Order Code RL32863
CRS Report for Congress
.Received through the CRS Web
Homeland Security Department:
FY2006 Appropriations
Updated June 29, 2005
Jennifer E. Lake and Blas Nuñez-Neto, Coordinators
Analysts in Domestic Security
Domestic Social Policy Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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The annual consideration of appropriations bills (regular, continuing, and supplemental) by
Congress is part of a complex set of budget processes that also encompasses the
consideration of budget resolutions, revenue and debt-limit legislation, other spending
measures, and reconciliation bills. In addition, the operation of programs and the spending
of appropriated funds are subject to constraints established in authorizing statutes.
Congressional action on the budget for a fiscal year usually begins following the submission
of the President’s budget at the beginning of each annual session of Congress.
Congressional practices governing the consideration of appropriations and other budgetary
measures are rooted in the Constitution, the standing rules of the House and Senate, and
statutes, such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974.
This report is a guide to one of the regular appropriations bills that Congress considers each
year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate
Appropriations Subcommittees on Homeland Security. It summarizes the status of the bill,
its scope, major issues, funding levels, and related congressional activity, and is updated as
events warrant. The reports lists the key CRS staff relevant to the issues covered and related
CRS products.
Note: A web version of this document with active links is available to congressional
staff at [http://www.crs.gov/products/appropriations/apppage.shtml].

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Homeland Security Department:
FY2006 Appropriations
Summary
This report describes the FY2006 appropriations for the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS). The report includes tables that compare the FY2005
appropriations for the programs and activities of DHS, and the President’s FY2006
request.
The President’s budget request for FY2006 was submitted to Congress on
February 7, 2005. The Administration is requesting a net appropriation of $30.6
billion in net budget authority for FY2006, of which $29.6 billion is discretionary
budget authority, and $1 billion is mandatory budget authority. Both the House
passed and Senate reported versions of H.R. 2360 provide a net appropriation of
$31.9 billion for DHS and $30.8 billion in discretionary budget authority.
The President’s request for appropriations includes the following break out of
net budget authority for the four Titles of the DHS appropriation bill: (I)
Departmental Management and Operations, $748 million; (II) Security, Enforcement
and Investigations, $20,566 million; (III) Preparedness and Response, $6,710 million;
and (IV) Research and Development, Training, Assessments, and Services, $2,546
million. The House-passed version of H.R. 2360 would provide the following
amounts for each title: (I) $561 million; (II) $21,988 million; (III) $6,688 million; and
(IV) $2,522 million. The Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360 would provide the
following amounts for each title: (I) $647 million; (II) $22,191 million; (III) $6,336
million; and (IV) $2,686 million.
The requested net appropriation, amounts in House-passed H.R. 2360 (in
parentheses), and amounts in Senate-reported H.R. 2360 [in brackets] for major
components of the department include the following: $5,575 ($5,785) [$5,998]
million for Customs and Border Protection (CBP); $3,648 ($3,830) [$3,806] million
for Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); $1,641 ($3,263) [$3,065] million
for the Transportation Security Administration (TSA); $7,962 ($7,458) [$7,780]
million for the U.S. Coast Guard; $1,204 ($1,232) [$1,192] million for the Secret
Service; $3,565 ($3,665) [$3,493] million for the Office of State and Local
Government Preparedness (SLGCP); $3,135 ($3,013) [$2,838] million for the
Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate (EPR); $80 ($120) [$80] million
for Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS); $873 ($853) [$871] million for
Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection (IAIP); and $1,368 ($1,290)
[$1,453] million for the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T).
Both the House and Senate denied the President’s proposal to raise TSA fees.
The main differences between the House passed and Senate reported versions of H.R.
2360 are: the Senate version provides more funding to the Coast Guard’s Deepwater
program, to CBP for construction of tactical infrastructure, and to S&T; the House
version provides more funding to TSA for aviation security, to SLGCP for grants to
first responders, and to EPR for disaster mitigation.
This report will be updated as events warrant.

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Key Policy Staff: Homeland Security
Area of Expertise
Name
Phone
E-mail
Coordinator
Jennifer E. Lake
7-0620
jlake@crs.loc.gov
Coordinator
Blas Nuñez-Neto
7-0622
bnunezneto@crs.loc.gov
Title I, Departmental Management and Operations
General Management
Harold C. Relyea
7-8679
hrelyea@crs.loc.gov
Personnel Policy
Barbara L. Schwemle
7-8655
bschwemle@crs.loc.gov
Procurement Policy
Elaine Halchin
7-0646
ehalchin@crs.loc.gov
Title II, Security, Enforcement, and Investigation
Coast Guard
John Frittelli
7-7033
jfrittelli@crs.loc.gov
Customs Issues
Jennifer E. Lake
7-0620
jlake@crs.loc.gov
Ruth Ellen Wasem
7-7342
rwasem@crs.loc.gov
Immigration Issues
Alison Siskin
7-0260
asiskin@crs.loc.gov
Lisa M. Seghetti
7-4669
lseghetti@crs.loc.gov
Border Patrol
Blas Nuñez-Neto
7-0622
bnunezneto@crs.loc.gov
Secret Service
Fred Kaiser
7-8682
fkaiser@crs.loc.gov
Transportation Security
Bartholomew Elias
7-7771
belias@crs.loc.gov
Administration
U.S. VISIT Program
Lisa M. Seghetti
7-4669
lseghetti@crs.loc.gov
Title III, Preparedness and Recovery
Biodefense/Bioshield
Frank Gottron
7-5854
fgottron@crs.loc.gov
Disaster Relief
Keith Bea
7-8672
kbea@crs.loc.gov
Emergency Preparedness
Keith Bea
7-8672
kbea@crs.loc.gov
and Response
Firefighter Assistance
Lennard G. Kruger
7-7070
lkruger@crs.loc.gov
First Responders,
Shawn Reese
7-0635
sreese@crs.loc.gov
Domestic Preparedness
Public Health Programs,
Sarah Lister
7-7320
slister@crs.loc.gov
MMRS, EMS
Title IV, Research and Development, Training, Assessments, and Services
Citizenship and
Ruth Ellen Wasem
7-7342
rwasem@crs.loc.gov
Immigration Services
Information Analysis
Todd M. Masse
7-2393
tmasse@crs.loc.gov
Infrastructure Protection
John D. Moteff
7-1435
jmoteff@crs.loc.gov
Science and Technology
Daniel Morgan
7-5849
dmorgan@crs.loc.gov

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Contents
Most Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Senate Reports H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
House Passes H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
President’s FY2006 Budget Submitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Note on Most Recent Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
302(a) and 302(b) Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Budget Authority, Obligations, and Outlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Discretionary and Mandatory Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Offsetting Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Title I: Departmental Management and Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Personnel Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
President’s Budget Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Title II: Security, Enforcement, and Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Office of Screening Operations (SCO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
House-Passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Senate-Reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
State and Local Law Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
United States Coast Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

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Senate-reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
United States Secret Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Title III: Preparedness and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Office for State and Local Government Coordination and
Preparedness (SLGCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
House-Passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Senate-Reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
National Preparedness System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Title IV: Research and Development, Training, Assessments, and Services . . . 53
Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
President’s Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
House-passed H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Senate Reported H.R. 2360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection (IAIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Management and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Assessments and Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Related Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
FY2006 Budget Resolution, S.Con.Res. 18/H.Con.Res 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq and Afghanistan,
Tsunami Relief, and Other Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Appendix I — DHS Appropriations in Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
DHS Appropriations and Federal Homeland Security Spending . . . . . . . . . 67
Appendix II — Disaster Relief Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
List of Tables
Table 1. Legislative Status of Homeland Security Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 2. FY2006 302(b) Discretionary Allocations for DHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

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Table 3. FY2006 Request: Moving From Gross Budget Authority to
Net Appropriation: Fee Accounts, Offsetting Fees, and Trust
and Public Enterprise Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 4. DHS: Summary of Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 5. Title II: Security, Enforcement, and Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 6. Title III: Preparedness and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 7. SLGCP Program Level Details, FY2005-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Table 8. Title IV: Research and Development, Training, Assessments, and
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Table 9: IAIP Account Level Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Table 10. Science and Technology Directorate Accounts and Activities,
FY2005-FY2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Table 11. Federal Homeland Security Funding by Agency, FY2002-FY2006 . . 68
Table 12. Disaster Relief Fund, FY1974-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

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Department of Homeland Security:
Appropriations for FY2006
Most Recent Developments
Senate Reports H.R. 2360. On June 16, 2006 the full Senate
Appropriations Committee reported H.R. 2360 with an amendment in the nature of
a substitute. The Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360 recommends a net
appropriation of $31.9 billion for DHS for FY2006. This amount includes $30.8
billion in discretionary budget authority. This amount represents an increase of $1.3
billion or 4% compared to the FY2005 enacted level; and an increase of $1.2 billion
or nearly 4% compared to the FY2006 request.
House Passes H.R. 2360. On May 17, 2005, the House passed H.R. 2360
424-1. The bill provides a net appropriation of $31.9 billion for DHS. This amount
includes $30.8 billion in discretionary budget authority, which represents an increase
of $1.3 billion, or 4%, compared to the baseline FY2005 enacted level (without
advance or emergency appropriations); and an increase of $1.2 billion, or nearly 4%,
compared to the FY2006 request.
President’s FY2006 Budget Submitted. The President’s budget request
for FY2006 was submitted to Congress on February 7, 2005. The Administration
requested $41.1 billion in gross budget authority for FY2006 (including mandatories,
fees, and funds). The Administration is requesting a net appropriation of $30.6
billion in net budget authority for FY2006, of which $29.6 billion is discretionary
budget authority, and $1 billion is mandatory budget authority. The FY2005 enacted
net appropriated budget authority for DHS was $40.2 billion, including an advance
appropriation of $2.058 billion for Bioshield and $7.145 billion in emergency
appropriations; without Bioshield or the emergency appropriations, the FY2005 net
appropriated budget authority for DHS was $30.6 billion. Without including
Bioshield, the FY2006 request for an appropriation of $30.6 in net budget authority
represents no increase over the FY2005 enacted amount.
Table 1 summarizes the legislative status of DHS appropriations for FY2006.

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Table 1. Legislative Status of Homeland Security
Appropriations
Conference
Subcommittee
Report
Markup
House
Senate
Approval
Report
House
Report
Senate
Confer.
Public
House
Senate
109-79
Passage
109-83 Passage
Report
House
Senate
Law
05/04
06/14
05/10
05/17
06/16
—
—
—
—
—
(vv)
(vv)
(vv)
(424-1)
(28-0)
Note: vv = voice vote
Note on Most Recent Data. Data used in this report include data from the
President’s Budget Documents, the FY2006 DHS Congressional Budget
Justifications, the FY2006 DHS Budget in Brief, and the House Appropriations
Committee Homeland Security tables of May 20, 2005. Data used in Table 3 and
Table 12 are taken from various sections of the FY2006 President’s Budget. These
amounts do not correspond to amounts presented in Tables 4-11, which are based on
data from tables supplied by the Appropriations Subcommittees and from the FY2006
DHS Congressional Budget Justifications in order to best reflect the amounts that
will be used throughout the congressional appropriations process. The most recent
update of this report uses amounts contained in the House- passed version of H.R.
2360, and the attached report (H.Rept. 109-79); and in the Senate-reported version
of H.R. 2360, and the attached report (S.Rept. 109-83)..
Background
This report describes the President’s request for funding for DHS programs and
activities, as submitted to Congress on February 7, 2005. This report compares the
enacted FY2005 amounts to the amounts requested for FY2006. This report will also
track legislative action and congressional issues related to the FY2006 DHS
appropriations bill, with particular attention paid to discretionary funding amounts.
However, this report does not follow specific funding issues related to mandatory
funding — such as retirement pay — nor does the report systematically follow any
legislation related to the authorization or amendment of DHS programs.
302(a) and 302(b) Allocations
The maximum budget authority for annual appropriations (including DHS) are
determined through a two-stage congressional budget process. In the first stage,
Congress sets overall spending totals in the annual concurrent resolution on the
budget. Subsequently, these amounts are allocated among the various appropriations
committees, usually through the statement of managers for the conference report on
the budget resolution. These amounts are known as the 302(a) allocations. They
include discretionary totals available to the House and Senate Committees on
Appropriations for enactment in annual appropriations bills through the
subcommittees responsible for the development of the bills. In the second stage of
the process, the appropriations committees allocate the 302(a) discretionary funds

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among their subcommittees for each of the appropriations bills. These amounts are
known as the 302(b) allocations. These allocations must add up to no more than the
302(a) discretionary allocation, and form the basis for enforcing budget discipline,
since any bill reported with a total above the ceiling is subject to a point of order.
302(b) allocations may be adjusted during the year as the various appropriations bills
progress towards final enactment.
The Senate budget resolution, S.Con.Res. 18 was introduced on March 11,
2005, and passed the Senate on March 17, 2005. S.Con.Res. 18 provides $848.8
billion in discretionary spending. The House budget resolution, H.Con.Res. 95, was
introduced on March 11, 2005, and passed the House on March 17, 2005.
H.Con.Res. 95 proposed $843 billion in discretionary budget authority. On April 28,
2005 the conference committee reported, and both the House and Senate passed,
H.Rept. 109-62 providing $843 billion in discretionary budget authority for FY2006.
The House Appropriations Committee adopted its 302(b) allocations on May 10,
2005, which allocates $30.8 billion in discretionary budget authority for homeland
security. The Senate Appropriations Committee adopted its 302(b) allocation on
June 9, 2005, and reported S.Rept. 109-77 which allocates $30.8 billion in
discretionary budget authority for DHS.
Table 2. FY2006 302(b) Discretionary Allocations for DHS
(budget authority in billions of dollars)
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2005
Request
House
Senate
Enacted
Comparable
Comparable
Allocation
Allocation
Comparable
32,000
29,554
30,846
30,846
—
Source: House Appropriations Committee tables of March 15, 2005; House Appropriation
Committee 302(b) table of May 10, 2005; and Senate Appropriations Committee 302(b) allocations
in S.Rept. 109-77.
Budget Authority, Obligations, and Outlays1
Federal government spending involves a multi-step process that begins with the
enactment of a budget authority by Congress in an appropriations act. Federal
agencies then obligate funds from the enacted budget authority to pay for their
activities. Finally, payments are made to liquidate those obligations; the actual
payment amounts are reflected in the budget as outlays.
Budget authority is established through appropriations acts or direct spending
legislation and determines the amounts that are available for federal agencies to
spend. The Antideficiency Act2 prohibits federal agencies from obligating more
funds than the budget authority that was enacted by Congress. Budget authority may
1 Prepared with assistance from Bill Heniff Jr., Analyst in American National Government,
Government and Finance Division.
2 31 U.S.C. §§1341, 1342, 1344, 1511-1517.

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CRS-4
be indefinite, however, when Congress enacts language providing “such sums as may
be necessary” to complete a project or purpose. Budget authority may be available
on a one-year, multi-year, or no-year basis. One-year budget authority is only
available for obligation during a specific fiscal year; any unobligated funds at the end
of that year are no longer available for spending. Multi-year budget authority
specifies a range of time during which funds can be obligated for spending; no-year
budget authority is available for obligation for an indefinite period of time.
Obligations are incurred when federal agencies employ personnel, enter into
contracts, receive services, and engage in similar transactions in a given fiscal year.
Outlays are the funds that are actually spent during the fiscal year.3 Because multi-
year and no-year budget authorities may be obligated over a number of years, outlays
do not always match the budget authority enacted in a given year. Additionally,
budget authority may be obligated in one fiscal year but spent in a future fiscal year;
especially with certain contracts.
In sum, budget authority allows federal agencies to incur obligations and
authorizes payments, or outlays, to be made from the Treasury. Discretionary
agencies and programs, and appropriated entitlement programs, are funded each year
in appropriations acts.
Discretionary and Mandatory Spending4
Gross budget authority, or the total funds available for spending by a federal
agency, may be composed of discretionary and mandatory spending. Of the $41
billion gross budget authority requested for DHS in FY2006, 83% is composed of
discretionary spending and 17% is composed of mandatory spending.
Discretionary spending is not mandated by existing law and is thus appropriated
yearly by Congress through appropriations acts. The Budget Enforcement Act5 of
1990 defines discretionary appropriations as budget authority provided in annual
appropriation acts and the outlays derived from that authority, but it excludes
appropriations for entitlements. Mandatory spending, also known as direct spending,
consists of budget authority and resulting outlays provided in laws other than
appropriation acts and is typically not appropriated each year. However, some
mandatory entitlement programs must be appropriated each year and are included in
the appropriations acts. Within DHS, the Coast Guard retirement pay is an example
of appropriated mandatory spending.
3 Appropriations, outlays and account balances for government treasury accounts can be
viewed in the end of year reports published by the U.S. Treasury titled Combined Statement
of Receipts, Outlays, and Balances of the United States Government. The DHS portion of
the report can be accessed at [http://fms.treas.gov/annualreport/cs2004/c18.pdf].
4 Prepared with assistance from Bill Heniff, Jr., Analyst in American National Government.
5 P.L. 101-508, Title XIII.

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CRS-5
Offsetting Collections6
Offsetting funds are collected by the federal government, either from
government accounts or the public, as part of a business-type transaction such as
offsets to outlays or collection of a fee. These funds are not counted as revenue.
Instead, they are counted as negative outlays. DHS net discretionary budget
authority, or the total funds that are appropriated by Congress each year, is composed
of discretionary spending minus any fee or fund collections that offset discretionary
spending.
Some collections offset a portion of an agency’s discretionary budget authority.
Some of these fees offset spending at the account level and are subtracted from the
Appropriations Committee tables directly below the program they offset. An
example of this is the Federal Protective Service, which is immediately offset in the
appropriations tables by an intergovernmental transfer from the General Services
Administration. Other discretionary fees offset spending at the agency level and are
thus subtracted from the discretionary budget authority of the agency to arrive at the
actual appropriated level. An example of this is the Immigration Inspection fee,
which is collected at Ports of Entry by CBP personnel and is used to offset both the
CBP and ICE appropriations.
Other collections offset an agency’s mandatory spending. They are typically
entitlement programs under which individuals, businesses, or units of government
that meet the requirements or qualifications established by law are entitled to receive
certain payments if they establish eligibility. The DHS budget features two
mandatory entitlement programs: the Secret Service and Coast Guard retired pay
accounts (pensions). Some entitlements are funded by permanent appropriations,
others by annual appropriations. The Secret Service retirement pay is a permanent
appropriation and as such is not annually appropriated, while the Coast Guard
retirement pay is annually appropriated. In addition to these entitlements, the DHS
budget contains offsetting Trust and Public Enterprise Funds. These funds are not
appropriated by Congress; they are available for obligation and included in the
President’s budget to calculate the gross budget authority.
Table 3 tabulates all of the offsets within the DHS budget as enacted for FY2005
and in the FY2006 request.
Table 3. FY2006 Request: Moving From Gross Budget Authority
to Net Appropriation: Fee Accounts, Offsetting Fees, and Trust
and Public Enterprise Accounts
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
Account/Agency
Account Name
FY2005
FY2006
DHS gross budget authority
41,018
41,067
(gross discretionary + fees+ mandatory + funds)
Account level discretionary offset
6 Prepared with assistance from Bill Heniff, Jr., Analyst in American National Government.

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CRS-6
Account/Agency
Account Name
FY2005
FY2006
TWIC
50
245
Office of
Screening
Hazmat
17
44
Operations
Registered traveler
—
23
ICE
Federal Protective Service
478
487
TSA
Aviation security fees
1,823a
3,670a
FEMA/EPR
National flood insurance fund
113
124
CBP
Small airports
5
5
Subtotal account level discretionary offsets
-2,486
-4,598
Agency level discretionary offset
Immigration inspection
429
465
Immigration enforcement
6
6
Land border
28
30
CBP
COBRA
318
334
APHIS
200
204
Puerto Rico
89
98
ICE
Immigration inspection
90
92
SEVIS
40
67
Breached bond detention fund
70
71
TSA
Aviation security capital fund
250
250
USCIS
Immigration examination fee
1,571
1,730
H1b, and H1b & L fees
44
44
Office of Screening
Alien flight school background checks
5
10
Operations
Subtotal agency level discretionary offsets
-3,140
-3,400
Mandatory budget authority
Secret service
Secret service retired pay b
200
200
Coast guard
Coast guard retired pay c
(1,085)
(1,014)
Subtotal mandatory budget authority
-200
-200
Trust funds and public enterprise funds
CBP
Customs unclaimed goods
8
8
Claims expense
1,302
1,459
Underwriting limit
563
563
FEMA/EPR
Operational expense limit
55
55
Interest expense limit
30
30
Boat safety
64
64
Coast Guard
Oil spill recovery
71
121
Miscellaneous revolving fund
(10,533)
(10,533)

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CRS-7
Account/Agency
Account Name
FY2005
FY2006
Gift fund
1
1
Subtotal trust and public enterprise funds
-2,094
-2,301
DHS gross budget authority
41,103
41,067
Total offsetting collections
(8,004)
(10,499)
DHS net appropriated BA (Mandatory + Discretionary)
33,099 d
30,569
Source: CRS analysis of the FY2006 President’s Budget, and DHS, Budget in Brief, House Appropriation
Committee tables of May 20, 2005.
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Amounts in parentheses are non-adds.
a. There is a discrepancy reported in the amount of aviation security fees collected by TSA, for both FY2005
and 2006. The enacted level aviation security fees for FY2005 was $1,823 million, and this is the amount
reported in the current committee tables. The Administration FY2006 budget documents and the DHS
Congressional Budget Justifications report the FY2005 amount as $2,330 million. The Administration
has requested an increase in aviation security fees for FY2006, and the budget documents estimate the
offsetting collections at $3,889 million. The latest committee tables show $3,670 million for FY2006 (a
difference of $218 million from the President’s budget) based on estimates by the Congressional Budget
Office. In order to complete the crosswalk in Table 3, we have used the enacted amount for FY2005
($1,823) and the committee table amount ($3,670) for FY2006.
b. Secret Service Retired Pay is permanently and indefinitely authorized, and as such is not annually
appropriated. Therefore it is offset in Table 3.
c. In contrast to Secret Service Retired Pay, Coast Guard Retired pay must be annually appropriated, and
therefore is not offset in Table 3.
d. This amount ($33,098 million) does not include $6,500 million in emergency disaster relief funding. For more
information on those supplemental appropriations, see CRS Report RL32581, Assistance After Hurricanes
and Other Disasters: FY2004 and FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations.
Appropriations for the Department of
Homeland Security
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) transferred the functions,
relevant funding, and most of the personnel of 22 agencies and offices to the new
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created by the act. DHS is organized into
four major directorates: Border and Transportation Security (BTS); Emergency
Preparedness and Response (EPR); Science and Technology (S&T); and Information
Analysis and Infrastructure Protection (IAIP).
BTS, the largest of the four directorates, contains three main agencies: Customs
and Border Protection (CBP); Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); and
Transportation Security Administration (TSA). EPR is comprised primarily of the
former Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and IAIP houses the
Homeland Security Operations Center (HSOC), Information Analysis (IA) and the
Infrastructure Protection (IP) offices. S&T is home to the Office of National
Laboratories, Homeland Security Laboratories, and the Homeland Security Advanced
Research Projects Agency (HSARPA). U.S. Citizenship and Immigration (USCIS),
the U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Secret Service are all stand-alone agencies within
DHS directly under the Secretary of Homeland Security.

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CRS-8
Appropriations measures for DHS have been organized into four titles: Title I
Departmental Management and Operations; Title II Security, Enforcement, and
Investigations; Title III Preparedness and Recovery; and Title IV Research and
Development, Training, Assessments, and Services. Title I contains appropriations
for the Office of Management, the Office of the Secretary, the Office of the Chief
Financial Officer (CFO), the Office of the Chief Information Officer (CIO), and the
Office of the Inspector General (OIG). Title II contains appropriations for the Office
of the Undersecretary for BTS, CBP, ICE, TSA, the Coast Guard, the Secret Service,
and the newly proposed Office of Screening Operations (SCO). Title III contains
appropriations for EPR and the Office of State and Local Government Coordination
and Preparedness (SLGCP). Title IV contains appropriations for USCIS, IAIP, S&T,
and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).
Table 4 is a summary table comparing the enacted appropriations for FY2005
and the requested amounts for FY2006. As shown in Table 3, the Administration
requested $41.1 billion in gross budget authority (including mandatories and other
non-appropriated funding) for FY2006. The Administration is requesting an
appropriation of $30.6 billion in net budget authority for FY2006, of which $29.5
billion is discretionary budget authority, and $1 billion is mandatory budget authority.
The FY2005 enacted net appropriated budget authority for DHS was $40.2 billion,
including an advance appropriation of $2.058 billion for Bioshield and $7.145 billion
in emergency appropriations; without Bioshield or the emergency appropriations, the
FY2005 net appropriated budget authority for DHS was $30.6 billion. Without
including Bioshield, the FY2006 request for an appropriation of $30.6 in net budget
authority represents no increase over the FY2005 baseline enacted amount. House-
passed H.R. 2360 provides a net appropriation of $31.9 billion for DHS for FY2006.
This amount represents a $1.3 billion increase over the FY2005 base appropriation,
and a $1.2 billion, or nearly 4%, increase compared to the FY2006 request. Senate-
reported H.R. 2360 also recommends $31.9 billion ($30.8 billion in discretionary
budget authority) for DHS for FY2006.

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CRS-9
Table 4. DHS: Summary of Appropriations
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY2005 FY2006 FY2006 FY2006 FY2006
Operational Component
Enacted Request House
Senate
Enacted
Title I: Departmental Management and Operations
Subtotal: Title I
583a
748
561b
647
Title II: Security, Enforcement, and Investigations
— Office of the Undersecretary for Border
and Transportation Security
10
11
9
10
— Screening and operations office/
Automation Modernization/US-VISITc
340
525
411
340
— Customs and Border Protection
5,371
5,575
5,785
5,998
— Immigration and Customs Enforcement
3,537
3,648
3,830
3,806
— Transportation Security Administrationd
3,260
1,641
3,263
3,065
— U.S. Coast Guard
7,568
7,962
7,458
7,780
— U.S. Secret Service
1,175
1,204
1,233
1,192
Net subtotal: Title II
21,260
20,566
21,988
22,191
— Total fee collections
-3,897
-6,099
-4,278
-4,278
Gross subtotal: Title II
25,157
26,665
26,267
26,468
Title III: Preparedness and Recovery
— Office for Domestic Preparedness/ Office
of State and Local Government Coordination
and Preparedness
3,985
3,565
3,665
3,493
— Counter-Terrorism Fund
8
10
10
5
— Emergency Preparedness and Responsee
11,978
3,135
3,013
2,838
Net subtotal: Title III
15,971
6,710
6,688
6,336
Title IV: Research and development, training, assessments, and services
— Citizenship and Immigration Services
160
80
120
80
— Information Analysis and Infrastructure
Protection
894
873
853
871
— Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
227
224
259
282
— Science and Technology
1,115
1,368
1,290
1,453
Net subtotal: Title IV
2,396
2,546
2,522
2,686
— Total fee collections
-1,615
-1,774
-1,774
-1,774
Gross subtotal: Title IV
4,011
4,320
4,296
4,460
Title V: General Provisions
— REAL ID Grants f
—
—
100
(40)
DHS gross budget authority
45,722
38,399
37,912
37,912
— Total fee collections
-5,512
-7,873
-6,052
-6,052
DHS net budget authority g
40,210
30,569
31,860
31,860
— Advance appropriation h
2,508
—
—
—
— Emergency appropriation i
7,145
—
—
—
DHS Appropriation j
30,557
30,569
31,860
31,860

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CRS-10
Source: CRS analysis of the FY2006 President’s Budget, and DHS Budget in Brief, House
Appropriation Committee tables of May 20, 2005, House-passed H.R. 2360 and H.Rept. 109-79; and
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 and S.Rept. 109-83.
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Amounts in parentheses are non-adds.
a. Includes a $24 million rescission pursuant to P.L. 109-13.
b. Includes a $7 million rescission.
c. The President’s FY2006 request for DHS proposes to create the Screening and Operations Office
by transferring in the following programs: FAST and NEXUS/SENTRI from CBP; Secure
Flight, Crew Vetting, Credentialing Startup, TWIC, Registered Traveler, HAZMAT, and Alien
Flight School from TSA. These programs are discussed in the text. The House report (H.Rept.
109-79) denies the creation of the SCO, but transfers FAST and NEXUS/SENTRI to a new
office called Automation Modernization with the US-VISIT program. All other activities
proposed for transfer to the SCO would remain in TSA, under the House-passed version of H.R.
2360.
d. TSA appropriations estimate includes a proposed $3 increase in passenger security fees for one-
way and multi-leg flights, for a total offsetting collection of nearly $3.9 billion; Congressional
Budget Office (CBO) calculations place the offsetting collections from the fee increase at $3.7
billion. Throughout this report, the CBO figure will be used to calculate total appropriations.
The House report (H.Rept. 109-79) denies the transfer of several TSA programs to the proposed
SCO, as mentioned above in Note a, these programs would remain in TSA under House-passed
H.R. 2360.
e. EPR appropriations include $6.5 billion in supplemental appropriations for disaster relief. For
more information on those supplemental appropriations see CRS Report RL32581, Assistance
After Hurricanes and Other Disasters: FY2004 and FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations.
The total also includes a 0.80% across the board rescission pursuant to P.L. 108-447, resulting
in a $20 million rescission from Bioshield funding.
f. The Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360 included $40 million in funding for REAL ID grants
under OSLGCP.
g. Net discretionary budget authority differs from the amounts listed in the President’s Budget due
to the following: FY2005 includes $2.508 billion in advance appropriations for Bioshield and
$1.085 in Coast Guard mandatory retirement pay. FY2006 includes $1.014 billion in Coast
Guard mandatory retirement pay.
h. Represents the $2.508 billion advance appropriation for Bioshield.
i. Includes 6.5 billion in hurricane relief funding pursuant to P.L. 108-324, and $644 million in
emergency appropriations pursuant to P.L. 109-13.
j. For scorekeeping purposes, this number does not include emergency or advance appropriations (but
it does include $270 million in rescissions. This allows for a better comparison of baseline
appropriation numbers for DHS.
Title I: Departmental Management and Operations7
President’s Request. Title I covers the general administrative expenses of
DHS. It includes the Office of the Secretary and Executive Management (OS&EM),
which counts the immediate Office of the Secretary and 14 entities that report
directly to the Secretary; the Under Secretary for Management (USM) and its
components, such as offices of the Chief Procurement Officer, Chief Human Capital
Officer, and Chief Administrative Officer; the Office of CIO; the Office of the Chief
Financial Officer (OCFO); and OIG. FY2006 requests relative to comparable
FY2005 enacted appropriations: OS&EM, $195.8 million, an increase of $110.8
million (+130%); USM, $146.6 million, a decrease of $4.5 million (-3%); OCIO,
$303.7 million, an increase of $28.4 million (+10%); OCFO, $18.5 million, an
7 Prepared by Harold C. Relyea, Specialist in American National Government, Government
and Finance Division.

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CRS-11
increase of $5.5 million (+42%); and OIG, $83 million, an increase of $700,000
(+1%). Table 4 shows appropriations for FY2005 and congressional action on the
requests for FY2006. The total FY2006 request for Title I is $748 million. This
represents a 28% increase over the FY2005 enacted level.
House-passed H.R. 2360. Unhappy and otherwise frustrated with “the
Department’s inability to respond quickly, or at all, to items of Congressional interest
or direction,” “extremely concerned by the Department’s inability to submit reports
on a timely basis,” and “very concerned about the results of the 2004 financial audit,”
among other complaints, House appropriators slashed $62.6 million from the
OS&EM request, recommending $133.2 million, which is $48.2 million above the
amount provided in FY2005.8 Among the entities bearing the brunt of this cut were
the Office of Security (-$10 million), which was criticized for not assuring that
unclassified information was clearly marked and distinguished from classified and
other security sensitive information within DHS documents; the Operation
Integration Staff (-$1.9 million), which was left to continue to rely upon a half staff
of detailees from other components within DHS; and Regions (-$49.8 million),
which, with regional structure still under internal DHS review, was considered to be
“premature” for any funding at the present time.
Senate-reported H.R. 2360. Senate appropriators chopped $71.2 million
from the OS&EM request, recommending $124.6 million. Among the entities
hardest hit by this cut were the Office of Security (-$6 million); the Executive
Secretary (-$1.3 million); the new Office of Policy, Planning, and International
Affairs (OPPIA) (-$1.5 million); the Office of Public Affairs (-$1 million); the
Operation Integration Staff (-$9.4 million), due to its integration and coordination
functions being assumed by OPPIA; and the Regions Initiative (-$49.8 million), due
to the lack of a required consolidation and collocation plan. In brief, no funding was
recommended for the latter two accounts.9
Issues for Congress. Within the OS&EM account, the House approved
$8.7 million for the new OPPIA, which had been proposed in the DHS budget
justification. Immediately assisting the Secretary, OPPIA would be headed by an
Assistant Secretary for Policy and Planning and would include other related staff now
located within the Office of the Under Secretary for BTS, as well as such existing
entities as the Office of International Affairs, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy,
the Homeland Security Advisory Council, and USM. Senate appropriators reduced
the OPPIA allotment and indicated an expectation that it would assume the role of
the Operation Integration Staff.
A similar DHS restructuring was discussed at a January 26, 2005, oversight
hearing conducted by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and
8 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Bill, 2006, a report to accompany H.R. 2360, 109th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept.
109-79 (Washington: GPO, 2005), pp. 5, 7-9, 14. Hereafter cited as H.Rept. 109-79.
9 U.S. Congress, Committee on Appropriations, Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Bill, 2006, a report to accompany H.R. 2360, 109th Cong., 1st sess., S.Rept.
109-83 (Washington: GPO, 2005), pp. 9-11.

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CRS-12
Governmental Affairs. Participating was one of the authors of a December 2004
Heritage Foundation report, DHS 2.0: Rethinking the Department of Homeland
Security, which had recommended (1) eliminating the DHS management directorate
and USM, but relocating the chief management officers to the office of the Deputy
Secretary; and (2) establishing an Under Secretary for Policy, who would be assisted
by a unified policy planning staff.10 It was thought that the first reform would
eliminate an unnecessary layer of bureaucracy and otherwise strengthen the roles of
the chief management officers, and that the second reform would bring unity to DHS
through the development of proactive, strategic homeland security policy and plans.
Indications were that these reforms, among others, would be considered for inclusion
in subsequent legislation reauthorizing DHS programs within the jurisdiction of the
Senate committee. A DHS authorization bill (H.R. 1817) recently reported from the
House Committee on Homeland Security (H.Rept. 109-71), however, made no
mention of these particular suggested reforms.
The House also approved a new general provision to ensure that the DHS
Privacy Officer will report privacy abuses to Congress and have access to all
documents and information necessary to carry out statutory responsibilities. The
provision was added in committee because it was thought that the Privacy Officer
“should provide Congress, and thus the public, an unfettered view into the operations
of the Department and its impact on personal privacy.”11
Personnel Issues.12 In addition to the policy and planning issues, and the
reorganization issues, several personnel issues may be of interest to Congress during
the current appropriations cycle.
The Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer (CHCO). This Office
(also referred to in the budget justification as the Office of Human Resources)
establishes policy and procedures and provides oversight, guidance, and leadership
for human resources management (HRM) functions within the DHS. It is organized
into three major components as follows. Human Capital Innovation is responsible
for designing and implementing the department’s new HRM system, referred to as
Max-HR,13 including human capital strategic planning efforts and HR information
10 James Jay Carafano, and David Heyman, DHS 2.0: Rethinking the Department of
Homeland Security, Heritage Special Report (Washington: Dec. 13, 2004).
11 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 7.
12 Personnel Issues section prepared by Barbara Schwemle, Analyst in American National
Government, Government and Finance Division.
13 On February 1, 2005, DHS and the Office of Personnel Management jointly published
final regulations in the Federal Register to implement Max-HR. (U.S. Department of
Homeland Security and U.S. Office of Personnel Management, “Department of Homeland
Security Human Resources Management System,” Federal Register, vol. 70, no. 20, Feb.
1, 2005, pp. 5271-5347.) The regulations provide new policies on position classification,
pay, performance management, adverse actions and appeals, and labor-management
relations for DHS employees. Max-HR will cover about 110,000 of the department’s
180,000 employees and will be implemented in phases. The performance management
process is scheduled to begin in Fall 2005, and the first conversion of employees to the pay
(continued...)

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CRS-13
technology components, including payroll modernization. The activities associated
with the new system’s regulatory process and the design and contract management
processes also are part of the Innovation component. Human Capital Policy and
Programs is responsible for establishing corporate human resources policy, including
training and development programs, in support of headquarters and department-wide
initiatives. This component manages program and policy development and execution
for HRM at DHS, including workforce planning, corporate talent, executive
resources, recruitment and branding, benefits, and work life programs. Human
Capital Operational Services, newly established in FY2005, provides comprehensive
human resources services for all headquarters organizations and manages the process
of optimizing shared human capital services within DHS. The principal human
capital officers from each component of the department comprise a Human
Resources Council which coordinates activities across DHS. The Office of the
CHCO reports to the Undersecretary for Management and its appropriation is
included in that of the Undersecretary. For FY2005, the Office of the CHCO
received an appropriation of $43.2 million and a staffing level of 49 full-time
equivalent employees (FTEs). Of this total, $7.2 million funded HR operations14 and
$36 million (non-recurring) funded the development and implementation of Max-
HR. Twelve of the FTEs were attached to Max-HR.
President’s Budget Proposal. The President’s FY2006 budget proposes
an appropriation of $61.996 million and 50 FTEs for the Office of the CHCO. The
request represents an increase of $18.796 million and one FTE over the FY2005
appropriation.15 Especially noteworthy in the budget proposal are the funding
13 (...continued)
system is scheduled to commence in early 2006. (See, CRS Report RL32261, Homeland
Security: Final Regulations on Classification, Pay, and Performance Management
Compared With Current Law, by Barbara L. Schwemle; and CRS Report RL32255,
Homeland Security: Final Regulations for the Department of Homeland Security Human
Resources Management System (Subpart E) Compared With Current Law, by Jon O.
Shimabukuro.) In early May 2005, the National Treasury Employees Union released the
results of a series of focus group meetings on the design and implementation of the new pay-
for-performance system. According to the union, issues that concern non-managerial
employees include fair administration, sufficient funding, and accountability of the pay
system. (The National Treasury Employees Union, “Front-Line Homeland Security
Employees and Managers Alike Raise Concerns About Pay-For-Performance,” News
Release, May 9, 2005. Available on the Internet at [http://www.nteu.org], visited June 7,
2005. DHS conducted the surveys at 10 locations with some 289 employees from February
24 through March 18, 2005.)
14 The $7.2 million appropriation was allocated as follows: salaries and benefits
($4,118,516), travel ($46,370), printing ($9,515), advisory and assistance services — portion
not Max-HR ($1,053,683), other services ($854,731), purchase from government accounts
($487,399), operation and maintenance of equipment ($15,623), supplies and materials
($48,104), and equipment ($566,058).
15 The following amounts are requested for FY2006 (unless otherwise noted, the increases
result from pay raises or inflation): $5,446,048 for salaries and benefits (includes $180,000
for one new FTE), $47,205 for travel, $9,687 for printing, $54,372,649 for advisory and
assistance services (includes increases of $17 million for Max-HR and $300,000 for other
(continued...)

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CRS-14
requests of $593,000 for the Office of the CHCO and $53 million for Max-HR as
discussed below.
Workforce Strategies and DHS Employee Surveys. The proposed
increase of $593,000 is allocated as follows. For workforce strategies, $180,000 for
one new FTE is requested. The additional FTE will “analyze the impact of current
and/or potential occupational or skill gaps, and develop various human capital
strategies and plans related to recruiting, retention, learning and development
interventions needed to close these gaps.”16 The National Defense Authorization Act
for FY2004 mandates an annual assessment of employees and the organization. To
fund the employee survey and analysis of the results, $413,000 is requested.17
Max-HR. An appropriation of $53 million is requested for the department’s
new HRM system, an increase of $17 million over the FY2005 funding.18 The Office
of the CHCO serves as the “command center” for Max-HR. Twelve FTEs continue
to staff Max-HR.
House-passed H.R. 2360. The Appropriations Committee tables that
accompany the House-passed bill show an appropriation of $61.951 million for the
Office of the CHCO. This amount would be allocated as $8.951 million for salaries
and expenses ($45,000 below the President’s request of $8.996 million) and $53
million for Max-HR (the same amount as the President’s request).19 According to the
committee, however, amendments agreed to by the House would reduce the funding
for the Office of the Under Secretary for Management by $96.1 million, thereby
resulting in reductions, not yet specified, in the Under Secretary accounts. Full year
15 (...continued)
HRM initiatives), $983,116 for other services (includes an increase of $113,000 for
programs), $496,172 for purchase from government accounts, $15,905 for operation and
maintenance of equipment, $48,970 for supplies and materials, and $576,248 for equipment.
16 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Fiscal Year 2006 Congressional Justification,
p. USM-17.
17 Of the $413,000, $300,000 is included under advisory and assistance services and
$113,000 is included under other services.
18 The requested amount is allocated as follows: $10 million for training for the
department’s executives, managers, supervisors, and human resources professionals; $18
million for detailed systems design and implementation (for access to experts who are
assisting in designing the performance management, job evaluation, and compensation
systems and pay and performance linkages, and developing and documenting competencies
for DHS positions); $10 million for the conversion of Phase One employees (in DHS
headquarters, IAIP, S&T, EPR, and FLETC) from the General Schedule to newly created
market-based pay ranges; $9 million for program management to manage appropriate cost,
schedule, and control activities at the departmental level to ensure good management of the
personnel system; and $6 million for the Homeland Security Labor Relations Board
(HSLRB) and Mandatory Removal Offense (MRO) Panel. The HSLRB, established in
FY2005 as an independent entity that reports to the DHS Secretary, resolves labor-
management disputes. The MRO is a separate entity and adjudicates appeals of employees
who have been removed from their positions for engaging in mandatory removal offenses.
19 H. Rept 109-79, pp. 13-14.

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CRS-15
funding would be denied for the one new FTE in the Office of the CHCO requested
by the President. The committee assumes that the “new staff will be on board
beginning in the second quarter of FY2006.”20 Opposition to any change in the
funding for Max-HR was stated by the Office of Management and Budget, DHS
itself, and Senator George Voinovich, with particular emphasis on the adverse impact
on managerial and supervisory training.21 The National Treasury Employees Union
supports the reduction, saying that $18 million would have funded contractors
working on the design of the performance management component and $6 million
would have funded the establishment of internal labor relations boards at DHS.22
Section 516 of the House-passed bill would continue to authorize transfer from the
Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to DHS the authority to conduct personnel
security and suitability background investigations, update investigations, and
periodically re-investigate applicants for, or appointees in certain DHS positions.23
Senate-reported H.R. 2360. The Senate version of H.R. 2360, as reported,
would provide the Office of the CHCO with the appropriation requested by the
President.24 The Senate Appropriations Committee report accompanying the bill
states that of the $53 million: $18 million is for detailed systems design and
implementation support; $10 million is for training and communication; $9 million
is for program management, oversight, and evaluation; $10 million is for initial
personnel conversion from the General Schedule; and $6 million is for the Homeland
20 H. Rept 109-79, p. 14.
21 U.S. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Statement of
Administration Policy, H.R. 2360 — Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill,
FY2006, May 17, 2005, p. 2. David McGlinchey, “Homeland Security Appeals for
Personnel Funding,” Government Executive, May 24, 2005. Available on the Internet at
[http://www.govexec.com], visited June 7, 2005. Letter from Senator Voinovich, Chairman,
Oversight of Government Management Subcommittee to Senator Judd Gregg, Chairman,
Homeland Security Subcommittee provided to CRS by subcommittee staff on May 31, 2005.
22 The National Treasury Employees Union, “Kelley Welcomes Shift of Substantial DHS
Funding Away From Implementing New and Unnecessary Personnel System,” News
Release, May 20, 2005. Available on the Internet at [http://www.nteu.org], visited June 7,
2005.
23 The positions would be in the Office of the Secretary and Executive Management, the
Office of the Under Secretary for Management, the Bureau of Immigration and Customs
Enforcement, the Directorate of Science and Technology, and the Directorate of Information
Analysis and Infrastructure Protection. Upon DHS’ request, OPM would cooperate with
and assist DHS in any investigation or reinvestigation. The authorization would cease to be
effective once the President has selected a single agency to conduct security clearance
investigations and that agency has reported to Congress that the agency selected is capable
of conducting all necessary investigations in a timely manner or has authorized the entities
within DHS covered by Section 516 to conduct their own investigations. This latter
provision was added by Amendment No. 139 offered by Representative Tom Davis and
agreed to by the House by voice vote on May 17, 2005. According to Representative Davis,
the amendment provides that “the Congressionally mandated oversight authority will be
responsible for ensuring that investigations for DHS security clearances are done in the most
timely and efficient manner once the 9/11 Act reforms take effect.” (Congressional Record,
daily edition, vol. 151, no. 65, May 17, 2005, pp. H3394-H3395.)
24 S. Rept 109-83, p. 101.

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CRS-16
Security Labor Relations Board. DHS is directed to report to the committee by
February 18, 2006, on implementation progress, improved mission effectiveness, and
projected costs for each fiscal year over the life of Max HR.25 The Senate version
does not include the general provision on background security investigations.
Title II: Security, Enforcement, and Investigations
Title II funds Security, Enforcement, and Investigations. The largest component
of Title II is the Directorate of Border and Transportation Security (BTS). BTS is
comprised of the Office of the Under Secretary for BTS, CBP, ICE, and TSA. For
FY2006, the Administration has proposed the creation of SCO within BTS, that
would coordinate the passenger (and to some extent the cargo) screening operations
of BTS. Also included in Title II (though they are not operationally a part of the BTS
Directorate) are the U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Secret Service.
Table 5 shows the FY2005 enacted and FY2006 requested appropriations for
Title II. The Administration has requested an appropriation of $20.6 billion in net
discretionary budget authority for Title II for FY2006. This amount represents a
decrease of $13 million or less than 1% decrease compared to the FY2005 enacted
total of $20.7 billion.26 While almost every account in Title II is up, the gross
increase of $2,138 million from FY2005 to FY2006 is more than offset by the total
increase in offsetting collections of $2,202 million in Title II; $1,780 million of
which would be the result of the proposed fee increase within TSA. For the FY2006
request, the BTS Directorate accounts for 67% of total appropriated DHS budget
authority, while Title II accounts for 69% of total appropriated DHS budget
authority.
House-passed H.R. 2360 provides a net appropriation of nearly $22 billion for
activities and agencies of Title II. This amount represents a $1.4 billion or nearly 7%
increase over the President’s requested level for FY2006, and a $728 million or 3%
increase over the FY2005 enacted level (including supplemental appropriations).
H.Rept. 109-79 does not approve the TSA security fee increase requested by the
Administration. House-passed H.R. 2360 therefore shows an increased
appropriation, as compared to the Administration’s request (see footnote 21). House-
passed H.R. 2360 provides $22 billion for Title II, which accounts for 69% of total
DHS budget authority.
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 would provide $22.2 billion for the activities of Title
II. This amount would represent an increase of $1,625 million or 7% as compared
to the President’s request, an increase of $203 million or 1% as compared to the
House-passed amount; and an increase of $931 million or 4% as compared to the
FY2005 enacted amount. The $22.2 billion that would be provided by the Senate-
reported version of H.R. 2360 would account for 70% of total DHS budget authority
in FY2006.
25 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 13.
26 This number does not include the FY2005 supplemental appropriation for Title II in
P.L.109-13.

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CRS-17
Table 5. Title II: Security, Enforcement, and Investigations
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY2005
FY2006 FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Operational Component
Enacted Request
House
Senate
Enacted
Office of the under secretary for border
10
11
9 10
and transportation security
Screening and operations officea
— US-VISITb
340
390
390
340
— Other programs
—
135
21
—
— Fee accountsc
—
321
—
—
Gross total
340
846
411
340
— Offsetting collections
—
-321
—
—
Net total
340
525
411
340
Customs & border protectiona
— Salaries and expensesd
4,658
4,730
4,886
4,922
— rescissionse
-139
—
—
-14
— Automation modernization
450
458
458
458
— Air and Marine Operations
258
293
348
321
— Constructionf 144
93
93
311
— Fee accountsg
1,079
1,142
1,142
1,142
Gross total
6,450
6,717
6,927
7,140
— Offsetting collections
-1,079
-1,142
-1,142
-1,142
Net total
5,371
5,575
5,785
5,998
Immigration & Customs Enforcement
— Salaries and expenses constructionh
2,893
2,892
3,064
3,050
— Federal Air Marshals
663
689
699
679
— Federal Protective Services (FPS)
478
487
487
487
— Automation & infrastructure
40
40
40
50
modernization
— Construction
26
27
27
27
— Fee accountsi
200
229
229
229
— Rescissionj
-85
—
—
—
Gross total
4,215
4,364
4,546
4,522
— Offsetting FPS fees
-478
-487
-487
-487
— Offsetting collections
-200
-229
-229
-229
Net total
3,537
3,648
3,830
3,806
Transportation Security Administrationa
— Aviation security (gross funding)
4,324
4,735
4,592
4,452
— Surface Transportation Security
48
32
36
36
— Credentialing activities (appropriation)k
—
—
84
75
— Credentialing/Fee accountsk
67
— 180
180
— Intelligence
14
21
21
21
— Research and developmentl
178
—
—
—
— Administration
520
524
520
470
— Aviation security mandatory spendingm
250
250
250
250

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CRS-18
FY2005
FY2006 FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Operational Component
Enacted Request
House
Senate
Enacted
Gross total
5,401
5,562
5,683
5,484
— Offsetting collectionsn
-1,823
-3,670
-1,990
-1,990
— Credentialing/Fee accounts
-67
—
-180
-180
— Aviation security mandatory spending
-250
-250
-250
-250
Net total
3,260
1,641
3,263
3,065
U.S. Coast Guard
— Operating expenseso
5,303
5,547
5,500
5,459
— Environmental compliance &
restoration
17
12
12
12
— Reserve training
113
119
119
119
— Acquisition, construction, &
improvements p
1,031
1,269
798
1,225
—— Recission q
-16
—
—
-83
— Alteration of bridges
16
—
15
15
— Research, development, tests, &
—
evaluation r
19
—
19
— Retired pay (mandatory, entitlement)
1,085
1,014
1,014
1,014
Gross total
7,568
7,962
7,458
7,780
U.S. Secret Service
— Salaries and expenses; construction
1,175
1,204
1,233
1,192
Net total
1,175
1,204
1,233
1,192
Gross Budget Authority: Title II
25,157
26,665
26,267
26,468
— Total offsetting collections: Title II
-3,897
-6,099
-4,278
-4,278
Net Budget Authority: Title II
21,260
20,566
21,988
22,191
Source: CRS analysis of the FY2006 President’s Budget, and DHS Budget in Brief, House
Appropriation Committee tables of May 20, 2005, House-passed H.R. 2360 and H.Rept. 109-79; and
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 and S.Rept. 109-83.
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Amounts in parentheses are non-adds.
a. DHS is proposing to create this new office, which would combine the following programs and fees:
US-VISIT; FAST and NEXUS/SENTRI from CBP; and Secure Flight, Crew Vetting,
Credentialing Startup, TWIC, Registered Traveler, HAZMAT, and Alien Flight School from
TSA. The House Appropriation Committee denies the creation of the SCO. However, H.R.
2360 does move FAST and NEXUS/SENTRI from CBP to the BTS management level, and
combines these two programs with USVISIT in a new Automation Modernization office.
Programs from TSA proposed for transfer to SCO would remain in TSA under H.R. 2360. The
Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360 would also deny the creation of the SCO, and would also
leave funding for FAST and NEXUS/SENTRI in CBP, and funding for the TSA programs
proposed for transfer to the SCO would remain in TSA.
b. United States Visitor & Immigrant Status Indicator Project.
c. Fees included TWIC, HAZMAT, Registered Traveler, and Alien Flight School Checks. Both the
House-passed and Senate-reported versions of H.R. 2360 would leave these programs and their
fees in TSA.
d. Includes $124 million in funding provided by P.L.109-13, the Emergency Supplemental
Appropriations Act.
e. Includes a $63 million rescission in P.L.108-11 and a $76 million rescission in P.L.109-13 from
the CBP salaries and expenses account.

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CRS-19
f. Includes $52 million in supplemental funding provided by P.L.109-13.
g. Fees included COBRA, Land Border, Immigration Inspection, Immigration Enforcement, and
Puerto Rico.
h. Includes $454 million in supplemental funding provided by P.L.109-13.
i. Fees included Exam, Student Exchange and Visitor Fee, Breached Bond, Immigration User, Land
Border.
j. Reflects the $85 million rescission from ICE in P.L.109-13.
k. Fees included TWIC, HAZMAT, Registered Traveler, and Alien Flight School Checks, which were
included in the proposed SCO in the President’s request, but would be retained in TSA as
recommended by H.Rept. 109-79.
l. DHS is proposing to transfer the Research and Development account from TSA to the Directorate
of S&T.
m. Aviation Security Capital Fund, used for installation of Explosive Detection Systems at airports.
n. In FY2006, DHS proposes a $3 increase in the passenger security fee for one-way and multi-leg
flights, generating $1.56 billion in new revenue. There is a discrepancy between the
Administration’s budget documents and the Committee tables concerning the aviation security
fee offset amount. The Administration’s budget documents report the FY2005 enacted amount
as $2,330 million, while the Committee tables report the FY2005 enacted amount as $1,890
million. For FY2006, with the requested fee increase the Administration shows $3,889 million
in offsetting aviation security fees, while the Committee tables show $3,670 million, as scored
by CBO. The House Appropriations Committee did not approve the proposed fee increase, and
recommends an offset of $1,990 million, and a net appropriation of $3,263 million for TSA.
Table 5 reflects the amounts contained on the Committee tables.
o. Includes $112 million in supplemental funding provided by P.L.109-13.
p. Does not Include an additional $34 million transfer of funds from the Department of Defense to
the Coast Guard pursuant to P.L. 108-287. Includes $49 million in supplemental funding
provided by P.L.109-13.
q. $16 million rescission pursuant to P.L. 108-334.
r. DHS is proposing to transfer the Research, Development, Tests and Evaluation account from the
Coast Guard to the S&T Office.
Office of Screening Operations (SCO)27
As a part of the FY2006 request, the Administration is proposing to create a new
SCO which will coordinate DHS’ efforts to screen people (and to some extent cargo)
as they enter and move throughout the country. Programs proposed to be moved to
this office include the US Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Project (US-
VISIT); Free and Secure Trade (FAST) and NEXUS/SENTRI, from CBP; Secure
Flight, Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC), Registered Traveler,
Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) background checks, and the Alien Flight School
background checks program from TSA.
President’s Request. The Administration has requested $846 million in
gross budget authority for SCO for FY2006. The request includes $390 million for
the US-VISIT program28 (an increase of $50 million over the enacted FY2005
amount), $94 million for Secure Flight29 (an increase of $49 million over the enacted
27 Section prepared by Jennifer E. Lake, Analyst in Domestic Security, Domestic Social
Policy Division.
28 For more information on US-VISIT, see CRS Report RL32234, U.S. Visitor and
Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) Program, by Lisa Seghetti and Stephen
R. Viña.
29 See CRS Report RL32082, Homeland Security: Air Passenger Prescreening and
(continued...)

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CRS-20
FY2005 amount), $7 million for the driver registration component of FAST, $14
million for NEXUS/SENTRI, and $20 million for the stand up of the Credentialing
coordination office. In addition to appropriated activities, SCO will oversee several
fee funded activities including $245 million for TWIC and other TSA credentialing
activities; $23 million for the Registered Traveler program; $44 million for
HAZMAT checks; and $10 million for Alien Flight School background checks. The
net requested appropriation for SCO is $525 million.
House-passed H.R. 2360. The Committee notes that while the SCO office
“may have merit,” a broader justification is required for it than what was given by the
Department. The Committee therefore denies this consolidation and appropriates no
funds for SCO. Instead, the Committee establishes a new Office of Transportation
Vetting and Credentialing within TSA to oversee the Secure Flight, Crew Vetting,
Registered Traveler, TWIC, HAZMAT, and Alien Flight School programs. US-
VISIT, FAST, and NEXUS/SENTRI are funded within a new BTS Automation
Modernization office.30
Senate-reported H.R. 2360. The Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360
would also deny the creation of the SCO. In contrast to the House-passed version of
H.R. 2360, the Senate-reported version would leave funding for the FAST and
NEXUS/SENTRI programs within CBP rather than placing them within a new BTS
Automation Modernization office. The Senate-reported version of the bill would,
like the House-passed version, leave funding for the TSA programs proposed for
transfer to the SCO within TSA.
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)31
CBP is responsible for security at and between ports-of-entry along the border.
Since 9/11, CBP’s primary mission is to prevent the entry of terrorists and the
instruments of terrorism. CBP’s on-going responsibilities include inspecting people
and goods to determine if they are authorized to enter the United States; interdicting
terrorists and instruments of terrorism; intercepting illegal narcotics, firearms, and
other types of contraband; interdicting unauthorized travelers and immigrants; and
enforcing more than 400 laws and regulations at the border on behalf of more than
60 government agencies. CBP is comprised of the inspection functions of the legacy
Customs Service, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), and the Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS); the Office of Air and Marine Interdiction;
and the Border Patrol.
President’s Request. The Administration has requested an appropriation
of $6,717 million in gross budget authority for CBP in FY2006. This represents a
4% increase over the enacted FY2005 level (including supplemental appropriations)
29 (...continued)
Counterterrorism, by Bart Elias and William Krouse.
30 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 23 and 52.
31 Section prepared by Jennifer E. Lake and Blas Nuñez-Neto, Analysts in Domestic
Security, Domestic Social Policy Division.

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CRS-21
of $6,450 million. The Administration is requesting an appropriation of $5,575
million in net budget authority for CBP, representing a 4% increase over the FY2005
enacted level of $5,371 million. The request includes the following program
increases (which are discussed later in this report):
! $125 million for weapons of mass destruction (WMD) detection
technology;
! $37 million for Border Patrol staff;
! $31.7 million for long range radar for Air and Marine Operations;
! $20 million for Border Patrol aircraft replacement;
! $19.8 million for the America Shield Initiative;
! $8.2 million for the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism
(C-TPAT);
! $5.4 million for the Container Security Initiative (CSI);
! $5.4 million for enhancements to the Automated Targeting System
(ATS);
! $3.2 million for the Homeland Security Data Network;
! $3 million for IDENT/IAFIS;
! $2 million for the Immigration Advisory Program (IAP); and
! $1 million for the Arizona Border Control Initiative (ABCI).
House-passed H.R. 2360. The House Appropriators added $210 million to
both the gross and net budget authorities for CBP in order to cover a range of
programs. The House-passed H.R. 2360 provides a net appropriation for CBP is
$5.785 billion, an 8% increase over the FY2005 enacted level and a 4% increase over
the President’s FY2006 request.32 House-passed H.R. 2360 fully funds all of the
above listed requested increases, and provides an additional $150 million above the
request for Border Patrol staffing. However, the House makes unavailable the $1
million requested increase for the IAP until CBP submits the report on the program
that has been overdue since January 1.
Senate-reported H.R. 2360. The Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360
provides a net appropriation of $ 5,998 million for CBP, representing an increase of
$213 million or nearly 4% compared to the amount provided by the House in H.R.
2360; an increase of $423 million or nearly 8% as compared to the FY2006 request;
and an increase of $627 million or nearly 12% as compared to the FY2005 enacted
level. The Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360 funds the $125 million requested
increase for radiation portal monitors (RPMs) under the S&T Directorate, rather than
under CBP; and provides an additional $241 million for Border Patrol staffing.
Amounts provided for CBP in Senate-reported H.R. 2360 include $21 million in
FAST and NEXUS/SENTRI funding that had been requested for transfer to the
Administration proposed SCO (the House-passed version of H.R. 2360 placed this
funding in a new BTS-level Automation Modernization Account).
Issues for Congress. Potential CBP issues for Congress include cargo and
container security; targeting and risk assessments; cargo inspection technology; air
32 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Bill, 2006, 109th Cong., 1st Sess., H.Rept. 109-79, p. 142.

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CRS-22
and marine operations; the number of border patrol agents; IDENT/IAFIS
integration; ABCI; and the America Shield Initiative.
Cargo and Container Security. CBP’s cargo security strategy includes two
significant programs: the CSI, and C-TPAT. CSI is a CBP program that stations
CBP officers in foreign sea ports to target marine containers for inspection before
they are loaded onto U.S.-bound vessels. The FY2006 request includes an additional
$5.4 million for CSI to support the expansion of CSI activities in seven new ports in
seven countries. House-passed H.R. 2360 fully funds the requested increase,
recommending a total of nearly $139 million for CSI in FY2006. However, the
House Committee notes that it has not yet received a report detailing the spending
and planning projections for CSI for FY2005-2009, and directs CBP to submit the
report as soon as possible. The Committee also includes a provision in H.R. 2360
withholding $70 million until this report is submitted as directed by H.Rept. 108-541.
House-passed H.R. 2360 fully funds the request for CSI. The Senate Committee
fully funds the request for CSI, but notes its concern about CSI host-country
cooperation and directs CBP to submit a report to the Committee no later than
February 18, 2006, detailing specific steps the Department is taking to address any
reluctance on the part of foreign countries to fully cooperate.
C-TPAT is a public-private partnership aimed at securing the supply chain from
point of origin through entry into the United States. The FY2006 request includes
an increase of $8.2 million for C-TPAT to be used for travel and the purchase of
equipment and supplies for Supply Chain Specialists to conduct an increased number
of C-TPAT security profile validations. House-passed H.R. 2360 fully funds the
request for C-TPAT. The Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360 fully funds the
request for C-TPAT. S.Rept. 109-83 directs CBP to submit a report by February 18,
2006, providing detailed performance measures, human capital plans, and any plans
or actions taken that would address the recommendations made by GAO’s recent
report on the program.
Cargo Inspection Technology. The FY2006 Administration request for
CBP includes an increase of $125 million for technology to detect WMD. This
request includes $77 million for the purchase of additional radiation portal monitors
(RPMs), and the purchase of next generation RPMs. House-passed H.R. 2360 fully
funds the $188 million request for cargo inspection technology. H.Rept. 109-79
directs CBP to submit two reports no later than January 16, 2006: (1) detailing the
current status and investment plan for RPMs through FY2010; and (2) detailing the
projected spending, maintenance and replacement of large-scale non-intrusive
inspection (NII) equipment (for example, truck x-ray machines, and vehicle and
cargo inspection systems) for FY2006-2010. Senate-reported H.R. 2360 fully funds
the requested increase of $125 million for RPMs, but funds the request under the
S&T Directorate rather than under CBP, as the Committee believes that S&T is the
appropriate organization to test, pilot, and direct procurement of RPMs.
Air and Marine Operations (AMO). With the FY2005 Appropriation,
AMO was transferred to CBP, where it is now located. The FY2006 request includes
an increase of $31.7 million for long range radar (LRR) coverage for AMO. This
increase is requested to finance a 50% share of the cost (the other 50% share to be
covered by the Department of Defense) of a primary Federal Aviation Administration

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CRS-23
(FAA) LRR feed that FAA intends to discontinue using. House-passed H.R. 2360
fully funds the request for AMO, and provides an additional $60 million above the
request for AMO: $14 million for the acquisition of manned covert surveillance
aircraft, $15 million for the acquisition and deployment of palletized sensor packages
for the P-3 Slick aircraft, $16 million for the P-3 service-life extension program, and
$5 million for additional staff and equipment. The Senate-reported version of H.R.
2360 would fully fund the requested increase for AMO, and provide an additional
$33 million in total for AMO: $5 million for staff for the fourth Northern Border
airwing base in Great Falls, Montana; $13 million for the operations of the fourth
Northern Border airwing base; and $15 million for the P-3 Slick palletized sensor
packages.
Increase in Border Patrol Agents. CBP is proposing to add 210 agents to
the USBP workforce in FY2006 to backfill positions vacated along the Southwest
border. These vacancies were the result of agents being transferred from the
Southwest border in order to fulfill the requirement enacted in the USA PATRIOT
Act (P.L. 107-56, §402) to triple the number of agents assigned to the Northern
border. This increase is well below the 2,000 additional agents authorized by the
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-458, §5202).
Given the disparity between the authorization and the President’s request, a possible
issue for Congress may be what the appropriate level of staffing for the Border Patrol
is in order to achieve its mission of detecting and interdicting the entry of terrorists,
WMD, and unauthorized aliens between ports of entry. House Appropriators have
addressed this issue by adding $150 million to the President’s request, which,
combined with the $124 million available in the FY2005 supplemental appropriation
(P.L. 109-13), will allow the Border Patrol to add 1,500 agents to its workforce by
the end of FY2006.33 The Senate Appropriations Committee concurs with the House
in adding 1,500 agents to the USBP in FY2006 and increases the President’s request
by $241 million.34
IDENT/IAFIS. According to CBP, the integration of the Border Patrol’s
Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) is
progressing and interoperable IDENT/IAFIS workstations have been deployed to all
USBP stations. This would seem to address some of the concerns about the slow
pace of the integration project raised by House Appropriators in FY2005.35 The
president’s request includes an increase of $3 million for the system and notes that
BTS has assumed ownership for the integration project. While the integration of the
two biometric databases has given USBP agents access to the FBI’s criminal records,
leading to an 8.5% increase in the identification of criminal aliens, a possible issue
for Congress may be the USBP’s apparent lack of access to the name-based Terrorist
Watchlist at their stations. This may be of concern due to recent Congressional
33 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 24.
34 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 24.
35 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Bill, 2005, report to accompany H.R. 4567, 108th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept.
108-541 (Washington, GPO, 2004), pp. 18-19.

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testimony by DHS acting Secretary Admiral James Loy that Al-Qaeda is considering
infiltrating the Southwest border due to a belief that “illegal entry is more
advantageous than legal entry for operational security reasons.”36 House
Appropriators expressed frustration with CBP that the report they requested in the
FY2005 appropriation bill on the IDENT/IAFIS integration project has not been
delivered yet. They direct DHS to submit the report by July 1, 2005. The Senate
Appropriation Committee funds the President’s request and directs DHS to submit
the report on the project that was requested in FY2005 which continues to be
outstanding.37
Arizona Border Control Initiative (ABCI). In response to the continuing
high levels of apprehensions in the Tucson sector, the Arizona Border Control (ABC)
initiative was launched on March 16, 2004. ABC is a multi-disciplinary initiative
that seeks to coordinate federal, state, and local authorities to control the Arizona
border. ABC is specifically aimed at stopping cross-border smuggling operations by
detecting, arresting, and deterring all groups seeking to bring people, drugs, weapons,
and other merchandise into the country illegally. 200 additional permanent border
patrol agents and 60 special operations agents trained for search and rescue
operations were assigned to the Tucson sector over the summer of 2004, bringing the
total number of agents there to approximately 2,000. According to DHS, in the first
six months of the ABC, apprehension of unauthorized aliens increased 56% from
apprehension during the same period of the previous year. From March 16, 2004 to
September 7, 2004, 351,700 unauthorized aliens were apprehended compared to
225,108 unauthorized aliens during the same period in 2003. CBP proposes an
increase of $1 million to continue this multi-disciplinary program in FY2006, though
most funding for the program will come from ICE. House Appropriators support this
multi-agency approach to protecting the border and fund the President’s request and
direct CBP to work closely with the Tohono O’odham Nation along the Arizona
border to ensure that the Nation is fully aware of CBP’s actions on their territory.38
The Senate Appropriations Committee fully funds the President’s request.
America Shield Initiative. CBP proposes an increase of $19.8 million for
the America Shield Initiative (ASI), formerly known as the Integrated Surveillance
Intelligence System (ISIS). ASI integrates Remote Video Surveillance camera
systems, sensors, and the Integrated Computer Assisted Detection (ICAD) database
into a multi-faceted network capable of detecting illegal entries in a wide range of
climate conditions. The requested FY2006 funding will be used to deploy
surveillance assets to high-priority areas such as Tucson, Yuma, and El Paso on the
southwest border, and Blaine, Spokane, Buffalo, and Swanton (Vermont) on the
northern border. House Appropriators fully fund the President’s request and, citing
concerns with the contracting problems identified in the ISIS program by the General
Services Administration Inspector General, request a report by January 16, 2006 on
these problems and the specific measures taken by CBP to address them. A report
36 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, National Security Threats to the
United States, 109th Cong., 1st sess., Feb. 16, 2005.
37 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 19.
38 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 28.

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CRS-25
on the specific performance metrics used by the ASI program is also requested by
January 16, 2006.39 The Senate Appropriations Committee fully funds the
President’s request and encourages program managers to explore off-the-shelf
solutions as they develop the program.
Construction. The President requested $93 million for this account, which
covers the construction of the tactical infrastructure that provides physical
impediments to illegal entry. Construction under this account includes the erection
of lights, fences, and vehicle barriers, as well as the creation of access roads. The
House Appropriations Committee fully funds the President’s request. The Senate
Appropriations Committee increases the President’s request by $218 million, to $311
million. Included in this increase is $82 million for the construction of facilities to
accomodate the 1,500 additional USBP agents, as well as $55 million to complete the
fence in the San Diego Sector and $55 million to expand the USBP tactical
infrastructure in the Tucson Sector.40
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)41
ICE focuses on enforcement of immigration and customs laws within the United
States. ICE develops intelligence to reduce illegal entry into the United States, and
is responsible for investigating and enforcing violations of the immigration laws
(e.g., alien smuggling, hiring unauthorized alien workers). ICE is also responsible
for locating and removing aliens who have overstayed their visas, entered illegally,
or have become deportable by committing a crime. In addition, ICE develops
intelligence to combat terrorist financing and money laundering, and to enforce
export laws against smuggling, fraud, forced labor, trade agreement noncompliance,
and vehicle and cargo theft. Furthermore, this bureau oversees the building security
activities of the Federal Protective Service, formerly of the General Services
Administration; and the Federal Air Marshals Service (FAMS).42 The Office of Air
and Marine Interdiction was transferred from ICE to CBP, and therefore the totals for
ICE do not include Air and Marine Interdiction funding which is included under
CBP.
President’s Request. The Administration has requested an appropriation
of $4,364 million in gross budget authority for ICE in FY2006. This represents a 4%
increase over the enacted FY2005 level (including supplemental appropriations) of
$4,215 million. The Administration is requesting an appropriation of $3,648 million
in net budget authority for ICE in FY2006, representing a 3% increase over the
FY2005 enacted level of $3,537 million. The request includes the following program
increases:
! $105 million for the Office of Investigations;
39 H.Rept. 109-79, pp. 27-28.
40 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 30.
41 Section prepared by Blas Nuñez-Neto, Analyst in Domestic Security, and Alison Siskin,
Analyst in Social Legislation, Domestic Social Policy Division.
42 FAMS transferred to ICE from TSA in August of 2003.

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! $90 million for custody management and detention bedspace;
! $43.7 million for ICE’s Organized Crime and Drug Enforcement
Task Force (OCDETF) activities;
! $25 million for ABCI and Interior Repatriation;
! $24 million for detention and removal;
! $18 million for temporary worker worksite enforcement;
! $11.3 million for the Homeland Security Data Network;
! $9.9 million for the Federal Air Marshals (FAMS);
! $8.8 million for Fugitive Operations;
! $5.6 million for Institutional Removal Program (IRP);
! $5.4 million for Alternatives to Detention;
! $5 million for Visa Security; and
! $3.5 million for legal resources.
House-Passed H.R. 2360. House-passed H.R. 2360 provides $3,830
million for ICE, an increase of $182 million, or 5% from the President’s FY2006
request and $243 million, or 8% above FY2005 enacted. Of the appropriated
amount, $5 million is to be used to implement §287(g) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (INA),43 which allows the Attorney General44 to enter into
agreements with states and local governments to allow their employees perform
functions of immigration officers; and $11.2 million is designated to fund or
reimburse other federal agencies for the cost of care, and repatriation of smuggled
aliens. In addition, House-passed H.R. 2360 would withhold $20 million of the
money appropriated to DHS’ Office of the Secretary and Executive management until
the Secretary of DHS submits a report to the Appropriations Committee outlining an
immigration enforcement strategy to reduce the number of unauthorized aliens in the
United States by 10% each year.
Additionally, H. Rept 109-79 recommends fully funding the President’s requests
and recommends an additional:
! $90 million for 1,920 detention beds;
! $16 million for 60 fugitive operations team positions;45
! $18 million for 100 Institutional Removal Program agents;
! $10 million for 49 Alternatives to Detention positions;
! $19 million for 150 criminal investigators;
! $18 million for 200 Immigration Enforcement Agents; and
! $800,000 for the Cyber Crimes Center.
Senate-Reported H.R. 2360 . Senate-reported H.R. 2360 provides $3,806
million for ICE. Of the appropriated amount,$11.2 million is designated to fund or
43 8 U.S.C. §§1101 et seq. 8 U.S.C. §1357(g)
44 This provision is now being administered by the Secretary of Homeland Security.
45 The Office of Detention and Removal’s National Fugitive Operations Program (NFOP)
seeks to apprehend, process, and remove aliens who have failed to comply with removal
orders, giving priority to apprehending aliens convicted of crimes.

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CRS-27
reimburse other federal agencies for the cost of care, and repatriation of smuggled
aliens. Additionally, S. Rept 109-83 recommends an increase of:
! $77.4 million for 32 positions (16 FTEs) for Custody Management;
! $4.8 million for the Visa Security Program;
! $24.9 million for 60 fugitive operations team positions (30 FTEs);
! $23.4 million for 136 Institutional Removal Program agents (69
FTEs);
! $15.4 million for 62 Alternatives to Detention positions (31 FTEs);
! $37 million for 300 investigator positions for immigration
investigations (150 FTEs);
! $18 million for 200 (100 FTEs) Immigration Enforcement Agents;
! $25 million for the Arizona Border Control Initiative; and
! $3.5 million for additional attorney personnel.
Financial Management at ICE. ICE inherited its financial organization and
systems from the former INS. An independent audit of ICE’s financial statements
concluded that the agency’s accounting records were inadequately maintained during
FY2004. The report noted that ICE had served as the accounting services provider
for several other DHS agencies46 while simultaneously experiencing significant
turnover among its financial management staff. This led the agency to fall “seriously
behind in basic accounting functions, such as account reconciliations, analysis of
material abnormal balances, and proper budgetary accounting.” Additionally, serving
as the accounting provider for other agencies led ICE to experience budget shortfalls
due to tardy reimbursements for expenses it provided to cover other agencies’ costs.
This budget shortfall forced the agency into a freeze on hiring and non-mission
critical expenditures, including training. The auditors concluded that DHS should
immediately address the “void in ICE’s financial management infrastructure.”47 ICE
recently requested a $500 million reprogramming for FY2005 to cover funding
shortfalls within the agency.48 House Appropriators expressed concern and
disappointment over the continuing financial troubles at ICE. The Committee notes
that the agency has been forced to employ drastic cost-cutting measures that the
Committee believes adversely limited ICE’s operations. The Committee directs DHS
to provide monthly reports on ICE’s financial condition.49
Office of Investigations/Immigration Functions. The Office of
Investigations (OI) in ICE focuses on a broad array of criminal and civil violation
affecting national security such as illegal arms exports, financial crimes, commercial
46 Among others, ICE serves as the accounting service provider for CIS, S&T, IAIP, DHS
Management, and BTS Headquarters. These agencies include parts of 10 of the 22 legacy
agencies that were transferred to DHS and account for roughly 20% of total DHS FY2004
budget authority.
47 Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Inspector General, Independent Auditors’
Report on DHS FY2004 Financial Statements, OIG-05-05, Dec. 2004, pp. 320-333.
48 U.S. Congress, House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security,
Fiscal Year 2006 Department of Homeland Security Appropriations, Mar. 15, 2005.
49 H.Rept. 109-79, pp. 33-34.

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fraud, human trafficking, narcotics smuggling, child pornography/exploitation,
worksite enforcement, and immigration fraud. ICE special agents also conduct
investigations aimed at protecting critical infrastructure industries that are vulnerable
to sabotage, attack or exploitation.50 The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-
296) abolished the INS and the United States Customs Service, and transferred most
of their investigative functions to ICE effective March 1, 2003. There are
investigative advantages to combining the INS and Customs Services as those who
violate immigration laws often are engaged in other criminal enterprises (e.g., alien
smuggling rings often launder money). Nonetheless, concerns have been raised that
not enough resources have been focused on investigating civil violations of
immigration law, and that ICE resources have been focused on terrorism and the
types of investigations performed by the former Customs Service.51
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-458,
§5203) authorized for FY2006, subject to appropriations, the addition of at least 800
new investigators to investigate violations of immigration law. The $1,496 million
requested in the President’s budget for the OI includes increases in the base funding
for two groups responsible for immigration enforcement, the Visa Security Unit
(VSU)52 and Temporary Worker Worksite Enforcement, and includes a total of 148
new positions for these units. The President’s budget requests an additional $18
million for temporary worker worksite enforcement to add 143 positions responsible
for investigating and prosecuting violations under existing immigration law for hiring
unauthorized aliens, and supporting and implementing the provisions of possible
temporary worker legislation. The President’s request also includes an increase of $5
million to add five new officers to the VSU, open a new overseas location, and
expand training programs. H.Rept 109-79 recommends $19 million to expand the
Visa Security Program, and S. Rept.109-83 recommends an additional $4.8 million
for 9 positions for an additional VSU. Furthermore, H.Rept 109-79 recommends an
addition $18 million over the President’s request for 200 new Immigration
Enforcement Agents (IEAs).53 H.Rept 109-79 also recommends $19 million for an
additional 150 criminal investigators.54 S.Rept. 109-83 recommends an additional
$37 million for 300 new immigration investigations positions, and $18 million for
200 IEAs, but does not provide a funding increase for temporary workers worksite
enforcement.
50 For more information see [http://www.ice.gov/graphics/investigations/index.htm].
51 Based on CRS discussions with ICE personnel in New York City, Aug. 27, 2003.
52 Officers of the VSU are assigned to consular posts to conduct law-enforcement reviews
of visa applications, and provide advice and training to consular officers. For more
information on visa issuance see CRS Report RL31512, Visa Issuance: Policy, Issues, and
Legislation, by Ruth Ellen Wasem.
53 The Conference Report (H.Rept 109-72) for the Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L.
109-13)provides funding for an additional 168 IEAs and detention officers.
54 The Conference Report (H.Rept 109-72) for the Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L.
109-13) contains funding for 50 new criminal investigators. Nonetheless, it is unknown to
which types of cases the new criminal investigators will be assigned.

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CRS-29
Detention and Removal Operations. Detention and Removal Operations
(DRO) in ICE provide custody management of aliens who are in removal
proceedings or who have been ordered removed from the United States.55 DRO is
also responsible for ensuring that aliens ordered removed actually depart from the
United States. Many contend that DRO does not have enough detention space to
house all those who should be detained. A study done by DOJ’s Inspector General
found that almost 94% of those detained with final orders of removal were deported
while only 11% of those not detained who were issued final orders of removal left
the country.56 Concerns have been raised that decisions on which aliens to release
and when to release the aliens may be based on the amount of detention space, not
on the merits of individual cases, and that the amount of space may vary by area of
the country leading to inequities and disparate policies in different geographic areas.
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-458,
§5204) authorized, subject to appropriations, an increase in DRO bed space of 8,000
beds for each year, FY2006-FY2010. The President’s budget requests an increase
for FY2006 of $90 million for 1,920 new beds. H.Rept 109-79 recommends $90
million for 1,920 new beds,57 and House-passed H.R. 2360 would withhold $50
million of the appropriated funds for ICE salaries and expenses until the Assistant
Secretary of ICE submits to the Appropriations Committee a national detention
management plan. S.Rept. 109-83 recommends $77.4 million for 32 positions for
Custody Management and 2,240 new beds.
Alternatives to Detention. Due to the cost of detaining aliens, and the fact
that many non-detained aliens with final orders of removal do not leave the country,
there has been interest in developing alternatives to detention for certain types of
aliens who do not require a secure detention setting. In 2004, ICE began a pilot
program, the Intensive Supervision Appearance Program, for low-risk, non-violent
offenders.58 H.Rept 109-79 recommends $10 million for 49 new positions for this
program, and S.Rept. 109-83 recommends $15.4 million and 32 new positions.
Interior Repatriation. ICE proposes a $25 million increase for the Interior
Repatriation program. On June 9, 2004 the White House announced it had reached
agreement with the Mexican government to begin piloting the Interior Repatriation
Program, which aims to reduce the number of aliens who immediately try to cross
back into the United States by flying them into the interior of Mexico. Due to
55 For more information on detention issues see CRS Report RL32369, Immigration-Related
Detention: Current Legislative Issues, by Alison Siskin. Under the INA aliens can be
removed for reasons of health, criminal status, economic well-being, national security risks
and others that are specifically defined in the act.
56 Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, The Immigration and
Naturalization Service’s Removal of Aliens Issued Final Orders, Report I-2003-004, Feb.
2003.
57 The Conference Report (H.Rept 109-72) for the Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L.
109-13) contains funding for an additional 1950 beds.
58 Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “Public
Security: ICE Unveils New Alternative to Detention,” Inside ICE, vol. 1, no. 5, June 21,
2004. Available at [http://www.ice.gov/graphics/news/newsreleases/insideice/
insideice_062104_web3.htm].

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constitutional constraints in Mexico, the apprehended aliens’ return to the interior
must be strictly voluntary and the willingness of their participation is certified by
Mexican consular officers.59 In order to continue the program in FY2006, the
Administration is requesting $39.3 million; $25 million for Custody Management
and $14.3 for Transportation and Removal. This represents a $25 million increase
from the $14 million spent on the pilot program in FY2005. H.Rept 109-79 directs
the Commissioner of CBP to report no later than January 16, 2006 on the
performance of the Interior Repatriation Program.
State and Local Law Enforcement.60 Currently the INA provides limited
avenues for state enforcement of both its civil and criminal provisions. One of the
broadest grants of authority for state and local immigration enforcement activity
stems from INA §287(g), which authorizes the Attorney General to enter into a
written agreement with a State, or any political subdivision to allow an officer or
employee of the State or subdivision, to perform a function of an immigration officer
in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens in the United
States. The enforcement of immigration by state and local officials has sparked
debate among many who question what the proper role of state and local law
enforcement officials should be in enforcing federal immigration laws. Many have
expressed concern over proper training, finite resources at the local level, possible
civil rights violations, and the overall impact on communities. Some localities, for
example, even provide “sanctuary” for illegal aliens and will generally promote
policies that ensure such aliens will not be turned over to federal authorities.
Nonetheless, some observers contend that the federal government has scarce
resources to enforce immigration law and that state and local law enforcement
entities should be utilized. Unlike Senate-reported H.R. 2360, House-passed H.R.
2360 would appropriate $5 million to implement INA §287(g).
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)61
The TSA was created by the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA,
P.L. 107-71), and was charged with protecting U.S. air, land, and rail transportation
systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. In 2002, the TSA
was transferred to DHS with the passage of the Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-
296). TSA’s responsibilities include protecting the aviation system against terrorist
threats, sabotage, and other acts of violence through the deployment of: passenger
and baggage screeners; detection systems for explosives, weapons, and other
contraband; and other security technologies. TSA also has certain responsibilities for
marine and land modes of transportation. TSA is further charged with serving as the
59 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, Office
of the Press Secretary, “Department of Homeland Security to Begin Pilot Program for
Voluntary Interior Repatriation of Mexican Nationals,” press release, June 29, 2004.
60 This section adapted from CRS Report RL32270, Enforcing Immigration Law: The Role
of State and Local Law Enforcement, by Lisa M. Seghetti, Stephen R. Vina, and Karma
Ester.
61 Section prepared by Bartholomew Elias, Specialist in Aviation Safety, Security, and
Technology; and John Frittelli, Specialist in Transportation, Resources, Science and
Industry Division.

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primary liaison for transportation security to the law enforcement and intelligence
communities, and with conducting research and development to improve security
technologies.
President’s Request. The President has requested an appropriation of
$5,562 million in gross budget authority for TSA in FY2006, a net increase of $162
million, or 3%, over the enacted FY2005 level of $5,400 million.62 However, in
comparing the FY2006 budget request to prior year levels, it is important to note that
the President is requesting to transfer a large portion of TSA’s research and
development functions — totaling $109 million in FY2005 appropriated amounts —
to the S&T Directorate, and a transfer of a variety of functions — totaling $142
million in FY2005 — to the proposed Office of Screening Coordination and
Operations (SCO). Functions that would be transferred to the SCO under the
proposal include Secure Flight ($35 million); Crew Vetting ($10 million);
Credentialing Startup Costs ($10 million); Transportation Worker Identification Card
(TWIC, $50 million); Registered Traveler ($15 million); HAZMAT Driver Security
Threat Assessments ($17 million); and Alien Flight School Applicant Security Threat
Assessments ($5 million). Adjusting for these transfers and other miscellaneous
factors, the requested increase to the TSA budget totals $415 million, roughly a 7.7%
increase over FY2005 enacted levels (see P.L. 108-334).
Almost 90% of the TSA’s proposed budget is designated for aviation security
functions. Key aviation security initiatives proposed include:
! developing and testing emerging checkpoint explosives
technologies;
! realigning the screener workforce and providing funds needed to
maintain an authorized level of 45,000 full-time equivalents (FTEs);
! deploying high-speed Internet connections at airport screening
checkpoints and baggage screening areas;
! providing mandated training for flight and cabin crews and
conducting semiannual requalification for armed pilots; and
! conducting mandated security inspections of foreign airline repair
stations and inspections at domestic repair stations.
In an effort to approach full cost recovery from user fees for aviation security
screening, the President has proposed an increase in passenger security fees. The
proposal would raise the fee from its current level of $2.50 per flight segment, with
a maximum fee of $5.00 per one-way trip, to $5.50 per segment, with a maximum
of $8.00 per one-way trip. The Administration anticipates that this proposed fee
increase coupled with a return to pre-9/11 passenger volume will result in an increase
in fee collections from an estimated $2.652 billion in FY2005 to $4.1 billion in
FY2006. This increase is projected to offset roughly 82% of the proposed $4.985
62 The amount for FY2005 listed here includes $250 million for the Aviation Security
Capital Fund, and $5 million for Alien Flight School Background Checks; and the amount
for FY2006 includes $250 million for the Aviation Security Capital Fund. These amounts
are listed as non-adds in Table 5, and are not included in the committee tables.

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billion budget for aviation security. In contrast, aviation security fees collected in
FY2004 offset only 41% of expenditures for aviation security.63
For surface transportation security, the President requests $32 million, which
includes $8 million for hiring and deploying 100 rail and transit inspectors. These
inspectors will be deployed at significant rail and mass transit points across the
United States to perform compliance reviews, audits, and enforcement actions
pertaining to security measures.
House-passed H.R. 2360. House-passed H.R. 2360 provides a gross total
of $5,683 million (net total of $3,263 million) for the TSA. This total includes
$264.3 million for Transportation Vetting and Credentialing which the President’s
request proposed to transfer to the SCO.
For aviation security activities H.R. 2360 provides $143.2 million less than the
President’s request but is $268.1 million more than FY2005 enacted levels.64 There
are several key differences between H.R. 2360 and the President’s request regarding
aviation security. Funding for private screening contracts at airports is $6.5 million
less than the requested level. The House Committee on Appropriations found that
the full request was not justified because of a lack of interest in the federal screening
opt-out program due to lingering concerns over airport liability and other aspects of
the program. The Committee also found a lack of justification for the proposed
increases in aviation regulation and law enforcement recommending that the TSA
trim staffing levels in this program element, and the House agreed to a funding level
$9.8 million below the President’s request. Similarly, the Committee expressed
concerns over staffing levels in airport management, information technology and
support, and the House agreed to fund this component of the TSA budget at a level
$108.2 million below the President’s request. The Committee also did not agree with
the President’s request for increased funding for the Federal Flight Deck Officer
Program, citing high unobligated balances as evidence that this program does not
need additional funds. The House agreed to $25 million for this program, the same
as what was appropriated in FY2004 and FY2005.
In keeping with previous year trends, the House agreed to larger funding
amounts for air cargo security, providing $60 million, $20 million more than the
President’s request. This includes an additional $10 million to hire 100 new air cargo
inspectors, plus increased funding for travel for inspectors, enhancements to the
known-shipper database, and security threat assessments. Additionally, the House
passed two general provisions calling for more thorough screening of shipments on
all-cargo and passenger aircraft by March 1, 2006 (Sec. 522), and requiring the TSA,
to the greatest extent practicable, to use checked baggage equipment and screeners
to screen cargo carried on passenger aircraft (Sec. 523).

63 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration,
Statement of David M. Stone, Assistant Secretary Before the Committee on Commerce,
Science & Transportation, United States Senate, Feb. 15, 2005. (Hereafter cited as
Statement of David M. Stone).
64 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 42.

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Consistent with the President’s request and prior year appropriations language,
the House agreed to keep screener staffing at or below the 45,000 full-time-
equivalent (FTE) cap. The Committee believes that efficiencies gained through new
technologies and increased use of in-line explosives detection systems (EDS) can
greatly reduce the need for baggage screeners. The House agreed to additional
funding of in-line EDS, proposing a total of $75 million for this purpose — $61
million above President’s request — in addition to the $250 million mandatory
deposit into the Aviation Security Capital Fund. While the Committee agreed with
the President’s request to limit the federal share at the 8 existing airports with letters
on intent (LOIs) to 75% , rather than the 90% authorized for large airports in Vision
100 (P.L. 108-176), this measure was stricken by a point of order because it sought
to modify existing law. H.R. 2360 provides additional funding for the purchase of
EDS and explosive trace detection (ETD) equipment, providing $40 million above
the $130 million included in the President’s request for this purpose. In an effort to
further increase the availability of funds for EDS, the House agreed to language
directing the TSA to spend any recovered or deobligated funds appropriated for
aviation security or TSA administration exclusively on EDS procurement and
installation (Sec. 530).
For surface transportation security, the House agreed to $36 million, which is
$4 million more than the President’s request. The House agreed with the President’s
request that $8 million of this total be designated for federal rail security inspectors.
The House also provided $4 million for a hazardous materials truck tracking
program.

Senate-reported H.R. 2360. The Senate Committee on Appropriations
recommends a gross total of $5,055 million (net total of $3,065 million) for the TSA,
not including the $250 million in direct funding to the Aviation Security Capital
Fund. This total includes $255 million for Transportation Vetting and Credentialing
which the President’s request proposed to transfer to the SCO.
For aviation security, the Senate committee recommends $4,452 million, $129
million more than the FY2005 appropriation, but $283 million less than the budget
request and $139 million less than the House-passed bill. Unlike the budget request
and the House-passed bill, the bill under consideration in the Senate contains no
specific cap on the number of screeners but, like the House bill, increases funding for
screening technologies in a move to rapidly shift away from a workforce-intensive
use of resources. The Senate bill endeavors to do this, in part, by increasing the
TSA’s flexibility to transfer monies from screener workforce accounts to accounts
for procuring screening equipment. The Senate committee recommends $180 million
for EDS and ETD procurement with the stipulation that at least $50 million be used
for acquiring next-generation EDS equipment.
The Senate proposal makes more modest reductions in the budget request for
airport management, staff, information technology, and support, recommending $748
million for this function, $10 million less than the budget request but $103 million
above the House-passed amount. In contrast to the fiscal concerns expressed by the
House committee, the Senate committee noted that increased funding for information
technology is imperative for maintaining real-time intelligence and operational
effectiveness and efficiency.

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The Senate recommendation of $50 million for air cargo security lies directly
between the budget request of $40 million and the House-passed level of $60 million.
The $10 million above the request offered in the Senate proposal includes $7 million
for hiring additional inspectors and $3 million for increased inspections of both
international flights and domestic passenger flights. The Senate proposal would also
direct the TSA to continue coordination of “known-shipper” and Customs-Trade
Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) programs and move toward the goal of
screening 100 percent of cargo carried on passenger airplanes.
With regard to surface transportation security, the Senate proposal is in full
agreement with the House-passed amount and use of funds. Also, the Senate
proposal is in concordance with the House-passed plan to keep transportation vetting
and credentialing functions within the TSA, but recommends direct funding for
credentialing activities at a level $9 million less than the House-passed amount.
Issues for Congress. The President’s proposal to increase airline passenger
security fees has been a contentious issue. Financially strapped airlines — still
recovering from the economic impact of the 9/11 attacks and now facing rising fuel
costs — argue that they will likely have to absorb some of the cost of these fee
increases by reducing ticket prices.65 Some Members of Congress have also voiced
concern that the proposed fee increase could cut into the revenues of the airlines, and
could have a greater impact on rural airline customers who would pay proportionately
more in per-segment fees because fewer direct flights are available to these
customers.66 The Administration, on the other hand, argues that increased fees could
help reduce a funding deficit by generating additional revenue to offset expenditures
for aviation security, or could free up general tax revenues for spending on broader
homeland security needs. The Administration also contends that increasing fees to
offset costs is in line with long-standing transportation infrastructure policy to fund
these services largely through user fees, as well as its assessment of the original
intent of these passenger security fees established under ATSA (P.L 107-71).67
However, some opponents of aviation security fees contend that aviation security,
particularly since September 11, 2001, is vital to national security, and therefore, like
defense spending, is the responsibility of all taxpayers. The House Committee on
Appropriations noted that amending the statutory fee structure falls under the
jurisdiction of the Homeland Security Committee and did not include the proposed
fee increases in its bill. An amendment to the FY2006 DHS Authorization Act
(H.R. 1817) prohibiting an increase in airline ticket taxes for aviation security was
agreed to by a large majority in the House, despite opposition by Aviation
Subcommittee Chairman John Mica. While the Senate committee also did not
recommend any passenger fee increases, language in S.Rept. 109-83 directs the TSA
to use its available authority to collect about $448 million from aviation security
infrastructure fees paid directly by the airlines. This is the amount determined by a
65 Air Transport Association of America, Inc., Statement for the Record to the Committee
on Commerce, Science & Transportation, United States Senate Hearing on Fiscal Year
2006 Budget Transportation Security Administration, Feb. 15, 2005.
66 Sara Kehaulani Goo, “Senate Turbulence Greets Plan to Raise Airline Ticket Security
Fees,” The Washington Post, Feb. 16, 2005, p. A2.
67 See Statement of David M. Stone.

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CRS-35
GAO audit that TSA should be collecting annually. However, the TSA has been
collecting only about $318 million in these fees, despite assuming that collections
would total $750 million for FY2005, thus creating a projected shortfall of more than
$400 million.
Another key issue for the TSA is the proposed creation of SCO. With the
proposed transfer of programs related to credentialing and vetting of passengers and
transportation workers, several potential issues regarding coordination of effort
between the TSA and the proposed SCO arise. The Administration has offered few
details regarding how the proposed SCO would interface with the TSA on several
high-profile programs such as Secure Flight and the TWIC program. Citing concerns
over disrupting work on these key programs, the House language has taken a
different tack that would integrate these various programs, but keep them within the
TSA under a new Office of Transportation Vetting and Credentialing.
Another potential issue that may arise during the appropriations process is
coordination between TSA and S&T in light of the proposal to transfer the TSA’s
research and development activities. One particular issue would be how aviation
security research needs will be prioritized given that S&T is more broadly focused
on all homeland security research and development activities. There may be some
concern that aviation security projects could take a back seat to other high-profile
initiatives — such as nuclear, biological, and chemical weapon countermeasures —
that have been the primary focus of S&T to date. Also, while consolidating research
and development on explosives and chemical weapons detection — the primary focus
of aviation security-related research and development — may help leverage resources
for other DHS components, these projects could potentially lose some of the aviation
security-specific focus that they currently have under the auspices of the TSA.
Consequently, Congress may focus on what coordination and interaction between
TSA and S&T will be established under the proposed transfer to ensure that aviation
security research and development needs are adequately addressed.68 The House
Committee on Appropriations has proposed to task the S&T Directorate with
carrying out air cargo research and development pilot programs initiated by the TSA,
but expressed frustration over the lack of progress in this area commenting that
“...high unobligated balances give the impression that the TSA does not view air
cargo as a serious aviation security vulnerability.”69 Consequently, the committee
directed the TSA to develop protocols and standards for emerging new technologies
to screen cargo, noting past deployment delays because such coordination was
lacking.
68 Further information and analysis of transportation security issues before Congress are
provided in CRS reports at [http://www.congress.gov/erp/legissues/html/istrn5.html].
69 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 48.

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United States Coast Guard70
The Coast Guard is the lead federal agency for the maritime component of
homeland security. As such, it is the lead agency responsible for BTS as it applies
to U.S. ports, coastal and inland waterways, and territorial waters. The Coast Guard
also performs missions that are not related to homeland security, such as maritime
search and rescue, marine environmental protection, fisheries enforcement, and aids
to navigation.
The Coast Guard was transferred from the Department of Transportation to the
DHS on March 1, 2003. The law that created the DHS (P.L. 107-296) directed that
the Coast Guard be maintained as a distinct entity within DHS and that the
Commandant of the Coast Guard report directly to the Secretary of DHS.
Accordingly, the Coast Guard exists as a distinct agency within DHS and is not part
of DHS’s BTS, although it does work closely with that directorate.
President’s Request. For FY2006 the President requested an appropriation
of $7,961 million in net budget authority for the Coast Guard, which is a 5.21%
increase over the enacted FY2005 level of $7,567 million. The Coast Guard’s budget
is divided into seven categories. The President requested increases in three of these
categories and decreases or zero funding in the four remaining categories. Among
the categories with increased funding, the largest increase in percentage terms is in
acquisition, construction, and improvements (the agency’s physical equipment),
which would increase by 23.08% to $1,269.2 million. Operating expenses would
increase by 4.62% to $5,547.4 million and reserve training would increase by 5.31%
to $119.0 million. The President requested zero funds for the Coast Guard’s bridge
alteration program which funds alterations to the understructure of bridges that are
obstructing navigational waterways. Congress provided $15.9 for this program in
FY2005. The President also requested zero funds for Coast Guard research and
development; transferring and consolidating this account under the DHS S&T
Directorate. Congress provided $18.5 million for Coast Guard R&D in FY2005.
The two other budget categories that the President would reduce funding for are
Coast Guard environmental compliance and restoration, which would decrease by
29.41% to $12 million and retired pay, which would decrease by 6.54% to $1,014.1
million.
House-passed H.R. 2360. House-passed H.R. 2360 provides $7,458
million, $503 million or 6% less than the President’s request and $109 million or 1%
less than FY2005 enacted. H.R. 2360 provides $798 million for acquisitions,
construction, and improvements, which is about $471 million less than the President
requested. Most of this difference has to do with the Coast Guard’s Deepwater
program, which is explained further below. For operating expenses, the House bill
provides $5,500 million which is $47 million less than the President’s request. For
70 Section prepared by John Frittelli, Specialist in Transportation, Resources, Science and
Industry Division. Further information and analysis of the Coast Guard’s role in maritime
security is provided in CRS Report RS21125, Homeland Security: Coast Guard Operations
— Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O’Rourke; and CRS Report RL31733,
Port and Maritime Security: Background and Issues for Congress, by John Frittelli.

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CRS-37
alteration of bridges, the House bill provides $15 million versus the President’s
request of no funds. For environmental compliance and restoration, reserve training,
and retired pay, the House bill would provide the same amounts that the President
requested. The House bill also agrees with the President’s request to transfer the
Coast Guard’s research and development funds to the DHS S&T Directorate. The
House Committee on Appropriations’ report states that the Committee “is extremely
frustrated in the Coast Guard’s apparent disregard for Congressional direction” and
cites the Deepwater plan and other reprogramming submissions as examples.71
Senate-reported H.R. 2360. Senate-reported H.R. 2360 provides $7,780
million, $322 million or 4% more than the House. Senate-reported H.R. 2360
provides $1,225 million for acquisitions, construction, and improvements, which is
$427 million more than the House. As indicated below, most of the $427 million
difference between the House and Senate concerns the Deepwater program. Senate-
reported H.R. 2360 provides $5,459 million for operating expenses, which is $41
million less than the House. For environmental compliance and restoration, reserve
training, and alteration of bridges, Senate-reported H.R. 2360 provides the same
amount as the House. Senate-reported H.R. 2360 does not agree with the House and
the President’s request to transfer the Coast Guard’s R&D funds to the DHS S&T
Directorate; it provides $19 million to the Coast Guard for R&D.
Issues for Congress. Increased duties in the maritime realm related to
homeland security have added to the Coast Guard’s obligations and increased the
complexity of the issues it faces. Congress is concerned with how the agency is
operationally responding to these demands, including its plans to replace many of its
aging vessels and aircraft.
Deepwater Program.72 The Deepwater program is a planned 22-year, multi-
billion dollar project to replace or modernize 93 aging Coast Guard ships and 207
aging Coast Guard aircraft. It is the largest and most complex acquisition ever
undertaken by the Coast Guard. The Deepwater program is a subset of the agency’s
acquisition, construction, and improvements budget category. For FY2006, the
President requested $966 million for the Deepwater program which is $242 million
more than Congress provided in FY2005. The House bill provides $500 million for
the Deepwater program, which is $466 million less than the President’s request. The
House bill also would withhold $50 million of this amount until the Appropriations
Committee receives a new Deepwater program baseline that reflects revised, post
September 11th mission requirements. Senate-reported H.R. 2360 provides $906
million for Deepwater and the Committee’s report states that it “is extremely
disappointed with the poor congressional justifications accompanying the President’s
budget request,” and directs the Coast Guard to update the Deepwater plan the
agency submitted to Congress on May 31, 2005.
71 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 57.
72 Further information and analysis of the Deepwater program is provided in CRS Report
RS21019, Coast Guard Deepwater Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by
Ronald O’Rourke.

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CRS-38
Maritime Security Mission. The Deepwater program will help the Coast
Guard achieve its many missions, including maritime security, which is another
Coast Guard issue of keen interest to Congress. The President’s FY2006 request
includes $2,219.4 million for port waterways and coastal security, an increase of
$127.9 million from FY2005. Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) is a central
element of the Coast Guard’s security mission. MDA can be described as the Coast
Guard’s ability to know all that is happening in the maritime environment — to
understand normal activity, in order to spot suspicious activity. One objective of
MDA is to increase the transparency of ship movements in U.S. coastal areas. Using
Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) technology, the Coast Guard expects to be
able to track ships in coastal waters. For FY2006, the President requested $29.1
million for AIS which is $5.1 million more than Congress provided in FY2005. In
FY2005, Congress expressed disappointment that only nine seaports would be able
to receive AIS signals and therefore increased funding from the requested $5 million
to $24 million to achieve nationwide coverage. The President’s FY2006 request
indicates that nationwide implementation of AIS is the Administration’s objective.
Another area of maritime security that Congress has expressed particular interest
in is the security of LNG (liquefied natural gas) tankers. The President’s FY2006
request includes $11 million for additional boat crews and screening personnel at
U.S. LNG shoreside facilities. Rising natural gas prices are expected to increase the
demand for imported natural gas, most of which will be transported by LNG tankers.
For the security mission, the House Appropriations Committee report
recommends $20 million for area security maritime exercises, and $5 million for
enhanced radiological and nuclear detection. The Committee also requests that the
Coast Guard take action regarding credentialing of merchant mariners, and submit
a plan regarding Maritime Safety and Security Teams.
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 provides $12 million for restructuring the merchant
marine credentialing program, $22 million for MDA, and provides no additional
funds for AIS, noting that this program has significant unobligated funds from prior
years.
United States Secret Service73
The United States Secret Service performs two broad missions in homeland
security: criminal investigations and protection.74 Criminal investigations cover
financial crimes, identify theft, counterfeiting, computer fraud, and computer-based
attacks on the nation’s financial, banking, and telecommunications infrastructure,
among other areas. The protection mission is most prominent for the President, Vice
President, their families, and candidates for those offices, along with the White
House and the Vice President’s residence. Protection duties also extend to foreign
missions in the District of Columbia; other designated individuals, such as the
73 Prepared by Frederick M. Kaiser, Specialist in American National Government,
Government and Finance Division.
74 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, United States Secret Service, Fiscal Year 2006,
Congressional Justification (Washington: DHS, 2005), p. SS-1.

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CRS-39
Secretary of DHS and visiting foreign dignitaries; and National Special Security
Events (NSSE), which include the political party national nominating conventions
as well as various international conferences and other major designated events in the
United States.
President’s Request. For FY2006, the President’s budget requests an
appropriation of $1,204 million for the protection and criminal investigation missions
of the Secret Service, an increase of $29 million (2%) over the FY2005 total of
$1,175 million.75 Within the FY2006 amount are requests for certain specific
matters: $100,000 to assist foreign law enforcement organizations in counterfeit
investigations; $2.1 million for forensic and related support for investigations of
missing and exploited children; and $5 million for a grant for activities related to the
investigations of missing and exploited children. In addition, the budget submission
directs that “up to $18 million provided for protective travel shall remain available
until September 30, 2007” and that “not less than $5,000,000 solely for the
unanticipated costs related to security operations for National Special Security
Events.”76
House-passed H.R. 2360. The House Appropriations Committee
recommends an appropriation of nearly $1,233 million, an increase of almost $29
million, or 2%, above the President’s request and almost $58 million, or 5%, above
the FY2005 appropriation.77 The House-passed version of H.R. 2360 included
additional amounts above the President’s request of: $5 million for NSSEs; $23
million to support protective operations, investigations, foreign field offices, and
technical support functions; and $1 million for support to the National Center for
Mission and Exploited Children.78
Senate-reported H.R. 2360. The Senate-reported version of H.R. 2360 wold
provide $1,192 million for the Secret Service, a decrease of $41million, or 3%,
compared to the House-passed amounts; a decrease of $12 million, or 1%, as
compared to the requested amount; and an increase of $17 million compared to the
FY2005 enacted amount. The Senate Committee does not provide the requested $5
million for the NSSE fund, because of unobligated balances remaining in the
account.79 The Senate Committee also did not continue general provision bill
language “regarding maintaining the Service as a distinct entity within” DHS.80
75 Ibid., and U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States
Government, Fiscal Year 2006, Appendix (Washington: GPO, 2005), p. 485.
76 U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Fiscal Year 2006 Budget for the United States
Government (Washington: GPO, Feb. 2005), p. 485. (Hereafter cited as OMB, FY2006
Budget.)
77 H.Rept. 109-79, pp. 155-156.
78 H.Rept. 109-79, pp. 70-71.
79 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 63.
80 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 64.

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CRS-40
Issues for Congress. Developments in the contemporary era, particularly
after the 2001 terrorist attacks, have added to the Secret Service’s roles and
responsibilities. Even though its two primary missions remain the same as they have
for the past 100 years, the actual assignments, activities, duties, and functions have
been expanded and have become more complex and sophisticated than before. The
resulting issues for Congress (and the executive) range from the sufficiency of USSS
resources to meet its new obligations to the adequacy of interagency cooperation.
The former involves not just facilities, equipment, and personnel levels but also
training, language skills, and protective research. The latter involves coordination
not just with entities inside the Department but also with organizations outside it: i.e.,
in other federal departments and agencies, State and local governments, foreign
governments, and the private sector. Along with this are occasional requests from
subnational governments for the Secret Service (or DHS) to reimburse them for their
expenses associated with specific USSS protective operations within their
jurisdictions. Another matter extends to the capability of the Secret Service to
maintain its traditional role in the enforcement of certain financial crimes, such as
anti-counterfeiting. Such criminal conduct has also become more sophisticated and
complex. And combating it may now have to compete with new higher priorities and
expanded duties in other fields, most markedly in anti-terrorism.
Title III: Preparedness and Response
Title III Preparedness and Response, provides funding for the Office of State
and Local Government Coordination and Preparedness (SLGCP), which includes the
Office for Domestic Preparedness. In addition, Title III funds the Emergency
Preparedness and Response (EPR) Directorate.
Table 6 shows the FY2005 enacted and FY2006 requested appropriations for
Title III. The Administration has requested an appropriation of $6,710 million in net
budget authority for Title III for FY2006. This amount represents an 4% decrease
compared to the FY2005 enacted total of $6,963 million (not including $2,508
million for Bioshield).81 For the FY2006 request, Title III accounts for 22% of
requested net appropriated DHS budget authority; 10% for EPR, and 12% for
SLCGP. The House-passed version of H.R. 2360 provides an appropriation of
$6,688 million in net budget authority for Title III. This represents a $21 million or
less than 1% decrease compared to the President’s request. The Senate-reported
version of H.R. 2360 would provide $6,336 million for the activities of Title III. This
amount represents a decrease of $374 million or nearly 6% compared to the FY2006
request; and a decrease of $352 million or 5% as compared to House-passed H.R.
2360.
81 The FY2005 enacted net budget authority of $6,963 million does not include a $2,508
million Bioshield obligation limitation, nor does it include the $6.5 billion in supplemental
disaster relief funding. For more information on the supplemental appropriations, see CRS
Report RL32581, Assistance After Hurricanes and Other Disasters: FY2004 and FY2005
Supplemental Appropriations, by Keith Bea and Ralph M. Chite.

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CRS-41
Table 6. Title III: Preparedness and Response
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY2005 FY2006 FY2006 FY2006
FY2006
Operational Component
Enacted Request
House
Senate
Enacted
Office for Domestic Preparedness/Office
of state and local government
coordination and planning
— State and local programs
3,086
2,891
2,831
2,694
— Salaries and Expenses
4
4
4
4
— Emergency management planning grants
180
170
180
180
— Firefighter assistance grants
715
500
650
615
Net subtotal
3,985
3,565
3,665
3,493
Counter-Terrorism fund
8
10
10
5
Emergency Preparedness and Response
— Office of Under Secretary EPR
4
4
2
4
— Admin; regional operations
203
218
225
216
— Operating expenses (rescission)
-5
—
—
—
— Prepare, mitigation, response & recovery
239
235
249
203
—— rescission
—
—
—
-10
— Public health programs a
34
34
34
34
— Biodefense countermeasures
(obligation limitation) b
2,508
—
—
—
— Disaster relief c
8,542
2,140
2,000
2,000
— Flood map modernization fund
200
200
200
200
— Radiological preparedness d -1
-1
-1
-1
— National flood insurance fund e
—
—
—
—
— National flood mitigation f
—
—
—
—
— Pre-disaster mitigation fund
100
150
150
37
— Emergency food and shelter
153
153
153
153
— Disaster assistance direct loan account
1
1
1
1
Net subtotal
11,978
3,135
3,013
2,838
Net budget authority subtotal: Title III
15,971
6,710
6,688
6,336
Source: CRS analysis of the FY2006 President’s Budget, and DHS Budget in Brief, House
Appropriation Committee tables of May 20, 2005, House-passed H.R. 2360 and H.Rept. 109-79; and
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 and S.Rept. 109-83.
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.
a. Total amount funds the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS), a system of health workers and
emergency transport to provide medical care during disasters.
b. Includes $20 million rescission from Bioshield (biodefense countermeasures) enacted by the
Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005 (P.L. 108-447).
c. FY2005 totals include $6.5 billion in disaster relief funding enacted by P.L. 108-324. For more
information on those supplemental appropriations, see CRS Report RL32581, Assistance After
Hurricanes and Other Disasters: FY2004 and FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations.
d. Radiological Emergency Preparedness funds are provide through reimbursements and are not
actually appropriated funds. The Administration projects that funding obtained from other
sources will exceed estimated BA needs by $17 million in FY2005, and $18 million in FY2006.

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CRS-42
e. Amounts available in the National Flood Insurance Fund are derived through premiums and are
not appropriated. These amounts are completely offset in the Committee tables, in the amount
of $113 million for FY2005, and $124 million in FY2006.
f. Amounts for National Flood Mitigation are offset by a transfer from the National Flood Insurance
Fund, $20 million in FY2005, and $28 million in FY2006.
Office for State and Local Government Coordination and
Preparedness (SLGCP)
The SLGCP is the single point of contact within DHS for facilitating and
coordinating departmental state and local programs. SLGCP provides information
to states and localities on best practices and federal homeland security activities.
Within SLGCP, the Office for Domestic Preparedness (ODP) administers federal
homeland security assistance programs for states and localities. To assist state and
local homeland security efforts, ODP administers formula and discretionary grants
and training, exercise, and technical assistance programs.
President’s Request. The FY2006 budget request proposes the following
amounts for the SLGCP homeland security assistance programs:
— Emergency Management Performance Grants (EMPG) . . $ 170 million;
— Citizen Corps Programs (CCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 50 million;
— State Homeland Security Grant Program (SHSGP) . . . . . . $1,020 million;82
— Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,020 million;
— Targeted Infrastructure Protection Program (TIPP)
(a new program) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 600 million;
— Assistance to Firefighters Program (FIRE) . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 500 million.83
House-Passed H.R. 2360. The House passed the following amounts for the
SLGCP homeland security assistance programs:
— Emergency Management Performance Grants . . . . . . . . . $ 180 million
— Citizen Corps Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40 million;
— State Homeland Security Grant Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 750 million;
— Urban Area Security Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,215 million;84
— Assistance to Firefighters Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 600 million.85
— Metropolitan Medical Response System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10 million
Senate-Reported H.R. 2360. The Senate Appropriations recommends the
following amounts for the SLGCP homeland security Assistance programs:
82 The $1,020 million provided for each of the SHSGP and UASI programs includes $200
million (for a total of $400 million) for the Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program
(LETPP). Table 7 shows these amounts broken out: $800 million each for SHSGP and
UASI, and $400 million for LETPP.
83 OMB, FY2006 Budget, p. 478.
84 Includes funding for port, rail, and infrastructure security.
85 House Appropriations Committee Homeland Security tables of March 15, 2005.

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— Emergency Management Performance Grants . . . . . . . . . $ 180 million
— Citizen Corps Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 25 million;
— State Homeland Security Grant Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 425 million;
— Urban Area Security Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,093 million;
— Assistance to Firefighters Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 615 million.
— Metropolitan Medical Response System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40 million
Table 7 provides program level details for SLGCP.
Table 7. SLGCP Program Level Details, FY2005-2006
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
F2006
Operational component
enacted
request
House
Senate
Conf.
Office of state and local
government coordination and
preparedness
3,985
3,565
3,665
3,493
— State homeland security grant
program
1,100
820
750
425
— Urban area security initiative
885
820
850
1,093
— Citizen corps program
15
50
40
25
— Emergency management
performance grants
180
170
180
180
— Firefighters assistance
715
500
650
615
— State and local training program
55
83
65
55
— Law enforcement terrorism
prevention
400
400
400
400
— Technical assistance
30
8
20
20
— National exercise program
52
52
52
52
— Evaluations program
14
14
14
14
— Transportation and
infrastructure program (TIPP)
315
600
365
365
— Management and administration
4
48
54
4
— Technology transfer
50
—
—
50
— National domestic preparedness
consortium
135
—
125
145
— Metropolitan medical response
system
30
—
40
10
— Rural domestic preparedness
consortium
5
—
10
—
— Commercial equipment direct
assistance program
—
—
50
—
— REAL ID Implementation
—
—
—
40

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Source: Conference Report (H.Rept. 108-774) accompanying P.L. 108-334 (FY2005 DHS Appropriations);
OMB, FY2006 Budget, Appendix, p. 478; House Appropriation Committee tables of May 20, 2005, introduced
H.R. 2360 and H.Rept. 109-79.
Issues for Congress. The budget request raises policy questions because it
proposes to reduce the overall level of funding for assistance to state and local
preparedness programs, gives new emphasis to assistance for the protection of port,
transit, and other infrastructure; and changes the grant allocation formula for one of
the grants administered by ODP.
Reduction in Funding. In FY2005, Congress appropriated approximately
$3.99 billion for SLGCP and state and local homeland security assistance.86 In the
FY2006 budget request, the Administration proposes a total of $3.57 billion for
SLGCP and federal homeland security assistance, a reduction of $420 million from
FY2005 funding. Additionally, the FY2006 budget request provides no line item
funding for the Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program (LETPP). It
proposes, however, to direct states and localities to allocate no less than 20% of
SHSGP and UASI funding for LETTP activities.87 Apparently, this is a reduction in
SHSGP and UASI funding for equipment, training, exercises, and planning, which
states and localities were authorized to fund with 100% of their allocated amount in
FY2005. One could argue that the overall funding reduction of $420 million and the
Administration’s requirement of states and localities allocating no less than 20% of
their SHSGP and UASI funding for LETPP activities represents a further reduction
of funding for federal homeland security assistance.
The House passed H.R. 2360 proposes a total of $3.67 billion for SLGCP and
federal homeland security assistance, a reduction of $320 million from FY2005
funding. This proposed reduction includes $350 million less for SHSGP than was
appropriated in FY2005.88
The Administration’s budget proposal requests $500 million for FIRE in
FY2006, a cut of 23% from the FY2005 appropriated level. Priority would be given
to grant applications enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities. Activities such as
prevention, public fire safety education and awareness, and fire code enforcement
would be funded under a separate fire prevention and firefighter safety grant
program. For FY2006, the Administration is requesting no funding of the SAFER
grants, which provide assistance to fire departments for hiring personnel.89 After
House Amendment 134 was adopted during floor debate, House-passed H.R. 2360
included $650 million for firefighter assistance, including $575 million for fire grants
and $75 million for SAFER Act grants. The Committee does not agree with the
Administration’s proposal to shift the program’s priority to terrorism or to limit the
list of eligible activities.
86 P.L. 108-334, Title III, FY2005 DHS appropriations.
87 OMB, FY2006 Budget, p. 478.
88 House Appropriations Committee Homeland Security tables of March 15, 2005.
89 This information provided by Len Kruger, Research, Science, and Industry Division.

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On June 16, 2005, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved $615 million
for firefighter assistance, including $550 million for fire grants and $65 million for
SAFER Act grants. The Committee report states that DHS should “continue the
present practice of funding applications according to local priorities and those
established by the United States Fire Administration.”
The Senate reported H.R. 2360 proposes $3.49 billion for SLGCP and federal
homeland security-assistance, a reduction of $492 million from FY2005 funding.
This proposed reduction includes $350 million less for SHSGP than was appropriated
in FY2005.
Public Health and Medical Programs in SLGCP.90 SLGCP grant
programs include the Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) and several
grants that fund EMS Services. (In addition, the “Public Health Programs” budget
line under Emergency Preparedness and Response funds the National Disaster
Medical System, a system of health workers and emergency transport to provide
medical care during disasters.)
The Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) is a program of contracts
with major cities to coordinate multiple local government agencies in emergency
planning. The program was transferred to the EPR Directorate at DHS from the
Department of Health and Human Services in the Homeland Security Act, and
subsequently was transferred to SLGCP from the EPR Directorate in the FY2005
Homeland Security appropriations bill. Congress appropriated $30 million for the
program in FY2005, which was decreased from $50 million in FY2004. MMRS is
slated for elimination in the FY2006 budget proposal, as it has been in each budget
proposal since it was transferred to DHS. The Administration proposes that ongoing
municipal emergency planning activities be supported at the discretion of states,
using funds from the Homeland Security and Urban Areas Security Initiative Grants
programs. The House Appropriations Committee does not agree with the
Administration’s proposal to eliminate this program and recommends an
appropriation of $40 million for MMRS.91 The Senate Appropriations Committee
recommends an appropriation of $10 million for MMRS.92
Members of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) community are considered
first responders but are not given funding priority in any sizeable homeland security
grant programs. A few small grant programs are available through the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), though they are not specifically
designed for homeland security activities. EMS providers are also eligible for
preparedness funds through DHS first responder grants (SHSGP, UASI and FIRE)
and through the hospital preparedness program at the Department of Health and
Human Services (HHS). But a recent report found that while EMS providers may
represent one-third of traditional first-responders, they have received only 4% of the
preparedness funds available through DHS, and 5% of funds available through
90 Prepared by Sara Lister, Specialist in Social Legislation, Domestic Social Policy Division.
91 H.Rept. 109-79, pp. 82-83.
92 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 68.

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HHS.93 In its report on homeland security appropriations for FY2006, the House
Committee on Appropriations directs that no less than 10% of SHSGP and UASI
funds must be provided to EMS providers, to better train and equip them to provide
critical life-saving assistance when responding to a chemical, biological, radiological
or explosive event.94 The Senate Committee on Appropriations encourages the
Department of Homeland Security to require that states include EMS representatives
in planning efforts.95
Port, Rail, and Infrastructure Security. In FY2005 Congress appropriated
$150 million for port security and $150 million for rail security (both part of UASI).96
The Administration, in the FY2006 budget request, proposes the establishment of a
new state and local homeland security assistance program, TIPP, and requests $600
million for the program. TIPP would provide funding to enhance the security of
ports, transits systems, and other infrastructure, as determined by the DHS
Secretary.97 The budget request, however, does not specify how much funding would
be allocated for port security, or transit systems. Since the Administration proposes
TIPP as a discretionary grant program, one could argue that there is no way to
determine the amount that would be allocated for port and rail security which have
been congressional priorities.
The House passed H.R. 2360 proposes $365 million for port, rail, and
infrastructure security, however, the Committee does not agree with the
Administration in establishing a separate grant program for these security activities.98
The Senate reported H.R. 2360 recommends $365 million for port, rail, and
infrastructure security and for the grants to be administered separately from UASI.
Formula Changes. The Administration proposes to change the formula for
ODP’s SHSGP. The FY2006 budget request proposes $1.02 billion for SHSGP to
be allocated based on risks, threats, vulnerabilities, and unmet first responder
capabilities, provided each state and territory is allocated no less than 0.25% of total
funds appropriated for this program. There is no proposed formula change for UASI,
CCP, EMPG, or FIRE. The Administration does, however, propose that FIRE
applications to enhance terrorism response capabilities be given priority.99 It can be
argued that the proposed formula change for SHSGP does not fully support the
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States’ (9/11
Commission) recommendation of providing federal homeland security assistance
93 New York University, Center for Catastrophe Preparedness and Response, Emergency
Medical Services: The Forgotten First Responder, April 2005, at
[http://www.nyu.edu/ccpr/index.html].
94 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 85.
95 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 68.
96 P.L. 108-334, Title III.
97 OMB, FY2006 Budget, p. 478.
98 House Appropriations Committee Homeland Security tables of March 15, 2005
99 Ibid., pp. 478-480.

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strictly based on threat and risk,100 because of the Administration’s proposed state
and territory guaranteed minimum of 0.25%.
The House report (H.Rept. 109-79) accompanying H.R. 2360 states that the
Committee recognizes pending legislation to modify state formula grants and
presumes ODP would distribute funds based on any successor legislation to Section
1014 of the USA PATRIOT Act (P.L. 107-56). Provided no succeeding legislation
to the USA PATRIOT Act is enacted, the Committee directs ODP to assess each
state’s threat, risk, and need to determine their minimum essential preparedness
capability levels and allocate remaining funds to address those identified gaps in
preparedness.101
Senate reported H.R. 2360 recommends $425 million to be allocated to states
in the same manner as amounts distributed to states in FY2005. All remaining funds
would be allocated to states at the discretion of the DHS Secretary based on risks,
threats, vulnerabilities, unmet essential capabilities, and cooperation of multiple
jurisdictions in preparing domestic preparedness plans.102
Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR)103
President’s Request. Few substantive changes are proposed in the FY2006
budget justification for the EPR accounts. The disaster relief funding request
submitted by the Administration is similar to the amount requested in previous fiscal
years. Funding for two hazard mitigation programs would increase under the
proposal; an increase of $50 million ($100 million appropriated for FY2005) is
proposed for pre-disaster mitigation grants awarded on a competitive basis, and an
increase of $8 million ($20 million authorized to be transferred in each previous year)
for flood mitigation assistance. Post-disaster mitigation grants, however, would
continue to be funded at a lower level than historically provided.
Issues for Congress. The House Committee on Appropriations reported
legislation that differs in certain respects from the Administration request and raises
issues to be addressed. In short, the committee has recommended the following, or
directs that action occur in the following areas: (1) a reduction of $2 million for the
Office of the Under Secretary for Emergency Preparedness and Response in light of
a “lack of cooperation received from EP&R, specifically regional and field
offices;”104 (2) increased funding of $10 million to further development of the
100 National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission
Report (Washington: GPO, Aug. 2004), p. 396.
101 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 77.
102 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 66.
103 Prepared by Keith Bea, Specialist in American National Government, Government and
Finance Division.
104 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 85-86.

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national preparedness system;105 (3) completion of a report by EPR (March 15, 2006)
on disaster relief overpayments made over the past four years; and (4) mitigation
assistance higher than that proposed by the Administration. The bill reported from
the Senate Committee differs from that approved by the House. The Senate reported
version (1) provides the requested funding for the Office of the Under Secretary, (2)
does not include $15 million requested for the national preparedness system and
rescinds almost $10 million in unobligated funds, (3) does not address disaster relief
overpayments, and (4) recommends mitigation funding below that requested and the
amount approved by the House. The Senate report includes an increase of $23
million to support Urban Search and Rescue teams, along with a requirement for a
report on costs of the teams, and support for the National Dam Safety Program.
Regional Office Actions. One of the management issues confronting DHS
officials and Congress concerns the establishment of regional offices. FEMA, like
other legacy agencies incorporated into DHS, had established a network of regional
offices to coordinate operations with state and local governments.106 In order to
stimulate consideration of the need to evaluate the spectrum of regional offices,
Congress required the development of a plan by the Secretary of DHS for
“consolidating and co-locating” regional or field offices within one year of
enactment.107 The report, issued in February 2004, summarized the efforts taken as
of that date and the “proposed approach to develop a comprehensive
consolidation/collocation plan...”108 Considerations noted in the report include real
estate and facilities management, linking the planning process to the strategic vision
of the department, and primarily, mission effectiveness. DHS concluded that up to
two years would be required to complete the study of regional office consolidation.
To the extent known, no further reports or plans have been released by DHS on this
issue. The House Committee on Appropriations reported concern with the failure of
regional and field offices to cooperate with Congress, specifically by adjusting “their
interpretation of Committee report language in several instances in an apparent
attempt to avoid execution.”109 Should the expected realignment of DHS regional
offices occur, it might have a bearing on further consideration of this funding
reduction by the House. The Senate reported version did not address this issue, and
recommended funding for administrative and regional operations slightly less than
the amount requested to reflect the consolidation of funding for the Homeland Secure
Data Network in the DHS Office of the Chief Information Officer.
National Preparedness System. As directed by Congress in Title V of the
Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) and by the President in Homeland
105 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 89.
106 Ten regional and two area offices implement EPR programs throughout the nation and
in the insular areas and commonwealths. See “FEMA Regional Offices,” at
[http://fema.gov/regions/index.shtm], visited Feb. 9, 2005.
107 Sec. 706 of P.L. 107-296
108 Letter from Pamela J. Turner, Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs, Department of
Homeland Security, to the Honorable Christopher Cox, Chairman, House Select Committee
on Homeland Security, Feb. 4, 2004.
109 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 88.

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Security Presidential Directive 5 (HSPD 5), DHS has developed documents, systems
and procedures to improve the nation’s readiness for catastrophes. The House
Committee on Appropriations commended EPR on development of the National
Incident Management System (NIMS), the National Preparedness Goal, and the
National Response Plan.110 The establishment of federal preparedness standards, the
use of those standards as touchstones to assess whether state or local government
financial assistance should be conditioned, and the relationship of those standards to
the strategic plan for DHS might be examined by Congress.111 The Senate committee
did not include $15 million in funding for NIMS and rescinded $9.6 billion that
remained unobligated. The Senate report does not provide information on these
reductions.
Disaster Relief Expenditures. Congress appropriates money to the Disaster
Relief Fund (DRF) to ensure that federal assistance is available to help individuals
and communities stricken by severe disasters. Funds appropriated to the DRF remain
available until expended. DHS allocates money from the DRF to provide assistance
to individuals, families, state and local governments, and certain nonprofit
organizations, as authorized by the Stafford Act.112 Stafford Act aid is available after
the President issues a declaration that federal assistance is needed to supplement the
resources of states and localities that are overwhelmed by catastrophes. Federal
assistance supported by DRF money is used by states, localities, individuals, and
certain non-profit organizations for mass care, restoration of damaged or destroyed
facilities, clearance of debris, and certain uninsured needs.
Appropriations to, and the operations of the DRF generally evoke little
controversy. However, questions have been raised concerning the distribution of aid
in Florida after the hurricanes of 2004. Congress has previously explored the issue
of rising federal disaster assistance costs and reliance upon supplemental
appropriations.113 In light of concerns about funding decisions after the hurricanes,
and the rising deficit, Members of the 109th Congress might elect to consider means
of controlling costs or establishing alternative funding mechanisms. As shown in
Table 12 in Appendix II DRF obligations have increased considerably since 1990 in
comparison to those recorded in previous decades.
110 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 89.
111 For more information see CRS Report RL32803, The National Preparedness System:
Issues in the 109th Congress, by Keith Bea.
112 The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. §5121
et seq.
113 U.S. Congress, Senate Bipartisan Task Force on Funding Disaster Relief, Federal
Disaster Assistance, S.Doc. 104-4, 104th Cong., 1st sess., (Washington: GPO, 1995). The
House convened a task force that issued an unpublished report. Following completion of
the task force efforts, some Members introduced a concurrent resolution (H.Con.Res. 39,
104th Congress) seeking a “fundamental overhaul of federal disaster policies.” See also U.S.
Congress, House Committee on the Budget, Task Force on Budget Process, Budgetary
Treatment of Emergencies, hearing, 105th Cong., 2nd sess., June 23, 1998 (Washington:
GPO, 1998).

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The cause of the increase in federal expenditures since 1990 has been the subject
of some debate. A report issued by the OIG for FEMA concluded that the increase
in federal disaster costs since 1989 “is due to a greater number and magnitude of
disasters, expansion of the law and eligibility for assistance, and interpretation of the
law and regulations.”114 Some contend that other factors, notably political
considerations, contribute to the costs of disaster relief as well. The author of one
study reportedly analyzed data from the insurance industry, climatic study
organizations, and DHS, and concluded that “electoral motivations ... had a dramatic
effect on which states were granted disaster declarations.”115 More specifically, and
less dramatically, the author reports in a published summary of his work: “The best
predictor of a disaster declaration, bar none, is actual need. The question arises in
these marginal cases, when it’s unclear whether to give or not.”116 On the other hand,
a study issued by GAO also considered the effects of politics on disaster declarations
but arrived at a different conclusion. After examining presidential declaration data
from the perspective of the party affiliation of governors and members of state
congressional delegations, the authors concluded that there “were no indications that
party affiliation affected White House major disaster declaration decisions.”117
In considering a gubernatorial request for disaster relief, the President evaluates
a number of factors, including the cause of the catastrophe, damages, needs,
certification by state officials that state and local governments will comply with cost
sharing and other requirements, and official requests for assistance. Neither the
Stafford Act nor implementing regulations provide for a congressional role in the
declaration process.118
The level of expenditures from the DRF fluctuates from year to year primarily
as a consequence of three factors — the number of disaster declarations issued, the
extent of destruction caused by the disasters, and the amount of uninsured losses that
result from declared disasters. Discussions in Congress on the escalating disaster
relief costs move between two policy concerns — the need to control federal costs,
particularly at a time of significant deficits, and the need of constituents who have
suffered devastating losses.
114 U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, at
[http://www.fema.gov/library/pp2man.shtm], visited Nov. 19, 2004.
115 For a summary see Andrew Reeves, “Plucking Votes from Disasters,” Los Angeles Times,
May 12, 2004, p. A19.
116 Brian Tarcey, “Flooding the Ballot Box: The Politics of Disaster,” Harvard Magazine,
at [http://www.harvard-magazine.com/on-line/030492.html], visited May 21, 2004.
117 U.S. General Accounting Office, Disaster Assistance: Timeliness and Other Issues
Involving the Major Disaster Declaration Process, GAO/RCED-89-138, May 25, 1989, pp.
1, 4.
118 For regulations on the request and declaration process, see 44 CFR §§206.35-206.39.

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Members of the 109th Congress may wish to evaluate several options in
balancing the needs of disaster stricken areas with budgetary constraints. These
options include and are not limited to the following approaches.119
! Amend the Stafford Act to determine whether existing statutory
declaration criteria are appropriate. Reducing the categories or
narrowing their scope would result in cost savings as fewer disasters
would trigger federal assistance. Such changes, however, would
result in greater financial burdens for individuals and communities
in distress.
! Modify how Congress and the President budget for emergencies.
Currently, Congress provides additional funds during the fiscal year,
usually in supplemental appropriations, to respond to specific natural
disasters and other emergency, or unanticipated, situations.
Congress and the President usually designate the additional spending
as an “emergency requirement,” effectively exempting it from
budget constraints associated with the annual budget resolution.
Some believe this practice of budgeting for emergencies might lead
to unnecessary or wasteful spending. In addition, some believe that
the existing budgetary treatment of emergency spending provides an
incentive to designate non-emergency spending as an emergency
requirement in order to circumvent the existing budgetary
constraints. To address these concerns, some have proposed the
following two reforms, establishment of a reserve fund or criteria for
the designation of an emergency, as follows.
! Establish a reserve fund for disaster assistance. Proponents of a
reserve fund for disaster assistance argue that the average annual
amount of overall emergency spending can be projected based on
past experience, even though specific emergencies cannot be
predicted. Therefore, they further argue that an expected amount of
disaster assistance spending should be incorporated into the overall
amount of spending in the President’s budget and the budget
resolution. Proponents of such a reserve fund generally suggest that
an historical average of actual disaster assistance spending would
provide sufficient funds to meet specific emergencies as they arise.
Legislation pending before Congress (S. 24) would establish such a
fund in the Treasury.
! Establish criteria for emergency spending. Proponents of emergency
spending criteria argue that any spending for disasters and other
emergencies should meet specific criteria to be considered outside
the constraints associated with the budget resolution and outside the
regular annual appropriations process. Past budget resolutions have
required that spending designated as an “emergency requirement”
119 Contributions on emergency funding provided by Bill Heniff, Jr., Analyst in American
National Government, Government and Finance Division.

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meet criteria such as the “underlying situation poses a threat to life,
property, or national security” and is sudden, urgent, unforeseen, and
temporary (for example, see the budget resolution considered by the
108th Congress, S.Con.Res. 95, H.Rept. 108-498). Proponents,
however, suggest that such criteria should be statutory.120
Hazard Mitigation Assistance. Federal hazard mitigation assistance is
provided through several grant-in-aid programs. Since 1988 hazard mitigation funds
have been authorized by Section 404 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act; the Section 404 program is also referred to as the Hazard
Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). 121 Such grants are provided in states in which
major disaster declarations have been issued. HMGP funding derives from the DRF,
not line item appropriations. Section 404 funds have been used to help communities
and property owners improve buildings to withstand earthquake shaking, purchase
hurricane shutters, and relocate buildings from flood-prone areas.
Some debate might occur on the maximum amount of HMGP awards to be
given to each state. From 1993 until 2004 the maximum grant that could be provided
to a state equaled 15% of the eligible disaster relief provided under the Stafford Act.
In 2004 Congress reduced by half the maximum contribution to be provided through
HMGP, from 15% of major disaster assistance to 7.5%.122 The FY2006 budget
requests maintains the ceiling at the lower level. Members of the 109th Congress
might elect to consider legislation to return to the higher level. Such legislation was
approved by the House during the 108th Congress (H.R. 3181) but not acted upon by
the Senate.
In addition to HMGP, Congress has authorized mitigation assistance through the
pre-disaster mitigation program (PDM) and the flood mitigation assistance program
(FMA). Authority for the former expires at the end of calendar year 2005. Congress
might consider legislation to reauthorize the program. The House Committee
expressed support for the PDM program by recommending an appropriation of $150
million in FY2006, slightly below the amount requested but $50 million more than
appropriated in FY2005. The Senate Committee, by comparison, recommends
funding much lower than the amount requested for PDM ($37 million) due to the
amount available for carry over from previous fiscal years. Similarly, the House
Committee expressed support for the FMA program by recommending for FY2006
twice the amount provided in FY2005 and previous fiscal years ($20 million). The
$20 million increase would fund the new program established by the 108th Congress
120 For example, the state of Louisiana defines “emergency,” for the purpose of
appropriating emergency funds, as “an event or occurrence not reasonably anticipated by
the legislature. ‘An event not reasonably anticipated’ shall be one not considered and
rejected, in the same relative form or content, by the legislature during the preceding session
either by specific legislative instrument or amendment thereto on the floor of either house
or by a committee thereof.” See La. Rev. Stat. Title 39, §461.1.A.(2).
121 The HMGP grants are authorized in Section 404 of the Stafford Act, 42 U.S.C. §5170c.
122 Section 417, P.L. 108-7, 117 Stat. 525.

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to address repetitive flood loss properties.123 The Senate committee echoed the
administration request for the transfer of $28 million to the National Flood
Mitigation Fund.
Debate may also take place on an incentive enacted in the Disaster Mitigation
Act of 2000, P.L. 106-390. The provision authorizes the President to increase the
HMGP ceiling to 20% of the total assistance provided under the Stafford Act if a
state meets certain requirements, including adoption of an enhanced mitigation
plan.124 The FY2006 request provides that HMGP grants for states with enhanced
plans be 12.5%, not 20%, of the total assistance provided. Members of the 109th
Congress might elect to debate whether states with enhanced plans should receive the
full 20% authorized in the statute. The House Appropriations Committee did not
recommend language pertaining to enhanced mitigation plans and referred such
authorization action to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure.125
Title IV: Research and Development, Training,
Assessments, and Services
Activities funded by Title IV include the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration
Services (USCIS), IAIP, FLETC, and the S&T.
Table 8 shows the FY2005 enacted and FY2006 requested appropriations for
Title IV. The Administration has requested an appropriation of $4,320 million in
gross budget authority for Title IV in FY2006. This represents an 8% increase over
the enacted FY2005 level of $4,011 million. The Administration is requesting an
appropriation of $2,546 million in net budget authority for Title IV in FY2006,
representing a 6% increase over the FY2005 enacted level of $2,392 million. Of the
requested net appropriation for DHS for FY2006: USCIS accounts for less than 1%;
IAIP accounts for 3%; S&T accounts for 5%; FLETC accounts for less than 1%; and
all Title IV accounts combined account for 8% of requested net appropriated DHS
budget authority. House-passed H.R. 2360 provides a net appropriation of $2,522
million in net budget authority for Title IV in FY2006. This amount represents a
$126 million or nearly 5% increase as compared to the FY2005 enacted amount; and
a $24 million or 1% decrease as compared to the FY2006 request. The Senate-
reported version of H.R. 2360 would provide $2,686 million for the activities of Title
IV. This amount represents an increase of $140 million, or 5%, compared to the
FY2006 request; an increase of $164 million, or 7%, compared to the amount
provided in the House-passed version of H.R. 2360; and an increase of $290 million,
or 12%, compared to the FY2005 enacted amount.
123 P.L. 108-264, 42 U.S.C. 4102a.
124 “... the President may increase to 20%...” 42 U.S.C. §5165(e).
125 H.Rept. 109-79, p. 93.

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Table 8. Title IV: Research and Development, Training,
Assessments, and Services
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Operational component
enacted
request
House
Senate
Conf.
Citizenship and immigration services
(direct appropriation)
Gross subtotal
1,775
1,854
1,894
1,854
— Offsetting feesa
-1,615
-1,774
-1,774
-1,774
Net subtotal
160
80
120
80
Information analysis and
infrastructure protection
— Management and administration
132
204
190
169
— Assessments and evaluation
762
669
663
702
Net subtotal
894
873
853
871
Federal law enforcement training
center
227b
224
259
282
Science and technology
— Management and administration
69
81
81
81
— Research, development,
acquisition, and operations b
1,047
1,287
1,209
1,372
Net subtotal
1,115
1,368
1,290
1,453
Gross budget authority: Title IV
4,011
4,320
4,296
4,460
— Offsetting collections: Title IV
-1,615
-1,774
-1,774
-1,774
Net budget authority: Title IV
2,396
2,546
2,522
2,686
Source: CRS analysis of the FY2006 President’s Budget, and DHS Budget in Brief, House
Appropriation Committee tables of May 20, 2005, House-passed H.R. 2360 and H.Rept. 109-79; and
Senate-reported H.R. 2360 and S.Rept. 109-83.
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.
a. Fees included Immigration Examination Fund; H-1b Visa Fee; and the Fraud Prevention and
Detection fee.
b. Includes $4 million in supplemental appropriations provided by P.L.109-13.
c. DHS is proposing to consolidate the department’s Research and Development efforts by
transferring the Research and Development functions of CBP, ICE, TSA, and the Coast Guard
to the Directorate of S&T.

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Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)126
There are three major activities that dominate the work of the U.S. Citizenship
and Immigration Services (USCIS): the adjudication of immigration petitions
(including nonimmigrant change of status petitions, relative petitions, employment-
based petitions, work authorizations, and travel documents); the adjudication of
naturalization petitions for legal permanent residents to become citizens; and the
consideration of refugee and asylum claims, and related humanitarian and
international concerns. USCIS funds the processing and adjudication of immigrant,
nonimmigrant, refugee, asylum, and citizenship benefits largely through monies
generated by the Examinations Fee Account.127 Last year, the Administration
increased the fees charged to U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents petitioning
to bring family or employees into the United States and to foreign nationals in the
United States seeking immigration benefits.128 In FY2004, 86% of USCIS funding
came from the Examinations Fee Account.
In FY2005, USCIS has budget authority for $1.571 billion from the
Examinations Fee Account.129 Congress provided a direct appropriation of $160
million in FY2005. The House report language emphasized that $160 million should
be available to reduce the backlog of applications and to strive for a six-month
processing standard for all applications by FY2006.130 Title IV of P.L. 108-447, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2005, also required the Secretary of
Homeland Security to impose a fraud prevention and detection fee of $500 on H-1B
(foreign temporary professional workers) and L (intracompany business personnel)
petitioners. The statute requires that the H-1B and L fraud prevention and detection
fee be divided equally among DHS, the Department of State (DOS) and Department
of Labor (DOL) for use in combating fraud in H-1B and L visa applications with
DOS and H-1B and L petitions with USCIS and in carrying out DOL labor attestation
126 Section prepared by Ruth Ellen Wasem, Specialist in Immigration Policy, Domestic
Social Policy Division. For further information see, CRS congressional distribution
memorandum, FY2006 Funding for U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, by Ruth
Ellen Wasem.
127 §286 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. §1356.
128 For example, the I-130 petition for family members went from $130 to $185, the I-140
petition for LPR workers went from $135 to $190, the I-485 petition to adjust status went
from $255 to $315, and the N-400 petition to naturalize as a citizen went from $260 to $320.
Federal Register, vol. 69, no. 22, Feb. 3, 2004, pp. 5088-5093.
129 P.L. 108-334, Conference Report to accompany H.R. 4567, H.Rept. 108-774.
130 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Department of Homeland Security
Appropriations Bill, 2005, report to accompany H.R. 4567, 108th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept.
108-541 (Washington: GPO 2004). The President’s Budget request for FY2002 proposed
a five-year, $500 million initiative to reduce the processing time for all petitions to six
months. Congress provided $100 in budget authority ($80 direct appropriations and $20
million from fees) for backlog reduction in FY2002. P.L. 107-77, Conference report to
accompany H.R. 2500, U.S. Congress, House Committee of Conference, Making
Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and
Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2002, and for Other Purposes,
H.Rept. 107-278 (Washington: GPO 2001).

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CRS-56
enforcement activities.131 DHS also receives 5% of the H-1B education and training
fees in the Nonimmigrant Petitioner Account.132
President’s Request. For FY2006, the Administration is seeking an increase
of $79 million for USCIS. The Administration is requesting a total of $1,854 million
for USCIS, (an increase of 4% over the enacted FY2005 level of $1,775 million) the
bulk of the funding coming from increased fees paid by individuals and businesses
filing petitions (Table 8). For FY2006, USCIS expects to receive a total of $1,774
million from the various fee accounts, most of which ($1,730 million) would be
coming from the Examinations Fee Account. According to the USCIS Congressional
Justification documents, funds from the Examinations Fee Account alone comprise
93% of the total USCIS FY2006 budget request. The FY2006 Budget also includes
$13 million from the H-1B Nonimmigrant Petitioner Account133 and $31 million
from the H-1B and L Fraud Prevention and Detection Account.134 The
Administration proposes to use the $31 million generated from the new fee on H-1B
and L petitions to expand its Fraud Detection and National Security Office.135
In terms of direct appropriations, the Administration is requesting $80 million
— a decrease of $80 from FY2005 (Table 8) and a decrease of $155 million from
the $235 million Congress appropriated in FY2004.
House-passed H.R. 2360. House-passed H.R. 2360 povides an increase of
$40 million above the President’s request for a total of $120 million, which is $40
million less than the FY2005 enacted appropriation.
Senate-reported H.R. 2360. Senate-reported H.R. 2360 would provide $80
million for USCIS in direct appropriations fully funding the President’s request, but
recommending $40 million less than provided in House-passed H.R. 2360, and $80
million less than enacted in FY2005.
Issues for Congress. Many in Congress have expressed concern and
frustration about the processing delays and pending caseload. Congress has already
enacted statutory requirements for backlog elimination and has earmarked funding
backlog elimination for the past several years.136 The number of pending
immigration and naturalization petitions has decre ased by 21.5% from 6.0 million
at the close of FY2003 to 4.7 million at the close of FY2004. Nonetheless, this
figure remains 25.7% greater than the 3.7 million pending cases at the close of
FY2000. USCIS hopes to achieve the six-month petition processing time by
FY2006.
131 §426(b) of P.L. 108-447.
132 §286(s) of INA; 8 U.S.C. §1356(s).
133 §286(s) of INA; 8 U.S.C. §1356(s).
134 §286(v) of INA; 8 U.S.C. §1356(v).
135 USCIS added a Fraud Detection and National Security Office to handle duties formerly
done by the INS’s enforcement arm, which is now part of DHS’s ICE Bureau.
136 For example, see §§451-461 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296).

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CRS-57
Another matter that may arise in the appropriations debate is the coordination
and duplication of efforts between USCIS and ICE in the area of fraud and national
security investigations. GAO has reported: “The difficulty between USCIS and ICE
investigations regarding benefit fraud is not new ... as a result, some USCIS field
officials told us that ICE would not pursue single cases of benefit fraud. ICE field
officials who spoke on this issue cited a lack of investigative resources as to why they
could not respond in the manner USCIS wanted.”137 USCIS has established the
Office of Fraud Detection and National Security to work with the appropriate law
enforcement entities to handle national security and criminal “hits” on aliens and to
identify systemic fraud in the application process.
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC)138
The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center provides training on all phases
of law enforcement instruction, from firearms and high speed vehicle pursuit to legal
case instruction and defendant interview techniques, for 81 Federal entities with law
enforcement responsibilities, State and Local law enforcement agencies, and
international law enforcement agencies. Training policies, programs, and standards
are developed by an interagency Board of Directors, and focus on providing training
that develops the skills and knowledge needed to perform law enforcement functions
safely, effectively, and professionally. FLETC maintains four training sites
throughout the United States and has a workforce of over 900 employees. In
FY2004, FLETC trained almost 44,781 law enforcement students.
President’s Request. The FY2006 request for FLETC is $224 million, an
decrease of $3 million, and 1%, from the FY2005 enacted appropriation (including
supplemental appropriations). FLETC’s FY2006 request includes only one program
change, an increase of $2.7 million for Simulation Training Technology. This
technology will be used to simulate weather, light, urban, and traffic conditions
during high-speed pursuits, allowing the agency to increase their students’
proficiency at making rapid decisions during critical law enforcement situations.
House-passed H.R. 2360. House-passed H.R. 2360 allots $259 million for
FLETC in FY2006, $35 million, or 16%, more than the President’s request and $32
million, or 14% more than the agency’s FY2005 appropriation. This increase is
intended to cover the increased training needs that will be engendered by new Border
Patrol agents and ICE investigators added by the House Committee.139
Senate Reported H.R. 2360. The Senate Appropriations Committee
recommends $282 million for FLETC in FY2006, $58 million more than the
President’s request and $55 million, or 24% more than the agency’s FY2005
appropriation. The bulk of this increase is in the construction account in order to
137 GAO, Management Challenges Remain in Transforming Immigration Programs,
GAO-05-81, Oct. 2004, available at [http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0581.pdf].
138 Prepared by Blas Nuñez-Neto, Analyst in Domestic Security, Domestic Social Policy
Division.
139 H.Rept. 109-79, pp.100-101.

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CRS-58
cover the expansion and maintenance of training facilities to accommodate the
increase in Border Patrol agents and ICE investigators.140
Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection (IAIP)141
The mission of the DHS IAIP, in short, is to:
! integrate and analyze terrorist threat information;
! map threat information against physical and cyber vulnerabilities of
the Nation’s critical infrastructure and key assets; and
! implement and/or recommend actions that protect the lives of the
American people and ensure the national and economic security of
the United States.
The IAIP appropriation is divided into two primary accounts: Management and
Administration, and Assessments and Evaluations. Management and Administration
includes budgets for the Office of the Under Secretary and Other Salaries and
Expenses. The latter (Other Salaries and Expenses) includes all the personnel costs
of the Directorate. The Assessment and Evaluations budget supports the
Directorate’s activities. These activities have been divided into 12 programs. Each
program contains one or more projects. Projects are defined with varying degrees of
specificity. The Directorate’s budget justification document breaks funding down to
the program level. It is beyond the scope of this report to discuss in much detail the
specific activities associated with each of these programs.
The President’s FY2006 IAIP request was $873 million, a decrease of 2.3%
from the amounted enacted for FY2005. The House approved $853 million for IAIP,
about $20 million below what the Administration requested. The Senate
Appropriations Committee recommended $871 million for IAIP. Table 9
summarizes the President’s request and Congressional action for each account and
program.

Management and Administration. The President’s FY2006 request for the
M&A account was $204 million, an increase of $72 million, or 55%. Of the $72
million increase requested for the Management and Administration account, $69.1
million are programmatic changes: $11.7 million to increase staffing (146 new
positions, funded for half a year),142 $38 million to upgrade and expand facilities and
equipment for the Directorate (including security upgrades), and $19.4 million to
construct a Homeland Secure Data Network, to accommodate the automated access
140 S.Rept. 109-83, pp. 81-82.
141 Prepared by John Moteff, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, Resources,
Science and Industry Division; and Todd Masse, Specialist in Domestic Intelligence and
Counterterrorism, Domestic Social Policy Division.
142 The majority of these positions (100) would go toward the Infrastructure Vulnerability
and Risk Assessment program involved in studying the tactics and capabilities of terrorist
groups and liaising with the Intelligence Community. Another 26 people would be hired for
the Threats Determination and Assessment program to do more strategic level threat
assessments.

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CRS-59
and sharing of classified information within the Directorate. Adjustments to the
FY2005 base ($2.8 million) account for the balance.143
The House approved $190.2 million for this account, $13.8 million less than
what was requested. The House cut $5.8 million from the amount requested for
additional positions. The House report noted that IAIP has still not filled its currently
authorized FTE positions and that the Committee would like a review of the mission
and function of IAIP in light of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention
Act and the formation of the National Counter Terrorism Center and the Terrorist
Screening Center.144 The House also approved a floor amendment to reduce the
M&A account by another $8 million (in undisclosed reductions).
The Senate Appropriations Committee also recommended less funding for the
M&A account ($168.7 million). It recommended denying all of the requested funds
for extra FTE positions and included a base reduction due to continued hiring
difficulties.145 Like the House, the Committee called for a review of IAIP staffing
requirements. The Committee also recommended that no funds be made available
for the Homeland Secure Data Network through the M&A account. The Committee
recommended funding this program through the Chief Information Officer’s budget,
located elsewhere in the DHS budget. The Committee did allow increases for pay
and non-pay inflationary costs and other efficiencies.
Assessments and Evaluations. The President’s request for FY2006 in the
A&E account was $669 million, a decrease of $92.4 million, or 12% from FY2005.
The reduction is the net result of a number of programmatic increases, decreases, and
transfers. The IAIP Directorate proposes transferring two activities to other DHS
components. One proposal is to transfer support for state and local assistance to help
create Buffer Zone Protection Plans around critical assets to the SLGCP, as part of
the latter’s new $600 million initiative (TIPP). The other proposal is to transfer
support for the National Control Systems Test Center (a test bed for analyzing and
fixing vulnerabilities in computer control systems) to the S&T Directorate. The
Cyber Security program has been supporting the Center.
These adjustments to the enacted FY2005 A&E account bring the FY2006 base
to $624 million. Requested program enhancements for the A&E account total $49
million. Of the $49 million, the A&E program with the largest increase ($26 million,
or 53%) is the Homeland Security Operations Center (HSOC). Major programmatic
increases within HSOC include $13.4 million for hardware, software, and support for
extending the Homeland Security Information Network146 to localities and relevant
143 Adjustments to base are changes made to the prior year’s enacted appropriation and
generally include transfers of funds from one program to another, or technical adjustments
for salaries and other management efficiencies.
144 H.Rept. 109-79, pp.101-102.
145 S.Rept. 109-83, p. 83.
146 DHS and the IA/IP view the Homeland Security Information Network as the primary
portal for communicating with states, localities, and the private sector. Connectivity via the
(continued...)

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CRS-60
private sector entities; and $12.9 million to purchase, upgrade, and support additional
information and communications hardware and software to improve the HSOC
capabilities to acquire, manipulate, store and disseminate greater amounts of
information. Other programmatic increases in the A&E account include $5 million
to support expanded capabilities and operations of the United States Computer
Emergency Response Team within the Cyber Security program; $5.5 million to
primarily provide for additional contractor support of the Protected Critical
Infrastructure Information project (within the Critical Infrastructure Outreach and
Partnerships program);147 $3.0 million within the Critical Infrastructure Outreach and
Partnerships program to support implementation and oversight of the National IP
Plan; and $5.5 million to hire contractors to better define policy, procedures and
processes governing information sharing between DHS and its partners, to draft
technical and operational needs statements, and to analyze new requirements.
The IAIP budget justification provides less detail about the programmatic
decreases in FY2006, totaling approximately $146 million (including the transfer of
the National Control Systems Test Center). The Critical Infrastructure Outreach and
Partnerships program decrease includes a $35 million reduction associated with no
longer hosting some Departmental applications as directed by the Department’s CIO.
Some of the increases and decreases within specific programs are the result of the
transfer of projects between programs. For example, some Threat Determination and
Assessment activities were transferred to the Infrastructure Vulnerability and Risk
Assessment program. The budget request also estimates approximately $3.0 million
in savings due to management and technology efficiencies. The A&E program with
the highest ($100 million) adjustment to its base is the Protective Actions program.
This program assists federal, state, local, tribal, and private sector organizations in
identifying vulnerabilities, and devising protection strategies and local protective
programs to surround select infrastructure assets. Of the $100 million adjustment,
the Buffer Zone Protection Plans (BZPP) project was reduced by $53 million
associated with the transfer of assistance to the new TIPP, administered by SLGCP.
Another $42 million of the $100 million adjustment was a decrease for Emerging
Pilot Projects and Technology Application Pilots. This effort will now be funded
within the DHS S&T.
The House approved $663 million for the A&E account, making a few
modifications to specific programs, as noted in Table 9. It reduced the Critical
Infrastructure and Outreach program request by $5 million because it did not receive
a report on Information Sharing and Analysis Centers, which it said it needed to
assess funding levels for them. The House reduced the Homeland Security
Operations Center request by $5 million because it did not receive a five-year
implementation plan for the Center. The House reduced the Biosurveillance request
146 (...continued)
Network has been established with all 50 states and many law enforcement entities. The
FY2006 increase is to extend connectivity to 1800 other sites.
147 The Protected Critical Infrastructure Information program implements Title II, Subtitle
B of the Homeland Security Act, which, among other protections, exempted information
voluntarily provided to DHS, and certified as critical infrastructure information by DHS,
from the Freedom of Information Act.

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CRS-61
by $1 million because it did not receive a classified report on the program’s scope,
costs, schedules, and key milestones. The House increased the Critical Infrastructure
Identification and Evaluation program by $5 million to expand IAIP Comprehensive
Reviews of selected infrastructure sectors. The House commended IAIP on its
Review of the nuclear reactor and fuel storage facilities and would like to see similar
Reviews of the chemical and liquified natural gas sectors.148
The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $702 million for the A&E
account, making different modifications to specific programs from those approved
by the House. The Committee nearly doubled the Critical Infrastructure Outreach
and Partnerships program request to $126.6 million, maintaining that program at
FY2005 levels plus increasing funds for the National Center for Critical Information
Processing and Storage by $20 million. The Committee also increased the request
for the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center by $5 million ($1
million above its FY2005 appropriation), and increased the Biosurveillance program
request by $7 million, for a total of $18 million. The Committee recommended
reducing the Critical Infrastructure Identification and Evaluation program request by
$12.3 million. It also recommended reducing the Homeland Security Operations
Center request by $21.1 million and denied funding for the new Information Sharing
and Collaboration program. The Committee’s report language, however, stated that
its recommendation for the Operations Center included funding for the 10 additional
FTEs requested for that program. This is at odds with its earlier language denying
all additional FTE increases.149
Table 9: IAIP Account Level Funding
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Account (program)
enacted
request
House
Senate
Conf.
Management and
administration
132.0
204.0
190.2
168.8
Office of the under secretary
5.8
6.9
6.9
6.9
Other salaries and expenses
126.2
197.1
191.3
161.9
Unspecified reduction
—
—
8
—
Assessments and evaluations
761.7
669.2
663.2
701.8
Critical infrastructure
identification and evaluation
77.9
72.2
77.2
59.9
National infrastructure
simulation and analysis center
20.0
16.0
16.0
21.0
Biosurveillance
11.0
11.1
10.1
18.1
Protective actions
191.6
91.4
91.4
91.4
Critical infrastructure
outreach and partnerships
106.6
67.2
62.2
126.6
Cyber security
67.4
73.3
73.3
73.3
148 H.Rept. 109-79, 103-108.
149 See S.Rept. 109-83, pp. 83 and 86.

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CRS-62
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Account (program)
enacted
request
House
Senate
Conf.
National security/emergency
preparedness
telecommunications
140.8
142.6
142.6
142.6
Threat determination and
assessment
21.9
19.9
19.9
19.9
Infrastructure vulnerability
and risk assessment
71.1
74.3
74.3
74.3
Competitive analysis and
evaluation
4.0
—
—
—
Evaluations and studies
14.4
34.5
34.5
34.5
Homeland Security
Operations Center
35.0
61.1
56.1
40.0
Information sharing and
collaboration
—
5.5
5.5
—
Total IAIP
893.7
873.2
853.4
870.6
Source: CRS analysis of the FY2006 President’s Budget, and DHS, Budget in Brief, House
Appropriation Committee tables of May 20, 2005, introduced H.R. 2360 and H.Rept. 109-79, Senate
Appropriations Committee tables of June 16, 2005, S.Rept. 109-83 to accompany H.R. 2360.
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.
Science and Technology150
The requested FY2006 budget for Science and Technology (S&T) is $1,368
million. (For details see Table 10.) For the first time, all R&D funding for the
department is included in this request. Compared with the enacted FY2005 funding
for the S&T Directorate alone ($1,115 million) the FY2006 request is a 23%
increase. However, if one includes the enacted FY2005 funding for R&D programs
formerly funded elsewhere in the department, the requested increase in DHS-wide
R&D funding is 4%. The House provided $1,290 million, a reduction of $78 million
from the request.151 The Senate committee recommended $1,453 million, or $85
million more than the request.
R&D programs currently in the TSA and Coast Guard, together with some other
smaller programs, would be consolidated into the S&T Directorate under the
proposed FY2006 budget. This move reflects direction originally given in the
FY2004 appropriations conference report (H.Rept. 108-280). Consolidating the
Coast Guard R&D program was also proposed last year in the FY2005 budget
request, but the change was controversial, and Congress did not approve it. This is
150 Prepared by Daniel Morgan, Analyst in Science & Technology, Resources, Science, and
Industry Divison.
151 The House committee recommended $1,340 million, but a floor amendment by Rep.
Obey reduced this by $50 million to fund state conformance with drivers’ license standards
under the REAL ID Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-13).

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CRS-63
the first budget to propose consolidation for the TSA R&D program, because the
Homeland Security Act, which established DHS, required that TSA be maintained
as a single distinct entity until November 2004 (P.L.107-296, §424). The House
funded the consolidated programs as requested. The Senate committee rejected
consolidation of Coast Guard R&D activities ($17 million), but funded the other
consolidated programs as requested.
The request for the newly created Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO)
is $227 million. Although funded under S&T, DNDO has been made a freestanding
office that reports directly to the Secretary. Noting this fact, the House report
provided $100 million less than was requested and stated that “DHS still needs to
clarify its role in regard to other federal agencies . . . that have similar and more
mature programs.” The Senate committee, stating that it was “troubled by the
manner in which this initiative has been handled,” also recommended $100 million
less than requested for DNDO, and recommended restricting the obligation of all but
$15 million until further details are provided to the appropriations committees. Some
DNDO activities were formerly funded by the S&T Directorate’s radiological and
nuclear countermeasures program, whose FY2006 request is $19 million, down from
$123 million. The House provided the requested amount for radiological and nuclear
countermeasures, while the Senate committee recommended an increase to $226
million, including $125 million requested under CBP for testing, development, and
deployment of radiation portal monitors at ports of entry.
Although the proposed total R&D budget for DHS would change by less than
in any other year since the department’s creation, the request makes substantial
changes in several existing programs, not just the new DNDO. Chemical
countermeasures, support for other department components, and efforts to counter
the threat from MANPADs (portable ground-to-air missiles) would also all roughly
double. Meanwhile, funding for rapid prototyping (to accelerate the adaptation or
development of technologies that can be deployed in the near term) would drop from
$76 million to $21 million, and the consolidated R&D activities currently conducted
by TSA would drop from $178 million to $109 million. The House and the Senate
committee broadly accepted these proposals, with some modifications, and made
various other changes to the request, such as increasing funding for explosives
countermeasures. See Table 10 for details.
The FY2006 budget justification for the S&T Directorate presents program-level
data on the directorate’s actual FY2004 expenditures, as compared with the program
allocations specified in the FY2004 appropriations conference report. These data
show substantial reprogramming. For example, actual expenditures on biological
countermeasures in FY2004 were $455 million, versus the enacted level of $197
million. Actual funding for construction of the National Biodefense Analysis and
Countermeasure Center was $4 million, versus $88 million enacted. University
centers and efforts to counter MANPADs, two items that were of particular
congressional interest and received more FY2004 funding than had been requested,
had actual expenditures of $22 million and $17 million respectively, versus $69
million and $60 million enacted. As Congress considers appropriations for FY2006,
these FY2004 data may raise questions about how the S&T Directorate establishes
priorities among its programs and how it handles changes in those priorities after
funding decisions have been made.

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CRS-64
Table 10. Science and Technology Directorate Accounts and
Activities, FY2005-FY2006
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY2005
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
FY2006
Account/Activity
enacted
request
House
Senate
Conf.
Science and Technology Directorate
1,115.4
1,368.4
1,290.0
1,453.5
Salaries and expenses
68.6
81.4
81.4
81.1
R&D, acquisition, and operations
1,046.8
1,287.0
1,208.6
1,372.4
— biological countermeasures
362.6
362.3
360.0
384.3
— National Biodefense Analysis and
Countermeasures Center
35.0
—
—
—
— chemical countermeasures
53.0
102.0
90.0
100.0
— explosives countermeasures
19.7
14.7
54.7
33.9
— radiological/nuclear
countermeasures
122.6
19.1
19.1
226.0
— Domestic Nuclear Detection
Office
—
227.3
127.3
127.3
— threat and vulnerability testing and
assessment
65.8
47.0
47.0
40.0
— critical infrastructure protection
27.0
20.8
35.8
13.8
— cyber security
18.0
16.7
16.7
16.7
— standards
39.7
35.5
35.5
35.5
— support of DHS components
54.6
93.6
80.0
74.7
— university and fellowship
programs
70.0
63.6
63.6
63.6
— emerging threats
10.8
10.5
10.5
5.3
— rapid prototyping
76.0
20.9
30.0
20.9
— counter MANPADs
61.0
110.0
110.0
110.0
— SAFETY Act
10.0
5.6
10.0
5.6
— Office of Interoperability and
Compatibility
21.0
20.5
41.5
15.0
— R&D consolidation
—
116.9
116.9
99.9
— technology development and
transfer
—
—
10.0
—
— general reduction
—
—
— 50.0
—
TSA R&D a
178.0
—
—
—
U.S. Coast Guard RDT&E a
18.5
—
—
—
CBP R&D a
1.4
—
—
—
DHS TOTAL R&D
1,313.3
1,368.4
1,290.0
1,453.5
Source: CRS analysis of the FY2006 President’s Budget; DHS, Budget in Brief; House
Appropriations Committee tables of May 20, 2005; House-passed H.R. 2360; and H.Rept. 109-79.
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.
a. The TSA, Coast Guard, and CBP R&D amounts are included for FY2005 to provide a total
comparable with the FY2006 request for S&T, which consolidates all R&D funding for the
Department.

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Related Legislation
FY2006 Budget Resolution, S.Con.Res. 18/H.Con.Res 95
The annual concurrent resolution on the budget sets forth the congressional
budget. The Senate budget resolution, S.Con.Res. 18 was introduced on March 11,
2005, and passed the Senate on March 17, 2005. S.Con.Res. 18 provides $848.8
billion in discretionary spending. The House budget resolution, H.Con.Res. 95, was
introduced on March 11, 2005, and passed the House on March 17, 2005.
H.Con.Res. 95 proposes $843 billion in discretionary budget authority. On April 28,
2005 the conference committee reported, and both the House and Senate passed,
H.Rept. 109-62 providing $843 billion in discretionary budget authority for
FY2006.152
FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq and
Afghanistan, Tsunami Relief, and Other Activities153
On February 14, 2005, the President submitted an $81.9 billion request for
supplemental FY2005 funding for military operations, international affairs,
intelligence, and homeland security activities. The request includes an additional
$161 million for the Coast Guard to offset the costs of operations in Iraq. The
request for Coast Guard includes $111 million for operations in support of Operation
Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, including port security and law
enforcement capabilities; strategic waterside security teams; and funding of active
duty and mobilized reserve personnel. The request further includes $49 million for
the retrofit, renovation and subsystem replacement of Coast Guard 110-foot patrol
boats. The supplemental request also includes $110 million for the Department of
Energy’s Megaports Initiative. This initiative provides for the deployment of
radiation detection technology and law enforcement personnel to foreign ports (in
this case the funding would be for four specific ports) to detect, deter, and interdict
nuclear and other radioactive material. Though this request is for the DOE, the
Megaports Initiative supports CBP’s CSI program.
H.R. 1268 was introduced on March 11, 2005, and passed the House March 16,
2005. The bill passed the Senate on April 21, 2005. The conference committee
reported the conference report (H.Rept. 109-72) was filed on May 3, 2005. H.Rept.
109-72 was agreed to in the House on May 5, 2005; and was agreed to in the Senate
on May 10, 2005. The President signed H.R. 1268 on May 11, 2005, and the bill
became P.L. 109-13.
152 For more information see CRS Report RL32812 The Budget for FY2006, by Philip D.
Winters.
153 For more information see CRS Report RL32783 FY2005 Supplemental Appropriations
for Iraq and Afghanistan, Tsunami Relief, and Other Activities, by Amy Belasco and Larry
Nowels.

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CRS-66
Within DHS, P.L. 109-13 provides: CBP with an additional $125 million for
500 new Border Patrol agents above the FY2005 enacted level, and with $52 million
in additional construction funding; ICE with an additional $454 million for additional
investigators, enforcement agents, detention officers and detention bedspace; Coast
Guard with an additional $161 million as requested (see above); and FLETC with an
additional $4 milllion. As enacted, P.L. 109-13 also includes the REAL ID Act of
2005.154
154 For more information see CRS Report RL32754 Immigration: Analysis of the Major
Provisions of H.R. 418, the REAL ID Act of 2005, by Michael John Garcia, Margaret
Mikyung Lee, Todd Tatelman, and Larry M. Eig.

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Appendix I — DHS Appropriations in Context
DHS Appropriations and Federal Homeland Security
Spending
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there has been an increasing
interest in the levels of funding available for homeland security efforts. The Office
of Management and Budget, as originally directed by the FY1998 National Defense
Authorization Act, has published an annual report to Congress on combating
terrorism. Beginning with the June 24, 2002 edition of this report, homeland security
was included as a part of the analysis. In subsequent years, this homeland security
funding analysis has become more refined, as distinctions (and account lines)
between homeland and non-homeland security activities have become more precise.
This means that while Table 11 is presented in such a way as to allow year to year
comparisons, they may in fact not be strictly comparable due to the increasing
specificity of the analysis, as outlined above.
With regard to DHS funding, it is important to note that DHS funding does not
comprise all federal spending on homeland security efforts. In fact, while the largest
component of federal spending on homeland security is contained within DHS, the
DHS homeland security request for FY2006 accounts for approximately 54% of total
federal funding for homeland security. The Department of Defense comprises the
next highest proportion at 19% of all federal spending on homeland security. The
Department of Health and Human Services at 8.8%, the Department of Justice at
6.2% and the Department of Energy at 3.3% round out the top five agencies in
spending on homeland security. These five agencies collectively account for nearly
95% of all federal spending on homeland security. It is also important to note that
not all DHS funding is classified as pertaining to homeland security activities. The
legacy agencies that became a part of DHS also conduct activities that are not
homeland security related. Therefore, while the FY2006 requests a total homeland
security budget authority of $27.3 billion for DHS, the requested gross budget
authority is reported as $41.1 billion. The same is true of the other agencies listed
in the table.

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CRS-68
Table 11. Federal Homeland Security Funding by Agency,
FY2002-FY2006
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY06
FY06
as % of
Department
FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 est.
total
Department of Homeland
Security (DHS)
17,380
23,063
22,923
24,887
27,333
54.1%
Department of Defense
(DOD)
5,159
8,442
7,024
8,570
9,514
19.0%
Department of Health and
Human Services (HHS)
1,913
4,144
4,062
4,231
4,407
8.8%
Department of Justice
(DOJ)
2,143
2,349
2,180
2,678
3,104
6.2%
Department of Energy
(DOE)
1,220
1,408
1,364
1,562
1,666
3.3%
Department of State (DOS)
477
634
696
824
938
1.9%
Department of Agriculture
(AG)
553
410
411
600
704
1.4%
Department of
Transportation (DOT)
1,419
383
284
182
192
0.4%
National Science
Foundation (NSF)
260
285
340
342
344
0.7%
Other Agencies
2,357
1,329
1,550
2,129
1,741
3.5%
Total Federal Budget
Authority
32,881
42,447
40,834
46,005
49,943
100%
Source: CRS analysis of data contained in “Section 3. Homeland Security Funding Analysis,” and
Appendix K of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the FY2006 President’s Budget (for FY2004-
FY2006); Section 3. “Homeland Security Funding Analysis,” of Analytical Perspectives volume of
the FY2005 President’s Budget (for FY2003); and Office of Management and Budget, 2003 Report
to Congress on Combating Terrorism, Sept. 2003, p. 10.
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. FY totals shown in this table include enacted
supplemental funding. Year to year comparisons using particularly FY2002 may not be directly
comparable, because as time has gone on agencies have been able to distinguish homeland security
and non-homeland security activities with greater specificity.

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CRS-69
Appendix II — Disaster Relief Fund
Table 12. Disaster Relief Fund, FY1974-FY2005
(millions of dollars, 2002 constant dollars)
Appropriations (available funds)
Total appropriations
Outlays
FY
aReq.
Orig.
Supp. Nominal
Constant Nominal
Constant
1974
100
200
233
433
1,412
250
816
1975
100
150
50
200
591
206
609
1976
187
187
0
187
517
362
999
1977
100
100
200
300
770
294
754
1978
150
115
300
415
997
461
1,108
1979
200
200
194
394
876
277
616
1980
194
194
870
1,064
2,175
574
1,173
1981
375
358
0
358
668
401
746
1982
400
302
0
302
526
115
201
1983
325
130
0
130
217
202
337
1984
0
0
0
0
0
243
391
1985
100
100
0
100
156
192
299
1986
194
100
250
350
533
335
511
1987
100
120
b0
120
178
219
325
1988
125
120
0
c120
173
187
269
1989
200
100
d1,108
1,208
1,674
140
194
1990
270
98
e1,150
1,248
1,668
1,333
1,781
1991
270
0
0
0
0
552
711
1992
f184
185
4,136
g4,321
5,429
902
1,134
1993
292
292
2,000
h2,292
2,816
2,276
2,796
1994
i1,154
226
j4,709
4,935
5,935
3,743
4,502
1995
320
320
k3,275
3,595
4,235
2,116
2,492
1996
320
222
k3,275
k3,497
4,042
2,233
2,581
1997
320
l1,320
l3,300
4,620
5,248
2,551
2,898
1998
m2,708
320
n1,600
1,920
2,155
1,998
2,242
1999
o2,566
p1,214
q1,130
2,344
2,597
3,746
4,149
2000
2,780
r2,780
0
2,780
3,019
2,628
2,853
s, t
2001
2,909
300
t5,890
6,249
3,217
3,413
2002
u1,369
664
v7,008
v12,160
12,677
3,947
4,114
2003
1,843
800
w1,426
w2,199
2,255
8,541
8,761
2004
1,956
1,800
x2,275
x2,042
y2,068
y3,044
y3,082
2005
2,151
2,042
x8,500
10,542
z10,542
y3,363
y3,363
Total
24,240
16,360
48,988
72,099
84,455
50,648
60,224
Sources: U.S. President annual budget documents; appropriations legislation; U.S. FEMA budget
justifications. Constant dollar amounts based on CRS calculations based on GDP (chained) price

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CRS-70
index in U.S. President (Bush), Historical Tables, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal
Year 2005 (Washington, 2004), pp. 184-185. Table prepared by Keith Bea, Specialist in American
National Government, Government and Finance Division.
a. Data in the request column generally represent the first budget request submitted by the
Administration each year and do not include amended or supplemental requests. Note, however,
additional detail in this column.
b. In Feb. 1987, a total of $57.5 million was rescinded and transferred from the DRF to the
Emergency Food and Shelter Program account (P.L. 100-6). That amount was returned to the
fund the same year in supplemental appropriations legislation enacted in July 1987 (P.L. 100-
71).
c. P.L. 100-202, the Continuing Appropriations Act for FY1988, appropriated $120 million for
disaster relief. According to FEMA, the original appropriation for that fiscal year was $125
million, but $5 million was transferred to the Department of Labor for “low income agriculture
workers.”
d. Supplemental funds were included in P.L. 101-100, continuing appropriations legislation enacted
after Hurricane Hugo struck in Sept. 1989. According to FEMA, this amount was “referred to
as a supplemental but was an increase in the original appropriation during a continuing
resolution.”
e. P.L. 101-130, enacted after the Loma Prieta earthquake, appropriated $1.1 billion in supplemental
funding for FY1990. In addition, $50 million was appropriated in P.L. 101-302, dire emergency
supplemental appropriations legislation. Table 12 does not reflect a $2.5 million transfer from
the President’s unanticipated needs fund.
f. FY1992 request does not include the budget amendment of $90 million submitted by the
Administration.
g. Appropriations for FY1992 included a $943 million dire emergency supplemental in P.L. 102-229,
enacted in fall 1991 after Hurricane Bob; $300 million after the Los Angeles riots and flooding
in Chicago (spring 1992) in P.L. 102-302; and $2.893 billion in P.L. 102-368 after Hurricanes
Andrew and Iniki, Typhoon Omar, and other disasters.
h. Total for FY1993 includes the $2 billion supplemental approved after the Midwest floods in 1993
(P.L. 103-75).
i. The original FY1994 budget request was $292 million. On July 29, 1993, a supplemental request
of $862 million was sent by President Clinton to Congress.
j. Supplemental appropriations for FY1994 enacted after the Northridge earthquake struck Los
Angeles (P.L. 103-211).
k. Additional supplemental appropriation approved for Northridge earthquake costs (P.L. 104-19) for
FY1995, with the same amount ($3.275 billion) reserved for a contingency fund for FY1996.
However, $1 billion of the contingency fund was rescinded in FY1996 omnibus appropriations,
P.L. 104-134. In the same legislation, another $7 million was also appropriated to other FEMA
accounts for costs associated with the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah federal building in
Oklahoma City.
l. The FY1998 budget appendix (p. 1047) noted a transfer of $104 million from the disaster relief
fund in FY1996. In the FY1997 appropriations act (P.L. 104-204), $1 billion that had been
rescinded in FY1996 (P.L. 104-134) was restored, and $320 million in new funds were
appropriated. Supplemental appropriations of $3.3 billion were approved in P.L. 105-18 after
flooding in the Dakotas and Minnesota, and after storms in other states were declared major
disasters. The legislation specified, however, that of the total, $2.3 billion was to be available
in FY1998 only when FEMA submitted a cost control report to Congress. This requirement was
met, and the funding was made available in FY1998.
m. The FY1998 request consisted of a $320 million base amount plus $2.388 billion “to address
actual and projected requirements from 1997 and prior year declarations.” (Budget Appendix
FY1998, p. 1047). Does not include $50 million requested for the DRF for mitigation activities.
n. Supplemental appropriations legislation (P.L. 105-174) for FY1998 approved for flooding
associated with El Niño and other disasters.
o. The FY1999 request consisted of $307.8 million for the DRF and an additional $2.258 billion in
contingency funding to be available when designated as an emergency requirement under the
Balanced Budget Act of 1985, as amended.
p. The FY1999 omnibus appropriations act (P.L. 105-277, 112 Stat. 2681-579) included $906 million
for costs associated with Hurricane Georges, flooding associated with El Niño, and other
disasters.

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CRS-71
q. Emergency supplemental appropriations for FY1999 (P.L. 106-31) included $900 million for
tornado damages as well as $230 million for unmet needs, subject to allocation directions in the
conference report (H.Rept. 106-143).
r. FY2000 appropriations act (P.L. 106-74, 113 Stat. 1085) included disaster relief funding as
follows: $300 million in regular appropriations and $2.480 billion designated as emergency
spending for costs associated with Hurricane Floyd and other disasters. In addition, the
Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 106-113) authorized the Director of FEMA to use up to
$215 million in disaster relief funds appropriated in P.L. 106-74 for the purchase of residences
flooded by Hurricane Floyd, under specified conditions.
s. Supplemental appropriations legislation (P.L. 106-246) authorized that $77 million from the DRF
to be used for buyout and relocation assistance for victims of Hurricane Floyd. The act also
appropriated $500 million in a separate account for claim compensation and administrative costs
associated with the Cerro Grande fire that destroyed much of Los Alamos, New Mexico.
t. P.L. 107-38 appropriated $40 billion in response to the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Pursuant
to the statute, these funds for FY2001 were allocated by the Office of Management Budget from
the Emergency Response Fund (ERF). Of the total appropriated in P.L. 107-38 after the Sept.
11 attacks, $4.4 billion were allocated for FY2001 through P.L. 107-117 (115 Stat. 2338). The
total available for obligation for FY2001 ($5.9 billion) taken from FEMA Justification of
Estimates, FY2003, p. DR-2.
u. Request for FY2002 did not include funding for the Disaster Relief Contingency Fund.
v. Congress appropriated a total of $7.008 billion for FY2002 in P.L. 107-117 and P.L. 107-206 to
meet additional needs associated with the terrorist attacks. Total funds available ($12.16
billion) include a transfer from TSA, $1 billion released from the Emergency Contingency Fund,
and other sources. See DHS, Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate, Justification
of Estimates, FY2004, p. DR-2.
w. Includes $442 million in P.L. 108-69 and $938 million in P.L. 108-83 to meet needs associated
with tornadoes, winter storms, the recovery of wreckage of the Space Shuttle Columbia and
other disasters. Also, funds appropriated in these measures and in the FY2004 appropriations
act for DHS (P.L. 108-90) have been used for costs associated with Hurricane Isabel. Total of
$2.199 billion available taken from: DHS, Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate,
Justification of Estimates, FY2005, p. FEMA-18.
x. P.L. 108-106 which primarily addressed reconstruction costs in Iraq and Afghanistan also
contained an appropriation of $500 million for needs arising from disasters in fall 2003,
including Hurricane Isabel and the California fires. Section 4002 of the act designates the funds
an emergency requirement pursuant to the budget resolution adopted by Congress (H.Con.Res.
95), but the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2004 (Section 102(a), Division H, P.L.
108-199) rescinded $225 million of the $500 million appropriated in P.L. 108-106. Total of
$2.043 billion taken from: DHS, Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate,
Justification of Estimates, FY2005, p. FEMA-18. P.L. 108-303, enacted after Hurricanes
Charley and Frances struck Florida, appropriated $2 billion to the DRF and gave discretion to
DHS to transfer $300 million to the Small Business Administration for disaster loans. P.L. 108-
324, Division B of the Military Construction Appropriations Act for FY2005, appropriated an
additional $6.5 billion to the DRF.
y. Outlay data and constant dollar calculations based on estimates.
z. Funds presented in current dollars.

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