Order Code RL32799
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Federal Research and Development
Funding: FY2006
Updated July 20, 2005
Michael E. Davey, Coordinator
Specialist in Science and Technology
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Federal Research and Development
Funding: FY2006
Summary
The Bush Administration has requested $132.2 billion in federal research and
development (R&D) funding for FY2006. This sum represents a $505 million
increase over the FY2005 estimated funding level of $131.7 billion. In real dollars,
total federal R&D would decline for the first time since FY1996. The proposed
FY2006 R&D budget reflects the Administration’s objective of constraining the
growth of federal discretionary spending.
For the first time since FY1995, funding for defense R&D (the sum of the
Department of Defense’s ( DOD) and the Department of Energy’s (DOE) defense
R&D programs) would be flat with a requested $74.9 billion. This is due primarily
to a proposed 21% reduction in DOD’s science and technology programs. Funding
for federal civilian R&D is proposed to increase $188 million to $57 billion, a 0.3%
increase over the FY2005 estimated funding level. Most of this increase can be
attributed to increases in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
budget and the Department of Transportation. Based on current funding proposals,
most of the other civilian R&D agencies’ budgets are proposed to decline, in real
dollars, in FY2006.
Funding for federal research (the sum of basic and applied research) would
decline from $55.2 billion to $54.8, a 0.6% reduction. Total funding for basic
research is proposed to decline from $26.9 billion in FY2005 to $26.6 billion in
FY2006. Most of the decline in basic research support can be attributed to proposed
reductions in DOD’s and NASA’s basic research programs.
The Administration proposes to reduce funding for all three of its multi-agency
initiatives. Funding for the National Nanotechnology Initiative would decline 2.5%
to $1.1 billion, following four years of funding increases. The Networking and
Information and Technology R&D initiative would decline 6.8% to $2.4 billion,
while the Climate Change Science Program is proposed to decline 1.4% to $1.9
billion, primarily due to cuts in NASA’s contributions to space-based observations
of the environment.
The 109th Congress is facing difficult decisions for funding federal R&D. For
the first time in a decade, total federal R&D funding is proposed to decline in real
dollars. Since President Bush took office, defense R&D funding has increased 45%,
in real dollars, while concomitantly civilian R&D has increased 23%. However, if the
doubling of National Institutes of Health budget, between FY1999 and FY2003, is
subtracted from the total, civilian R&D has declined in real dollars. Given the
important role that federal civilian R&D plays in the education of future scientists
and engineers, as well as the development of technological innovation, a variety of
special interest groups are likely to call on Congress to restore funding for civilian
R&D. If the President insists on holding the line on civilian discretionary spending,
any increase for civilian R&D funding would have to be obtained at the expense of
other federal programs.

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Contents
Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Department of Agriculture (USDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Department of Energy (DOE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Department of Defense (DOD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
National Institutes of Health (NIH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
National Science Foundation (NSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Department of Commerce (DOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) . . . . . . . . . . . 21
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Department of Transportation (DOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Department of the Interior (DOI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
List of Tables
Table 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 2. Department of Energy R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 3. Department of Defense RDT&E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 4. NASA R&D Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 5. National Institutes of Health (NIH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 6. National Science Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 7. Department of Homeland Security R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 9. NIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 10. Department of Transportation R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 11. Department of Interior R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 12. EPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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Federal Research and Development
Funding: FY2006
Recent Developments
The Bush Administration has requested $132.2 billion in federal research and
development (R&D) funding for FY2006. This sum represents a $505 million
increase over the FY2005 estimated funding level of $131.7 billion. In real dollars,
total federal R&D would decline for the first time since FY1996. The proposed
FY2006 R&D budget reflects the Administration’s objective of constraining the
growth of federal discretionary spending.
For the first time since FY1995, funding for defense R&D (the sum of the
Department of Defense’s ( DOD) and the Department of Energy’s (DOE) defense
R&D programs) would be flat with a requested $74.9 billion. This is due primarily
to a proposed 21% reduction in DOD’s science and technology programs. Funding
for federal civilian R&D is proposed to increase $188 million to $57 billion, a 0.3%
increase over the FY2005 estimated funding level. Most of this increase can be
attributed to increases in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
budget and the Department of Transportation. Based on current funding proposals,
most of the other civilian R&D agencies’ budgets are proposed to decline, in real
dollars, in FY2006.
Funding for federal research (the sum of basic and applied research) would
decline from $55.2 billion to $54.8, a 0.6% reduction. Total funding for basic
research is proposed to decline from $26.9 billion in FY2005 to $26.6 billion in
FY2006. Most of the decline in basic research support can be attributed to proposed
reductions in DOD’s and NASA’s basic research programs.
The Administration proposes to reduce funding for all three of its multi-agency
initiatives. Funding for the National Nanotechnology Initiative would decline 2.5%
to $1.1 billion, following four years of funding increases. The Networking and
Information and Technology R&D initiative would decline 6.8% to $2.4 billion,
while the Climate Change Science Program is proposed to decline 1.4% to $1.9
billion, primarily due to cuts in NASA’s contributions to space-based observations
of the environment.
The 109th Congress is facing difficult decisions for funding federal R&D. For
the first time in a decade, total federal R&D funding is proposed to decline in real
dollars. Since President Bush took office, defense R&D funding has increased 45%,
in real dollars, while concomitantly civilian R&D has increased 23%. However, if the
doubling of National Institutes of Health budget, between FY1999 and FY2003, is
subtracted from the total, civilian R&D has declined in real dollars. Given the

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CRS-2
important role that federal civilian R&D plays in the education of future scientists
and engineers, as well as the development of technological innovation, a variety of
special interest groups are likely to call on Members of Congress to restore funding
for civilian R&D. If the President insists on holding the line on civilian discretionary
spending, any increase for civilian R&D funding would have to be obtained at the
expense of other federal discretionary programs.
The House has passed all 11 of its FY2006 appropriations bills, while the Senate
has passed 4 of its 12 appropriations bills. Based on current House actions, CRS
estimates that the House has approved an estimated $134.2 billion for R&D in
FY2006, $2 billion above the President’s request for FY2006. All of that increase can
be attributed to the House approving an additional $2.5 billion for DOD’s science
and technology programs (H.R. 2863). Most of the remaining House R&Dfunding
actions tend to mirror the President’s request with the exception of NOAA in the
Department of Commerce. While the President proposed reducing NOAA’s R&D
budget 14.6% below FY2005 level, the House passed bill would reduce NOAA’s
R&D budget 20% below FY2005 (H.R. 2862, H.Rept. 109-118). However, the
Senate Commerce, Justice, Science Appropriations Subcommittee (S.Rept. 109-88)
approved a 10.7% increase over FY2005 funding level for NOAA.
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
The FY2006 budget request for research and education in the U.S. Department
of Agriculture (USDA) is $2,346.3 million, a 12.8% decrease ($345.7 million) from
the FY2005 estimate of $2,692 million (see Table 1). The USDA conducts in-house
basic and applied research. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the lead
federal agency for nutrition research, operating five major laboratories in this area,
including the world’s largest multi-disciplinary agricultural research center located
at Beltsville, Maryland. There are approximately 100 research facilities throughout
the U.S. and abroad. ARS laboratories focus on efficient food and fiber production,
preservation of genetic resources, development of new products and uses for
agricultural commodities, development of effective biocontrols for pest management,
and support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance programs. The FY2006
request provides $1,079.1 million for ARS, a 17.4% decrease ($226.9 million) from
the FY2005 estimate. Reductions of $175 million are proposed in all projects
earmarked by Congress in order to finance the Department’s high priority program
increases. An additional $28 million would be made available from project
terminations to fund critical research priorities detailed in the budget request. The
request includes an increase of $2.5 million for bioenergy and biobased products
research. Funding will be directed at developing a system for more efficient
harvesting and processing of biomass crops for energy production. The FY2006
request proposes a $1.8 million increase in air and water quality research and $3.2
million for research in support of the President’s Climate Change Research Initiative.
The ARS reports that the majority of its facilities, constructed prior to 1960, have
become functionally obsolete. Many of the facilities are not in total compliance with
current health and safety standards. The FY2006 request for ARS includes $65
million for buildings and facilities.

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The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
distributes funds to State Agricultural Experiment Stations, State Cooperative
Extension Systems, land-grant universities, and other institutions and organizations
that conduct agricultural research. Included in these partnerships is funding for
research at the 1862 institutions, 1890 historically black colleges and universities,
and 1994 tribal land-grant colleges. Funding is distributed to the states through
competitive awards, statutory formula funding, and special grants. The FY2006
request for CSREES is $1,041.2 million, a decrease of 12.1% ($142.8 million) from
the FY2005 estimate. The request proposes a reallocation of research formula funds
made to institutions under the Hatch Act and McIntire-Stennis Act. The Animal
Health formula grant program has been zeroed out in the FY2006 request. In
addition, selected federal formula payments will be phased out over a two-year period
and redirected at supporting a newly created regional, State, and local competitive
grants program. Funding for formula distribution in FY2006 to the state Agricultural
Experiment Stations (and other eligible institutions) would be $275.9 million, almost
level with the FY2005 estimate. The request proposes a slight increase for the 1890
formula programs. The FY2006 request funds the National Research Initiative (NRI)
Competitive Grants Program at $250 million, $70.4 million above the FY2005
estimate. The increase will support initiatives in agricultural genomics, human
nutrition and obesity, nanotechnology, food safety, water quality, and pest related
programs. Language is included in the request that would remove USDA limitations
on indirect costs which the Department states would help put the NRI on level with
other federal competitive grant programs.
The Economic Research Service (ERS) is the principal intramural economic and
social science research agency in USDA. The request for ERS in FY2006 is $81
million, a $7 million increase over FY2005. The majority of the increase ($5.8
million) will continue the development of a consumer data and information system.
The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducts the Census of
Agriculture and provides current data on agricultural production and economic
indicators of the well-being of the farm sector. The Administration requests $145
million in FY2006, $17 million above the FY2005 estimate. Funding would support
both Presidential and Department eGovernment initiatives, such as eTraining and
eTravel. NASS will continue the development of the USDA Enterprise Architecture
and the USDA Enablers initiatives.
The FY2006 request provides support for several research priority areas and
strategic goals. One priority is that of advancing cutting edge agricultural research by
shifting funding from noncompetitive and formula programs to competitive
programs. A new $75 million competitive grant program is being created to allow
State Agricultural Experiment Stations to support research focused on the needs and
concerns at the regional, state, and local level. The Administration maintains that the
potential of genetic resources has the capability of addressing the varied needs of
agriculture. High priority has been given to the mapping and sequencing projects
funded by USDA, such as sequencing genomes of agriculturally imported species.
The sequencing projects will be coordinated with ongoing genomics initiatives
supported by other federal agencies and facilitated by interagency working groups.
Increases totaling $9.2 million are proposed for animal genomes and plant genomes
research. Also, the FY2006 budget request provides an increase of $12.5 million in
support of research on emerging and exotic diseases as part of the infrastructure to

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enhance homeland security. USDA states that this research is significant to
protecting the Nation from deliberate or unintentional introduction of an agricultural
health threat. The USDA has biocontainment complexes where research and
diagnostic work is done on organisms that pose serious threats to the crop, poultry,
and livestock industries. The FY2006 request provides a $55 million increase for
efforts to respond to agricultural health threats. In addition, USDA is concerned with
training and educating the next generation of agricultural scientists and supporting
core university-based research. The FY2006 request provides $5 million for the
creation of a Higher Education Agrosecurity Program that would award grants to
colleges and universities for interdisciplinary degrees in such areas as food defense
professionals.
On June 8, 2005, the House Committee on Appropriations passed H.R. 2744,
the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Bill (H.Rept. 109-102). The House provides a total of
$2,442.3 million for research and education in FY2006, $96 million above the
request, and $249.7 million below the FY2005 estimate. The ARS is supported at
$1,122.8 million, $43.9 million above the request, and $183.5 million below FY2005
estimated funding level. Included in the support for ARS is $87.3 million for
buildings and facilities. Of that amount, $58.8 million is for the National Centers for
Animal Health, the amount requested by the Administration. H.R. 2744 funds
CSREES at $1,107.4 million, $66.2 million above the request, and $76.6 million
below the FY2005 estimate. The House-passed bill provides $75.9 million for the
ERS, $4.8 million below the request, and a slight $1.7 million above FY2005. For
the NASS, the support given is $136.2 million, $9 million below the request, and
$7.8 million above the FY2005 estimate.
On June 23, the Senate Committee on Appropriations approved its version of
H.R. 2744 (S.Rept. 109-92). The Senate version of the bill provides a total of
$2,599.9 million for research and education in FY2006, $253.6 million above the
request and $157.6 million above the House. Within the Senate bill, the ARS
proposed to receives $1,270.6 million, $191.7 million above the request, and $147.8
million above the House-passed version. CREES is supported at $1,105.6 million,
$64.4 million above the request, and a slight $1.8 million below the House bill. The
Hatch Act Formula funding, contained in CREES, is provided $178.7 million, almost
double the amount in the Administration’s request of $89.4 million. The House-
passed version of H.R. 2744 provides $78.5 million for the ERS and $145.2 million
for NASS. The Senate included language in its report directing the ERS to conduct
a national study determining the economic impact of cooperative models on rural
communities and residents. The Committee stressed that research related to the study
should be coordinated with cooperative research centers and other stakeholders of the
cooperative community. (CRS Contact: Christine Matthews.)

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CRS-5
Table 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Est.
Req.a
House
Senate
Agric. Research Service (ARS)
Product Quality/Value Added
$104.6
97.7
Livestock Production
84.1
63.4
Crop Production
196.8
159.6
Food Safety
102.7
107.6
Livestock Protection
78.5
87.6
Crop Protection
193.0
180.1
Human Nutrition
83.7
81.7
Environmental Stewardship
219.4
178.2
National Agricultural Library
21.5
22.5
Funds for Homeland Security
[30.2]
[69.2]
Repair & Maintenance
17.8
17.8
Subtotal
1,102.0
996.1
1,035.5d
1,110.0
Buildings & Facilities
186.3
64.8
87.3
160.6
Trust Funds
18.0
18.0
0.0
0.0
Total, ARS
1,306.3
1,078.9
1,122.8
1,270.6
Coop. St. Res. Ed. & Ext. (CSREES) Research and Education
Hatch Act Formula
178.7
89.4
178.8
178.7
Cooperative Forestry Research
22.2
11.1
22.3
22.2
1890 Colleges and Tuskegee Univ.
12.3
12.5
37.7
37.5
Special Research Grants
135.5
18.3
92.1
110.3
NRI Competitive Grants
179.6
250.0
214.6
190.0
Animal Health & Disease Res.
5.1
0.0
5.1
5.1
Federal Administration
42.5
8.8
39.7
38.2
Higher Educationb
50.7
55.9
51.3
54.1
Total, Coop. Res. & Educ.c
655.5
545.5
662.5
652.2
Extension Activities

Smith-Lever Sections 3b&c
275.5
275.9
275.9
275.5
Smith-Lever Sections 3d
86.7
91.4
92.5
93.1
Renewable Resources Extension
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
1890 Research & Extension
16.8
14.9
16.8
12.3
Other Extension Prog. & Admin.
62.5
45.4
55.6
68.4
Total, Extension Activitiesc
445.6
431.7
444.9
453.4
Total, CSREESc
1,184.0
1,041.2
1,107.4
1,105.6
Economic Research Service
74.2
80.7
75.9
78.5
National Agricultural Statistics Service
128.4
145.2
136.2
145.2
TOTAL, Research, Education &
Economics
$2,692.0
$2,346.3
$2,442.3
$2,599.9
a. Funding levels are contained in U.S Department of Agriculture FY2006 Budget
Summary and other documents internal to the agency.
b. Higher education includes payments to 1994 institutions and 1890 Capacity
Building Grants program, the Native American Institutions Endowment Fund, and
the Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian-Serving Institutions Education Grants.
c. Program totals may reflect set-asides (non-add) or contingencies. The CSREES
total includes support for Integrated Activities, Community Food Projects, and the
Organic Agriculture Research and Education Initiative.
d. Funding levels for specific programs are not yet available.

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Department of Energy (DOE)
The Department of Energy has requested $8.4 billion for R&D in FY2006,
including activities in each of the department’s four business lines: Science, National
Security, Energy Supply, and Environmental Quality. This request is 4.6% below the
FY2005 level. The House provided $8.5 billion, the Senate $9.1 billion. For details,
see Table 2.
The requested funding for Science is $3.5 billion, a 3.8% decrease from
FY2005. The House (H.R. 2419) and Senate each provided $3.7 billion. In the Basic
Energy Sciences program, DOE expects to complete construction of the Spallation
Neutron Source in the third quarter of FY2006, so funds will start to shift from
construction to operations. In Fusion Energy Sciences, the congressional debate has
centered on U.S. participation in the International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor (ITER). In June 2005, after an 18-month delay, the participating countries
agreed to build ITER in France. Both House and Senate shifted funds from ITER to
the domestic fusion program pending the decision on a site. In the Biological and
Environmental Research program, the request is a decrease of $126 million, of which
$80 million corresponds to one-time projects funded at congressional direction in
FY2005. The House and Senate restored about half of this requested reduction and
allocated $35 million and $51 million respectively for directed projects. To improve
utilization of Office of Science research facilities in several programs, the House and
Senate provided $66 million and $100 million respectively to fund increased facility
operating time.
The requested funding for R&D in National Security is $3.3 billion, a 3.8%
decrease. The House decreased R&D in Weapons Activities by $224 million below
the request, while the Senate increased it by $73 million. Within these totals, the
House increased Inertial Confinement Fusion and reduced most other programs,
while the Senate did the opposite. About 31% of the request for Inertial Confinement
Fusion is for continued construction of the National Ignition Facility: the Senate
eliminated this item completely. The request would increase funding for R&D on
nuclear proliferation detection by $46 million or 43%; both House and Senate
increased funding for this activity even more than requested.
The requested funding for R&D in Energy Supply is $1.6 billion, down 6.4%
from FY2005. Within this total, Fossil Energy R&D is down $80 million, with the
natural gas and oil technology programs proposed for termination. The Senate
provided $305 million more than the request, including increases of $150 million for
Fossil Energy R&D ($91 million of it coal-related) and $60 million for Nuclear
Energy R&D.
The requested funding for R&D in Environmental Quality is $21 million. This
is less than half the FY2005 level and follows several years of substantial reductions
that resulted from a reorientation of the program that followed an internal review of
the Office of Environment in 2002. The House provided the requested amount; the
Senate provided $56 million. (CRS Contact: Daniel Morgan.)

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CRS-7
Table 2. Department of Energy R&D
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Comparable
Request
House
Senate
Science
3599.5
3462.7
3666.0
3702.7
Basic Energy Sciences
1104.6
1146.0
1173.1
1241.0
High Energy Physics
736.4
713.9
735.9
716.9
Biological and Environmental
581.9
455.7
525.7
503.7
Research
Nuclear Physics
404.8
370.7
408.3
419.7
Fusion Energy Sciences
273.9
290.6
296.2
290.6
Advanced Scientific Computing
232.5
207.1
246.1
207.1
Other
265.4
278.7
280.7
323.7
National Security
3392.8
3274.7
3126.9
3398.8
Weapons Activities a
2367.4
2216.5
1992.2
2289.1
Naval Reactors
801.4
786.0
799.5
799.5
Nonproliferation and Verification
224.0
272.2
335.2
310.2
R&D
Energy Supply
1756.8
1644.6
1681.7
1949.8
Fossil Energy R&D
571.9
491.5
502.5
641.6
Energy Efficiency and Renewable
922.8
890.3
915.7
928.8
Energy b
Nuclear Energy R&D
170.6
191.0
186.5
251.0
Electric Transmission and
91.5
71.8
77.0
128.4
Distribution R&D
Environmental Quality
59.7
21.4
21.4
56.4
Technology Development and
59.7
21.4
21.4
56.4
Deployment
Total
8808.8
8403.4
8496.0
9107.7
a. Includes Stockpile Services (R&D Support, R&D Certification and Safety, Advanced Concepts,
Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator, and Reliable Replacement Warhead only), Science Campaigns,
Engineering Campaigns (except Enhanced Surety and Enhanced Surveillance), Inertial Confinement
Fusion, Advanced Simulation and Computing, and a prorated share of Readiness in Technical Base
and Facilities. Additional R&D activities may take place in the subprograms of Directed Stockpile
Work that are devoted to specific weapon systems, but these funds are not included in the table
because detailed funding schedules for those subprograms are classified.
b. Excluding Weatherization and Intergovernmental Activities.
Department of Defense (DOD)
Nearly all of what the Department of Defense spends on Research,
Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) is appropriated in Title IV of the
defense appropriation bill (see Table 3). For FY2006, the Bush Administration is
requesting $69.4 billion for Title IV RDT&E. This is essentially unchanged from the
$69.2 billion available for Title IV in FY2005. RDT&E funds are also requested as
part of the Defense Health Program ($169 million) and the Chemical Agents and
Munitions Destruction Program ($48 million). The six-year budget plan estimates
spending $404.6 billion for RDT&E through FY2011. When compared to last year’s

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budget estimate, funding for RDT&E would be reduced by nearly $9 billion between
FY2006 and FY2009, reflecting an overall reduction in the DOD’s proposed budgets
to help reduce the federal budget deficit.
While the FY2006 RDT&E request represents a modest increase in RDT&E
funding over last year, Science and Technology (S&T) funding would drop
significantly. S&T consists of basic and applied research and advanced development
(6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 activities in the RDT&E account). The FY2006 S&T request
represents nearly a 20% reduction from FY2005 S&T funding, not counting inflation
(all dollar figures and comparisons made in this discussion do not consider inflation).
Congress increased the FY2005 appropriation for S&T above what the
Administration had requested. The FY2006 S&T budget request is $31 million (less
than 1%) below the amount requested by the Administration for FY2005. The
FY2006 request for basic research is $1.3 billion, an overall reduction of 12.8% from
FY2005. A noticeable exception is basic research within the Chemical and
Biological Defense Program which would be increased by 34%. Over half of DOD’s
basic research budget is spent at universities and represents the major contribution
of funds in some areas of science and technology. The FY2006 S&T request is 2.5%
of the overall Department of Defense budget request of $419.3 billion. This is below
the 3% target that both the Bush Administration and Congress have set. The FY2006
budget request for Missile Defense RDT&E is $7.8 billion (a decrease of $1 billion
from the amount available for Missile Defense in FY2005).
The House approved its Defense Appropriations bill (H.R. 2863) on June 20,
2005. The House voted to appropriate $71.7 billion for Title IV RDT&E, or $2.3
billion above the Administration’s request. In this appropriation the House also
provided an additional $45 billion to cover expenses for the first six months of
FY2006, for troops in the field and other support associated with the war on
terrorism. This includes an additional $88.1 million for Title IV RDT&E ($13.1
million for the Navy account and $75 million for the Defense Agencies account.
The House appropriated net increases for all of the major accounts, except for
Missile Defense. Nearly half ($480 million) of the Army’s $1.2 billion increase went
to the Army’s medical technologies programs. Major reductions were made to the
Army’s Future Combat System, the Navy’s DD(X) Next Generation destroyer
project, and the Air Force’s Transformational Satellite and Spaced Based Radar
programs. Missile Defense programs were reduced a net $143 million from what the
Administration requested. The House appropriated $13 billion for S&T, over 3.6%
of the total amount they recommend in the defense appropriations bill. The House
appropriated more for basic research ($1.4 billion) than what was requested, but less
than the estimated FY2005 amount.
In 2005, the House reorganized its Appropriations Committee, combining
Veteran’s Affairs and Military Construction appropriations into a new Military
Quality of Life and Veteran’s Affairs and Related Agencies appropriation. This new
appropriations also includes some accounts formerly falling within the Defense
appropriations. In particular, the Defense Health Program was transferred to this new
appropriation, including the program’s RDT&E funding. The House passed the
Military Quality of Life appropriations (H.R. 2528) on June 8, 2005. The House
appropriated $444 million for the RDT&E portion of the Defense Health Program.

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CRS-9
This included $115 million for the Peer Reviewed Breast Cancer Research program
and $80 million for the Peer Reviewed Prostrate Cancer Research program. The
House provided $48 million, as requested, for the RDT&E portion of the Chemical
Agents and Munitions Destruction Program, which remains in the Defense
appropriations bill (H.R. 2863).
(CRS Contact: John Moteff)
Table 3. Department of Defense RDT&E
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
House
FY2004
Estimate
Request
Apprn.f
(HR2863)
Accounts
Army
10,202 10,558

9,734
10,827
Navy
14,773 16,907

18,038
18,482
Air Force
20,233
20,812e 22,612 22,665
Defense Agencies
18,856
20,612
18,803
19,515
(DARPA)
(2815)
(2,977)
(3,084)
(3,104)
(MDAa)
(7,567)
(8,783) (7,775)
(7,632)
Dir. Test & Eval
302
310
168
168
Total Ob. Auth.
64,366
69,199
69,355
71,657
Budget Activity
Basic Research
1,358
1,513
1,318
1,453
Applied Res.
4,347
4,850
4,139
5,057
Advanced Dev.
6,185
6,708
5,064
6,462
Advanced Component
12,947 14,711

14,143
13,909
Dev. and Prototypes
Systems Dev. and Demo
15,339
17,222
19,754
19,179
Mgmt. Supportb
4,443 3,721

3,777
3,941
Op. Systems Dev.c
19,747 20,475

21,160
21,655
Total Ob. Auth.d
64,366
69,200
69,355
71,656
Other Defense Programs

Defense Health Program
486
507
169
444g
Chemical Agents and Munitions
Destruction
252 205

48
48
Source: Figures based on Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2006 RDT&E Programs (R-1), February 2004.
Figures for Defense Health Program and Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program come from OMB’s
FY2006 Budget Appendix. Totals may not add due to rounding.
a. Includes only BMD RDT&E. Does not include procurement and military construction.
b. Includes funds for Developmental and Operational Test and Evaluation.
c. Includes classified programs.
d. Numbers may not agree with Account Total Obligational Authority due to rounding.
e. Includes $100 million for Air Force Tanker Transfer Fund.
f. This does not include the separate $88.1 million in “bridge” funding allocated to the Navy and Defense Agencies
RDT&E accounts.
g.This program is now funded through the Military Quality of Life and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
Appropriations Bill (H.R. 2528).

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CRS-10
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA)
NASA’s FY2006 total budget request is $16.456 billion, a 2.4% increase over
the amount it received in the FY2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act — $16.07
billion (adjusted for the across the board rescission). Separately, NASA received
$126 million in a FY2005 emergency supplemental for hurricane relief, making its
total FY2005 budget $16.196 billion (see Table 4).
For the purposes of this report, NASA’s “R&D budget” is NASA’s total budget
minus the space shuttle program, space flight support, and Inspector General. Using
that definition, the FY2006 R&D request is $11.5 billion, compared to an estimate
of $10.7 billion in FY2005. Estimating the FY2005 figure is complicated because
NASA has changed its budget structure in each of the past several years, making
comparisons between fiscal years difficult. Also, Congress gave NASA
“unrestrained transfer authority” for FY2005 to shift money between its two major
accounts. NASA is informing Congress of how it plans to spend its FY2005 funds
through periodic updates to its FY2005 operating plan. Using the most recent update
(May 10, 2005), the R&D total is $10.7 billion, less than the $11 billion estimated
from the December 23, 2004 operating plan, reflecting NASA’s need to shift funds
from R&D programs into returning the shuttle to flight status.
In deliberations on the FY2006 budget, the House approved $16.471 billion
($15 million more than the request) for NASA as a whole in the FY2006 Science,
State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies (SSJC) appropriations bill (H.R.
2862, H.Rept. 109-118). The Senate version, as reported from committee (S.Rept.
109-88), cuts the request by $60 million. The NASA authorization bill approves a
$15 million increase in the House version (H.R. 3070, as marked up by a House
Science subcommittee), and a $100 million increase in the Senate version (S. 1281,
as ordered reported from the Senate Commerce Committee). The bills and associated
reports do not break down recommended NASA funding in a manner that permits
R&D funding to be determined by CRS. Table 4 provides the available data.
In January 2004, President Bush directed NASA to focus its efforts on returning
humans to the Moon by 2020, and someday sending them to Mars and “worlds
beyond.” Under this “Vision for Space Exploration,” the space shuttle program
would be terminated in 2010, when space station construction is expected to be
completed; U.S. space station research would focus only on that which is needed to
support extended stays by humans on the Moon and eventual trips to Mars instead
of the broadly-based program that was planned; and NASA would end its
involvement in the space station program by FY2017. By terminating the shuttle
and space station earlier than expected, that funding could be redirected to
accomplishing the Vision. NASA would build a Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)
whose primary purpose is sending astronauts to the Moon, but could also be used to
take them to the space station by 2014. U.S. astronauts would have to rely on Russia
to take them to and from the space station between 2010 and 2014. Most of the
funding for the Vision would come from redirecting money from other NASA
activities. Part of the debate over the Vision is the future of those “other” activities,
including aeronautics, Earth science, and certain space science disciplines. Other

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CRS-11
issues include whether the shuttle should be terminated in 2010, if it should be
retained until the CEV is available, or if a specific number of required shuttle
missions should be determined and the system operated until those mission are
completed. Another issue is whether U.S. use of the space station should end in
FY2017 and its research agenda narrowed, or if NASA should continue using it as
originally planned. See CRS Issue Brief IB93062 and CRS Issue Brief IB93017 for
more information.
Another issue is whether NASA should send a servicing mission to the Hubble
Space Telescope so it can continue scientific operations with new instruments. A
shuttle servicing mission had been planned prior to the Columbia accident, but then-
NASA Administrator O’Keefe canceled that mission, primarily because of shuttle
safety concerns. Hubble advocates have been seeking a reversal of that decision,
arguing that Hubble can continue to deliver important scientific data for many more
years if the new instruments and other equipment are installed. NASA’s current
Administrator, Dr. Michael Griffin, has pledged to revisit the Hubble issue after the
space shuttle return to flight status and its current safety characteristics are better
understood. (CRS Contacts: Marcia Smith and Daniel Morgan)
Table 4. NASA R&D Funding
($ in millions of Budget Authority)
Category
FY2005
FY2006
House
Senate
Senate
House
Est a
Req
App
App
Auth
Auth
Science, Aeronautics, and
7,619.
9,661.
9,726.
9,761.
9,661.
Exploration
Exploration Capabilities
3,107.
1,857.
b 6,713.
b6,603.
b6,863.
Total R&D
10,726.
11,518.
— b
— b
— b
— b
Total NASA
c16,196.
16,456.
16,471.
16,396
16,556
16,471.
.
Source: NASA FY2005 and FY2006 budget documents, congressional bills and reports (see text), and CRS
(for R&D total). Column totals may not add due to rounding.
a Figures in this column (other than R&D) are from NASA’s May 10, 2005 Operating Plan update and are
not final. See text for explanatory comments.
b The appropriations committees, and the Senate Commerce Committee, do not identify funding amounts
below the account level, and the House Science Committee identified funding only at the agency level. Thus,
it is not possible to determine the amounts recommended only for R&D. For convenience, the total for
Exploration Capabilities is shown where available, but it includes non-R&D funding.
C Includes $126 million FY2005 supplemental. Regular appropriations were $16.07 billion.
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The President has requested a total FY2006 budget for NIH of $28.745 billion,
an increase of $194.9 million (0.7%) over the FY2005 total program level of $28.550
billion (see Table 5). The House has accepted the President’s funding levels, but has
made some shifts in the accounts that supply the funds. The bulk of NIH’s budget
comes through the appropriation for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human

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CRS-12
Services, and Education and Related Agencies (H.R. 3010, H.Rept. 109-143). An
additional small amount for environmental work related to Superfund comes from
the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriation, H.R. 2361, which has
passed both the House and the Senate. (Formerly, the funding came through the VA-
HUD appropriations bill.) Those two sources constitute NIH’s discretionary budget
authority, which would increase by $145.7 million (0.5%) in the request, rising to
$28.590 billion from the FY2005 level of $28.444 billion. In addition, NIH receives
$150 million pre-appropriated in separate funding for diabetes research, and has other
funds transferred to and from other appropriations.
FY2003 was the final year of the five-year effort to double the NIH budget from
its FY1998 base of $13.6 billion to the FY2003 level of $27.1 billion. The annual
increases for FY1999 through FY2003 were in the 14%-15% range each year. For
FY2004 and FY2005, faced with competing priorities and a changed economic
climate, Congress and the President gave increases of between 2% and 3%, levels
which were below the estimated 3.5% and 3.3% biomedical inflation index for those
years. The research advocacy community had originally urged that the NIH budget
grow by about 10% per year in the post-doubling years. For FY2006, advocates have
modified their stance, maintaining that a 6% increase is needed to keep up the
momentum of scientific discovery made possible by the increased resources of the
doubling years (the projected biomedical inflation index for FY2006 is 3.2%).
The agency’s organization consists of the Office of the NIH Director and 27
institutes and centers. The Office of the Director (OD) sets overall policy for NIH
and coordinates the programs and activities of all NIH components. The individual
institutes and centers (ICs), each with a focus on particular diseases, areas of human
health and development, or aspects of research support, plan and manage their own
research programs in coordination with the Office of the Director. As shown in
Table 5, Congress provides a separate appropriation to 24 of the 27 ICs, to OD, and
to a buildings and facilities account. (The other 3 centers, not included in the table,
are funded through the NIH Management Fund, financed by taps on other NIH
appropriations.) On average, the ICs devote over 80% of their budgets to supporting
peer-reviewed extramural research by awarding research project grants (RPGs),
research center grants, contracts, training grants, construction grants, and many other
types of funding to researchers in universities and other institutions around the
country. The other 15%-20% of the IC budgets supports their intramural research
programs and research management costs. An alternate way, therefore, to describe
the NIH budget is by “funding mechanism,” which reveals the balance between
extramural and intramural funding, as well as the relative emphasis on support of
individual investigator-initiated research versus funding of larger projects,
comprehensive research centers, agency-directed contracts, research career training,
facilities construction, and so forth.
For FY2006, the President’s request once again places major emphasis on
support of research project grants, and offsets the increases with cuts in research
facilities construction funds. RPGs account for 54% of the total NIH budget ($15.5
billion). The proposed total of 38,746 RPGs is 402 lower than in FY2005, including
658 fewer noncompeting grants but a higher (and more costly) number of new and
competing renewal grants (9,463 compared to 9,216). Funding for the competing
awards has to cover a large cohort of expensive AIDS clinical trials and HIV vaccine

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CRS-13
grants. Also proposed for increases are research center grants (up 2.3% overall),
especially biotechnology centers (up 15%); R&D contracts (up 4.9%), with increases
focused in biodefense and AIDS; the NIH intramural research program (up 0.8%);
and research training grants (up 0.3%), where the number of training slots would be
reduced in order to pay for increases in stipends and health insurance coverage for
post-doctoral trainees. The two funding mechanisms proposed for decreases are
extramural research facilities construction grants (down 83% from $179 million to
$30 million) and the intramural buildings and facilities account (down 24% from
$118 million to $90 million). In the extramural program, $30 million would be used
for biodefense laboratories, instead of $149 million in one-time costs in FY2005, and
non-biodefense facilities would have no additional funding, instead of $30 million
provided by Congress in FY2005 after a presidential request for zero. The intramural
facilities funding would support maintenance needs on the NIH campus but no new
construction. The House agreed to those proposed decreases. NIH and other Public
Health Service (PHS) agencies are subject to a budget “tap” called the PHS Program
Evaluation Transfer (section 241 of the PHS Act), which has the effect of
redistributing appropriated funds among PHS agencies. The request maintains the
2.4% level that Congress set in FY2005 for the tap (up from 2.2% in FY2004). The
House bill funds fewer activities through the evaluation transfer, and sets the tap at
no more than 1.3%. The House bill and report do not specify funding levels for
particular research mechanisms.
Specific priorities highlighted in the budget request include biodefense,
HIV/AIDS, neurosciences research, and the initiatives collectively known as the NIH
Roadmap for Medical Research. The Roadmap, launched in September 2003, has
identified critical scientific gaps that may be constraining rapid progress in
biomedical research, and has set out a list of NIH-wide priorities and initiatives to
address them. Roadmap initiatives would be funded at $333 million for FY2006
($250 million from the institutes and centers and $83 million from the Office of the
Director), up $98 million or 42% from FY2005. Three core themes focus on new
paths to biological discoveries ($169 million), building multidisciplinary research
teams ($44 million), and improving the clinical research infrastructure ($120
million). Biodefense activities would receive a total of $1.8 billion, a net increase of
$56 million (3.2%) over FY2005. After accounting for the non-recurring costs for
laboratories, research activities would increase by $175 million (11%) over FY2005.
Of those totals, $1.7 billion is requested for the regular NIH appropriation (up $6
million or 0.35%, with research increasing by $125 million or 8%), and $97 million
is requested through the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund account
in the Office of the HHS Secretary. That money is targeted for research on counter-
measures against nuclear and radiological threats ($47 million, same as FY2005) and
chemical threats ($50 million, new in FY2006). The House bill places the $97
million in the Office of the NIH Director, for distribution to relevant institutes and
centers, and does not give NIH any additional funding from the Emergency Fund.
The House did not identify a specific funding level for biodefense research.
HIV/AIDS funding, at $2.9 billion or over 10% of the NIH budget, is proposed for a
$12 million overall increase, which includes a $100 million increase in research on
HIV vaccines. The budget gives decreased priority to other HIV/AIDS activities
such as research on prevention, therapeutics, or international or minority AIDS. In
the request, NIH would continue to support the U.S. contribution to the Global Fund
to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria through a transfer of $100 million

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CRS-14
from the NIH appropriation to the Global Fund. The House bill drops the language
authorizing the transfer, and provides $100 million less funding. (The Global Fund
is slated to receive increased funding through the Foreign Operations appropriations
bill.) The NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, at $26 million requested, is a
new framework of initiatives and working groups among 15 institutes and centers
involved in the neurosciences. In both intramural and extramural research, it would
encourage pooling resources, enhancing training, and developing research tools and
infrastructure to serve the whole neuroscience community. (CRS Contact: Pamela
Smith)

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CRS-15
Table 5. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
($ in millions)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
Institutes and Centers (ICs)
budg auth a approp b
request
House
Cancer (NCI) a
$4,739.4
$4,825.3
$4,841.8
$4,841.8
Heart/Lung/Blood (NHLBI)
2,878.1
2,941.2
2,951.3
2,951.3
Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
383.0
391.8
393.3
393.3
Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)
1,671.2
1,713.6
1,722.1
1,722.1
Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS)
1,500.7
1,539.4
1,550.3
1,550.3
Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) c
4,303.0
4,402.8
4,459.4
4,359.4
General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
1,904.8
1,944.1
1,955.2
1,955.2
Child Health/Human Development (NICHD)
1,241.8
1,270.3
1,277.5
1,277.5
Eye (NEI)
652.7
669.1
673.5
673.5
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
631.1
644.5
647.6
647.6
Aging (NIA)
1,024.6
1,052.0
1,057.2
1,057.2
Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin (NIAMS)
500.9
511.2
513.1
513.1
Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
381.9
394.3
397.4
397.4
Nursing Research (NINR)
134.7
138.1
138.7
138.7
Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA)
428.4
438.3
440.3
440.3
Drug Abuse (NIDA) a
994.6
1,006.4
1,010.1
1,010.1
Mental Health (NIMH)
1,381.3
1,411.9
1,417.7
1,417.7
Human Genome Research (NHGRI)
478.8
488.6
491.0
491.0
Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB)
288.8
298.2
299.8
299.8
Research Resources (NCRR)
1,179.0
1,115.1
1,100.2
1,100.2
Complementary/Alternative Med (NCCAM)
116.9
122.1
122.7
122.7
Minority Health/Health Disparities (NCMHD)
191.5
196.2
197.4
197.4
Fogarty International Center (FIC)
65.3
66.6
67.0
67.0
Library of Medicine (NLM)
308.5
315.1
318.1
318.1
Office of Director (OD) d
327.1
358.0
385.2
482.2
Buildings & Facilities (B&F)
99.0
110.3
81.9
81.9
Subtotal, Labor/HHS Appropriation
$27,807.4
$28,364.5
$28,509.8 $28,506.8
Superfund (Interior approp to NIEHS) e
78.3
79.8
80.3
80.3
Total, NIH discretionary budget authority
$27,885.7
$28,444.4
$28,590.1 $28,587.1
Pre-appropriated Type 1 diabetes funds f
150.0
150.0
150.0
150.0
NLM program evaluation g
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
Public Health/Soc Serv Emergency Fund g
0.0
47.0
97.0
0.0
Global Fund transfer (AIDS/TB/Malaria) c
-149.1
-99.2
-100.0
0.0
Total, NIH program level
$27,894.8
$28,550.4
$28,745.3 $28,745.3
Source: NIH FY2006 congressional budget justification, and H.Rept. 109-143 on H.R. 3010.
a. FY2004 reflects across-the-board reduction of $182.951m and is comparable for transfers to
NIBIB, OD, and B&F, and for transfer to DHHS for Public Health Reports ($70,000). NCI
amount includes $3.472m breast cancer stamp funds. NIDA amount reflects $3.818m real
transfer from ONDCP (Office of National Drug Control Policy).
b. FY2005 reflects across-the-board reduction (0.8%) totaling $229.390m, and Labor/HHS/Ed
reduction of $6.787m for salaries and expenses.
c. Except in the FY2006 House bill, NIAID totals include funds for transfer to the Global Fund to
Fight HIV/AIDS, TB, and Malaria.
d. OD has Roadmap funds for distribution to ICs (FY2004, $38.4m; FY2005, $59.5m; FY2006,
$83.0m). In the FY2006 House bill, OD has $97.0m for terrorism countermeasures (see note g).
e. Separate account in the Interior/Related Agencies appropriation for NIEHS activities mandated in
Superfund legislation (formerly in VA/HUD appropriation).
f. Funds available to NIDDK for diabetes research in accordance with P.L. 107-360.
g. Additional funds available: From the program evaluation set-aside (sec. 241 of the Public Health
Service Act), $8.2m for NLM each year; and from the Public Health and Social Services
Emergency Fund appropriation, for NIH research on nuclear and radiological countermeasures,

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CRS-16
$47.0m in FY2005 and the FY2006 request, and for chemical countermeasures, $50.0m in the
FY2006 request. The House appropriation for FY2006 includes the $97.0m in OD instead.
National Science Foundation (NSF)
The FY2006 request for the National Science Foundation (NSF) is $5,605
million, a 2.4% ($132.2 million) increase over the FY2005 level of $5,472.8 million
(See Table 6). In the FY2006 request, the NSF will increase the funding rate to 21%,
while maintaining current gains in award size and duration. In FY2006, grant size
will approximate $136,800, and the length will be three years. NSF asserts that
international research partnerships are critical to the Nation in maintaining a
competitive edge, addressing global issues, and capitalizing on global economic
opportunities. To address these particular needs, the FY2006 request proposes $35
million for the Office of International Science and Engineering. Also, in FY2006,
NSF will provide leadership in planning U.S. participation in observance of the
International Polar Year scheduled during 2007. Additional FY2006 highlights
include funding for the National Nanotechnology Initiative ($343.8 million),
investments in Climate Change Science Program ($196.9 million), continued support
for homeland security ($344 million), and funding for Networking and Information
Technology Research and Development ($803.2 million).
Included in the FY2006 request is $4,333.5 million for Research and Related
Activities (R&RA), a 2.7% increase ($112.9 million) over the FY2005 level of
$4,220.6 million. R&RA funds research projects, research facilities, and education
and training activities. Partly in response to concerns in the scientific community
about the imbalance between support for the life sciences and the physical sciences,
the FY2006 request provides increased funding for the physical sciences — $230.1
million, a 2.3% increase ($5.2 million) over the FY2005 estimate. Research in the
physical sciences often leads to advances in other disciplines. R&RA includes
Integrative Activities (IA), and is a source of funding for the acquisition and
development of research instrumentation at U.S. colleges and universities. It funds
also Partnerships for Innovation, disaster research teams, and the Science and
Technology Policy Institute. The FY2006 request for IA is $134.9 million, a 3.8%
increase ($5 million) over the FY2005 estimate. The Office of Polar Programs is
funded in the R&RA. The FY2006 request would transfer responsibility to NSF from
the U.S. Coast Guard for funding the maintenance and operation of polar ice breaking
activities.
Research project support in the FY2006 request totals $2,757.1 million. Support
is provided to individuals and small groups conducting disciplinary and cross-
disciplinary research. Included in the total for research projects is support for centers,
proposed at $358.5 million. NSF supports a variety of individual centers and center
programs. The FY2006 request provides $51 million for Science and Technology
Centers, $58 million for Materials Centers, $61.8 million for Engineering Research
Centers, $19.5 million for Physics Frontiers Centers, $36 million for the Plant
Genome Virtual Centers, and $17.2 million for the Mathematical Science Research
Institutes.
The Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account
is funded at $250 million in the FY2006 request, a 44% increase ($76.4 million) over

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CRS-17
the FY2005 level. The MREFC supports the acquisition and construction of major
research facilities and equipment that extend the boundaries of science, engineering,
and technology. Of all federal agencies, NSF is the primary supporter of “forefront
instrumentation and facilities for the academic research and education communities.”
First priority for funding is directed to ongoing projects. Second priority is given to
projects that have been approved by the National Science Board (NSB) for new
starts. NSF requires that in order for a project to receive support, it must have “the
potential to shift the paradigm in scientific understanding and/or infrastructure
technology.” NSF contends that the projects receiving support in the FY2006 request
meet that qualification. There are no new starts proposed in the FY2006 request.
However, two new starts are requested in FY2007, and one start is requested in
FY2008. In the order of priority, they are the Ocean Observatories in FY2007; the
Alaska Region Research Vessel in FY2007; and the Advanced Laser Interferometer
Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) in FY2008. Those projects receiving
support in the FY2006 request are Atacama Large Millimeter Array Construction
($49.2 million), EarthScope ($50.6 million), IceCube Neutrino Observatory ($50.5
million), Rare Symmetry Violating Processes ($41.8 million), and Scientific Ocean
Drilling Vessel ($57.9 million).
The FY2006 request provides support for several interdependent priority areas:
biocomplexity in the environment ($84 million), human and social dynamics ($39
million), and mathematical sciences ($89 million). Additional priority areas include
those of strengthening core disciplinary research, providing broadly accessible
cyberinfrastructure and world-class research facilities, broadening participation in the
science and engineering workforce, and sustaining organizational excellence in NSF
management practices. The NSF states that researchers need not only access to
cutting-edge tools to pursue the increasing complexity of research, but funding to
develop and design the tools critical to 21st century research and education. An
investment of $509 million in cyberinfrastructure will allow for funding of modeling,
simulation, visualization and data storage, and other communications breakthroughs.
NSF anticipates that this level of funding will make cyberinfrastructure more
powerful, stable, and accessible to researchers and educators through widely shared
research facilities. Increasing grant size and duration has been a long-term priority
for NSF. The funding rate for research grants applications has declined from
approximately 30% in the late 1990s to an estimated 20% in FY2005.
The NSF was directed to improve its oversight of large projects by developing
an implementation plan that included comprehensive guidelines and project oversight
review. One continuing question focused on the selection process for including
major projects in the upcoming budget cycle. In February 2004, the National
Academies released the congressionally mandated study of the process for
prioritization and oversight of projects in the MREFC account. The report
recommended a more open process for project selection, broadened participation
from various disciplines, and well-defined criteria for the selection process. In May
2005, the National Science Board (NSB) approved a report detailing the new
guidelines for the development, review, and approval of major projects — Setting
Priorities for Large Research Facility Projects Supported by the National Science

---

CRS-18
Foundation.1 Also at the May 2005 meeting, the NSB approved a facility plan,
describing facilities under construction and those being considered for future funding.
The facility plan is to be made available when final edits identified by the NSB are
completed.
Table 6. National Science Foundation
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Est.
Req.
House
Senate
Res. & Related Act.

Biological Sciences
$576.6
$581.8
Computer & Inform. Sci. & Eng.
613.7
620.6
Engineering
561.3
580.7
Geosciences
694.2
709.1
Math & Physical Sci.
1,069.9
1,086.2
Social, Behav. & Econ. Sci.
197.0
198.8
Office of International Sci. & Eng.
33.7
34.5
U.S. Polar Programs.
344.4
386.9
Integrative Activities
129.9
134.9
Subtotal Res. & Rel. Act
$4,220.6
$4,333.5
$4,377.5c
$4,345.2
Ed. & Hum. Resr.
841.4
737.0
807.0
747.0
Major Res. Equip. & Facil. Constr.
173.7
250.0
193.4
193.4
Salaries & Expenses
223.2
269.0
250.0
229.9
National Science Board
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
Office of Inspector General
10.0
11.5
11.5
11.5
Total NSFa
$5,472.8
$5,605.0
$5,643.4
$5,531.0
a. The totals do not include carry overs or retirement accruals. Totals may not add due to rounding.
b. Additional funding resulting from H-1B Nonimmigrant Petitioner Receipts is $57.3 million in
FY2004, $100 million in FY2005, and a projected $100 million in FY2006.
c. Specific funding allocations for each directorate or for individual program or activity will be
determined at a later time.
The FY2006 request for the Education and Human Resources Directorate (EHR)
is $737 million, a 12.4% decrease ($104.2 million) from the FY2005 estimate. The
EHR portfolio is focused on, among other things, increasing the technological
literacy of all citizens, preparing the next generation of science, engineering, and
mathematics professionals, and closing the achievement gap in all scientific fields.
Support at the various educational levels in the FY2006 request is as follows:
precollege, $140.8 million; undergraduate, $135 million; and graduate, $155 million.
The focus at the precollege level in FY2006 is at teacher development activities
($58.8 million) and informal science education ($63.1 million). At the undergraduate
level, approximately 72% of the funding is in support of new awards and activities.
Priorities at the undergraduate level include the Robert Noyce Scholarship Program,
Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement, STEM Talent Expansion Program,
the National STEM Education Digital Library, the Federal Cyber Service, and
Advanced Technological Education. At the graduate level, priorities are those of
1 National Science Board, Setting Priorities for Large Research Facility Projects Supported
by the National Science Foundation, NSB05-77(Pre-publication Draft), Arlington, VA, May
26, 2005, 10 pp.

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CRS-19
Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship, Graduate Research
Fellowship, and the Graduate Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education. The request
provides $60 million for the President’s Math and Science Partnerships program
(MSP), a 24.4% decrease from the FY2005 estimate. (The MSP is a five-year
investment to improve the performance of U.S. students in science and mathematics
at the precollege level). Funding in the FY2006 request will provide support for
ongoing awards, in addition to data collection, evaluation, knowledge management,
and dissemination. The MSP has made 80 awards in a three year period, with an
overall funding rate of approximately 9%. No new partnership awards are proposed
in the FY2006 request. Several programs are directed at increasing the number of
underrepresented minorities in science and engineering. Among these targeted
programs in the FY2006 request are the Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Programs ($25 million), Tribal Colleges and Universities Program ($10 million),
Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation ($35 million), and Centers of
Research Excellence in Science and Technology ($18.5 million). Funding for the
Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) is $94 million
in the FY2006 request, almost level with the FY2005 estimate. Approximately 35%
of the request would be available for new awards and activities, with the balance
supporting awards made in previous years.
On June 16, 2005, the House Committee on Appropriations passed H.R. 2862,
Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill,
FY2006 (H.Rept. 109-118). The bill provides a total of $5,643.4 million for NSF in
FY2006, $38.4 million above the Administration’s request and $170.6 million above
the FY2005 estimate. Included in the total is $4,377.5 million for R&RA, $44
million above the request and $156.9 million above the FY2005 level. The EHR
receives $807 million in H.R. 2862, $70 million above the request and $34.4 million
below the FY2005 level. The MREFC account is funded at $193.4 million, $56.6
million below the request and $19.7 million above the FY2005 estimate. The House
does not include support for the Rare Symmetry Violating Processes (RSVP). The
Committee is concerned with the “unacceptable increases” in the project cost and
suggests that the RSVP proposal be altered. All other projects included in the budget
are funded at the requested level. On June 23, 2005, the Senate reported the
Commerce, Justice, Science Appropriations Bill, FY2006 (S.Rept. 109-88). The
Senate bill provides a total of $5,531 million for the NSF, $74 million below the
request and $112. 4 million below the House allowance. R&RA is funded at
$4,345.2 million in FY2006, $11.7 million above the request, and $35.2 million
above the House-passed version. Included in the bill is $48 million for icebreaking
activities. The Senate Committee directs the NSF to assume polar icebreaking
activities from the Coast Guard. If the Coast Guard is unable to provide icebreaking
services, the NSF is directed to obtain services from other sources. Support for the
MREFC is $193.4 million, $56.6 million below the Administration’s request, and the
same as provided by the House. The Committee recommends $747 million in
FY2006 for EHR, $10 million above the request and $60 million below the House-
passed version. (CRS Contact: Christine Matthews.)

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CRS-20
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) R&D
The Department of Homeland Security has requested $1.37 billion for the
Directorate of Science and Technology in FY2006 (see Table 7). For the first time,
all R&D funding for the department is included in this request. Compared with the
enacted FY2005 funding for the S&T Directorate alone ($1,115 million) the FY2006
request is a 23% increase. However, if one includes the enacted FY2005 funding for
R&D programs formerly funded elsewhere in the department, the requested increase
in DHS-wide R&D funding is 4%. The House (H.R. 2360) provided $1,290 million,
a reduction of $78 million from the request.2 The Senate committee recommended
$1,453 million, or $85 million more than the request.
R&D programs currently in the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
and Coast Guard, together with some other smaller programs, would be consolidated
into the S&T Directorate under the proposed FY2006 budget. This move reflects
direction originally given in the FY2004 appropriations conference report (H.Rept.
108-280). Consolidating the Coast Guard R&D program was also proposed last year
in the FY2005 budget request, but the change was controversial, and Congress did
not approve it. This is the first budget to propose consolidation for the TSA R&D
program, because the Homeland Security Act, which established DHS, required that
TSA be maintained as a single distinct entity until November 2004 (P.L.107-296,
§424). The House funded the consolidated programs as requested. The Senate
committee rejected consolidation of Coast Guard R&D activities ($17 million), but
funded the other consolidated programs as requested.
The request for the newly created Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO)
is $227 million. Although funded under S&T, DNDO has been made a freestanding
office that reports directly to the Secretary. Noting this fact, the House report
provided $100 million less than was requested and stated that “DHS still needs to
clarify its role in regard to other federal agencies . . . that have similar and more
mature programs.” The Senate committee, stating that it was “troubled by the
manner in which this initiative has been handled,” also recommended $100 million
less than requested for DNDO, and recommended restricting the obligation of all but
$15 million until further details are provided to the appropriations committees. Some
DNDO activities were formerly funded by the S&T Directorate’s radiological and
nuclear countermeasures program, whose FY2006 request is $19 million, down from
$123 million. The House provided the requested amount for radiological and nuclear
countermeasures, while the Senate committee recommended an increase to $226
million, including $125 million requested under CBP for testing, development, and
deployment of radiation portal monitors at ports of entry. (CRS Contact: Daniel
Morgan.)
2 The House committee recommended $1,340 million, but a floor amendment by Rep. Obey
reduced this by $50 million to fund state conformance with drivers' license standards under
the REAL ID Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-13).

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CRS-21
Table 7. Department of Homeland Security R&D
($ in millions)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Enacted
Request
House
Senate
Science and Technology Directorate
1115.4
1368.4
1290.0
1453.5
Salaries and Expenses
68.6
81.4
81.4
81.1
R&D, Acquisition, and Operations
1046.8
1287.0
1208.6
1372.4
Biological Countermeasures
362.6
362.3
360.0
384.3
NBACC Construction
35.0
-
-
-
Chemical Countermeasures
53.0
102.0
90.0
100.0
Explosives Countermeasures
19.7
14.7
54.7
33.9
Radiological/Nuclear Countermeasures
122.6
19.1
19.1
226.0
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office
-
227.3
127.3
127.3
Threat and Vulnerability Testing and
65.8
47.0
47.0
40.0
Assessment
Critical Infrastructure Protection
27.0
20.8
35.8
13.8
Cyber Security
18.0
16.7
16.7
16.7
Standards
39.7
35.5
35.5
35.5
Support of DHS Components
54.6
93.6
80.0
74.7
University and Fellowship Programs
70.0
63.6
63.6
63.6
Emerging Threats
10.8
10.5
10.5
5.3
Rapid Prototyping
76.0
20.9
30.0
20.9
Counter MANPADS
61.0
110.0
110.0
110.0
SAFETY Act
10.0
5.6
10.0
5.6
Office of Interoperability and
21.0
20.5
41.5
15.0
Compatibility
R&D Consolidation
-
116.9
116.9
99.9
Technology Development and Transfer
-
-
10.0
-
General Reduction
-
-
!50.0
-
Transportation Security Administration
178.0
-
-
-
R&D
U.S. Coast Guard RDT&E
18.5
-
-
-
Customs R&D
1.4
-
-
-
TOTAL
1313.3
1368.4
1290.0
1453.5
Department of Commerce (DOC)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
For FY2006, the President requested $534 million for NOAA R&D programs
and facilities, which is 15% of NOAA’s full budget request of $3.58 billion.3 The
3 OMB’s R&D Bureau estimates differ: $650 million for FY2005; and $551 million
requested for FY2006. However, those amounts include capital costs for equipment and
(continued...)

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CRS-22
R&D request is $92 million, or 14.6% less than the estimated $626 million
appropriated for FY2005. (see Table 8). The $315 million request for the Oceanic
and Atmospheric Research (OAR), which conducts most of NOAA’s R&D program
and manages R&D facilities, would be cut by $23 million, or 6.8% below FY2005
estimated level. Compared with FY2005 appropriations, the President would cut
tsunami hazard research funding, but increase funding for detection hardware and to
add personnel at the two National Weather Service tsunami warning centers for 24/7
coverage. (For additional information, see CRS Report RL32739, Tsunamis:
Monitoring, Detection and Early Warning System.
The House passed bill (H.R. 2862) provides $501 million for NOAA’s R&D
programs, a decrease of $150 million, 20% below FY2005 estimated funding. The
House bill would cut funding for OAR’s R&D programs 15% below FY2005 levels,
to $286 million. All other NOAA R&D programs, except for the National Weather
Service, would see their budgets decline below FY2005 funding. The House bill
would reduce NOAA’s National Ocean Service program by almost 40%. This
proposed reduction is at odds with U.S. Oceans Policy Commission (OPC’s)
recommendations for doubling ocean and coastal research budgets over the next five
years. (For information on the OPC recommendations and the President’s response,
see CRS Issue Brief IB10132, Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and
Outlook.)

In contrast to the House, the Senate version of the Commerce-Justice-Science
Appropriations subcommittee bill (H.R. 2862) proposes to increase NOAA’s R&D
budget to $693 million, an increase of 10.7% over FY2005 estimated funding. The
Committee also recommended increasing OAR’s R&D budget from $338 million in
FY2005, to $380 million in FY2006, a 12.4% increase. The Senate bill also proposes
to increase funding for the National Ocean Service program by almost 20% to $121
million. Finally, the Senate bill proposes to reduce a category entitled “All Other
NOAA R&D” activities from $94 million in FY2005, to $76 million in FY2006, a
19% decline. For information on NOAA’s full budget request for FY2006, see CRS
Report RL38225, Science, State, Justice, Commerce and Related Agencies
(House)/Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies (Senate): FY2006,
[http://www.congress.gov/erp/ra/pdf/RL32885.pdf]
(CRS Contact: Wayne A. Morrissey)
Table 8. NOAA R&D
($ in millions)
NOAA
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Request
House
Senate
R&D Total
626
534
501
693
Office of Oceanic and
338
315
286
380
Atmospheric Research
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Office of Financial Administration, Research and Development
3 (...continued)
maintenance of R&D facilities, which NOAA does not score as R&D obligations.

---

CRS-23
Budgets FY2004-2006, February 23, 2005. FY2006 R&D data for the House and
Senate is from the American Association for the Advancement of Science Budget
and Policy Program (AAAS).
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a laboratory of
the Department of Commerce. It is mandated to increase the competitiveness of U.S.
companies through appropriate support for industrial development of pre-competitive
generic technologies and the diffusion of government-developed technological
advances to users in all segments of the American economy. NIST research also
provides the measurement, calibration, and quality assurance techniques that
underpin U.S. commerce, technological progress, improved product reliability,
manufacturing processes, and public safety.
The President’s FY2006 budget requests $532 million in funding for NIST, a
23% decrease from FY2005 due primarily to an absence of support for the Advanced
Technology Program (ATP) and a significant cut in financing for the Manufacturing
Extension Partnership (MEP). Included in the total figure is $426.3 million for the
Scientific and Technology Research and Services (STRS) account which primarily
finances the internal R&D activities of the laboratory. This amount is 12.5% above
the current fiscal year and includes $5.7 million for the Baldrige National Quality
Program. MEP would be funded at $46.8 million, 56% below FY2005 support. The
construction budget would be $58.9 million. (See Table 9)
H.R. 2862, as passed by the House, would provide $548.7 million for NIST,
21% below current funding. The STRS account would receive $397.7 million, 5%
more than FY2005 but 6.7% below the President’s request. Financing for MEP
would total $106 million, a decrease of 1.4% from the current fiscal year and over
twice the Administration’s budget request. There is no funding for ATP.
Construction activities would receive $45 million.
The version of H.R. 2862 reported from the Senate Committee on
Appropriations would fund NIST at $844.5 million, almost 21% above the FY2005
budget. Included in this amount is $399.9 million for the STRS account
(incorporating $7.2 million for the Quality Program), an increase of 5.6% over
current funding. MEP would receive $106 million. Support for ATP, absent from
both the President’s budget request and the House-passed bill, would total $140
million, 2.6% more than the financing provided in FY2005. The construction budget
would be funded at $198.6 million, more than double the current figure. This
construction funding is over three times that proposed by the Administration and
more than four times that included in the House version of the bill.
For FY2005, the Omnibus Appropriations Act, P.L. 108-447, provided the NIST
with $695.3 million (after a mandated 0.8% across-the-board rescission and a 0.54%
rescission from Commerce, Justice, State discretionary accounts). This amount was
14% above FY2004 funding. Internal research and development under the STRS
account was $378.8 million (including funding for the Baldrige National Quality
Program), almost 12% over the previous fiscal year. The Manufacturing Extension
Partnership was funded at $107.5 million, an increase of 178% that brings support

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CRS-24
for the program up to pre-FY2004 levels. The Advanced Technology Program is
financed at $136.5 million (20% below FY2004) and the construction budget
received $72.5 million. The legislation also rescinds $3.9 million of unobligated
balances from prior year funds in the ATP account.
Continued support for the Advanced Technology Program has been a major
funding issue. ATP provides “seed financing,” matched by private sector investment,
to businesses or consortia (including universities and government laboratories) for
development of generic technologies that have broad applications across industries.
Opponents of the program cite it as a prime example of “corporate welfare,”
whereby the federal government invests in applied research activities that, they argue,
should be conducted by the private sector. Others defend ATP, arguing that it assists
businesses (and small manufacturers) in developing technologies that, while crucial
to industrial competitiveness, would not or could not be developed by the private
sector alone. While Congress has maintained support for the Advanced Technology
Program, the initial appropriation bills passed by the House since FY2002 provided
no funding for ATP. While support again is provided in the FY2005 appropriations
legislation, it is 20% below the earlier fiscal year.
The budget for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, another extramural
program administered by NIST, was an issue during the FY2004 appropriations
deliberations. While in the recent past, congressional support for MEP remained
constant, the Administration’s FY2004 budget request, the initial House-passed bill,
and the FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act substantially decreased federal
funding for this initiative reflecting the President’s recommendation that
manufacturing extension centers “...with more than six years experience operate
without federal contribution.” However, P.L. 108-447 restores financing for MEP
in FY2005 to the level that existed prior to the 63% reduction taken in FY2004. For
additional information see CRS Report 95-30, The National Institute of Standards
and Technology: An Overview, CRS Report 95-36, The Advanced Technology
Program, and CRS Report 97-104, The Manufacturing Extension Partnership
Program: An Overview. (CRS Contact: Wendy H. Schacht)
Table 9. NIST
($ in millions)
NIST Program
FY2005*
FY2006
H.R. 2862
Senate
Request
Version
H.R. 2862
NIST Total
695.3
532
548.7
844.5
STRS**
378.8
426.3
397.7
399.9
ATP
136.5
0
0
140
MEP
107.5
46.8
106
106
Construction
72.5
58.9
45
198.6
* After mandated rescissions (but not including those to unobligated balances)
** Includes funding for the Baldrige National Quality Program

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CRS-25
Department of Transportation (DOT)
The Bush Administration requested $808 million for the Department of
Transportation’s (DOT) research and development budget in FY2006. This
represents an increase of 8% over the FY2005 estimated funding level of $744
million. (see Table 10 ). Support for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
would increase from an estimated $336 million to $444 million in FY2006. Most of
this increase is the result of the Administration’s proposal to shift some resources
away from state highway grants to highway research, an approach Congress rejected
in FY2005. R&D funding for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) would
decline11%, to $233 million, primarily due to a 27% cut in FAA development
activities, as well as the Administration proposal to eliminate $17 million in FY2005
Congressional earmarks. FAA research focuses on a number of topics including
weather research, air craft safety, human factors research, and the development of
“free flight technology to improve aviation system capacity.” Finally funding for
FAA security R&D has declined significantly with the transfer of aviation security
and Coast Guard R&D to DHS.
The House passed bill (H.R. 3058, H.Rept. 109-153) recommended a total of
$727 million DOT R&D in FY2006, a 2.2% reduction below FY2005 estimated
levels. While the Administration had recommended a 32% increase for FHWA
R&D, the House approved a modest 2.4% increase for FY2006. The House also
approved a 6.5% reduction for FAA’s R&D programs, which is less than the 11.4%
reduction proposed by the Administration. (CRS Contact: Mike Davey.)
Table 10. Department of Transportation R&D
($ in millions)
Department of
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
Transportation
Estimate
Request
House
Federal Highway
337
444
345
Administration
Federal Aviation
263
233
246
Administration
Others a
144
131
136
Total
744
808
727
a. Other includes; Office of the Secretary, Federal Motor Safety Administration, Federal Railroad
Administration, Pipeline Hazardous Materials Administration, and the Research & Innovation
Administration.
bFY2006 R&D data for the House, is from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Department of the Interior (DOI)
The Administration requested $581 million for R&D in the Department of the
Interior (DOI) (see Table 11), a 4.9% decline from the $611 million the agency
estimates it received in FY2005. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the primary
supporter of R&D (over 90 % of the total) within DOI. The USGS areas of research
include mapping, research in geological resources, water quality, and biological

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CRS-26
resources. The proposed FY2006 budget for R&D within the USGS would decline
from $541 million in FY2005 to $515 million. The USGS is one of the major
sponsors of earth science research, along with NSF, DOE, and NASA.
As indicated in the table, Geological Mineral Resources research funding is
proposed to decline 13%, while Water Resources is scheduled to decline 5.5%. The
Geological hazards programs conducts basic and applied research, collects long-term
data, operates a variety of monitoring networks, and helps to warn the public of
impending disasters such as earthquakes. Recently, the Administration announced
that NOAA and the DOI, will work together to develop an improved tsunami and
earthquake warning system in the United States. The Water Resources research
focuses on activities aimed at improving the quality of the U.S. ground water.
Within the earth sciences, the USGS plays a major role in important geological
hazards research, including research on earthquakes and volcanoes.
The USGS Biological Research Activity develops and distributes information
needed in the conservation and management of the Nation’s biological resources.
This program serves as the Department’s research arm utilizing the capabilities of 17
research centers, as well as 40 Cooperative Research Units that support research on
fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. Major research initiatives are carried out by
USGS scientists by collecting scientific information through research, inventory and
monitoring investigations. These activities develop new methods and techniques to
identify, observe, and manage fish and wildlife, including invasive species and their
habitats. Nearly 90% of USGS research is performed within Interior labs to address
the science needs of Interior and other agencies such as the Fish and Wildlife Service
and the Bureau of Land Management. If Congress approves the President’s proposed
budget for FY2006, funding for DOI R&D will have declined 18%, in real dollars,
since FY2004.
Both the House (H.R. 2361, H.Rept. 109-80) and Senate passed bill (H.R. 2361,
S.Rept. 109-80) rejected the Administration’s proposal to cut funding for DOI’s
R&D programs. The House bill would increase funding for USGS R&D programs
by $12 million over FY2005 estimates, while the Senate bill approved a $9 million
increase. The Administration has proposed to cut Geological Resources program by
13%, however both the House and Senate approved a modest increases for that
program. Given the funding similarities in both bills, it is likely the DOI R&D
funding will essentially remain flat, in real dollars, for FY2006.
(CRS Contact: Mike Davey)
Table 11. Department of Interior R&D
($ in millions)
U. S. Geological
FY2005
FY2006
House
Senate
Survey
Estimate
Request
National Mapping
36
43
41
39
Geological Resources
206
179
210
208
Water Resources
126
119
126
128
Biological Research
172
173
175
174

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CRS-27
Enterprise Information a
1
1
1
1
USGS Total b
541
515
553
550
Other Agencies c
70
66
66
66
Total All Agencies
611
581
619
616
a. Transfers of IT -related programs from other accounts beginning in FY2005.
b. USGS R&D estimates are from the USGS budget office, and the USGS FY2006
Budget Justification documents.
c. Other includes, the Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Land Management, the
Minerals Management Service, and the National Park Services
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The Environmental Protection Agency’s Science and Technology (S&T)
account incorporates elements of the former research and development account (also
called extramural research) and EPA’s in-house research, development, and
technology work. The Administrations’ FY2006 S&T total request of $791.2 million
includes $30.6 million transferred from the Superfund account (see Table 12). The
total S&T FY2006 amount of $795.9 million, passed by the House, includes $765.3
million specifically for S&T, plus $30.6 million transferred from the Superfund
account (H.R. 2361, H.Rept. 109-80) The total S&T FY2006 amount of $761.4
million, reported by the Senate, includes $730.8 million specifically for S&T, plus
$30.6 million transferred from the Superfund account (S.Rept. 109-80).
The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005 (P.L. 108-447) provides $779.9
million for S&T activities, including $35.8 million transferred from Superfund. The
FY2005 S&T total request of $725.3 million included $36.1 million from Superfund.
The FY2004 S&T total enacted amount of $826.1 million included $44.4 million
from Superfund, including the mandatory across-the-board 0.59% rescission. As
reported in EPA’s FY2006 Annual Performance Plan and Congressional
Justification, there were $758.1 million obligated for S&T in FY2004. Noteworthy
in the FY2006 request is $8.3 million to cover the Science to Achieve Results
(STAR) Fellowship program as well as three other fellowship programs (the request
does not specify an amount exclusively for the STAR Fellowship program), while in
the FY2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act is the provision to fully restore the
STAR Fellowship program alone to its $16.2 million FY2004 level. Also noteworthy
in the FY2006 Justification are the statements that $3 million from the National
Environmental Technology Competition (a student competition to develop
sustainable environmental solutions), $5.8 million from portions of EPA’s ecosystem
protection research program, $1.5 million from National Ambient Air Quality
Standards research, along with other research activities, will be redirected to fund
other EPA priorities. Beyond the appropriateness of funding levels, a continuing
question is the degree to which efforts to insure sound science (such as the
Information Quality Act and the Office of Management and Budget’s Peer Review
guidelines) will impact EPA’s S&T work. (CRS Contact: Michael Simpson)

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CRS-28
Table 12. EPA
($ in millions)
EPA
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Enacted
Request
House
Senate
S&T Total
779.9
791.2
795.9
761.4
Specifically
744.1
760.6
765.3
730.8
for S&T
Transferred
35.8
30.6
30.6
30.6
from Superfund

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