturity and technical challenges in most
instances, only disagreeing about the adaptive optics’ maturity and challenges.14
However, consensus appears to break down when evaluating how these challenges
might affect budget and schedule. The GAO asserts that “problems with maturing
technology have consistently been a source of cost and schedule growth throughout
the life of the program.”15 But, the ABL program’s new requirements setting process,
and its focus on developing a less sophisticated system based on currently available
technology, may result in less risk of cost and schedule growth in the future.16 The
Missile Defense Agency asserts that program adjustments made in February 2004
have put the program on budget and schedule. GAO subsequently found that
changes in the ABL program would result in a knowledge-based approach that was
likely to result in a more cost-effective program.17
Two technical issues have long challenged the ABL program: beam control and
adaptive optics and system integration.18 The essentials of these two challenges have
not changed that much in recent years.
The ABL system’s weight is another concern. The ABL was designed to carry
14 laser modules that were planned to weigh a total of 175,000 lbs. The six laser
modules produced thus far already exceed this weight budget by at least 5,000 lbs.19
12 General Accounting Office, Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Major Weapon
Programs, GAO-03-476, May 2003, p. 18.
13 Laura Colarusso. “DOT&E Says ABL Faces Major Challenges: Lethality Test
Postponed,” Inside the Air Force, Mar. 1, 2002.
14 Testimony of Robert E. Levin, in U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government
Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans’ Affairs and International Relations,
GAO-02-949T, July 16, 2002.
15 GAO-03-476, p. 18.
16 Robert E. Levin, op. cit., and GAO-03-476, p. 18
17 GAO-04-643R, p. 6.
18 See CRS Report RL30185, The Airborne Laser Anti-Missile Program, by Dan Morgan
and Michael Davey, for an in-depth treatment of the adaptive optics and systems integration
challenges up to Feb. 2000. In May 2004 ,the GAO released a report (GAO-04-643R) which
found that the ABL still suffered from beam control “jitter.” Industry representatives say
that they have a plan in place to resolve this problem.
19 Gopal Ratman and Gail Kaufman, “Pentagon Works to Solve ABL’s Weight Gain,”
Defense News, Mar. 3, 2003, p. 6.Some press accounts assert that the 6 laser modules are
(continued...)

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CRS-8
ABL officials have replaced the cargo variant of the 747-400 with the passenger
variant to better position the laser modules, but weight problems persist.20
ABL proponents admit that the laser modules are currently too heavy. However,
they argue that the requirement is for the whole weapon system to fit within the 747’s
maximum takeoff weight — 800,000 lbs, and that they are not far from meeting that
objective.21 ABL critics disagree, arguing that if the laser modules are too heavy, the
airplane will carry fewer of them, which will result in a reduced laser power. A
weaker laser, in turn, could require the ABL to fly closer to its targets to achieve the
same level of lethality as the stronger laser, which could in turn reduce the aircraft’s
survivability. ABL proponents say that if the laser module weight cannot be
decreased, the power from the lasers could be increased to improve lethality, or the
747 could carry less fuel which would free up more of the weight budget for heavier
lasers. ABL critics doubt that laser module power could be boosted more than 20
percent of their current output, which is not enough to compensate for the more than
50 percent reduction in the number of modules due to weight.22 Also, they argue, if
the ABL carries less fuel, it will require more aerial refueling to perform its mission,
and recent military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq suggest that DOD’s aerial
refueling fleet is already overburdened.
Concept of Operations (CONOPS)
Another group of ABL questions that may confront Congress pertains to the
aircraft’s concept of operations, or CONOPs. As the program nears procurement and
potential fielding, questions remain about the number of aircraft to be procured,
where the aircraft might be deployed, and how they would be used.
Although a somewhat dated number, the procurement of seven ABL aircraft
once considered helps illustrate the rough magnitude of ABL’s envisioned. A number
of questions are likely to be asked regarding this size inventory. The ABL will be a
highly visible asset. It is very large, and will be escorted by fighter aircraft. Its high
altitude will also help to distinguish it from other wide-body aircraft. Long in-theater
on-station time for the ABL is premised on forward basing. These forward bases
would likely not have chemical replenishment capabilities, which would necessitate
return flights to the United States if the laser is used. It appears plausible that an
enemy could wait until an orbiting ABL is being refueled, or is absent before
initiating a missile attack. Thus, a force of seven aircraft might only be expected to
provide 24-hour theater ballistic missile (TBM) BPI coverage of one theater.
19 (...continued)
25,000 lbs over the weight budget. Marc Selinger. “Airborne Laser on Track Despite Weight
Gain, Official Says,” Aerospace Daily, Mar. 7, 2003.
20 The module is a major building block for the megawatt-class laser subsystem. The laser
power outputs from all six modules will be combined to produce the missile-destroying laser
beam.
21 Thomas Duffy, “ABL Officials Looking for Answers to Weight Distribution Problem,”
Inside Missile Defense, Nov. 27, 2002.
22 Ratnam and Kaufman, op. cit.

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CRS-9
Past doctrine and current real-world events suggest that U.S. interests could be
threatened simultaneously in more than one theater and by more than one country
with TBMs. Would seven aircraft be sufficient to adequately address potential
threats? To address growing deployment requirements and to improve personnel
retention, the Air Force has organized itself into 10 Air Expeditionary Forces (AEFs)
that rotate on predictable schedules. How would a force of seven ABLs support the
10 AEFs? The Air Force, and other Services, frequently complain about the onerous
and disproportionate O&S (Operations and Support) costs of “high demand, low
density” (HD/LD) assets such as JSTARS and U2s. Would procurement of only
seven aircraft create another HD/LD problem for the Air Force? On the other hand,
buying more aircraft would require more people to fly and maintain them.
It is currently unclear what impact the ABL might have on the Air Force’s
already strained aerial refueling fleet. While based at some yet-to-be determined U.S.
base, ABLs will likely deploy to forward operating locations such as Guam, Diego
Garcia, RAF Fairford England, and Elmendorf AFB Alaska during crises. Although
these bases are likely closer to tomorrow’s hot spots than the continental United
States, they are still hours of flying time away from the Persian Gulf, the Korean
Peninsula, and Central Asia. ABLs will require refueling to get to the crisis theater,
refueling to maintain combat air patrols in-theater, and refueling to return to base.
What effect will the ABL’s current weight gain have on its fuel load? Might
increased payload mean less fuel and therefore an even greater aerial refueling
requirement?
Some observers have questioned how the ABL would be employed to counter
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The consensus is that Russia and China
currently field ICBMs that could plausibly threaten the United States; there is no such
consensus on the future ability of North Korea or other so-called “rogue states” to
field such missiles. (Some believe that such capabilities will emerge in the distant
future, if ever. Others see the proliferation of such missiles as inevitable, and that it
could occur sooner rather than later.) Current estimates suggest that the ABL’s 400
km range (about 250 miles) is too short to stand outside Russian or Chinese airspace
and still engage those countries’ ICBMs in boost phase. Would the ABL fly into
these countries’ airspace during crisis to address potential ICBM launches in boost
phase? Or would the ABL’s laser need to be more powerful? Or will some alternative
be deployed to supplement or replace the ABL for these scenarios?
Another set of questions pertains to using the ABL in or near commercial
airspace. How will the aircraft be operated, and what rules will be established to
eliminate or reduce the potential of accidently hitting a commercial aircraft? The
ABL should fly above the altitude of most commercial aircraft, which should help
mitigate this potential problem. However, the ABL’s laser is designed to shoot over
long distances, and the target ABL is attempting to engage may be within the same
altitude as most commercial aircraft.
It appears that ABL CONOPS questions are also affected by MDA’s decision
to abandon the traditional requirements process. MDA has adopted a “flexible”
requirements process that is driven as much by technological maturity as it is by
operator needs. Thus, it is difficult to assess how the ABL might be employed
because it is not currently clear what the ABL’s capabilities will be, once fielded.

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CRS-10
Industrial Base Issues
A final set of issues revolves around the ABL industrial base. Missile defense
officials have cautioned that the ABL is pursuing very specialized technologies that
are not routinely pursued in civilian or even defense industries. Turbulence in ABL
funding or schedule, they maintain, jeopardizes the ABL industrial base because
these specialized vendors will seek other business if ABL business appears
threatened. The industrial base supporting advanced optical components of the ABL
is most frequently cited as “fragile.”23 The criticality of these vendors to the health
and progress of the ABL program has not been clearly established. DOD may, or may
not, for example, find expertise in the optical telecommunications industry that
would be applicable to ABL needs. Once the health of the ABL-specific contractor
and subcontractor base has been established Congress may be asked to help preserve
some of the “critical path technologies” that enable the ABL. If this take place, a key
calculation to make may be the break point at which keeping a number of specialized
companies in business outweighs the potential value of fielding the ABL.
Lethality Test and Contingency Capability Issues
The lethality test now scheduled for December 2008 (more than five years later
than original plans) is seen as a critical next step in the ABL program’s development.
The objectives of this test include:
! to demonstrate an actual shoot-down of a missile over the Pacific
Ocean, possibly a Scud missile;
! to test the IRST (the Infrared Search & Track System), to see if the
ABL can find, hold and track the intended target; and
! to demonstrate that the adaptive optics systems is able to compensate
for atmospheric distortion.
The lethality test is important for a number of reasons, many of which have to
do with the long advocated potential for this ABL test aircraft for emergency or
contingency missions immediately after the lethality test. First, the test will
demonstrate whether or how well the various ABL subsystems and component parts
are working together. The fact that this test has been delayed several times and for
several years now, suggests to some that continued systems integration problems are
forcing this delay. Depending on the test results, additional system integration tests
may be required. If significant technical problems arise or additional technical
challenges are identified, the availability of this ABL platform for near-term
emergency missions would likely be questioned.
Second, depending on the nature and outcome of the lethality test itself, use of
this ABL test aircraft may not be appropriate in an emergency or contingency
mission. For instance, if the lethality test fails to hit or destroy a Scud or other
ballistic missile, military planners may not want to rely on a test aircraft deployed
23 See, for example, Testimony of LtGen. Ronald Kadish, Director, Missile Defense Agency.
Hearing Before the House Armed Services Committee, Military Procurement Subcommittee.
June 27, 2002.

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during a crisis. Additionally, if the lethal test is not considered significant (for
example, the test is conducted against a very short range missile at very close range),
military planners similarly may not have confidence in actually using the ABL test
platform during a crisis. Some in the ABL program have suggested that the platform
could be made available only as a airborne sensor and for battle management
purposes. Others have questioned whether meaningful testing protocols can be
developed if the ABL system is not yet integrated.
A third question pertains to how effective and extensive this flight test will be.
Prior to the most recent test program restructuring, some 35-50 other missions were
planned to validate design and other changes; additional air refueling missions were
also considered. During the flight tests, ABL test aircraft were to operate with a
relative large contingent of personnel, including 2 aircrew and up to 16 others. Test
missions were expected to last 4-8 hours.24 A May 2004 GAO report (GAO-04-
643R) notes that the lethality test contract has been restructured three times and that
costs have tripled. Will MDA be able to execute a highly robust and investigative
test considering these increased costs? Press accounts suggest that the latest lethality
test contract contains flaws that may inhibit the test.25
Alternatives to the ABL
These programmatic and technological challenges lead to another family of
questions regarding the ABL’s current and potential standing in missile defense vis-
a-vis other missions and platforms. Might other platforms offer promise in the theater
Boost Phase Intercept mission area? A Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI), unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs), and ship-based, or space-based interceptors are potential
options.
ABL officials say that they believe the program’s technical challenges are being
overcome.26 MDA is simultaneously pursuing, however, a Kinetic Energy
Interceptor (KEI) that has come to be viewed as a potential alternative. This program
was established in 2003, and early statements by MDA focused on the interceptor’s
commonality rather than its possible use as an ABL alternative. For instance, former
MDA Director Air Force Lt. Gen. Kadish told reporters that the agency finds kinetic
interceptor attractive because “given that we no longer have the constraints of the
[1972 Anti-ballistic Missile] treaty and the way the services have put together
operational requirements documents . . . I think it is now possible to think and
actively pursue commonality that makes sense and a common interceptor with a
common type of kill vehicle.”27
24 Robert Wall, “Debugging ABL,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, Sept. 1, 2003,
pp. 55-56.
25 Amy Butler, “ABL Shooting for 2008 Demonstration,” Aviation Week and Space
Technology, May 2, 2005.
26 Marc Selinger, “Airborne Laser on Track Despite Weight Gain, Official Says,” Aerospace
Daily, Mar. 7, 2003.
27 Thomas Duffy, “Boeing to get Follow On Work for Common Missile Interceptor,” Inside
(continued...)

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Changes to budget and schedule, however, have brought the ABL and KEI into
much more obvious competition. MDA’s FY2004 R&D request for KEI (then called
common boost- and mid-course interceptor) represented a six-fold increase in
funding for this technology and was perhaps the first sign that MDA had some doubts
about ABL’s ultimate feasibility.28 Slippages to both programs’ schedules (both will
conduct key tests in 2008) have increased the apparent competition between ABL and
KEI. MDA director Lt.Gen. Trey Obering has described these potential weapon
systems as being in a “flyoff.”29
At issue is whether the KEI represents a prudent hedge against potential
slippages the ABL schedule, or a drain on funds and other resources that could be
devoted to the ABL, or other MDA programs. This question was probed at length
in a March 15, 2005 House Armed Services, Strategic Forces Subcommittee Hearing.
Subcommittee members expressed concern about the appropriate balance between
the two programs.30 During this hearing, MDA Director Lt.Gen. Trey Obering
explained the decision to cut $800 million from the KEI’s FY2006 budget request:
“...to meet our top-line budget reductions, I decided to accept more risk in this area
and restructure the kinetic energy intercept effort...” In their report H.R. 1815 (109-
89), House Authorizors expressed their concern about pursuing both programs
(p.232). Authorizors required MDA (Sec. 231) to provide a comparison of the two
programs, including capabilities and costs.
Other potential alternatives for the BPI mission might be explored. With their
long endurance and increasing payloads, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) may
one day offer alternatives to the ABL. UAVs have been studied as BPI platforms
since the mid-1990s. At the time, a UAV-based Boost Phase Intercept approach was
viewed as a back-up to ABL in case that program encountered difficulties. Congress
provided $15 million in FY1996 for a joint U.S./Israeli advanced concept technology
demonstration (ACTD) program to study the feasibility of using up to 20 UAVs with
three to six lightweight missiles each to conduct BPI in an Iraq-like scenario.31
The Army Space and Strategic Defense Command estimated that the 20-UAV
architecture could cost $1.5 billion over a 10-year life span, compared to a then-
27 (...continued)
Missile Defense, Sept. 18, 2002.
28 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Armed Services, National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 2004, report to accompany S. 1050, 108th Cong., S.Rept. 108-46,
(Washington: GPO, 2003), p. 236. This program is proposed to develop an interceptor
missile that can be either ground- or sea-based, for boost and mid-course phase intercept
of ballistic missiles.
29 Thomas Duffy, “Obering: 2008 ‘Flyoff’ Between ABL, Kinetic Energy Interceptor,”
Inside Missile Defense, Mar. 16, 2005.
30 U.S. Congress, House Armed Services Committee, Strategic Forces Subcommittee, Fiscal
Year 2006 Budget Request for Missile Defense Programs, hearing, (Washington: Federal
News Service, Inc., 2005).
31 “Congress Provides $15 Million in FY-96 for Joint U.S.-Israel BPI Program,” Inside
Missile Defense, Dec. 20, 1995.

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estimated $6 billion 10-year life cycle cost for the ABL and a $17 to $23 billion 10-
year life cycle cost for a space-based laser.32 In addition to potentially lower cost,
possible UAV advantages include the ability to operate closer to TBM launch points
than the ABL, and the ability to conduct the BPI mission without endangering the
lives of aircrews. Perceived UAV deficiencies include a lack of adequate payload
carrying capability. Considering the rapid recent advances in UAVs and their
operational success, however, some analysts believe it may be time to revisit the
UAV-based approach and weigh its efficacy relative to the ABL program. In the mid
1990s, the Air Force also studied outfitting F-15s with special air-to-air missiles to
destroy TBMs in boost phase. Some in Congress have expressed their preference for
UAVs over manned aircraft in this role. In its report (S.Rept. 104-112/S. 1026), the
Senate Armed Services Committee wrote that “to the extent that kinetic-energy BPI
systems hold promise for TMD applications, the committee believes that reliance
should be placed on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).”
Some constraints on ship-based missile defenses have been eliminated by the
Bush Administration’s decision to withdraw from the 1972 ABM treaty. Ship-based
systems are attractive to missile defense planners because ships often can be
maneuvered close to hostile areas. A number of BPI experiments are planned for
FY2004 combining modified Standard anti-aircraft missiles with the Kinetic Kill
Vehicle (KKV).33 In July 2004 the Congressional Budget Office published a report
in which five BPI options were explored. Two of these five options were space-
based. While space-based options had some advantages over terrestrial options, such
as greater global coverage, they also were much more expensive; perhaps
prohibitively.34
Although platforms other than the ABL might conduct TMD BPI, it is also
possible that the ABL might be capable of performing additional or alternative
missions. When in charge of the program, the Air Force studied alternative roles for
the ABL including cruise missile defense, destroying or disabling enemy satellites,
or intercepting high altitude surface-to-air missiles. In November 2002, the Air Force
Scientific Advisory Board recommended that the Air Force also consider using the
ABL to attack time critical targets on the ground. In May 2005, the Commander of
the U.S. Strategic Command reportedly advocated that alternative uses for the ABL
be studied.35
Today, the only alternative — albeit similar — role that MDA is considering
for the ABL is BPI of intercontinental ballistic missiles (as opposed to theater-range
ballistic missiles). MDA officials state that they need to concentrate on developing
32 Pamela Hess, “USAF Questions Army Plan to Use UAVs for Boost-Phase Intercept
Mission,” Inside Missile Defense, Oct. 11, 1995.
33 Thomas Fuddy, “Study to Define Candidates for Sea-Based Boost-Phase Interceptor,”
Inside Missile Defense, May 29, 2003.
34 Alternatives for Boost-Phase Missile Defense, July 2004. Available at
[http://www.cbo.gov].
35 Marc Selinger, “DoD looking at more roles for Airborne Laser,” Aerospace Daily &
Defense Report, May 12, 2005.

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the ABL’s technology to conduct its primary mission of theater ballistic missile
defense before ancillary roles can be considered. Others may question whether
abandoning the assessment of alternative uses for the ABL is prudent. Congress has
appropriated about $3.1 billion for the ABL thus far. Some are likely to maintain that
more should be done to investigate potential returns on this investment. The ABL is
DOD’s most mature high power chemical laser program. If MDA determines that
UAVs or ship-based KKVs offer more potential in TMD BPI, studying alternative
uses for the ABL might be a way to exploit the advances made by the program.

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