Order Code RL32950
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Medicaid: The Federal Medical Assistance
Percentage (FMAP)
June 15, 2005
Christine Scott
Specialist in Tax Economics
Domestic Social Policy Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Medicaid: The Federal Medical Assistance
Percentage (FMAP)
Summary
Medicaid is a health insurance program jointly funded by the federal
government and the states. Generally, eligibility for Medicaid is limited to low-
income children, pregnant women, parents of dependent children, the elderly, and
people with disabilities. The federal government’s share of a state’s expenditures for
Medicaid services is called the federal medical assistance percentage (FMAP).
Determined annually, the FMAP is designed so that the federal government pays a
larger portion of Medicaid costs in states with lower per capita income relative to the
national average (and vice versa for states with higher per capita incomes). For
FY2005, FMAPs range from 50% to 77%; that is, the federal government’s share of
Medicaid costs for FY2005 ranges from 50% to 77% depending on the state. For
FY2006, the FMAPs range from 50% to 76%.
In recent years, the fiscal situation of the states has focused attention on
Medicaid expenditures as well as changes in the federal share or FMAP. P.L. 108-27
provided temporary fiscal relief to the states by raising the FMAPs for the last two
quarters of FY2003 and first three quarters of FY2004 through an increase in FMAPs
of 2.95 points. This temporary FMAP increase expired in the last quarter of FY2004,
which coincided for most states with the beginning of state fiscal year (SFY) 2005.
FMAPs for FY2006 have declined for a number of states because of increases in their
per capita personal income relative to the U.S. average per capita personal income
for the 2001 through 2003 period, and revisions to the basic data sources used to
calculate personal income and population for these years.
In the 109th Congress, four bills (H.R. 57, H.R. 2258, S. 68, and S. 1007) have
been introduced that would alter certain FMAPs or limit the decline in state FMAPs
between FY2005 and FY2006. This report will be updated as legislative activities
warrant.

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Federal Medical Assistance Percentage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How the FMAPs are Calculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Data Used to Calculate State FMAPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Factors That Influence State FMAPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Change in FMAPs Between FY2005 and FY2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Legislative Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
List of Figures
Figure 1. Largest Increase, Largest Decrease, and Average Change in
Annual State FMAPs, FY1990-91 through FY2005-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 2. Median State FMAP, 1990 - 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
List of Tables
Table 1. Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) for
FY2003-FY2006, by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 2. Change in Annual State FMAPs, FY1990-FY1991 to
FY1997-FY1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 3. Change in Annual State FMAPs, FY1998-FY1999 to
FY2005-FY2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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Medicaid: The Federal Medical Assistance
Percentage (FMAP)
Introduction
Medicaid is a health insurance program jointly funded by the federal
government and the states. Although states have considerable flexibility to design
and administer their Medicaid programs, certain groups of individuals must be
covered for certain categories of services. Generally, eligibility is limited to low-
income children, pregnant women, parents of dependent children, the elderly, and
people with disabilities. The federal government’s share of Medicaid costs for
services is determined by a formula established in statute; states must contribute the
remaining portion of costs in order to qualify for federal funds.
The Federal Medical Assistance Percentage
The federal government’s share of Medicaid costs for services, called the
Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP), varies by state and is determined
by a formula set in statute. For administrative costs, the federal share does not vary
by state and is generally 50%.1
How the FMAPs are Calculated. The FMAP formula compares each
state’s per capita personal income relative to the U.S. per capita personal income.
The FMAP uses each state’s per capita personal income as a measure of the state’s
ability to pay for Medicaid (a proxy for the state’s economic well being), and
compares each state to the U.S. average. The formula for the FMAP for state D is:
FMAP = 1 - ( ((per Capita Income )2/(per Capita Income )2) x .45)
D
D
US
The use of the .45 factor in the formula is designed to ensure that a state with
a per capita personal income equal to the U.S. per capita personal income receives
an FMAP of 55%. States with per capita personal incomes higher than the U.S.
average will receive lower FMAPs (there is a statutory minimum of 50%), and states
with per capita personal incomes lower than the U.S. will receive higher FMAPs
(there is a statutory maximum of 83%).
In each year, the state FMAP calculations rely on the most recently available
three years of per capita personal income estimates. So for example, the Secretary
of Health and Human Services (HHS) calculation of FY2004 FMAPs used per capita
personal income data for 1999, 2000, and 2001 that were available in October 2002.
1 For additional information on Medicaid administrative costs, see CRS Report RS22101,
State Medicaid Program Administration: A Brief Overview, by April Grady.

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CRS-2
The calculations of FY2005 FMAPs used per capita personal income data for 2000,
2001, and 2002 that were available in October 2003. The HHS calculation of the
FY2006 FMAPs used per capita personal income data for 2001, 2002, and 2003 that
were available in October 2004. The methodology used by HHS to calculate the
FMAPs does not vary as the requirements are set in statute.
HHS must calculate the state FMAPs and publish them in the Federal Register
each year. These state FMAPs are in effect for the one-year period beginning the
following October (the beginning of the federal fiscal year). Thus, the state FMAPs
for FY2005 (the federal fiscal year which began on October 1, 2004) were calculated
and published in 2003,2 and the FMAPs for 2006 were calculated and published in
2004.3
There are exceptions to the FMAP formula. By law, the District of Columbia
has an FMAP of 70%, and Puerto Rico and the territories (American Samoa,
Northern Marianas, Guam, and the Virgin Islands) have an FMAP of 50%. For the
period FY2001-FY2005, Alaska used a special FMAP formula in which the per
capita personal income was deflated by 1.05 (this would increase the calculated
FMAP). P.L. 108-27 provided a temporary increase (of 2.95 points) in state FMAPs
for the last two quarters of FY2003 and the first three quarters of FY2004. Table 1
provides the FMAP for each state, the District of Columbia, and the territories for
FY2003-FY2006, including the temporarily enhanced FMAPs for FY2003 and
FY2004 due to P.L. 108-027.
Data Used to Calculate State FMAPs. Integral to the calculation of the
state FMAPs is the basic data used to estimate per capita personal income — state
population and state personal income. Population estimates are done by the U.S.
Department of the Census for the United States and the states as of July 1 each year.4
The methodology used is to update the state population estimates for the most recent
years (or, if applicable, the decennial census) to account for births, deaths, and
migration based on several administrative data sources. The data are subject to
revision each year as additional or revised data become available.5
The Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) estimates
per capita personal income for the states each year, with preliminary estimates
released in April, and revised estimates released in October. These estimates include
annual revisions for prior years as well and new income data. The calculation is
based on the latest Census Bureau estimates of population as of July 1 each year, and
on the definition of personal income in the National Income and Product Accounts
(NIPA).
2 See Federal Register, Dec. 3, 2003, vol. 68, no. 232, pp. 67676-67678.
3 See Federal Register, Nov. 24, 2004, vol. 69, no. 226, pp. 68370-68373.
4 The exception is for a year in which there is a decennial census, when the population
estimate is as of Apr. 1.
5 For example the Census estimates of population as of July 1, 2003 which were released in
Dec. 2003 differ from the estimates of population as of July 1, 2003 which were released
in Dec. 2004.

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CRS-3
The current NIPA definition of personal income is:
Personal Income =
Wages and Salaries
plus
Supplements to Wages and Salaries (employer
contributions to employee pension and insurance
funds)
plus
Proprietors Income (after adjustments for capital
consumption and inventory valuation)
plus
Rental Income (after adjustment for capital
consumption)
plus
Personal Dividend and Interest Income
plus
Personal Current Transfers (includes government
payments)
Personal income for each state is based on income earned by state residents
only. As a result, the calculation involves an adjustment for income earned by
nonresidents.6 The NIPA definition of personal income differs from the definition
of income used for personal income tax purposes in several ways. One of the main
differences between the two is that NIPA personal income does not include capital
gains (or losses), but does include transfer payments.7 Income for tax purposes
includes capital gains (or losses), but does not include most of these transfer
payments.
The NIPA undergoes comprehensive revisions every four to five years, with the
results of recent revisions released in 1999 and 2003. The 2003 revisions were first
used in the 2004 calculations of personal income. As a result, the October 2004 state
and U.S. per capita personal income estimates used to calculate FY2006 state FMAPs
in November 2004 reflected: (1) annual updates and revisions by BEA for additional
or revised data from base sources (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of
Agriculture, Internal Revenue Service, etc.); (2) the comprehensive NIPA revision
that changed how personal income is defined by BEA; and (3) annual updates and
revisions to the Census Bureau population estimates.
However, as explained earlier, both population and personal income data
undergo annual revisions. As a result, it is often the case that the value of per capita
personal income for a given year may change over time. For example, the 2001 per
capita personal income data available in October 2003 (used to calculate FY2005
FMAPs) differed from the 2001 per capita personal income data available in October
2004 (used to calculate FY2006 FMAPs).
6 The adjustment for non-residents is to subtract income earned in the state but counted as
income in another state (where the individual earning the income lives).
7 Transfer payments include government transfers for retirement and disability insurance
benefits (Social Security), veterans benefits, and medical benefits (Medicare and Medicaid).

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CRS-4
Table 1. Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP)
for FY2003-FY2006, by State
FY2003 last FY2004 first
FY2003
FY2004
2 quarters
3 quarters
State
first 2
last
FY2005 FY2006
(P.L. 108-
(P.L. 108-
quarters
quarter
027)
027)
Alabama
70.60
73.55
73.70
70.75
70.83
69.51
Alaska
58.27
61.22
61.34
58.39
57.58
50.16a
Arizona
67.25
70.20
70.21
67.26
67.45
66.98
Arkansas
74.28
77.23
77.62
74.67
74.75
73.77
California
50.00
54.35
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Colorado
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Connecticut
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Delaware
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.38
50.09
District of Columbia
70.00
72.95
72.95
70.00
70.00
70.00
Florida
58.83
61.78
61.88
58.93
58.90
58.89
Georgia
59.60
62.55
62.55
59.58
60.44
60.60
Hawaii
58.77
61.72
61.85
58.90
58.47
58.81
Idaho
70.96
73.97
73.91
70.46
70.62
69.91
Illinois
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Indiana
61.97
64.99
65.27
62.32
62.78
62.98
Iowa
63.50
66.45
66.88
63.93
63.55
63.61
Kansas
60.15
63.15
63.77
60.82
61.01
60.41
Kentucky
69.89
72.89
73.04
70.09
69.60
69.26
Louisiana
71.28
74.23
74.58
71.63
71.04
69.79
Maine
66.22
69.53
69.17
66.01
64.89
62.90
Maryland
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Massachusetts
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Michigan
55.42
59.31
58.84
55.89
56.71
56.59
Minnesota
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Mississippi
76.62
79.57
80.03
77.08
77.08
76.00
Missouri
61.23
64.18
64.42
61.47
61.15
61.93
Montana
72.96
75.91
75.91
72.85
71.90
70.54
Nebraska
59.52
62.50
62.84
59.89
59.64
59.68
Nevada
52.39
55.34
57.88
54.93
55.90
54.76
New Hampshire
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
New Jersey
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
New Mexico
74.56
77.51
77.80
74.85
74.30
71.15
New York
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
North Carolina
62.56
65.51
65.80
62.85
63.63
63.49
North Dakota
68.36
72.82
71.31
68.31
67.49
65.85
Ohio
58.83
61.78
62.18
59.23
59.68
59.88
Oklahoma
70.56
73.51
73.51
70.24
70.18
67.91
Oregon
60.16
63.11
63.76
60.81
61.12
61.57
Pennsylvania
54.69
57.64
57.71
54.76
53.84
55.05
Rhode Island
55.40
58.35
58.98
56.03
55.38
54.45

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CRS-5
FY2003 last FY2004 first
FY2003
FY2004
2 quarters
3 quarters
State
first 2
last
FY2005 FY2006
(P.L. 108-
(P.L. 108-
quarters
quarter
027)
027)
South Carolina
69.81
72.76
72.81
69.86
69.89
69.32
South Dakota
65.29
68.88
68.62
65.67
66.03
65.07
Tennessee
64.59
67.54
67.54
64.40
64.81
63.99
Texas
59.99
63.12
63.17
60.22
60.87
60.66
Utah
71.24
74.19
74.67
71.72
72.14
70.76
Vermont
62.41
66.01
65.36
61.34
60.11
58.49
Virginia
50.53
54.40
53.48
50.00
50.00
50.00
Washington
50.00
53.32
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
West Virginia
75.04
78.22
78.14
75.19
74.65
72.99
Wisconsin
58.43
61.52
61.38
58.41
58.32
57.65
Wyoming
61.32
64.92
64.27
59.77
57.90
54.23
America Samoa
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Guam
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
N. Mariana Islands
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Puerto Rico
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Virgin Islands
50.00
52.95
52.95
50.00
50.00
50.00
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS).
Note: P.L. 108-027 temporarily increased state FMAP.
a. Beginning in FY2006, Alaska uses the same formula as other states. Previously, for the years shown
in the table, Alaska’s FMAP was calculated using an alternative formula.
Factors That Influence State FMAPs. Several factors that influence the
level of state FMAPs. The first is the nature of the state economy and its ability to
respond to economic changes (i.e., downturns or upturns). The impact of a national
economic downturn or upturn will be related to the structure of the state economy
and the business sectors causing the upturn or downturn. For example, a national
decline in automobile sales, while having an impact on automobile sales and all state
economies, will have a larger impact in states that manufacture automobiles as
manufacturers reduce production and automobile workers are laid off.
Second, the FMAP formula relies on per capita personal income to reflect state
economies and their response to economic changes in relation to the U.S. average
per capita personal income. The national economy is basically the sum of all state
economies. As a result, the national response to an economic change is the sum of
the state responses to economic change. If more states (or larger states) experience
an economic decline, the national economy reflects this decline to some extent.
However, the national decline will be lower than the state declines because the total
decline has been offset by states with an increase (i.e., states with a growing
economy). The U.S. per capita personal income, because of this balancing of
positive and negative, has only a small percentage change each year. The FMAP
formula compares state changes in per capita personal income (which can have large
changes each year) to the U.S. per capita personal income (which has very small

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CRS-6
changes each year). This comparison can result in significant changes in state
FMAPs each year.
In addition to annual revisions in estimated per capita personal income, every
four to five years, the comprehensive NIPA revisions also influence the state FMAPs
(for example, because of changes in the definition of personal income). The impact
on state FMAPs will depend on whether the changes are broad impacting all states,
or more selective impacting only certain states or industries.
In addition to these factors, there are legislative changes to the FMAPs. As
noted earlier, both Alaska and the District of Columbia have had statutory changes
made to their FMAPs. Recently, P.L. 108-27 provided for part of FY2003 and part
of FY2004, a temporary increase in all state FMAPs of 2.95 points, and statutorily
exempted state FMAPs from declines that would have otherwise occurred under the
FMAP formula.
The Change in FMAPs Between FY2005 and FY2006
In most years, the FMAP will differ from the previous year FMAP for two
reasons: annual revisions to estimated per capita personal income (reflecting
revisions to estimated personal income and estimated population); and replacing the
oldest year of data for estimated per capita personal income with the most recent year
of data. For the FY2006 FMAPs, there were three reasons for the change from
FY2005: (1) comprehensive NIPA revisions; (2) revisions to estimated per capita
income (for years 2001 and 2002 which are in common for the calculations of
FY2005 and FY2006); and (3) replacing the oldest year of data (2000) for estimated
per capita personal income with the latest year (2003).
Some states have found that their FMAP changes between FY2005 and FY2006
are larger than expected. As a result, questions have been raised about the cause(s)
of the changes, and if the changes are unusual. An analysis of the change in state
FMAPs over the years, shows that the range of FMAP changes between FY2005 and
FY2006 is not unusual. Figure 1 (at the end of this report) contains a graphic
representation of the annual change in FMAPs since 1990. Figure 1 shows the
largest positive and negative changes and the average change in state FMAPs each
year. While the range of change in FMAPs was not unusually large, the average
change between FY2005 and FY2006 (-0.55) was the first time the average change
in state FMAPs was greater than plus or minus one-half a point. Over the period, the
average change in state FMAPs was positive half of the time and negative half of the
time. Also over the 16-year period the annual change in state FMAPs had more
states with increases for eight years, and more states with decreases for eight years.
The pattern varies by state, with some states having a negative annual change
between years for all years, with other states having a positive annual change for
most years.
In the years impacted by the most recent comprehensive NIPA revisions (1999
and 2003), the state FMAPs for the first years using the revised data (FY2002 and
FY2006) show a larger range of changes when compared to other years. For
example, the range of state FMAP changes between FY2000 and FY2001 was 2.84
to -1.13, with an average change of 0.12. The range of state FMAP changes between

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CRS-7
FY2001 and FY2002 (the first year calculated after the 1999 comprehensive NIPA
revision) show a range of changes of 2.49 to -2.63, with an average change of -0.26.
This indicates that the comprehensive NIPA revisions of recent years may have had
an impact on the FMAP calculations. But, the range in the FMAP change associated
with this latest comprehensive NIPA revision (2003) is not substantially different
from that of earlier NIPA revisions.
Another way to look at the change in state FMAPs is the change in the median
FMAP over the 16-year period. The median FMAP is the FMAP at which half the
states will have higher FMAPs and half the states will have lower FMAPs. As shown
in Figure 2, (also at the end of this report) over the FY1990-FY2006 period the
median state FMAP has declined only slightly (less than 1 point), and the change
between FY2005 and FY2006 was very small (two-tenths of a point). In Figure 2,
the solid line is the median state FMAP for each year, and the dotted line represents
the median FMAP for FY2003 and FY2004 with the temporary FMAP increases of
P.L. 108-027. The decline in the median state FMAP is not because over time more
states are subject to the statutory minimum of 50% (in FY1990 there were two more
states at the statutory minimum than in FY2006). Instead, the decline in the median
state FMAP reflects the decline in the number of states with FMAPs of 70% or more
(in FY1990, 12 states had an FMAP of 70% or more, by FY2006 only five states had
an FMAP of 70% or more).
As noted earlier, the National Income and Products Account (NIPA) definition
of personal income includes transfer payments. This means that all other things
being equal, during an economic downturn as more people in a state receive transfer
payments such as unemployment or Medicaid benefits, the personal income in the
state increases. At the same time, since capital gains (or losses) are not included in
personal income, if a significant portion of the economic downturn is the result of
declines in the equity (stock) market, the capital losses do not result in a
corresponding decline in personal income.
The recent economic downturn in 2001 has been attributed to the impact of the
9/11 attacks, and the decline in the equity (stock) market. As a result, states may
have experienced a decline in revenues from the personal income tax without a
reduction in the per capita personal income (used to calculate the FMAP).
Population is also a major component in the calculation of per capita personal
income. If for example two states have the same personal income, the state with the
largest population will have the lowest per capita personal income and highest
FMAP of the two states.
According to a published Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) document on
the highlights of the 2003 revision,8 the estimates of property-casualty insurance,
services provided by banks without charge, and investment in nonresidential
structures were improved through a change in their measurement. While these
changes would have an impact on personal income (for example, the changes for
services provided by banks without charge and property-casualty insurance would
8 Available on the BEA website at [http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrel/2003cr_fax.pdf].

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CRS-8
impact personal interest income), a larger impact may be from the use of a number
of updated and more comprehensive data sources including updated BEA input-
output tables, more recent annual surveys of business, government, and the economy
by the Census Bureau, tabulations of business returns for 2000 and 2001 by the
Internal Revenue Service, and tabulations of wages and salaries for 2001 and 2002.
Legislative Developments
In the 108th Congress, the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of
2003 (JGTRRA, P.L. 108-27) contained a provision providing temporary fiscal relief
for states and local governments. JGTRRA provided $10 billion to the states through
changes in Medicaid financing and direct grants. The FMAPs for the last two
quarters of FY2003 and the first three quarters of FY2004 were held harmless for
declines from the prior year, and 2.95 percentage points were added to the FMAPs.
In addition, the spending caps for the territories were raised by 5.9% for the last two
quarters of FY2003 and first three quarters of FY2004. JGTRRA also provided $5
billion in grants to the states (including the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and
the territories) in both FY2003 and FY2004 based on population. The grant funds
had to be used for improving education or job training, health care services,
transportation or other infrastructure, law enforcement or public safety, and
maintaining essential government services.
The temporary increase in FMAPs has expired, leaving states with concerns
about replacing the funds in their budgets, particularly for states with declines in their
FMAP occurring in both FY2005 and FY2006.
In the 109th Congress, legislation has been introduced to remove the cap on
Medicaid spending for the territories (H.R. 57), and to provide a 100% FMAP for
services provided to Native Hawaiians (S. 68). Two bills (H.R. 2258 and S. 1007)
would limit the decline in state FMAPs between FY2005 and FY2006.

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CRS-9
Figure 1. Largest Increase, Largest Decrease, and Average Change in
Annual State FMAPs, FY1990-91 through FY2005-06
4.00
3.28
3.14
3.00
2.95
2.84
2.75
2.48
2.49
2.54
2.39
2.00
1.62
1.60
1.34
1.17
1.21
1.00
0.97
0.42
0.40
nge
0.32
0.21
0.29
0.12
0.00
0.01
0.08
0.12
-0.13
-0.09
-0.26
-0.39
-0.38
-0.32
-0.49
FMAP Cha
-0.55
-1.00
-1.09
-1.09
-1.13
-1.38
-1.51
-1.62
-1.55
-1.77
-1.87
-2.00
-1.97
-2.22
-2.63
-2.76
-3.00
-3.18
-3.18
-3.67
-4.00
FY1990 FY1991 FY1992 FY1993 FY1994 FY1995 FY1996 FY1997 FY1998 FY1999 FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 FY2005
-FY1991 -FY1992 -FY1993 -FY1994 -FY1995 -FY1996 -FY1997 -FY1998 -FY1999 -FY2000 -FY2001 -FY2002 -FY2003 -FY2004 -FY2005 -FY2006
Source: Figure prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS).

---

CRS-10
Table 2. Change in Annual State FMAPs, FY1990-FY1991 to FY1997-FY1998
States
1990-1991
1991-1992
1992-1993
1993-1994
1994-1995
1995-1996 1996-1997
1997-1998
Alabama
-0.48
0.20
-1.48
-0.23
-0.77
-0.60
-0.31
-0.22
Alaska
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
a
Arizona
0.73
0.89
3.28
0.01
0.50
-0.55
-0.32
-0.20
Arkansas
0.54
0.54
-1.25
0.05
-0.71
-0.14
-0.32
-0.45
California
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.23
1.00
Colorado
1.48
1.20
-0.37
-0.12
-1.20
-0.66
-0.12
-0.35
Connecticut
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Delaware
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.33
-0.33
0.00
District of Columbia
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
a
Florida
-0.24
0.23
0.34
-0.25
1.50
-0.52
0.03
-0.14
Georgia
-0.75
0.44
0.30
0.39
-0.24
-0.33
-0.38
-0.68
Hawaii
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Idaho
0.33
-0.41
-2.04
-0.28
-0.78
-1.36
-0.81
1.62
Illinois
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Indiana
-0.52
0.61
-0.64
0.28
-0.46
-0.46
-0.99
-0.17
Iowa
0.89
1.63
-2.30
0.59
-0.71
1.60
-1.28
0.81
Kansas
1.28
1.88
-1.05
1.34
-0.62
0.14
-0.17
0.84
Kentucky
0.01
-0.14
-1.13
-0.78
-1.33
0.72
-0.21
0.28
Louisiana
1.36
0.96
-1.73
-0.22
-0.84
-0.76
-0.53
-1.33
Maine
-1.71
-1.09
-0.59
0.15
1.34
0.02
0.40
2.32
Maryland
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Massachusetts
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Michigan
-0.37
1.24
0.43
0.53
0.47
-0.07
-1.57
-1.62
Minnesota
0.69
1.00
0.50
-0.28
-0.38
-0.34
-0.33
-1.46
Mississippi
-0.24
0.06
-0.98
-0.16
-0.27
-0.51
-0.85
-0.13
Missouri
0.64
1.02
-0.58
0.38
-0.79
0.21
-0.02
0.64
Montana
0.38
-0.03
-0.78
0.13
-0.24
-1.43
-0.37
1.55
Nebraska
1.59
1.79
-3.18
0.66
-1.58
-0.91
-0.36
2.04
Nevada
0.00
0.00
2.28
-1.97
-0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
New Hampshire
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
New Jersey
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
New Mexico
1.13
0.95
-0.48
0.32
-0.86
-0.44
-0.21
-0.05
New York
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
North Carolina
-0.86
-0.08
-0.60
-0.78
-0.43
-0.12
-0.70
-0.80
North Dakota
2.48
2.75
-0.54
-1.08
-2.40
0.33
-1.33
2.70
Ohio
-0.04
0.70
-0.38
0.58
-0.14
-0.52
-0.89
-1.14

---

CRS-11
States
1990-1991
1991-1992
1992-1993
1993-1994
1994-1995
1995-1996 1996-1997
1997-1998
Oklahoma
1.36
1.09
-1.07
0.72
-0.34
-0.16
0.12
0.50
Oregon
0.55
0.05
-1.16
-0.27
0.24
-1.35
-0.49
0.94
Pennsylvania
-2.22
0.20
-1.36
-0.87
-0.34
-1.34
-0.08
0.54
Rhode Island
-1.41
-0.45
0.35
0.23
1.62
-1.65
0.06
-0.73
South Carolina
-0.49
0.08
-1.38
-0.20
-0.37
0.06
-0.34
-0.20
South Dakota
0.79
0.90
-2.32
-0.77
-1.44
-1.40
-1.77
2.86
Tennessee
-1.07
-0.16
-0.84
-0.42
-0.63
-0.88
-1.06
-1.22
Texas
2.30
0.65
0.26
-0.26
-0.87
-1.01
0.26
-0.28
Utah
0.19
0.22
0.18
-0.94
-0.87
-0.27
-0.88
0.25
Vermont
-0.80
-0.60
-1.49
-0.33
1.27
0.05
0.18
1.13
Virginia
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.37
0.08
0.04
Washington
0.33
0.77
0.04
-0.78
-2.27
-1.78
0.33
1.63
West Virginia
0.39
0.68
-1.39
-0.57
-1.12
-1.34
-0.66
1.07
Wisconsin
0.34
0.76
0.04
0.05
-0.66
-0.14
-0.67
-0.16
Wyoming
2.19
0.96
-1.99
-1.48
-2.76
-3.18
0.19
3.14
Maximum increase
2.48
2.75
3.28
1.34
1.62
1.60
0.40
3.14
Maximum decrease
-2.22
-1.09
-3.18
-1.97
-2.76
-3.18
-1.77
-1.62
Average change in state FMAPs
0.21
0.42
-0.49
-0.13
-0.39
-0.38
-0.32
0.29
Number of states with increase
23
29
11
16
7
10
10
20
Number of states with decrease
14
8
27
22
31
29
30
19
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS).
a. Statutory change (BBA 1997) for Alaska and the District of Columbia.

---

CRS-12
Table 3. Change in Annual State FMAPs, FY1998-FY1999 to FY2005-FY2006
States
1998-1999
1999-2000
2000-2001 2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004 2004-2005
2005-2006
Alabama
-0.05
0.30
0.42
0.46
0.15
0.15
0.08
-1.32
a
Alaska
0.00
0.00
1.34
0.89
0.12
-0.81
b
Arizona
0.17
0.42
-0.15
-0.79
2.27
0.01
0.19
-0.47
Arkansas
0.12
-0.11
0.17
-0.38
1.64
0.39
0.08
-0.98
California
0.32
0.12
-0.42
0.15
-1.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
Colorado
-1.38
-0.59
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Connecticut
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Delaware
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.38
-0.29
District of Columbia
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Florida
0.17
0.80
0.00
-0.19
2.40
0.10
-0.03
-0.01
Georgia
-0.37
-0.59
-0.21
-0.67
0.60
-0.02
0.86
0.16
Hawaii
0.00
1.01
2.84
2.49
2.43
0.13
-0.43
0.34
Idaho
0.26
0.30
0.61
0.26
-0.06
-0.50
0.16
-0.71
Illinois
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Indiana
-0.40
0.73
0.30
0.00
-0.07
0.35
0.46
0.20
Iowa
-0.43
-0.26
-0.39
0.19
0.64
0.43
-0.38
0.06
Kansas
0.34
-0.02
-0.18
0.35
-0.05
0.67
0.19
-0.60
Kentucky
0.16
0.02
-0.16
-0.45
-0.05
0.20
-0.49
-0.34
Louisiana
0.34
-0.05
0.21
-0.23
0.98
0.35
-0.59
-1.25
Maine
0.36
-0.18
-0.10
0.46
-0.36
-0.21
-1.12
-1.99
Maryland
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Massachusetts
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Michigan
-0.86
2.39
1.07
0.18
-0.94
0.47
0.82
-0.12
Minnesota
-0.64
-0.02
-0.37
-1.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mississippi
-0.31
0.02
0.02
-0.73
0.53
0.46
0.00
-1.08
Missouri
-0.44
0.27
0.52
0.03
0.17
0.24
-0.32
0.78
Montana
1.17
0.57
0.74
-0.21
0.13
-0.11
-0.95
-1.36
Nebraska
0.29
-0.58
-0.50
-0.83
-0.03
0.37
-0.25
0.04
Nevada
0.00
0.00
0.36
-0.36
2.39
2.54
0.97
-1.14
New Hampshire
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
New Jersey
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
New Mexico
0.37
0.34
0.48
-0.76
1.52
0.29
-0.55
-3.15
New York
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
North Carolina
-0.02
-0.58
-0.02
-1.01
1.10
0.29
0.78
-0.14
North Dakota
-0.49
0.48
-0.43
-0.12
-1.51
-0.05
-0.82
-1.64
Ohio
0.12
0.41
0.36
-0.25
0.05
0.40
0.45
0.20
Oklahoma
0.33
0.25
0.15
-0.81
0.13
-0.32
-0.06
-2.27

---

CRS-13
States
1998-1999
1999-2000
2000-2001 2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004 2004-2005
2005-2006
Oregon
-0.91
-0.59
0.04
-0.80
0.96
0.65
0.31
0.45
Pennsylvania
0.38
0.05
-0.20
1.03
0.04
0.07
-0.92
1.21
Rhode Island
0.88
-0.28
0.02
-1.34
2.95
0.63
-0.65
-0.93
South Carolina
-0.38
0.10
0.49
-1.10
0.47
0.05
0.03
-0.57
South Dakota
0.41
0.56
-0.41
-2.38
-0.64
0.38
0.36
-0.96
Tennessee
-0.27
0.01
0.69
-0.15
0.95
-0.19
0.41
-0.82
Texas
0.17
-1.09
-0.79
-0.40
-0.18
0.23
0.65
-0.21
Utah
-0.80
-0.23
-0.11
-1.44
1.24
0.48
0.42
-1.38
Vermont
-0.21
0.27
0.16
0.66
-0.65
-1.07
-1.23
-1.62
Virginia
0.11
0.07
0.18
-0.40
-0.92
-0.53
0.00
0.00
Washington
0.35
-0.67
-1.13
-0.33
-0.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
West Virginia
0.80
0.31
0.56
-0.07
-0.23
0.15
-0.54
-1.66
Wisconsin
0.01
-0.07
0.51
-0.72
-0.14
-0.02
-0.09
-0.67
Wyoming
1.06
-0.04
0.56
-2.63
-0.65
-1.55
-1.87
-3.67
Maximum Increase
1.17
2.39
2.84
2.49
2.95
2.54
0.97
1.21
Maximum Decrease
-1.38
-1.09
-1.13
-2.63
-1.51
-1.55
-1.87
-3.67
Average change
0.01
0.08
0.12
-0.26
0.32
0.12
-0.09
-0.55
Number with Increase
23
23
23
12
23
27
18
9
Number with Decrease
16
17
16
28
17
11
19
28
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS).
a. P.L. 106-544 sets alternative formula for Alaska.
b. Alternative formula for Alaska no longer in effect.

---

CRS-14
Figure 2. Median State FMAP, 1990 - 2006
63.50
Effective FMAPs under P.L. 108-027
63.00
62.50
62.00
61.50
61.00
60.50
60.00
59.50
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Source: Figure prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS).

---