Order Code RL32885
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Science, State, Justice, Commerce and
Related Agencies (House)/
Commerce, Justice, Science and
Related Agencies (Senate):
FY2006 Appropriations
Updated June 13, 2005
Ian F. Fergusson, Coordinator
Analyst in International Trade and Finance
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Susan B. Epstein, Coordinator
Specialist In Foreign Policy and Trade
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

---

Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget
resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and
budget reconciliation bills. The process begins with the President’s budget request and is
bounded by the rules of the House and Senate, the Congressional Budget and Impoundment
Control Act of 1974 (as amended), the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, and current
program authorizations.
This report is a guide to the regular appropriations bills that Congress considers each year.
It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House Committee on
Appropriations and Senate Subcommittee on Legislative Branch of the Senate Committee
on Appropriations. It summarizes the current legislative status of the bill, its scope, major
issues, funding levels, and related legislative activity. The report lists the key CRS staff
relevant to the issues covered and related CRS products.
NOTE: A Web version of this document with active links is
available to congressional staff at:
[http://www.crs.gov/products/appropriations/apppage.shtml].

---

Science, State, Justice, Commerce and Related
Agencies (House)/ Commerce, Justice, Science and
Related Agencies (Senate): Appropriations for FY2006
Summary
This report monitors actions taken by the 109th Congress for the House’s
Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies (SSJC) and the Senate’s
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) FY2006 appropriations
legislation. Appropriations bills reflect the jurisdiction of the subcommittees of the
House and Senate Appropriations Committees in which they are considered.
Jurisdictions for the subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations
Committees changed at the beginning of the 109th Congress. In the 108th Congress,
both the House and Senate subcommittees had identical jurisdiction and produced the
Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary and Related Agencies appropriations bills.
In the 109th Congress, jurisdiction for the Judiciary appropriation was removed to the
Treasury, Transportation, HUD Subcommittees in the House and the Senate. Science
appropriations, namely the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA)
and the National Science Foundation (NSF) were transferred to the former CJS
subcommittees in both chambers. In the Senate, Appropriations for the Department
of State was transferred to the Foreign Operations subcommittee, however, it remains
under the jurisdiction of SSJC in the House.
The Administration requested $60.977 billion/$51.173 billion for SSJC/CJS
appropriations in its FY2006 budget request sent to Congress on February 7, 2005.
The requests of the major departments and their related agencies are: Department of
Justice — $20.5 billion; Department of Commerce — $9.0 billion; Department of
State — $9.8 billion; Science — $22.1 billion; and Related Agencies — $2.2
billion. The House Appropriations Committee has set its FY2006 302(b) allocation
for SSJC at $57.45 billion. The Senate Appropriations Committee has set its FY2006
302(b) budget allocation for CJS at $48.65 billion. Due to jurisdictional differences,
the latter figure does not include the State Department.
The House Appropriations Committee approved its SSJC bill (H.R. 2862,
H.Rept. 109-118) on June 7, 2005 providing $57.45 billion to the SSJC agencies,
including $21.4 billion for the Department of Justice; $5.8 billion for the Department
of Commerce; $9.5 billion for the State Department; and 22.1 billion for NASA and
the NSF. Detailed agency appropriations analysis is being prepared for a forthcoming
update.

---

CRS Key Policy Staff
CRS
Area of Expertise
Name
Division
Telephone and E-Mail
Departments
Department of Justice
Celinda Franco
DSP
7-7360
cfranco@crs.loc.gov
Department of Commerce
Kevin Kosar
G&F
7-3968
kkosar@crs.loc.gov
Department of State and
Susan Epstein
FDT
7-6678
International Broadcasting
sepstein@crs.loc.gov
Agencies and Policy Areas
Patent and Trademark Office, NIST,
Wendy H. Schacht
RSI
7-7066
Technology Administration
wschacht@crs.loc.gov
Telecommunications, NTIA
Glenn McLoughlin
RSI
7-7073
gmcloughlin@crs.loc.gov
NASA
Marcia Smith
RSI
7-7076
msmith@crs.loc.gov
NSF
Christine Matthews
RSI
7-7055
cmatthews@crs.loc.gov
NTIS
Jeffrey Seifert
RSI
7-0781
jseifert@crs.loc.gov
FCC
Patty Figliola
RSI
7-2508
pfigliola@crs.loc.gov
NOAA
Wayne Morrissey
RSI
7-7072
wmorrissey@crs.loc.gov
EDA, SBA, and FTC
Bruce Mulock
G&F
7-7775
bmulock@crs.loc.gov
Bureau of the Census
Jennifer D. Williams
G&F
7-8640
jwilliams@crs.loc.gov
Trade agencies: ITA, ITC, USTR, BIS,
Ian Fergusson
FDT
7-4997
NIPLECC
ifergusson@crs.loc.gov
Equal Employment Opportunity
Linda Levine
DSP
7-7756
Commission
llevine@crs.loc.gov
Legal Services Corporation
Carmen Solomon-
DSP
7-7306
Fears
csolomonfears@crs.loc.gov
Securities and Exchange Commission
Mark Jickling
G&F
7-7784
mjickling@crs.loc.gov
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
Garrine Laney
DSP
7-2518
glaney@crs.loc.gov
State Justice Institute
Steve Rutkus
G&F
7-7162
srutkus@crs.loc.gov
International Religious Freedom
Vita Bite
FDT
7-7662
Commission
vbite@crs.loc.gov
U.S. Institute of Peace
Susan Epstein
FDT
7-6678
sepstein@crs.loc.gov
Division abbreviations: ALD = American Law Division; DSP = Domestic Social Policy Division;
FDT = Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division; G&F = Government and Finance Division; RSI
= Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

---

Contents
Most Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Synopsis of FY2005 Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Departmental Funding Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Survey of High-Profile Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Department of Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
GPRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
FY2006 Budget Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
General Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
U.S. Parole Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Legal Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Interagency Law Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Federal Bureau of Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Drug Enforcement Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Federal Prison System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Office of Justice Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Justice Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Improving the Criminal Justice System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Research, Development, Evaluation, and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Technology for Crime Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Juvenile Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Victims of Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Office on Violence Against Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Related CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Commerce and Related Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Departmental Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
International Trade Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Manufacturing and Services Unit (MSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Market Access and Compliance Unit (MAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Import Administration Unit (IA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Trade Promotion/U.S. Foreign Commercial Service (TP/FCS) . . . . . 17
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
NIPLECC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Bureau of Industry and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Economic Development Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Economic Development Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Minority Business Development Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Bureau of the Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Economic and Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
National Telecommunications and Information Administration . . . . . . . . . 23

---

National Technical Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Technology Administration/Office of the Under Secretary of
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
National Institute of Standards and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) . . . . . . . . . . 27
The President’s FY2006 Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Related Budget Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Related Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Related CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Science Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
National Aeronautics and Space Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
National Science Foundation (NSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Agency Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Key Budget Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Related CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Department of State and International Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Administration of Foreign Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Diplomatic & Consular Programs (D&CP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Embassy, Security, Construction, and Maintenance (ESCM) . . . . . . . 42
Worldwide Security Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Educational and Cultural Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Capital Investment Fund (CIF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
International Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
International Organizations and Conferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Contributions to International Peacekeeping (CIPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Related Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
The Asia Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
National Endowment for Democracy (NED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
East-West and North-South Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
International Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Related Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Related CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Independent Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
FY2006 Appropriations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Agency Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
FY2005 Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Legal Services Corporation (LSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Small Business Administration (SBA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
State Justice Institute (SJI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
U.S. Institute of Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

---

Related CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
List of Tables
Table 1. Legislative Status of SSJC/CJS Appropriations, FY2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 2. Funding for Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, and
Science Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 3. Department of Justice Funding Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 4. NOAA Total Budget Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 5. FY2006 Funding for the Department of Commerce and Related
Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 6. NASA’s FY2006 Budget Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Table 7. National Science Foundation, FY2004 to FY2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 8. Funding for the Title III Science Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 9. Funding for the Department of State and International Broadcasting . 46
Table 10. FY2006 Funding for CJS Related Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Appendix. CJS Appropriations by Department, FY2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

---

Science, State, Justice, Commerce and
Related Agencies (House)/ Commerce,
Justice, Science and Related Agencies
(Senate): Appropriations for FY2006
Most Recent Developments
The Administration submitted its FY2006 budget to Congress on February 7,
2005. The Administration requested $60.977 billion for the agencies under the
jurisdiction of the Science, State, Justice, Commerce Appropriations subcommittee
of the House and $51.173 billion for the Agencies under the Commerce, Justice,
Science Appropriations subcommittee in the Senate. The requests of the major
departments and their related agencies are: Department of Justice — $20.5 billion;
Department of Commerce — $9.0 billion; Department of State — $9.8 billion;
Science — $22.1 billion; and Related Agencies — $2.2 billion. The House
Appropriations Committee has set its FY2006 302(b) allocation for SSJC at $57.45
billion. The Senate Appropriations Committee has set its FY2006 302(b) budget
allocation for CJS at $48.65 billion. Due to jurisdictional differences, the latter figure
does not include the State Department.
The House Appropriations Committee approved its SSJC bill (H.R. 2862,
H.Rept. 109-118) on June 7, 2005 providing $57.45 billion to the SSJC agencies. It
includes $21.4 billion for the Department of Justice; $5.8 billion for the Department
of Commerce; $9.5 billion for the State Department; and 22.1 billion for NASA and
the NSF. Detailed agency appropriations analysis is being prepared for a forthcoming
update.
Appropriations bills reflect the jurisdiction of the subcommittees of the House
and Senate Appropriations Committees in which they are considered. Jurisdictions
for the subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees were
changed at the beginning of the 109th Congress. In the 108th Congress, both the
House and Senate subcommittees had identical jurisdiction and produced the
Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary and Related Agencies appropriations bills.
In the 109th Congress, jurisdiction for the the Judiciary appropriation was removed
to the Treasury, Transportation, HUD Subcommittees in the House and the Senate.
Science appropriations, namely the National Aeronautical and Space Administration
and the National Science Foundation were transferred to the former CJS
subcommittees in both chambers. In the Senate, appropriations for the Department
of State were transferred to the Foreign Operations subcommittee, however, they
remains under the jurisdiction of SSJC in the House.

---

CRS-2
Table 1. Legislative Status of SSJC/CJS Appropriations, FY2006
Subcommittee
Conf. Report
Markup
House
House
Senate
Senate
Conf.
Approval
Public
Report
Passage Report Passage Report
Law
House
Senate
House
Senate
6/7/05
5/24/05
H.R. 2868
H.Rept.
109-118
Background Information
Synopsis of FY2005 Appropriations
The Administration’s request for the FY2005 Commerce, Justice, State, and the
Judiciary and Related Agency totaled $43.2 billion. The House CJS Subcommittee
on Appropriations marked up its bill on June 15, 2004. The full House
Appropriations Committee by voice vote approved the unnumbered bill on June 23,
and reported it as H.R. 4754 (H.Rept. 108-576) on July 1. The House passed this bill
on July 8, 2004. The House bill provided a total of $43.5 billion. The Senate
Appropriations Committee marked up its bill (S. 2809, S.Rept. 108-344) and passed
it unanimously on September 15, 2004 providing a total of $40.5 billion. The CJS
appropriation was in Division B of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of FY2005
(P.L. 108-447). The Conference Report (H.R. 4818, H.Rep. 108-792) was approved
in both the House and Senate on November 20, 2004. The act ( P.L.108-447) was
signed by the President on December 8, 2004.
Departmental Funding Trends
The table below shows funding trends for the major agencies in CJS
appropriations over the five-year period FY2001-FY2005, including supplemental
appropriations. Over the five-year period, funding decreased for the Department of
Justice by $437 million (-2.1%); and increased for the Department of Commerce by
$1.48 billion (29%); for the Title III Science Agencies by 2.96 billion (14%); and for
the Department of State by $2.17 billion (33%).
The Justice Department’s budget rose steadily until FY2003, when it was
reduced by nearly $4.7 billion below the FY2002 level due to the relocation of some
activities to the Department of Homeland Security, however, by FY2005 it was
nearly back to the FY2001 level. The Commerce Department budget has generally
increased over the five-year span. The State Department’s increases reflect post-
September 11th security environment, technology improvements and a new hiring
initiative. State has received the greatest increase of about $2.17 billion from
FY2001 to FY2005, reflecting supplemental funds appropriated in FY2002, FY2003,
and FY2004.

---

CRS-3
Table 2. Funding for Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State,
and Science Agencies
(in billions of current dollars)
Department or Agency
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
Justice
21.049
23.707
19.648
19.850
20.612
Commerce
5.153
5.739
5.796
5.943
6.637
Science*
19.08
19.71
20.600
20.960
21.676
State
6.601
7.362
8.179
9.429
8.767
Sources: Funding totals provided by Budget Offices of CJS and Judiciary agencies, and U.S. House of
Representatives, Committee on Appropriations.
* Previous to FY2006, Title III Science Agencies were contained in the VA/HUD appropriations legislation.
Survey of High-Profile Issues
Department of Justice
! The elimination of funding for the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice
Assistance Grants (JAG) program and the Edward Byrne
Discretionary Grant program.
! The elimination of most funding for the Community Oriented
Policing Services (COPS) programs administered by the COPS
Office and the realignment of the Bulletproof Vest program, the
DNA Backlog program, the Gun Violence Reduction program, and
the Southwest Border Prosecution Assistance program into other
Office of Justice Assistance programs.
! Certain appropriations limitations related to FBI background checks
for firearm transfers and ATF firearm regulation responsibilities.
! The proposed rescission of the Victims of Crime Fund balance,
while requesting an FY2006 funding cap of $660 million for current
services under the Victims of Crime program.
! The President’s FY2006 request proposes to reduce overall federal
funding for juvenile justice by 39% from FY2005 levels, and to
eliminate funding for the Juvenile Accountability Block Grant in
FY2006.
Department of Commerce and Related Agencies
! Appropriations measures that limit the use by the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office of the full amount of fees collected in the current
fiscal year.
! The extent to which federal funds should be used to support
industrial technology development programs at the National Institute

---

CRS-4
of Standards and Technology, particularly the Advanced Technology
Program and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership.
! Importation of prescription drugs from foreign countries.
! The ability of U.S. trade agencies and PTO to fight intellectual
property infringement abroad.
! The efficacy of U.S. trade agency enforcement of U.S. trade remedy
laws against unfair foreign competition.
! The possible consolidation of all of NOAA’s budget authority under
a single Organic Act.
! Funding to upgrade the U.S. tsunami early warning system.
Science Agencies
! President Bush’s “Vision for Space Exploration” and its consequent
reprioritization of NASA programs, and potential personnel cuts
(especially in aeronautics research).
! Whether to direct NASA to launch a shuttle or robotic mission to
service the Hubble Space Telescope.
Department of State and International Broadcasting
! Construction of new embassy facilities in Baghdad with regional
offices throughout Iraq.
! Increased emphasis on public diplomacy activities focusing on
Muslim/Arab populations.
! Passport and visa policies related to homeland security issues.
Department of Justice1
Background
Title I of the CJS bill typically covers appropriations for the Department of
Justice (DOJ). Established by an act of 1870 (28 U.S.C. 501) with the Attorney
General at its head, DOJ provides counsel for citizens and protects them through law
enforcement. It represents the federal government in all proceedings, civil and
1 This title is written by Celinda Franco, Specialist in Social Legislation, Domestic Social
Policy Division.

---

CRS-5
criminal, before the Supreme Court. In legal matters, generally, the Department
provides legal advice and opinions, upon request, to the President and executive
branch department heads. The major functions of DOJ agencies and offices are
described below:
! United States Attorneys prosecute criminal offenses against the
United States, represent the federal government in civil actions, and
initiate proceedings for the collection of fines, penalties, and
forfeitures owed to the United States.
! United States Marshals Service provides security for the federal
judiciary, protects witnesses, executes warrants and court orders,
manages seized assets, detains and transports unsentenced prisoners,
and apprehends fugitives.
! Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigates violations of
federal criminal law; helps protect the United States against
terrorism and hostile intelligence efforts; provides assistance to other
federal, state and local law enforcement agencies; and shares
jurisdiction with Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) over
federal drug violations.
! Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) investigates federal drug
law violations; coordinates its efforts with state, local, and other
federal law enforcement agencies; develops and maintains drug
intelligence systems; regulates legitimate controlled substances
activities; and conducts joint intelligence-gathering activities with
foreign governments.
! Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
enforces federal law related to the manufacture, importation, and
distribution of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives. It was
transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department
of Justice by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296).
! Federal Prison System provides for the custody and care of the
federal prison population, the maintenance of prison-related
facilities, and the boarding of sentenced federal prisoners
incarcerated in state and local institutions.
! Office of Justice Programs (OJP) manages and coordinates the
activities of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice
Statistics, National Institute of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, Community Oriented Policing Services
(COPS), and the Office of Victims of Crime.
Most crime control has traditionally been a state and local responsibility. With
the passage of the Crime Control Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-351), however, the federal
role in the administration of criminal justice has increased incrementally. Since
1984, Congress has enacted five major omnibus crime control bills, designating new
federal crimes, penalties, and additional law enforcement assistance programs for
state and local governments. Crime control is one of the few areas of the federal
budget where discretionary spending has increased over the past two decades.

---

CRS-6
GPRA
The Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) required the
Department of Justice, along with other federal agencies, to prepare a five-year
strategic plan, including a mission statement, long-range goals, and program
assessment measures. The Department’s Strategic Plan for FY2003-2008 sets forth
four goals:
! prevent terrorism and promote national security;
! enforce federal criminal laws and represent the rights and interests
of the American people;
! prevent and reduce crime and violence by assisting state, local, and
tribal efforts;
! ensure the fair and efficient operation of the Federal justice system.
FY2006 Budget Request
The Department of Justice is requesting an FY2006 budget of $20.7 billion in
mandatory and discretionary spending, which represents an increase of $70 million
over what Congress enacted for FY2005. For FY2006, the Department’s plan has
four missions: (1) prevent terrorism and promote the nation’s security; (2) enforce
federal laws and represent the rights and interests of the American people; (3) assist
state, local, and tribal efforts to prevent or reduce crime and violence; and (4) ensure
the fair and efficient operation of the federal justice system.
The President’s FY2006 budget provides for increased funding for
counterterrorism and homeland defense efforts. The FY2006 budget request provides
funding increases for the FBI, the lead agency in combating terrorism, proposing
funding of $5.7 billion in 2006, an increase of $555 million over FY2005
appropriations. The FY2006 request would support the FBI in intelligence reform,
in counterterrorism and counterintelligence initiatives, and bolster the intelligence
program.
The total amount of funding requested for DEA in FY2006 is almost $1.7
billion. As a part of a comprehensive drug enforcement strategy, the DOJ has
deployed numerous federal law enforcement agencies to identify and target the most
significant drug supply organizations. The FY2006 President’s Budget includes
funding for the DEA of $72.9 million to carry out a new drug enforcement strategy
to identify and target the most significant drug supply organizations and related
components.
To help state and local law enforcement agencies target gun crime, under the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) the President’s budget
would provide additional funding for gun crime initiatives, such as Violent Crime
Impact Teams (VCIT), which target gun crime “hot spots,” identifying the worst
criminals, arresting criminal suspects, and arresting suspects while disrupting and
dismantling the violent criminal street gangs in that area.

---

CRS-7
The FY2006 President’s request would eliminate “non-performing” and
programs it considers to be lower priority, including state and local law enforcement
programs, such as the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) hiring grants
and the Byrne Justice Assistance Grants; State Criminal Alien Assistance Program
(SCAAP) grants; Juvenile Accountability Block Grants (JABG); and programs like
the Byrne Discretionary Grants and the COPS Law Enforcement Technology Grants,
which are entirely earmarked by Congress.
General Administration. The General Administration account for the
Department of Justice includes salaries and expenses, as well as other programs
designed to ensure that the collaborative functions of the DOJ agencies are
coordinated to help fight crime as efficiently as possible. Examples include the Joint
Automated Booking System and the Automated Biometric Identification System.
For FY2006, the President’s budget includes $1.977 billion for General
Administration, $553 million more than enacted for FY2005. The General
Administration account funds the Attorney General’s office, senior departmental
management, the Inspector General’s office, efforts to integrate identification systems
(e.g., IAFIS and IDENT), and narrowband communications, among other things. For
FY2006, the budget request includes new funding of $181.490 million for the Justice
Information Sharing Technology initiative.
For salaries and expenses, the President’s FY2006 budget requests $161.4
million for supporting the Attorney General and DOJ senior policy level officials in
managing Department resources and developing policies for legal, law enforcement,
and criminal justice activities.
For the Federal Office of Detention Trustee (OFDT), the FY2006 request
includes $1.2 billion in funding, a $347.4 million increase over the amount
appropriated by Congress for FY2005. The OFDT provides overall management and
oversight for federal detention services relating to the detention of federal prisoners
in non-federal institutions or otherwise in the custody of the U.S. Marshal’s Service.
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) is responsible for detecting and
deterring waste, fraud, abuse, involving DOJ programs and personnel and promoting
economy and efficiency in DOJ operations. The OIG also investigates allegations of
departmental misconduct. The Administration’s FY2006 request includes $67.4
million for the OIG, which represents a $4.5 million increase as compared to the
FY2005 appropriation.
U.S. Parole Commission.The U.S. Parole Commission adjudicates parole
requests for prisoners who are serving felony sentences under federal and District of
Columbia Code violations. The authorization for the parole commission was due to
expire in November 2002, but the 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations
Authorization Act (P.L. 107-273) provided for a temporary extension of the parole
commission for three years until November 1, 2005. For FY2006, the
Administration’s request includes $11.3 million for the parole commission, an
increase of $800,000 over the Commission’s FY2005 appropriation (after rescission).
Legal Activities. The Legal Activities account includes several subaccounts:
(1) general legal activities, (2) U.S. Attorneys, (3) U.S. Marshals Service, (4) prisoner

---

CRS-8
detention, and (5) other legal activities. For FY2006, the Administration’s request
includes $3.331 billion for legal activities, an increase of $150.4 million over the
FY2005 enacted budget.
The General Legal Activities account funds the Solicitor General’s supervision
of the department’s conduct in proceedings before the Supreme Court. It also funds
several departmental divisions (tax, criminal, civil, environment and natural
resources, legal counsel, civil rights, and antitrust). For these purposes, the
Administration’s FY2006 request includes $679.7 million, an increase of almost
$45.0 million over the FY2005 enacted appropriation.
The U.S. Attorneys and the U.S. Marshals Service are present in all of the 94
federal judicial districts. The U.S. Attorneys prosecute criminal cases and represent
the federal government in civil actions. For the U.S. Attorneys Office, the
Administration’s FY2006 request includes $1.626 billion, an increase of nearly $99.3
million over the enacted FY2005 budget for this office.
The U.S. Marshals are responsible for the protection of the Federal Judiciary,
protection of witnesses, execution of warrants and court orders, custody and
transportation of unsentenced federal prisoners, and fugitive apprehension. The
FY2006 request includes $790.3 million for the Marshals Service, an increase of
$42.7 million over the Service’s FY2005 enacted budget.
For other legal activities. e.g., the Community Relations Service, the
Independent Counsel, the U.S. Trustee Fund (which is responsible for maintaining
the integrity of the U.S. bankruptcy system by, among other things, prosecuting
criminal bankruptcy violations), and the Asset Forfeiture program, the FY2006
request includes $235.3 million. The Administration also requests $42.8 million in
discretionary funding for the Radiation Exposure Compensation Trust Fund (RECA),
$22.2 million less than was appropriated in FY2005.
Interagency Law Enforcement. The Interagency Law Enforcement account
reimburses departmental agencies for their participation in the Organized Crime
Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) program. Organized into nine regional
task forces, this program combines the expertise of federal agencies with the efforts
of state and local law enforcement to disrupt and dismantle major narcotics
trafficking and money laundering organizations. From the Department of Justice, the
federal agencies that participate in OCDETF are the Drug Enforcement
Administration; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms and Explosives; U.S. Marshals Service; the Justice, Tax and Criminal
Divisions; and the U.S. Attorneys. From the Department of Homeland Security, the
U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the U.S. Coast Guard
participate in OCDETF. Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service and Treasury
Office of Enforcement also participate from the Department of the Treasury. State
and Local Law Enforcement Agencies participate in approximately 87% of all
OCDETF investigations. The FY2006 DOJ budget request includes $661.9 million
for OCDETF. For FY2005, $553.5 million was provided for OCDETF, $108 million
less than the FY2006 amount requested by the Administration.

---

CRS-9
Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI), as the lead federal investigative agency, continues to reorganize to focus more
sharply on preventing terrorism and other criminal activities. The Administration’s
request for FY2006 is $5.70 billion, $555.6 million more than what was enacted in
FY2005. Of that amount, the request provides $10.1 million for construction.
Drug Enforcement Agency. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
is the lead federal agency tasked with reducing the illicit supply and abuse of
dangerous narcotics and drugs. The Administration’s FY2006 request includes
$1.694 billion for the DEA, almost $63 million more than the amount appropriated
by Congress in FY2005. The FY2006 budget request includes $172.5 million for the
Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF), which brings together
major DOJ agencies such as DEA and FBI, the Criminal Division’s Narcotic and
Dangerous Drug Section, and the U.S. Attorneys, along with their state and local law
enforcement counterparts, to disrupt and dismantle major drug supply organizations.
For FY2006, 76% of DEA’s budgetary resources (including reimbursable funds)
would be used for domestic enforcement, 14% for international enforcement, 2% for
state and local assistance, and 8% for the Diversion Control Fee Account (criminal
and complaint investigations targeting pharmaceutical controlled substances
traffickers and online pharmacy investigations).
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. The Bureau
of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) enforces federal law related to
the manufacture, importation, and distribution of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and
explosives. The FY2006 request includes $1,043.6 million for ATF, an increase of
$165.1 million over the Bureau’s FY2005 enacted budget of $878.5 million. The
Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) initiative brings together federal, state, and local
law enforcement agencies to identify the most pressing gun crime problems in their
communities and develop strategies to attack those problems through prevention,
deterrence, and aggressive prosecution. DOJ also launched a companion initiative,
the Violent Crime Impact Teams (VCIT), which combine the efforts of federal, state,
and local law enforcement to target gun crime “hot spots.” VCIT is currently active
in 10 cities and the FY2006 budget request would expand the initiative to 25 cities.
The FY2006 request includes $31.3 million in these and other gun crime enforcement
initiatives.
Federal Prison System. The Federal Prison System is administered by the
Bureau of Prisons (BOP), maintains penal institutions nationwide, and contracts with
state, local, and private concerns for additional detention space. The Administration
estimates that, as of January 2005, there were nearly 181,000 federal inmates in 112
institutions and over 153,000 were in facilities operated by the BOP. The
Administration requests $4.755 billion for the Federal Prison System for FY2006,
$20.4 million less than Congress appropriated for FY2005.
For new activities in FY2006, the Administration’s total request includes $4.6
billion for the costs associated with inmate confinement. Of that amount, $37.194
million is for the additional marginal costs of the increase in the inmate population
of 4,269 since last year.

---

CRS-10
Office of Justice Programs. The Office of Justice Programs (OJP)
manages and coordinates the National Institute of Justice, Bureau of Justice
Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Victims
of Crimes, Bureau of Justice Assistance, and related grant programs. For the Office
of Justice Programs and related offices, bureaus and programs, the Administration’s
request for FY2006 is $1.569 billion, a reduction of more than $1.4 billion below the
amount appropriated by Congress for FY2005.
Several factors account for the difference in funding for FY2006, compared to
FY2005. For example, the Consolidated Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2005 (P.L.
108-447) consolidated the Local Law Enforcement and Edward Byrne Memorial
Block grants, replacing them with a Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance
Grant (JAG) program, and reducing funding by $91 million, compared to amounts
appropriated for these two separate programs in FY2004. For FY2006, the
Administration is proposing that the JAG program be eliminated completely. The
Edward Byrne Discretionary Grant program received appropriations of $170 million
for FY2005; the Administration’s FY2006 request does not include funding for the
program. The elimination of these two programs represents $805 million less in OJP
funding. In addition, funding for state and local law enforcement would be
eliminated under the FY2006 request. In FY2005, state and local law enforcement
received appropriations of $1.278 billion.
Justice Assistance. The Justice Assistance account funds the operations of
OJP bureaus and offices. Besides funding OJP management and administration, this
account also funds the National Institute of Justice, the Bureau of Justice Statistics,
cooperative efforts that address missing children, and regional criminal intelligence.
For FY2006, the Administration’s request is $1.215 billion for this account along
with a proposed $95.5 million rescission.2
Under the FY2006 budget request, COPS would be maintained as an account
separate from Justice Assistance, but only four out of 18 COPS programs would
continue to be funded from the COPS account. Specifically, the Administration
requests $117.781 million in funding for FY2006, funding for Community Policing
Development ($7 million); Tribal Law Enforcement ($51.6 million); Police Integrity
($10 million); Meth Hot Spots ($20 million); and Management and administration
($29.2 million). The FY2006 request also includes a rescission of $115.5 million for
these COPS programs, resulting in a net funding request after rescissions of $2.281
million. It is important to note that some of the COPS programs administered by
other OJP programs would be realigned and funded under the President’s budget.
Improving the Criminal Justice System. For Improving the Criminal
Justice System, the Administration’s request includes $446.1 million. This amount
includes, among other programs, $59.6 million for the Weed and Seed program;
$48.4 million for the Southwest Border Prosecutor Initiative; $73.8 million for State
and Local Gun Violence Assistance program; $45.0 million for the Regional
2 Rescissions under the President’s budget request for DOJ typically are monies that have
not been spent in the previous year or are recovered from grantees for whom funds were
obligated but not spent or were mis-spent in previous years.

---

CRS-11
Information Sharing System; $10.2 for Prison Rape Prevention & Prosecution; $29.9
million for the Bulletproof Vest Partnership (formerly funded under COPS), and
$179.2 million for other crime control programs. Notably, the Administration’s
FY2006 request would eliminate funding for the State Criminal Alien Assistance
program (SCAAP); the Byrne Discretionary Grant program; and the Byrne Memorial
Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) program.
Research, Development, Evaluation, and Statistics. For Research,
Development, Evaluation and Statistics, the Administration’s FY2006 request
includes $139.5 million: $62.8 million for criminal justice statistics and $76.7
million for research, evaluation, and demonstration projects.
Technology for Crime Identification. For Technology for Crime
Identification, the Administration’s request includes $238.2 million: $177 million for
the DNA initiative and $58 million for the National Criminal History Improvement
Program (formerly funded under COPS); and nearly $2.9 million for the stalker
database under the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).
Juvenile Justice. For Strengthening the Juvenile Justice System, the
Administration’s FY2006 request includes $186.7 million, $172.6 million less than
what was appropriated for juvenile justice programs in FY2005. The
Administration’s request proposes funding of $93.9 million for the Juvenile Justice
Formula Grants, $11 million more than the Congress appropriated in FY2005 for the
program. The budget request includes funding of $43 million for the Juvenile
Delinquency Block Grants, a program the Congress did not fund in FY2005. For the
Developing New Initiatives program, the President’s budget requests $6.6 million,
while in FY2005 the Congress appropriated $100.8 million. Congress appropriated
$54.3 million for the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grant in FY2005, a
program for which the Administration requested no funding for FY2006.
Substance Abuse. For Substance Abuse: Demand Reduction, the
Administration’s FY2006 request includes $133.3 million, significantly more than
the $69 million enacted by the Congress for FY2005. The President’s request
includes $70 million for drug courts and $44.1 million for Residential Substance
Abuse Treatment, for which the Congress appropriated $24.6 million in FY2005.
The Cannabis Eradication Grant program, which the budget request would transfer
to OJP from DEA, would be funded at $19.1 million in FY2006, $8 million more
than the Congress appropriated for the program in FY2005. However, the FY2006
budget request does not include funding for Indian Country Alcohol and Crime
Demonstration grants, for which Congress appropriated $4.9 million in FY2005.
Victims of Crime. For Services for Victims of Crime within the Justice
Assistance account, the Administration’s FY2006 request includes $84.2 million.
Among other things, this amount includes funding authorized under the Violence
Against Women Act (VAWA) and Victims of Child Abuse Act. It also includes
funding provided under the Public Safety Officers Benefit (PSOB) program, which
provides death benefits to survivors of public safety officers who die in the line of
duty, and disability benefits to those officers injured and disabled in the line of duty.
Benefits provided by this program were increased by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
(P.L. 107-56). The Administration’s FY2006 request includes $49.7 million in

---

CRS-12
funding for death benefits under the PSOB program and $6.4 million for disability
and educational assistance. For FY2005, $63 million was provided for death benefits
and $6.3 million for disability and education benefits.
Office on Violence Against Women. The Office on Violence Against
Women (OVW), was created in 1995 as a component of the Department of Justice.
OVW implements VAWA and subsequent legislation. The FY2005 request
establishes the Office of Violence Against Women as an office administratively
separate from the Office of Justice Programs. The Administration’s FY2006 request
for this office is $363 million. Funding for VAWA programs in FY2005 was $387.2
million.

---

CRS-13
Table 3. Department of Justice Funding Accounts
($ millions in budget authority) a
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
FY2006
Accounts
enacted
request
enactedb
request
General Administration
$1,316.6
$1,669.0
$1,424.3
$1,977.3
U.S. Parole Commission
10.5
10.7
10.6
11.3
Legal Activities
3,078.5
3,317.8
3,180.9
3,331.3
General legal activities
629.0
657.1
634.2
679.7
United States Attorneys
1,510.2
1,547.5
1,547.5
1,626.1
United States Marshals
726.1
743.4
757.7
790.3
Service
Other
213.2
369.7
282.1
235.2
Federal Bureau of
4,590.7
5,115.2
5,145.6
5,701.2
Investigation
Salaries and expenses
4,033.8
4,563.9
4,188.0
5,691.1
Counterintelligence and
484.9
495.0
1,017.0
— -
national security
Construction
11.1
(1.2)
10.1
10.1
Foreign terrorist tracking
60.9
56.3
— -
— -
Drug Enforcement
Administration
1,584.5
1,661.5
1,631.2
1,694.2
Interagency Law Enforcement
550.6
580.6
553.5
661.9
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms and Explosives
827.3
868.9
878.5
1,043.6
Federal Prison System
4,811.2
4,709.7
4,779.8
4,755.1
Office of Justice Programs
3,164.9
2,126.3
2,993.1
1,568.8
Justice assistance
188.1
1,657.2
227.9
1,183.5
State and local law
enforcement assistance
1,386.0
— -
1,295.5
— -
Weed and seed program
57.9
— -
62.0
— -
fund
Community oriented
policing services
748.3
43.6
606.4
2.3c
Juvenile justice programs
349.0
— -
384.2
— -
Office on Violence Against
383.6
362.5
387.3
363.0
Women
Public safety officers
benefits program
52.0
63.1
69.5
— -
Additional Funding
15.4
15.0
Rescission
(100.0)
(108.4)
(62.0)
Total: Department of Justice
19,850.3
20,059.7
20,612.3
20,682.8
Source: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations.
a. Amounts may not total due to rounding.
b. FY2005 figures do not reflect two rescissions (0.80% and 0.54%) in the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2005, P. L. 108-447.
c. According to the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), the President’s FY2006
requests includes $117.8 million in funding and a program-specific rescission of $115.5 million, for
a net funding request of $2.3 million.

---

CRS-14
Related CRS Products
CRS Report RL32095, FBI: Past, Present and Future, by Todd Masse and William
J. Krouse.
CRS Report RL32827, Selected Federal Crime Control Assistance to State and
Local Governments, by Cindy Hill.
CRS Report RL32842, Gun Legislation in the 109th Congress, by William J. Krouse.
CRS Report RL30871, Violence Against Women Act: History, Federal Funding, and
Reauthorizing Legislation, by Garrine Laney and Alison Siskin.
CRS Issue Brief IB10113, War On Drugs: Legislation in the 108th Congress and
Related Developments, by Mark Eddy.
CRS Report RL32336, FBI Intelligence Reform Since September 11, 2001: Issues
and Options for Congress, by Alfred Cummings and Todd Masse.
CRS Report RL32249, Gun Control Proposals to Regulate Gun Shows, by William
Krouse.
CRS Report RS21259, Violence Against Women Office: Background and Current
Issues, by Garrine P. Laney.
CRS Report RL32366, Terrorist Identification, Screening, and Tracking Under
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 6, by William J. Krouse.
CRS Report RL32579, Victims of Crime Compensation and Assistance: Background
and Funding, by M. Ann Wolfe.
Commerce and Related Agencies3
Title II includes the appropriations for the Department of Commerce and related
agencies. The origins of the department date to 1903 with the establishment of the
Department of Commerce and Labor (32 Stat. 825). The separate Department of
Commerce was established on March 4, 1913 (37 Stat. 7365; 15 U.S.C. 1501).
The department’s responsibilities are numerous and quite varied, but its
activities center on five basic missions: (1) promoting the development of American
business and increasing foreign trade; (2) improving the nation’s technological
competitiveness; (3) encouraging economic development; (4) fostering
environmental stewardship and assessment; and (5) compiling, analyzing and
disseminating statistical information on the U.S. economy and population.
3 This title is coordinated by Kevin Kosar, Analyst in American National Government,
Government and Finance Division.

---

CRS-15
The following agencies within the Commerce Department carry out these
missions:
! Economic Development Administration (EDA) provides grants for
economic development projects in economically distressed
communities and regions.
! Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) seeks to promote
private and public sector investment in minority businesses.
! Bureau of the Census collects, compiles, and publishes a broad range
of economic, demographic, and social data.
! Economic and Statistical Analysis Programs provide (1) timely
information on the state of the economy through preparation,
development, and interpretation of economic data; and (2) analytical
support to department officials in meeting their policy
responsibilities. Much of the analysis is conducted by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis (BEA).
! International Trade Administration (ITA) seeks to develop the
export potential of U.S. firms and to improve the trade performance
of U.S. industry.
! Bureau of Industry and Security enforces U.S. export laws consistent
with national security, foreign policy, and short-supply objectives
(formerly the Bureau of Export Administration).
! National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides
scientific, technical, and management expertise to (1) promote safe
and efficient marine and air navigation; (2) assess the health of
coastal and marine resources; (3) monitor and predict the coastal,
ocean, and global environments (including weather forecasting); and
(4) protect and manage the nation’s coastal resources.
! Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) examines and approves
applications for patents for claimed inventions and registration of
trademarks.
! Technology Administration, through the Office of Technology
Policy, advocates integrated policies that seek to maximize the
impact of technology on economic growth, conducts technology
development and deployment programs, and disseminates
technological information.
! National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) assists
industry in developing technology to improve product quality,
modernize manufacturing processes, ensure product reliability, and
facilitate rapid commercialization of products based on new
scientific discoveries.
! National Telecommunications and Information Administration
(NTIA) advises the President on domestic and international
communications policy, manages the federal government’s use of
the radio frequency spectrum, and performs research in
telecommunications sciences.
The President’s FY2006 budget request calls for $9.6 billion for the Department
of Commerce and related agencies. This represents a 44 percent increase over the
FY2005 appropriation of $6.7 billion (P.L. 108-447) for Title II and related agencies.

---

CRS-16
This proposed increase primarily would be the result of the creation of a $3.7 billion
Strengthening America’s Communities Grant Program. The President’s budget
proposes major reductions in the Advanced Technology Program, the Emergency
Steel Guarantee Loan Program, and the Public Telecommunications Facilities,
Planning and Construction Program.
Departmental Management
The President’s FY2006 budget requests $106.3 million for Departmental
Management; of this amount, $53.53 million would be for salaries and expenses,
$22.76 would be for the Office of Inspector General (IG), and $30 million would be
for the renovation of the headquarters of the Department of Commerce.
In FY2005, P.L. 108-447 (after rescissions) provided $78.7 million, with $47.4
million for salaries and expenses, $21.4 million for the IG, and $9.9 million for a
travel and tourism advertisement program.
International Trade Administration4
The President’s FY2006 request for the International Trade Administration
(ITA) is $395.9 million, a $7.6 million (1.9%) increase over the FY2005
appropriation. The 2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 4818, H. Rept 108-
792) enacted $393.51 million in appropriations with $8 million to be derived from
fees, thus raising the level of budget authority to $401.51 million. In contrast, the
President’s FY2006 request anticipates the collection of $13 million in fees raising
available funds to $408.9 million. ITA provides export promotion services, works
to assure compliance with trade agreements, administers trade remedies such as
antidumping and countervailing duties, and provides analytical support for ongoing
trade negotiations. The agency is divided into four policy units and an Executive and
Administrative Directorate, with a total full time staff of 2,553 in FY2005. ITA’s
export promotion activities were last authorized by the Jobs Through Trade
Expansion Act (P.L. 103-392), which expired at the end of FY1996.
Manufacturing and Services Unit (MSU). The MSU carries out certain
industry analysis functions of the former Trade Development Unit (TD), but it is also
tasked with promoting the competitiveness and expansion of the U.S. manufacturing
sector under the President’s Manufacturing Initiative of March 2003. Congress
transferred the trade promotion activities of TD — the Advocacy Center, the Trade
Information Center, and Office of Export Assistance — to the new Trade Promotion
Unit. The FY2005 appropriation provided $48.5 million for the MSU, and the ITA
estimates $47.4 million in direct obligations for FY2006.
Market Access and Compliance Unit (MAC). The MAC monitors foreign
country compliance with trade agreements, identifies compliance problems and
market access obstacles, and informs U.S. firms of foreign business practices and
4 The sections on ITA, USTR, ITC, and BIS were written by Ian F. Fergusson, Analyst in
International Trade and Finance, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division.

---

CRS-17
opportunities. Congress enacted $40.1 million for MAC in FY2005, and the ITA
estimates obligations of $39.8 million in FY2006.
Import Administration Unit (IA). IA administers the trade remedy laws of
the United States, including antidumping, countervailing duty, and safeguard actions.
The FY2005 funding level is $64.5 million, of which no less than $3 million is for
the Office of China Compliance, and the ITA estimates obligations of $62.1 million
in FY2006.
Trade Promotion/U.S. Foreign Commercial Service (TP/FCS). The
Administration requested $222.4 million for this Unit, with $1.5 million dedicated
for the Advocacy Center, $2.5 million for the Trade Information Center, and $2.1
million for the China and Middle East Business Center. For FY2006, ITA estimates
direct obligations of $220.7 million.
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)
USTR, located in the Executive Office of the President (EOP), is responsible
for developing and coordinating U.S. international trade and direct investment
policies. The President’s FY2006 request is $38.8 million, $1.2 million less than the
amount appropriated by Congress in FY2005 ($41.0 million). The USTR is
responsible for advancing U.S. interests at the WTO and negotiating bilateral and
regional free trade agreements (FTA). In the last year, the Administration has
concluded FTAs with the 5 nations of the Central American Common Market, the
Dominican Republic, and Bahrain, subject to Congressional approval, and Congress
has approved FTAs with Australia and Morocco. The Administration is also
conducting negotiations with the Southern African Customs Union, Panama,
Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Thailand, Kuwait, and Oman. The Office had 225 FTEs
in FY2005.
The Consolidated Appropriation Act of 2005 (P.L.108-447) and its Conference
Report (H.Rept 108-792) expressed concern with the continuing U.S. trade deficit
and urged the USTR to use all available trade remedies to address the disruptions
resulting from unbalanced trade, especially with China. It also adopted language
directing USTR to advance the interests of U.S. business in international standards
negotiations and to push for the adoption of U.S. standards. The Conference
mandated the establishment within USTR of an Office of Chief Negotiator for
Intellectual Property Enforcement. The Conference also directed USTR to continue
to negotiate within the WTO for the right to distribute monies collected from
antidumping and countervailing duties actions.

---

CRS-18
NIPLECC
The Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 108-447) provided a direct
appropriation of $2 million for the National Intellectual Property Law Enforcement
Coordinating Council (NIPLECC). The President’s FY2006 submission did not
request an appropriation for NIPLECC. This interagency council, which was created
by the Treasury Appropriations Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-58) and funded by the
participating agencies, previously had not received a direct appropriation. The Senate
bill originally provided $20 million for NIPLECC. Its function is to coordinate the
activities of government agencies with domestic and international intellectual
property law enforcement functions. It is comprised of the of Director of the Patent
and Trademark Office, the Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, the Under
Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs, the Assistant U.S. Trade
Representative, the Commissioner of Customs, and the Undersecretary of Commerce
for International Trade.
The Conferees adopted Senate language directing the President to appoint a
Coordinator of International Intellectual Property Enforcement with the responsibility
of establishing policies, objectives, and priorities in IP enforcement, to develop a
strategy for protecting U.S. intellectual property overseas, and to coordinate and
oversee implementation of these policies. The Coordinator will develop an annual
budget in conjunction with its participating agencies to carry out its activities. This
appropriation follows a recent GAO report which found that while some U.S. efforts
have encouraged strengthened intellectual property legislation overseas, enforcement
remains weak in many countries. GAO found that NIPLECC “has struggled to find
a clear mission, has undertaken few activities, and is generally viewed as having little
impact.” (GAO Report 04-912, Property: U.S. Efforts Have Contributed to
Strengthened Laws Overseas, but Challenges Remain, September 23, 2004.
[http://www.gao.gov/atext/d04912.txt])
U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC)
ITC is an independent, quasi-judicial agency that advises the President and
Congress on the impact of U.S. foreign economic policies on U.S. industries and,
along with the Import Administration Unit of ITA, is charged with administering
various U.S. trade remedy laws. Its six commissioners are appointed by the President
for nine-year terms. As a matter of policy, its budget request is submitted to
Congress by the President without revision.
For FY2006, ITC requests $65.3 million, a $4.5 million increase from the
amount requested and appropriated by Congress in FY2004 ($60.8 million). The
5.8% increase is intended to be used to fund a mandatory pay increase, to fund
several information technology projects to increase public access to trade
information, to improve electronic transaction capability, and to develop more
accurate trade information for affected constituents. In FY2005, ITC had 380
employees.

---

CRS-19
Bureau of Industry and Security
The President’s FY2006 request for the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
(formerly the Bureau of Export Administration) is $77.0 million, a 14.1% increase
from the $67.5 million appropriated by Congress for FY2005. BIS administers
export controls on dual-use goods and technology through its licensing and
enforcement functions. It cooperates with other nations on export control policy, and
provides assistance to the U.S. business community to comply with U.S. and
multilateral export controls. It also administers U.S. anti-boycott statutes, and it is
charged with monitoring the U.S. defense industrial base. The agency had 418 full-
time employees in FY2005. Authorization for the activities of BIS, the Export
Administration Act (50 U.S.C. 2401, et seq), expired in August 2001. On August 17,
2001, President Bush invoked the authorities granted by the International Economic
Emergency Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1703(b)) to continue in effect the system of
controls contained in the act and by the Export Administration Regulations (15
C.F.R., Parts 730-799). This authority was most recently extended on August 6,
2004 (69 Fed. Reg. 48763).
BIS divides its FY2006 funding request between licensing activity ($37.8
million), enforcement activities ($32.5 million), and management and policy
coordination ($6.7 million). The President’s request highlights 3 new programmatic
initiatives which would add 13 full-time employees (FTEs) and cost $6.9 million.
BIS seeks $1.05 million for an Enhanced Deemed Export Control Initiative. Exports
of technology, know-how, and non-encryption source code is “deemed” to have been
exported when it is released to a foreign national within the United States. BIS
licenses certain types of these exports and seeks additional resources to manage the
increasing volume of license applications and to expand the scope of deemed export
information outreach.
BIS also seeks to create an Office of Technology Evaluation to enable the
Bureau to identify new technologies for inclusion on the Commerce Control List
(CCL), to review the inclusion of current items on the CCL, and to review
multilateral export control regimes and national control regimes of other nations. BIS
requests $2.58 million for this program. This Office was originally proposed in
FY2004 to respond to a GAO report that cited BIS for failing to conduct regular
foreign availability assessments and neglecting to analyze the cumulative effects of
certain technology transfers. (See GAO Report 02-620, Export Controls: Rapid
Advances in China’s Semiconductor Industry Underscore Need for Fundamental
U.S. Policy Review, May 8, 2002). Congress did not appropriate funds for this
proposal in 2004 or 2005.
A third priority for BIS in terms of additional funding is the provision of
additional resources for export enforcement to prevent the diversion of sensitive
dual-use items to countries of concern and terrorist entities. BIS seeks an additional
appropriation of $1.7 million for additional enforcement personnel.

---

CRS-20
Economic Development Administration5
The President’s FY2006 Budget proposes dramatic changes for the Commerce
Department’s Economic Development Administration (EDA), both in terms of its
annual appropriation and, perhaps more importantly, in its role as the federal
government’s lead player in the realm of economic development. Although EDA has
long been touted as the principal federal agency concerned with economic
development, reality has been quite different. EDA has functioned as but one of a
host of agencies and programs providing various types of economic development
assistance to a broad range of organizations and political entities, as well as to the
Nation as a whole.
For FY2006, the Administration has requested a total appropriation of $26.6
million, less than a tenth of last year’s funding. Absent from this year’s budget
submission is any funding request for the agency’s Economic Development
Assistance Programs (EDAP). On the other hand, EDA’s responsibilities would be
dramatically increased.
On February 7, 2005, the Bush Administration released its budget
recommendations for FY2006. Included in the budget was a proposal that would
consolidate the activities of at least 18 existing community and economic
development programs into a two-part grant proposal called the “Strengthening
America’s Communities Initiative.” As outlined by the Administration, the proposal
would realign several, but not all, federal economic and community development
programs. Responsibility for the programs now being carried out by five federal
agencies would be transferred to EDA. EDA would administer the core program and
a bonus program, which would award additional funds to communities that
demonstrated efforts to improve economic conditions. The Administration has
offered a general outline of the new programs, but it has not yet submitted a detailed
proposal for congressional consideration. It has stated that the new program will
emphasize flexibility, will be results oriented, and will be targeted to communities
based on need.
For FY2005, the Administration had requested a total appropriation of $320.3
million for the Economic Development Administration. More specifically, it
requested $289.8 million for EDAP and $30.6 million for Salaries and Expenses
(S&E). The House approved these amounts. The Senate Appropriations Committee
recommended a slightly lower amount for EDAP — $285 million — and $30.4
million for S&E, for a total appropriation of $315.5 million for FY2005 (the same
total amount the agency received for FY2004).
The Omnibus bill for FY2005 significantly reduced the agency’s appropriation
for EDAP, providing $254.0 million or $29.6 million less than EDA received for
FY2004. Salaries and Expenses remained virtually unchanged at $30.1million,
giving EDA a total FY2005 appropriation of $284.1 million. It is perhaps worth
5 This section was written by Bruce Mulock, Specialist in Government and Business,
Government and Finance Division.

---

CRS-21
noting that for FY2001, FY2002 and FY2003, Congress provided EDA with
appropriations of $439 million, $365.6 million, and $320.8 million, respectively.
For FY2004, the Administration had requested a total appropriation of $364.4
million. Of this amount, $331 million was for EDAP, and $33.4 million was for
S&E. The House approved a total of $318.7 million for the Economic Development
Administration, including $288.1 billion for EDAP and $30.6 million for S&E. The
Senate Appropriations Committee recommended a total of $387.7 million for EDA,
including $357.1 million for EDAP and $30.6 million for S&E. The conference
agreement provided EDA with a total appropriation of $315.3 million — $285
million for EDAP and $30.2 million for S&E.
The agency’s authorization expired at the end of FY2003. Hearings on the
Administration’s proposal (H.R. 2454) for reauthorizing EDA were held in June
2003 by the House Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and
Emergency Management. On June 23, 2003, the House Transportation and
Infrastructure Committee adopted a modified version (H.R. 2535) of the
Administration’s five-year reauthorization bill. The Senate Environment and Public
Works Committee did not take up the EDA reauthorization issue until late in the 2nd
session of the 108th Congress. Finally, on October 7, 2004, the Senate passed S.
1134 under a suspension of the rules by a vote of 388 to 31. President Bush signed
the bill, the Economic Development Administration Reauthorization Act of 2004,
into law (P.L. 108-382) on October 15, 2004.
The legislation will allow the Secretary of Commerce to finance more than 80
percent of project costs with federal funds. Additionally, the bill Gives EDA the
authority to allow local governments to keep surplus (or under-run) funds from
projects completed under budget. Finally, the bill allows EDA to use additional
excess project funds to increase the federal government’s share of the cost or to allow
individual projects to be improved without the need for further appropriations action
by Congress.
Economic Development Challenge
The President’s FY2006 budget proposes creating a new entity, the Economic
Development Challenge (EDC), which would administer the proposed $3.71 billion
dollar Strengthening America’s Communities Grant Program. EDC would award
grants to economically distressed communities for planning, infrastructure
development, and business financing to achieve long-term economic stability and
growth. The Administration has yet to propose legislation for this new entity and
program.
Minority Business Development Agency6
The Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) is charged with playing
the lead role in the Federal Government for coordinating all minority business
6 This section was written by Bruce Mulock, Specialist in Government and Business,
Government and Finance Division.

---

CRS-22
programs. For FY2006 the President’s budget calls for providing the MBDA with
$30.7 million, an increase of $828,000 or about 2.77 percent over the current
appropriation. FY2005, the Administration requested $34.46 million for the agency,
an increase of nearly $6 million over FY2004 funding. The House approved $28.9
million. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $31.55 million for
the agency. The Omnibus bill provided the MBDA with $29.5 million for FY2005,
an increase of about $2 million over FY2004.
Bureau of the Census7
To fund the Bureau of the Census in FY2006, President Bush has requested a
total of $877.4 million: $220 million for salaries and expenses and $657.4 million
for periodic programs, including the decennial census. The total request exceeds the
FY2005 enacted amount of $744.8 million (after rescissions) by $132.6 million.
Much of the increase is due to accelerated planning for the 2010 census. The Bureau
anticipates a redesigned short-form census, to be answered by all U.S. households.
Also, the Bureau intends to replace the census long form with the American
Community Survey (ACS), which collects data annually from a sample of
households. The Administration requested $466.5 million in FY2006 funding for the
2010 census. This amount constitutes 71% of the periodic programs request and is
$73 million more than the FY2005 enacted amount.
The request for the 2010 census could be challenged in FY2006, as it was in
FY2005. During consideration of FY2005 Commerce, Justice, and State, the Federal
Judiciary, and Related Agencies’ appropriations (H.R. 4754, 108th Congress), the
House defeated an amendment by Representative Hefley to eliminate that year’s
funding for the short-form census. Mr. Hefley deemed the effort to redesign the short
form excessively expensive. Also defeated was an amendment by Representative
Paul that sought to prohibit the use of FY2005 funds for the American Community
Survey. Mr. Paul expressed concern, recurrent among various Members of Congress,
that the ACS constitutes an unwarranted invasion of respondents’ privacy
(Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 150, July 7, 2004, pp. H5279-H5280,
H5292-H5293, H5318).
Economic and Statistical Analysis8
The Commerce Department’s Economic and Statistical Analysis (ESA)
programs are conducted by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) and the Bureau
of the Census. BEA’s economic statistics are key ingredients in critical decisions
affecting interest and exchange rates, tax and budget projections, business investment
plans, and the allocation of close to $200 billion in federal funds. For FY2006, the
President requested $85.3 million for these programs, which is $6.4 million (8.1%)
above the FY2005 funding level. Of that requested amount, $2 million is for a grant
7 This section was written by Jennifer Williams, Government and Finance Division.
8 This section was written by Brian W. Cashell, Specialist in Quantitative Economics,
Government and Finance Division.

---

CRS-23
to the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) to study the effect of off-
shoring on the economy and workforce of the United States.
National Telecommunications and Information
Administration9
For FY2006, the Bush Administration has continued to request significant
changes in the NTIA budget. For FY2006, the Administration has requested $23.5
million for the overall NTIA budget; for FY2005 appropriations, the NTIA budget
is $38.7 million. There are two major components to the NTIA budget. The first is
Salaries and Expenses. The Administration has requested $21.4 million for FY2006;
Congress appropriated $17.2 million in FY2005. A large part of this program ($7
million in FY2005) is for management of the federal government’s use of radio
spectrum, which would increase under the Administration’s request. For the second,
the Public Telecommunications Facilities, Planning and Construction program, the
President has requested that funding end in FY2006, except for a carryover of $2
million to fulfill current program functions. Congress provided $21.4 million for this
program in FY2005. A third component the Technologies Opportunities Program
(TOP), was eliminated in the FY2005 appropriations act. All current grants provided
for this program will be administered until the end of this fiscal year.
The NTIA is the executive branch’s principal advisory office on domestic and
international telecommunications and information technology issues and policies.
It has as its mandate to provide greater access for all Americans to
telecommunications services; to support U.S. attempts to open foreign markets; to
advise on international telecommunications negotiations; to fund research grants for
new technologies and their applications; and to assist non-profit organizations
converting to digital transmission in the 21st century. The NTIA also manages
federal use of radio frequency spectrum domestically and internationally.
NTIA’s overall budget has had two major components: Salaries and Expenses,
and the Public Telecommunications Facilities, Planning and Construction (PTFPC)
program. Salaries and Expenses largely relate to administrative functions,
maintaining domestic and international policy development, and spectrum
management. The PTFPC program assists public broadcast stations and other non-
profit stakeholders in constructing facilities to bring educational and cultural
programs to the public, and is a competitive, merit-based grant program.
A third component, the Technology Opportunity Program (TOP), was
eliminated in the FY2005 appropriations. The TOP was a competitive, merit-based
matching grant program to develop information and telecommunications
infrastructure. Most congressional policymakers concurred with the Bush
Administration contention that this program had served its function.
Other issues being considered by policymakers is whether more of the policies
and programs related to public broadcast transmission, public television
9 This section was written by Glenn McGloughlin, Specialist in Technology and
Telecommunications Policy, Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

---

CRS-24
infrastructure construction and conversion of television broadcasts from analog to
digital technologies should be given to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
Some have also argued that NTIA’s role in spectrum management responsibilities
should be broadened and expanded to include greater coordination across the federal
government through an expanded budget and resources.
National Technical Information Service10
Following the National Technical Information Act (P.L. 100-519), as amended
in 1992 by the American Technology Preeminence Act (P.L. 102-245), congressional
policymakers did not appropriate any funding for the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS) for FY2005. Instead, funding for NTIS continues to be drawn from
NTIS’ Revolving Fund, established by the Commerce, Justice, State Appropriations
Act for FY1993 (P.L. 102-395). In part, due to NTIS’ efforts to develop new
products and limit spending, NTIS achieved a positive net income of $508,000 for
FY2004. This compares with a positive net income of $10,000 for FY2003, $1.346
million for FY2002, and $2.290 million for FY2001.
The NTIS is part of the Technology Administration at the Department of
Commerce. The NTIS was established within the Department of Commerce in 1970,
although its origins can be traced back to World War II with the creation of the
Publications Board in 1945. The Publications Board collected classified scientific
and technical information related to the war effort to be considered for release to the
general public. These functions were formalized in 1950 with the establishment of
the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information within the Bureau
of Standards, which were later transferred to the newly created NTIS in 1970.
According to its website [http://www.ntis.gov/], NTIS serves as “the federal
government’s central source for the sale of scientific, technical, engineering, and
related business information by or for the U.S. government and complementary
materials from international sources.” Its mission is to support “the nation’s
economic growth and job creation by providing access to information that stimulates
innovation and discovery.” The NTIS claims to hold approximately 3 million
government information products, with 600,000 of these documents available
through its online searchable database. In addition, NTIS offers a variety of fee-
based services to federal agencies. These services include, but are not limited to,
distribution of information products, support services, web development, multimedia
production, and custom research services.
The advent and rapid growth of and electronic and multimedia publishing
both challenges and affirms the role of NTIS. On the one hand, the growth of the
Internet and electronic documents has been attributed, in part, to a decline in NTIS
sales as more documents become available online at no charge from other sources.
In addition, the emergence of a range of new information brokers raises the question
of whether or not the services NTIS provides are redundant and/or directly compete
with those provided by private sector companies. On the other hand, the dynamic
10 This section was written by Jeffrey W. Seifert, Analyst in Information Science and
Technology Policy, Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

---

CRS-25
nature of online content means that websites and their content can move location or
even disappear without notice. Moreover, even in the case of websites that are well
established and relatively consistent in maintaining content, there is no guarantee that
online materials will be archived or remain available indefinitely. In contrast, part
of NTIS’ responsibilities include maintaining a “permanent repository” of
information.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office11
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) examines and approves
applications for patents on claimed inventions and administers the registration of
trademarks. It also assists other federal departments and agencies protect American
intellectual property in the international marketplace. The USPTO is funded by user
fees paid by customers that are designated as “offsetting collections” and subject to
spending limits established by the Appropriations Committee. In the
Administration’s FY2006 budget request, $1.703 billion in budget authority is
provided for the USPTO, 9.5 % above the current fiscal year. The Office is to have
“full access” to all fees collected in FY2006.
For FY2005, the Omnibus Appropriations Act gives the USPTO the authority
to spend $1.545 billion. Most is from fees collected under earlier statutory authority.
Changes to law creating a new fee structure mandated in Title VIII of the Omnibus
Appropriations Act is to generate an additional $219 million. This budget authority
represents a 27% increase over that provided in FY2004.
Beginning in 1990, appropriation measures have limited the ability of the
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to utilize the full amount of fees collected in each
fiscal year. This is an area of controversy. Opponents of this approach argue that
agency operations are supported by payments for services that must be financed in
the year the expenses are incurred. Proponents of current methods maintain that the
fees are necessary to help balance the budget and the amount of fees appropriated
back to the USPTO are sufficient to cover operating costs.
Technology Administration/Office of the Under Secretary
of Technology12
The Technology Administration and the Office of the Under Secretary of
Technology in the Department of Commerce advocates national policies that foster
technology development to stimulate economic growth, conducts technology
development and deployment programs, and disseminates technological information.
The Office of the Under Secretary for Technology also manages and supervises the
activities of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the National
Technical Information Service.
11 This section was written by Wendy Schacht, Specialist in Science and Technology,
Resources, Science, and Industry Division.
12 This section was written by Wendy Schacht, Specialist in Science and Technology,
Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

---

CRS-26
The President’s FY2006 budget requests $4.2 million for the Office of the
Under Secretary for Technology. This figure is 35% below the $6.5 million
appropriated in FY2005. [For a discussion of funding for the National Institute of
Standards and Technology and the National Technical Information Service see the
relevant sections in this report.]
National Institute of Standards and Technology13
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a laboratory of
the Department of Commerce. The organization’s mandate is to increase the
competitiveness of U.S. companies through appropriate support for industrial
development of pre-competitive generic technologies and the diffusion of
government-developed technological advances to users in all segments of the
American economy. NIST research also provides the measurement, calibration, and
quality assurance techniques that underpin U.S. commerce, technological progress,
improved product reliability, manufacturing processes, and public safety.
The President’s FY2006 budget requests $532 million in funding for NIST,
a 24% decrease from FY2005 due primarily to an absence of support for the
Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and a significant cut in financing for the
Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP). Included in the total figure is $426.3
million for the Scientific and Technology Research and Services (STRS) account
which covers primarily the internal R&D activities of the laboratory. This amount
is 12.5% above the current fiscal year (and includes $5.7 million for the Baldrige
National Quality Program). MEP would be funded at $46.8 million, 56% below
FY2005 support. The construction budget would be $58.9 million.
For FY2005, the Omnibus Appropriations Act, P.L. 108-447, provided the
NIST with $699.2 million (after a mandated 0.8% across-the-board rescission and a
0.54% rescission from Commerce, Justice, State discretionary accounts). This
amount is 12.5% above FY2004 funding. Internal research and development under
the STRS account is to receive $378.8 million (including funding for the Baldrige
National Quality Program), almost 12% over the previous fiscal year. The
Manufacturing Extension Partnership is funded at $107.5 million, an increase of
178% that brings support for the program up to pre-FY2004 levels. The Advanced
Technology Program is financed at $136.5 million (20% below FY2004) and the
construction budget received $72.5 million. The legislation also rescinded $3.9
million of unobligated balances from prior year funds in the ATP account.
Continued support for the Advanced Technology Program has been a major
funding issue. ATP provides “seed financing,” matched by private sector investment,
to businesses or consortia (including universities and government laboratories) for
development of generic technologies that have broad applications across industries.
Opponents of the program cite it as a prime example of “corporate welfare,”
whereby the federal government invests in applied research activities that, they
emphasize, should be conducted by the private sector. Others defend ATP, arguing
13 This section was written by Wendy Schacht, Specialist in Science and Technology,
Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

---

CRS-27
that it assists businesses (and small manufacturers) in developing technologies that,
while crucial to industrial competitiveness, would not or could not be developed by
the private sector alone. While Congress has maintained support for the Advanced
Technology Program, the initial appropriation bills passed by the House since
FY2002 failed to provide funding for ATP. While support again was provided in the
FY2005 appropriations legislation, it is 20% below the earlier fiscal year.
The budget for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership, another extramural
program administered by NIST, was an issue during the FY2004 appropriations
deliberations. While in the recent past, congressional support for MEP remained
constant, the Administration’s FY2004 budget request, the initial House-passed bill,
and the FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act substantially decreased federal
funding for this initiative reflecting the President’s recommendation that
manufacturing extension centers “...with more than six years experience operate
without federal contribution.” However, P.L. 108-447 restored financing for MEP
in FY2005 to the level that existed prior to the 63% reduction taken in FY2004.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 14
President Bush is requesting $3.59 billion for the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for FY2006. In addition, $30 million is being
sought from emergency supplemental appropriations for FY2005 (H.R. 1268) to
upgrade U.S. tsunami detection and warning systems. This legislation would also
provide funding through FY2007, if enacted. P.L. 108-447, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of FY2005, Division B, Title II, Commerce, Justice, State, the
Judiciary and Related Agencies (CJS) Appropriations Act, 2005, provided $3.94
billion to NOAA. President Bush’s FY2005 request was $3.37 billion. However, the
act also leveled a rescission of 0.8%, which affected the Department of Commerce,
and other federal agencies, so NOAA’s final appropriation was $3.91billion.
The President’s FY2006 Request. The President’s request of $3.59
billion for NOAA is $320 million, or 9%, less than final FY2005 appropriations of
$3.91 billion; and $100 million, or almost 3%, more than the $3.49 billion the
President requested for FY2005.
NOAA employs a matrix management business model to coordinate programs
and activities across the agency’s five line offices and Program Support with its
strategic goals.15 Total funding requested for NOAA’s five Operations, Research,
and Facilities (ORF) line offices, the Office of Program Planning and Integration
(OPPI) and Program Support is $2.4 billion (first five lines of Table 1, below). In
addition, $959 million is requested for NOAA’s Procurement, Acquisition, and
Construction (PAC) account. Another $89.92 million is requested for NOAA’s
14 This section was prepared by Wayne A. Morrisey, Science and Technology Information
Analyst, Resources, Science, and Industry Division.
15 For FY2006 these strategic goals include Mission Support; Climate; Ecosystems;
Commerce and Transportation; and Weather and Water.

---

CRS-28
Other Accounts that finance U.S. fishery obligations, the Pacific Coastal Salmon
Recovery Fund (PCSRF), and the Coastal Zone Management Fund (CZMF).16
Table 4. NOAA Total Budget Authority
($millions)
Line Offices and Program
FY2005 Req.
P.L. 108-447b
FY2006 Req.
Supporta
National Ocean Service (NOS)
394.3
672.3
414.7
NOAA Fisheries (NMFS)
735.2
700.1
627.5
NOAA Research (OAR)
360.7
415.4
372.2
National Weather Service (NWS)
836.8
784.7
839.3
NOAA Satellites (NESDIS)
898.0
912.9
963.9
Program Support
257.4
407.2
377.7
OPPI
2.0
2.5
2.0
Other Accounts/PCSRF/CZMF
94.1
78.9
90.6
Offsets (transfers/deobligations)
(92.0)
(58.5)
(96.0)
NOAA Total
$3,486.5
$3,920.9
$3,591.9
Source: Compiled by CRS from the NOAA budget justification for FY2006 and FY2005
congressional appropriations documents.
a. Line item amounts include ORF and PAC Funding totals.
b. P.L. 108-447 figures reflects a 0.80% across the board rescission leveled on CJS
appropriations for FY2005.

Highlights. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) is the largest agency of the Department of Commerce (DOC) in terms of
funding, and accounts for about 63% of DOC’s budget request of $5.7 billion for
FY2006. (This percentage does not reflect $3.7 billion in new funding requested by
DOC for the President’s “Economic Development Challenge.”) On February 7,
2005, at a briefing on the FY2006 budget request at DOC, NOAA’s Administrator,
Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr. (Ret.), stated that the NOAA would be one of
few federal agencies for which the President is seeking discretionary funding
increases for FY2006 (compared with the FY2005 request). Even so, the FY2006
request is 9%, less than the FY2005 appropriation.
NOAA proposes savings of $427.0 million in discretionary funding through
program terminations in FY2006 (compared with FY2005 appropriations). However,
the budget for procurement of satellite hardware would increase for the third
consecutive year: by $68 million for FY2006. The NOAA Fisheries budget for
ecosystems activities would increase $53 million. Funding of $34 million is
16 For further information on NOAA’s FY2006 budget, see CRS Report RS22109, The
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget for FY2006: President’s
Request, Congressional Appropriations, and Related Issues, by Wayne A. Morrissey)

---

CRS-29
requested for the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) for the NOAA
Fleet to complete construction of a third authorized fisheries research vessel, and
begin procurement of a fourth. One of the largest terminations proposed for NOAA
is the National Ocean Service (NOS) Ocean Health Initiative, which was funded at
$17.7 million in FY2005. As in the previous three fiscal years, NOS would face the
bulk of program terminations amounting to about $117 million in FY2006. Most of
these are construction projects funded in FY2005 under the Coastal and Estuarine
Land [acquisition] and Conservation Program (CELCP), in NOAA’s PAC account.
President Bush identifies all proposed terminations as unauthorized earmarks.
Related Budget Issues. There are other factors that could potentially
affect NOAA’s FY2006 budget outcome.17 These include:
! Whether Congress chooses to implement certain recommendations
of the National Ocean Policy Commission and the President’s Ocean
Action Report, potentially affecting NOAA’s mission; and, related
to that;
! Whether there is congressional action on pending legislation to
authorize all of NOAA’s programs and activities under a single legal
authority, otherwise known as an organic act; and,
! Whether Congress can reach and agreement on how much funding
is needed in the FY2005 emergency supplemental appropriations bill
and regular appropriations for FY2006, to expand the National
Weather Service’s U.S. Tsunami Research Program and to upgrade
U.S. tsunami early warning capabilities.
Related Legislation
H.R. 50 (Ehlers)
Would amend present law to re-establish the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration in the Department of Commerce, reorganize the
administration of NOAA, and place within NOAA: (1) the National Weather Service;
(2) programs to support operations of ongoing data collection and direct services and
products regarding satellite, observations, and coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes
information; (3) programs to conduct and support research and education and the
development of technologies relating to weather, climate, and the coasts, oceans, and
Great Lakes; and (4) a Science Advisory Board. Introduced January 4, 2005, referred
to House Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards on February 10,
2005.
17 For more information on OPC recommendations and President’s Action Plan for NOAA,
see CRS Issue Brief IB10132, Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and Outlook, by
Eugene H. Buck, et al. On a possible NOAA organic act, see CRS Report RS22109, by
Wayne Morrissey. On tsunami warning systems and funding, see CRS Report RL32739,
Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems, by Wayne Morrissey.

---

CRS-30
H.R. 337 (Maloney)
Would amend present law to make the term of office of the Director of the
Census five years and require that the Director of the Census report directly to the
Secretary of Commerce. House Committee on Government Reform on Jan 25, 2005.
H.R. 449 (Camp)
Would establish the position of Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Job
Retention and Creation to gather information about economic development
assistance. Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on February
1, 2005.
S. 14 (Stabenow)
Would amend present law to: (1) revise and extend the requirement that the
U.S. Trade Representative identify and report on trade expansion priorities; and (2)
establish the position of Chief Enforcement Negotiator. Also would provide
assistance to workers in areas negatively affected by international trade. Referred to
the Committee on Finance on January 24, 2005.
S. 50 (Inouye)
Would attempt to strengthen the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’s tsunami detection, forecast, warning, and mitigation program.
Referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on January
24, 2005, which ordered S. 50 to be reported as an original measure on February 2,
2005.

S. 148 (McCain)
Would amend the Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996 (15 U.S.C. 6301
et seq.) to establish the United States Boxing Commission as a commission within
the Department of Commerce and provide regulations for the sport and industry of
boxing. Referred to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation on January 25, 2005.
Related CRS Products
CRS Report 95-36, The Advanced Technology Program, by Wendy H. Schacht.
CRS Report RL31252, Internet Commerce and State Sales and Use Taxes, Steve
Maguire.
CRS Report RL31293, E-Commerce Statistics: Explanation and Sources, by Rita
Tehan.
CRS Report 97-104, Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program: An Overview,
by Wendy H. Schacht.
CRS Report 95-30, The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An
Overview, by Wendy H. Schacht.

---

CRS-31
CRS Report RS21460, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA): A Brief Review of FY2003 Appropriations and the FY2004 Budget,
by Wayne A. Morrissey.
CRS Report RL31832, The Export Administration Act: Evolutions, Provisions, and
Debate, by Ian F. Fergusson.
CRS Report RS20906, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Appropriations Process:
A Brief Explanation, by Wendy H. Schacht.
CRS Issue Brief IB91132, Industrial Competitiveness and Technological
Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy, by Wendy H. Schacht.
CRS Report RS21469: The National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA): Budget, Programs, and Issues, by Glenn
McGloughlin.
CRS Report RL32739, Tsunamis: Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning
Systems, by Wayne Morrissey.
CRS Issue Brief IB10132, Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and Outlook,
coordinated by Eugene Buck, et al.
CRS Report RL31438, Patent Administration: Current Issues and Possibilities for
Reform, by John R. Thomas.
CRS Report RL32823, An Overview of the Administration’s Strengthening
America’s Communities Initiative, coordinated by Eugene Boyd.
Table 5. FY2006 Funding for the Department of Commerce and
Related Agencies
($ millions in budget authority)
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
Bureau or Agency
Enacted
Enacted
Enacted
Request
International Trade
$359.8
$378. 1
$388.3
$395.9
Administration
Bureau of Industry
$66.3
$67.5 $67.5
$77.0
and Security
Economic
Development
$318.7
$315.3 $284.1
$26.6
Administration
Economic
Development
—
—
—
$3,710.0
Challenge
Minority Business
Development
$28.7
$28.6 $2,959.0
$30.7
Agency
Economic and
$71.7
$74.2 $78.9
$85.3
Statistical Analysis

---

CRS-32
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
Bureau or Agency
Enacted
Enacted
Enacted
Request
Bureau of the
$550.9
$624.2 $744.8
$877.4
Census
National
Telecommuni-
cations and
$73.3
$51.1 $38.7
$23.5
Information
Administration
Patent and
Trademark Officea
($1,182.0)
($1,222.5) ($1,544.8)
($1,703.0)
Technology
$9.8
$6.3
$6.5
$4.2
Administration
National Institute
of Standards and
$707.5
$621.5
$699.2
$532.0
Technology
National Oceanic
and
$3,235.7
$3,701.0
$3,907.9
$3,581.2
AtmosphericAdmin
istration
Departmental
$65.2
$67.7
$78.7
$106.3
Management
Other
$8.1
$209.1
$0.0
Department of
Commerce
$5,704.0
$5,943.5
$6,533.1
$9,450.0
Subtotal:
U.S. Trade
$37.1
$41.6 $41.0
$38.8
Representative
International Trade
$53.7
$57.7 $60.8
$65.3
Commission
National
Intellectual
Property Law
$2.0
Enforcement
Coordination
Council
Related Agencies
$91.7
$99.3
$103.8
$104.1
Subtotal:
Rescission
($100.0)
Title II Total:
$5,795.8
$5,942.8
$6,636.9
$9,554.1
Source: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations and P.L. 108-447.
a. The Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) is fully funded by user fees. The fees collected,
but not obligated during the current year, are available for obligation in the
following fiscal year, and do not count toward the appropriation totals. Only newly
appropriated funds count toward the annual appropriation totals.

---

CRS-33
Science Agencies
National Aeronautics and Space Administration18
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created by
the 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Act (P.L. 85-568). NASA conducts
civilian space and aeronautics activities. The agency is managed from NASA
Headquarters in Washington, D.C. It has nine major field centers around the country,
and a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) — the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory — which is operated by the California Institute of
Technology. Mr. Frederick Gregory is NASA’s Acting Administrator.
NASA is requesting $16.456 billion for FY2006, a 2.4% increase over the
$16.07 billion (adjusted for the rescission) appropriated in the FY2005 Consolidated
Appropriations Act (P.L. 108-447). NASA also received $126 million in a FY2005
supplemental for hurricane relief (P.L. 108-324), giving it a total of $16.196 billion
for FY2005. The FY2006 request is a 1.6% increase above that total. Last year,
NASA was projected to receive a 4.6% increase for FY2006.
Table 6. NASA’s FY2006 Budget Request
($ millions in budget authority)
Account
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
Actual
Estimate
Request
Science, Aeronautics, and Exploration (SA&E)
7,873
*7,681
*9,661
Exploration Capabilities
7,478
*8,358
*6,763
Inspector General
27
31
32
Total
15,378
16,070
16,456
FY2005 Hurricane Supplemental
126
Grand Total
15,378
16,196
16,456
Source: Office of Management and Budget [http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb
/budget/fy2006/nasa.html]. “Grand Total” was added by CRS. Totals may not add due to
rounding. The FY2005 figures reflect the 0.80% across-the-board reduction in the
Consolidated Appropriations Act (which does not apply to the supplemental).
*The figures for SA&E and Exploration Capabilities in this OMB-based table are different
from those in the table in NASA’s FY2006 budget justification because the OMB figures
show the shift of the “Exploration Systems” line item from the Exploration Capabilities
account to the SA&E account.
Debate over NASA’s FY2006 budget request centers on President Bush’s
“Vision for Space Exploration,” announced on January 14, 2004. The President
18 This section was prepared by Marcia S. Smith, Specialist in Aerospace and
Telecommunications Policy, Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

---

CRS-34
directed NASA to focus its activities on returning humans to the Moon by 2020, and
someday sending them to Mars and “worlds beyond.” Robotic probes would serve
as pathfinders for human missions, and also be used to continue studies of the
universe (using space-based telescopes, for example). Other countries were invited
to participate. A cost estimate for accomplishing the Vision was not provided,
although NASA later released an estimate of $64 billion (FY2003 dollars) for
returning humans to the Moon, not including the cost of associated robotic probes.
Under the President’s proposal, most of the funding for the Vision would
come from redirecting funds from other NASA activities, not new money. Thus, the
debate over the Vision revolves around two major issues: the relative importance of
funding NASA versus other national priorities, and the relative importance of
funding the Vision versus other NASA activities.
In terms of the first issue, supporters of the Vision point to the relatively
small percentage of federal budget authority that is allocated to NASA — 0.7 % in
FY2005 — as an indication that it is not a significant factor in the nation’s overall
spending. Skeptics counter that spending more than $16 billion on NASA is a luxury
when many domestic discretionary programs are being cut, and federal R&D
spending overall is not keeping pace with inflation. Regarding the second issue,
Vision proponents argue that NASA should focus on the President’s Vision even
though it will mean cutting back on NASA’s aeronautics, Earth science, and certain
space science activities. Then-NASA Administrator O’Keefe said on January 31,
2005 [http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/107627main_ok_aiaa.pdf] that “this community must
bluntly confront the fact that as momentum continues to build for the Vision, some
programs ... must fall by the wayside.” Others, however, ask whether the price is too
high. At a February 17, 2005 House Science Committee hearing, Chairman
Sherwood Boehlert said that he was “for a NASA that sees itself as a science agency,
with all of Space Science, Earth Science and Aeronautics receiving the attention and
funding accorded to priority areas.” Ranking Member Bart Gordon said that
“cannibalizing NASA’s science and aeronautics programs to fund the exploration
initiative will further erode the base of support for NASA in Congress.”
The amount of funding for various activities will affect workforce levels at
the various NASA centers. For example, the proposed reduction in aeronautics
funding would mean the elimination of 1,100 civil service jobs at NASA centers. In
total NASA’s FY2006 budget assumes that the number of budgeted civil service full
time equivalents (FTEs) will drop from 19,227 in FY2005 to 16,738 by the end of
FY2006. How to “right size” NASA, its facilities, and its workforce, and ensure
NASA has the necessary skill mix for the Vision, are issues facing Congress.
Among the projects that would be terminated sooner than previously planned
are NASA’s space shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) programs. The
President directed that the space shuttle (which NASA hopes to return to flight status
in 2005) be retired when ISS construction is completed, now expected in 2010.
NASA was told to restructure the broadly-based research program it had planned to
conduct aboard ISS to support only research needed to accomplish the Vision. A
NASA budget chart released along with the President’s speech showed NASA
completing its use of the ISS by FY2017. NASA was directed to build a Crew
Exploration Vehicle (CEV) to take astronauts to and from the Moon. The CEV

---

CRS-35
might be used to take crews to ISS, although NASA has not made that commitment,
and it would not be available for that purpose at least until 2014. That would leave
a four-year gap (2010-2014) when the United States would not have its own ability
to launch astronauts to ISS. ISS is being built as a partnership among the United
States, Russia, Canada, Japan, and Europe. Russia is only other partner with the
ability to launch people into space. NASA intends to rely on Russia to transport
U.S. astronauts to ISS during that period, but no such agreement has been negotiated.
One reason is that under the Iran Nonproliferation Act (P.L. 106-178), NASA cannot
make payments to Russia in connection with ISS unless the President makes a
determination that Russia is not proliferating certain technologies to Iran. The future
of the space shuttle and ISS, and the impact of the Vision and the INA on those
programs, are major issues facing Congress.
Whether or not a consensus has emerged for adopting the President’s goals
is debatable. Supporters cite congressional action on the FY2005 NASA budget as
a sign of that consensus. Congress approved almost the full NASA request for
FY2005. However, conferees emphasized (H.Rept. 108-792) that although they were
providing substantial funds, “to date there has been no substantive Congressional
action endorsing this initiative.” Supporters also point to a 2004 Gallup poll that
showed that 68% of the public supports the Vision. Others note, however, that the
poll was paid for by the Coalition for Space Exploration, composed of companies and
space advocacy groups that support the Vision. Thus, the depth and breadth of
support for it in Congress and the public remains uncertain. According to NASA
briefing charts, the FY2006 budget includes $6 billion for “exploration specific”
activities, not including $6.4 billion for the space shuttle and space station programs,
which are often described as the first steps in the Vision.
Two days after the President’s speech, NASA announced that it would not use
the shuttle to conduct further servicing missions to the Hubble Space Telescope.
Then-Administrator O’Keefe cited shuttle safety concerns as the primary reason for
his decision. Widespread criticism led NASA to explore the possibility of a robotic
servicing mission instead. A December 2004 report from the National Research
Council (NRC), however, concluded that a robotic servicing mission was not likely
to succeed in the time available. The NRC recommended a shuttle servicing mission
instead, but Mr. O’Keefe did not change his mind. At a February 17, 2005 House
Science Committee hearing, Acting Administrator Gregory said that he supported
Mr. O’Keefe’s position. Meanwhile, cost estimates of $1 billion or more for either
a shuttle or a robotic servicing mission raised questions about affordability,
regardless of the option chosen. In the FY2006 request, NASA is requesting money
only for a deorbit mission (to ensure Hubble reenters from orbit without posing
danger to populated areas), even though Congress directed NASA to spend $291
million in FY2005 on a servicing mission. Whether or not to service Hubble,
robotically or with the shuttle, is another major issue facing Congress.

---

CRS-36
National Science Foundation (NSF)19
Agency Mission. The National Science Foundation (NSF) was created by
the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended (P.L. 81-507). The NSF
has the broad mission of supporting science and engineering in general and funding
basic research across many disciplines. The majority of the research supported by the
NSF is conducted at U.S. colleges and universities. In addition to ensuring the
nation’s supply of scientific and engineering personnel, the NSF promotes academic
basic research and science and engineering education across many disciplines. Other
federal agencies, in contrast, support mission-specific research. The NSF provides
support for investigator-initiated, merit-reviewed, competitively selected awards,
stat-of-the-art tools, instrumentation and facilities. Also, NSF provides almost 30%
of the total federal support for science and mathematics education. Support is
provided to academic institutions, industrial laboratories, private research firms, and
major research facilities and centers. While the NSF does not operate any
laboratories, it does support Antarctic research stations, selected oceanographic
vessels, and national research centers. Additionally, the NSF supports university-
industry relationships and U.S. participation in international scientific ventures.
The NSF is an independent agency in the executive branch and under the
leadership of a presidentially appointed Director and a National Science Board (NSB)
composed of 24 scientists, engineers, and university and industry officials involved
in research and education. The NSB and the Director make policy for the NSF. The
Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the NSF has the responsibility of, among
other things, conducting audits and investigations of NSF programs, and promoting
efficiency and effectiveness in NSF programs and operations. The OIG reports
directly to the NSB and Congress.
19 This section was prepared by Christine M. Matthews, Specialist in Science and
Technology Policy, Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

---

CRS-37
Table 7. National Science Foundation, FY2004 to FY2006
($ in millions)
FY2004 Actual
FY2005 Estimate
FY2006 Request
Research and Related
$4,293.3
$4,220.6
$4,333.5
Activities
Education and Human
944.1
841.4
737.0
Resources
Major Research Equipment and
184.0
173.7
250.0
Facilities Construction
Salaries and Expenses
218.9
223.2
269.0
National Science Board
2.2
4.0
4.0
Office of Inspector General
9.5
10.0
11.5
Total, NSF
$5,652.0
$5,472.8
$5,605.0
Key Budget Issues.
Overview of the FY2006 Budget Request. The NSF has witnessed
considerable growth during a period of constrained research budgets. When
measured in current dollars, its total appropriation increased more than 70.7% in 10
years — FY1996, $3,206.3 million; FY2000, $3,923.4 million; and FY2005,
$5,472.8 million. Even when inflation is taken into account, its growth increased (in
constant FY2004 dollars) by 45.2% during this 10-year period. The FY2006 request
for NSF is $5,605 million, a 2.4% ($132.2 million) increase over the FY2005
estimate of $5,472.8 million. The FY2006 request provides support for several
interdependent priority areas: biocomplexity in the environment ($84 million),
human and social dynamics ($39 million), mathematical sciences ($89 million), and
nanoscale science and engineering ($243 million). Additional priority areas include
those of strengthening core disciplinary research, broadening participation in the
science and engineering workforce, and sustaining organizational excellence in NSF
management practices. An investment of $509 million in cyberinfrastructure will
allow for funding of modeling, simulation, visualization and data storage, and other
communications breakthroughs. NSF anticipates that this level of funding will make
cyberinfrastructure more powerful, stable, and accessible to researchers and educators
through widely shared research facilities. Increasing grant size and duration has been
a long-term priority for NSF. The funding rate for research grants has declined from
approximately 30% in the late 1990s to an estimated 20% in FY2005. In the FY2006
request, the NSF will increase the rate to 21%, while maintaining current gains in
award size and duration. NSF recognizes that international research partnerships are
critical to the nation in maintaining a competitive edge, addressing global issues, and
capitalizing on global economic opportunities. To address these particular needs, the
FY2006 request proposes $35 million for the Office of International Science and
Engineering. Additional FY2006 highlights include funding for the National
Nanotechnology Initiative ($343.8 million), investments in Climate Change Science
Program ($196.9 million), continued support for homeland security ($344 million),

---

CRS-38
and funding for Networking and Information Technology Research and Development
($803.2 million).
Included in the FY2006 request is $4,333.5 million for Research and Related
Activities (R&RA), a 2.7% increase ($112.9 million) over the FY2005 level of
$4,220.6 million. R&RA includes Integrative Activities (IA), and is the source of
funding for the acquisition and development of research instrumentation at U.S.
colleges and universities. The FY2006 request for IA is $134.9 million, a 3.8%
increase ($5 million) over the FY2005 estimate. The Office of Polar Programs is
funded in the R&RA. The FY2006 request transfers responsibility to NSF from the
U.S. Coast Guard for funding the maintenance and operation of polar icebreaking
activities. (NSF will not own the ships, but will be responsible for the operation,
maintenance, and staffing).
The Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC)
account is funded at $250 million in FY2006, a 44% increase ($76.4 million) over
the FY2005 level. No new starts are proposed in the FY2006 request. Those
projects receiving support in the FY2006 request are Atacama Large Millimeter
Array Construction ($49.2 million), EarthScope ($50.6 million), IceCube Neutrino
Observatory ($50.5 million), Rare Symmetry Violating Processes ($41.8 million),
and Scientific Ocean Drilling Vessel ($57.9 million).
The FY2006 request for the Education and Human Resources Directorate
(EHR) is $737 million, a 12.4% decrease ($104.2 million) from the FY2005
estimate. The EHR portfolio is focused on, among other things, increasing the
technological literacy of all citizens, preparing the next generation of science,
engineering, and mathematics professionals, and closing the achievement gap in all
scientific fields. Support at the various educational levels in the FY2005 request is
as follows: precollege, $140.8 million; undergraduate, $135 million; and graduate,
$155 million. The request provides $60 million for the President’s Math and Science
Partnerships program (MSP), a 24.4% decrease from the FY2005 estimate. Funding
in the FY2006 request will provide support for ongoing awards, in addition to data
collection, evaluation, knowledge management, and dissemination. No new
partnership awards are proposed in the FY2006 request. Several programs are
directed at increasing the number of underrepresented minorities in science and
engineering — Black Colleges and Universities Programs ($25 million), Tribal
Colleges and Universities Program ($10 million), Louis Stokes Alliances for
Minority Participation ($35 million), and Centers of Research Excellence in Science
and Technology ($18.5 million). Funding for the Experimental Program to Stimulate
Competitive Research (EPSCoR) is $94 million in the FY2006 request, almost level
to the FY2005 estimate.
Policy Issues. On February 2, 2004, the NSB released a report that was
mandated by Section 22 of the NSF Authorization Act of 2002. The report addressed
the unmet needs of the agency and determined what infrastructure was needed to
support NSF’s programmatic expansion through FY2007. The recommendations
provided in the report are based on the budget levels contained in the authorization.
The NSB recommended a total investment of $19 billion for the NSF to sustain its
position in science and technology. Rather than spread funding across all programs
and activities, the report suggested to focus on key strategic areas — $1.2 billion for

---

CRS-39
advanced tools and cyber infrastructure, $1 billion to improve research productivity
and student opportunities, $700 million toward building a competitive workforce,
$200 million for maintaining management excellence, and $200 million to increase
the number and diversity of institutions receiving awards. The FY2006 request for
NSF is 34% below what was recommended in the authorizing legislation. The NSB
contends that increasing the number and length of research awards should be one of
the highest priorities of the agency. However, because of the slight budget increase,
the number of proposals that the agency has been able to fund has dropped from more
than 30% in the late 1990s to an anticipated 21% in the FY2006 budget request.
There has been considerable debate in the academic and scientific community
and in Congress about the management and oversight of major projects selected for
construction and the need for prioritization of potential projects funded in the Major
Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account. The NSF was
directed to improve its oversight of large projects by developing an implementation
plan that included comprehensive guidelines and project oversight review. One
continuing question focused on the selection process for including major projects in
the upcoming budget cycle. In February 2004, the National Academies released the
congressionally mandated study of the process for prioritization and oversight of
projects in the MREFC account. The report recommended a more open process for
project selection, broadened participation from various disciplines, and well-defined
criteria for the selection process. In December 2004, the NSB announced that new
guidelines for the development, review, and approval of major projects will be
available in June 2005. Also to be released in March of 2005 is a Facility Plan,
detailing facilities under construction and those being considered for future funding.
Table 8. Funding for the Title III Science Agencies
($ millions in budget authority)
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
House
Senate
Bureau or Agency
enacted
enacted
enacted
request
bill
bill
NASA
$15,339.0
$15,378.0
$16,196.4 $16,456.4
National Science Foundation
$5,310.0
$5,652.0
$5,472.8 $5,605.0
Office of
$5.0
$7.0
$6.3
$5.6
Science/Technology
Title III Total:
$20,654.0
$21,037.0
$21,675.5 $22,067.0
Source: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations.
Related CRS Products
CRS Report 95-307, U.S. National Science Foundation: An Overview, by Christine
Matthews.
CRS Report RL30930, U.S. National Science Foundation: Experimental Program
to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), by Christine Matthews.
CRS Report RS21267, National Science Foundation: Major Research Equipment
and Facility Construction, by Christine Matthews.

---

CRS-40
CRS Report RS21720, Space Exploration: Overview of President Bush’s New
Exploration Initiative for NASA and Key Issues for Congress, by Marcia
Smith.
CRS Report RS21767, Hubble Space Telescope: NASA’s Decision to Terminate
Shuttle Servicing Missions, by Marcia Smith.
CRS Report RS22063, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration:
Overview, FY2006 Budget in Brief, and Key Issues for Congress, by Marcia
Smith
CRS Report RS22072, The Iran Nonproliferation Act and the International Space
Station: Issues and Options, by Marcia Smith
Department of State and International
Broadcasting20
The State Department, established on July 27, 1789 (1 Stat.28; 22 U.S.C.
2651), has a mission to advance and protect the worldwide interests of the United
States and its citizens. The State Department supports the activities of more than 50
U.S. agencies and organizations operating at 260 posts in 180 countries. Currently,
the State Department employs approximately 30,000 people, about 60% of whom
work overseas. As covered in Title IV, the State Department funding categories
include administration of foreign affairs, international operations, international
commissions, and related appropriations, such as international broadcasting. The
enacted FY2005 appropriation for Title IV was $8.766 billion (reflecting the two
rescissions in the law). Typically, more than three-fourths of State’s budget is for
Administration of Foreign Affairs (about 78% in FY2005), which consists of salaries
and expenses, diplomatic security, diplomatic and consular programs, technology,
and security/maintenance of overseas buildings.
The Foreign Relations Authorization for FY1998-1999 (P.L. 105-277)
provided for the consolidation of the foreign policy agencies. As of the end of
FY1999, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and the United States
Information Agency (USIA) were abolished, and their budgets and functions were
merged into the Department of State.
Security issues have remained a top priority since the August 7, 1998 terrorist
attacks on two U.S. embassies in Africa. An immediate response was a $1.56 billion
supplemental enacted by the end of that year. In November 1999, the Overseas
Presence Advisory Panel reported its findings on embassy security needs and
recommendations. Also in November 1999, Congress authorized (P.L. 106-113)
$900 million annually for FY2000 through FY2004 for embassy security spending
within the embassy security, construction and maintenance (ESCM) account, in
20 This section was written by Susan B. Epstein, Specialist in Foreign Affairs and Trade,
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division.

---

CRS-41
addition to worldwide security funds in the diplomatic and consular programs
(D&CP) account.
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack, Congress passed emergency
supplemental funds (P.L. 107-38 and P.L. 107-117) which included a total of $254.9
million for counter-terrorist and emergency response activities within the Department
of State and $47.9 million for international broadcasting. In addition, Congress
passed an FY2002 supplemental (H.R. 4775; P.L.107-206) which provided $303
million for the Department of State and $15.1 million for international broadcasting.
The 108th Congress voted for three supplemental appropriations — P.L. 108-11 and
P.L. 108-106 and P.L. 108-287 — which provided a combined total of $1.3 billion
for the Department of State and international broadcasting. (For an account-by-
account presentation, see CRS Report RL31370, State Department and Related
Agencies: FY2005 Appropriations and FY2006 Request.)
The United States contributes in two ways to the United Nations and other
international organizations: (1) voluntary payments funded in the Foreign Operations
Appropriations bill and (2) assessed contributions included in the Commerce, Justice,
and State Appropriations measure. Assessed contributions are provided in two
accounts, international peacekeeping (CIPA) and contributions to international
organizations (CIO). Following a period of dramatic growth in the number and
costs of U.N. peacekeeping missions during the early 1990s, a trend that peaked in
FY1994 with a $1.1 billion appropriation, funding requirements declined in
subsequent years. The FY2000 enacted appropriation for CIO was $885 million,
$500 million for international peacekeeping, and $351 million for U.S. arrearage
payments to the U.N. if certain reform criteria were met. Only $100 million of the
appropriated arrearage payments had been released because the reforms had not been
implemented. After the United States lost its seat on the U.N. Human Rights
Commission in 2001, the Foreign Relations Authorization bill added a provision
(Sec. 601, H.R. 1646) that would have restricted payment of $244 million of U.S.
arrearage payments to the U.N. until the United States regained its seat. After the
September 11th attacks, however, Congress passed S. 248 (P.L. 107-46) which
authorized arrearage payments to the U.N. (For more detail, see CRS Issue Brief
IB86116, U.N. System Funding: Congressional Issues, by Vita Bite). The FY2005
enacted levels (reflecting the two rescissions) amounted to $1,166.2 million for CIO
and $483.5 million for CIPA.
International broadcasting, which had been a primary function of the USIA
prior to 1999, is now carried out by an independent agency referred to as the
Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). The BBG includes the Voice of America
(VOA), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Cuba Broadcasting, Radio Free
Asia (RFA), Radio Free Iraq, Radio Free Iran and the newly-authorized Radio Free
Afghanistan. In FY2002 the BBG began a pilot project to create a new Middle East
Radio Network (MERN) by reallocating base funds. The emergency supplementals
passed in 2001, 2002, and 2003 included funding for expanded broadcasting by VOA
and RFE/RL to Muslim audiences in and around Afghanistan and the creation of
Radio Free Afghanistan. In 2003, the BBG initiated a satellite Middle East
Television Network (MTN) called Alhurra. The BBG’s FY2005 appropriation was
$591.6 million (reflecting rescissions).

---

CRS-42
Administration of Foreign Affairs
The Administration of Foreign Affairs makes up the bulk of the State
Department budget — 78% in the FY2005 State Department enacted funds. The
Administration’s FY2006 request for State’s Administration of Foreign Affairs seeks
$6,766.1 million, 6.5% above the FY2005 enacted level of $6,362.2 million. In
addition, the President submitted an FY2005 supplemental request one week after
submitting his FY2006 budget request. It includes $1,425.2 million for accounts
under the Administration of Foreign Affairs.
Diplomatic & Consular Programs (D&CP). D&CP primarily covers
salaries and expenses, hiring, diplomatic expenditures, cost of living and foreign
inflation, as well as exchange rate changes. The FY2006 request of $4,472.6 million
represents an increase of more than 7% as compared to the $4,172.2 million funding
level enacted for FY2005. This funding level request includes $689.5 million for
worldwide security upgrades, as compared to $649.9 million in the FY2005
appropriation. The D&CP funding request also includes $327.9 million, as compared
to $320 million in the FY2005 budget, designated only for public diplomacy. In
addition, the President’s FY2005 supplemental request includes $767.2 million for
D&CP to pay for operational and security costs for U.S. Missions in Iraq,
Afghanistan, and for startup costs for State’s new Office of the Coordinator for
Reconstruction and Stabilization.
Embassy, Security, Construction, and Maintenance (ESCM).
ESCM provides funding for embassy construction, repairs, leasing of property for
embassies and housing facilities at overseas posts. The FY2006 request of $615.8
million is just 2% above the FY2005 enacted level of $603.5 million; however, the
FY2005 supplemental request includes an additional $658 million under ESCM for
constructing the new embassy compound in Baghdad, and other purposes.
Worldwide Security Upgrades. Ever since the bombings of two U.S.
embassies in eastern Africa in August 1998, Congress has appropriated additional
money within both D&CP and ESCM for increasing security. The funds in D&CP
for worldwide security upgrades are primarily for ongoing expenses due to the
upgrades that took place after 1998, such as maintaining computer security,
maintaining bullet-proof vehicles, ongoing salaries for perimeter guards, etc.
Worldwide security upgrades in ESCM are more on the order of bricks-and-mortar-
type expenses. The FY2006 request for upgrades within D&CP totals $689.5 million
— nearly $40 million above the enacted level for FY2005. The FY2006 request for
worldwide security funding within ESCM amounts to $910.2 million, about $10
million more than the FY2005 enacted level. The combined total request for State’s
worldwide security upgrades is $1,599.7 million.
Educational and Cultural Exchanges. This line item includes
programs such as the Fulbright, Muskie, and Humphrey academic exchanges, as well
as the international visitor exchanges and some Freedom Support Act and SEED
programs. The Administration’s FY2006 request was for $430.4 million, about 21%
more than the FY2005 enacted level of $355.9 million. The Administration request
includes more than $180 million for programs targeted toward Muslim populations.

---

CRS-43
Capital Investment Fund (CIF). CIF was established by the Foreign
Relations Authorization Act of FY1994/95 (P.L. 103-236) to provide for purchasing
information technology and capital equipment which would ensure the efficient
management, coordination, operation, and utilization of State’s resources. In
FY1997 the CIF budget was $24.6 million. The FY2006 request is for $133 million,
comparable to FY2005 funding if both the CIF and the Centralized Information
Technology Modernization Program are combined.
International Commissions
The International Commissions account includes the U.S.-Mexico Boundary
and Water Commission (IBWC), the International Fisheries Commissions (IFC), the
International Joint Commission (IJC), the International Boundary Commission (IBC),
and the Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC). The IBWC ‘s
mission is to apply rights and obligations assumed by the United States and Mexico
under numerous treaties and agreements, improve water quality of border rivers, and
resolve border sanitation problems. The mission of the IFC is to recommend to
member governments conservation and management measures for protecting marine
resources. The IJC’s mission is to develop and administer programs to help the
United States and Canada with water quality and air pollution issues along their
common border. The IBC is obligated by the Treaty of 1925 to maintain an effective
boundary line between the United States and Canada. And, established by the North
American Free Trade Agreement, the BECC’s main purpose is to help local states
and communities to develop solutions to environmental problems along the U.S.-
Mexico border. The FY2006 funding request of $70.3 million represents an increase
of 11% over the $63.3 million enacted in FY2005. The FY2006 requested increase
reflects wage and inflation increases, as well as continuation or expansion of
ongoing projects.
International Organizations and Conferences
The International Organizations and Conferences account consists of two line
items: U.S. Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) and U.S.
Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA). The FY2006 request
seeks $2,332 million for the overall account, up nearly 41% over the FY2005 level
of $1,649.7 million, including rescissions.

Contributions to International Organizations (CIO). The CIO
supports U.S. membership in numerous international and multilateral organizations
that transcends bilateral relationships and covers issues such as human rights,
environment, trade, and security. The FY2006 request level for this line item is
$1,296 million, 11.2% above the $1,166 million enacted level of FY2005. The
request would satisfy full funding needs of U.S. assessed contributions to the 47
international organizations.
Contributions to International Peacekeeping (CIPA). The United
States supports multilateral peacekeeping efforts around the world through payment
of its share of the U.N. assessed peacekeeping budget. The President’s FY2006
request of $1,035.5 million represents an increase of 114.2% from the FY2005

---

CRS-44
enacted level of $483.5 million. In addition, the emergency FY2005 supplemental
contains a request for $780 million which represents the amount for new
peacekeeping missions voted for by the Administration in the U.N. Security Council
in 2004.
Related Appropriations
Related appropriations include those for The Asia Foundation, the National
Endowment for Democracy (NED), and the East-West and North-South Centers. The
Administration’s FY2006 request for related appropriations totals $104.9 million —
5.3% over the FY2005 enacted level of $100 million.
The Asia Foundation. The Asia Foundation (TAF) is a private, nonprofit
organization that supports efforts to strengthen democratic processes and institutions
in Asia, open markets, and improve U.S.-Asian cooperation. It receives both
government and private sector contributions. Government funds for the Foundation
are appropriated and pass through the Department of State. In 2004 The Asia
Foundation had said it would increase its private sector fund-raising efforts and
expected to raise about $4.5 million in private funds in FY2005. Private funds in
FY2004 amounted to $3 million and now TAF projects private sector donations in
FY2005 to be $4 million. The FY2006 request of $10 million is a 22% reduction
over the FY2005 enacted funding level of $12.8 million. The organization states that
the $10 million request is necessary for the rising demands related to: 1)the front-line
countries of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Indonesia, 2) the tsunami, and 3) the large
Muslim population in Asia.
National Endowment for Democracy (NED). The National
Endowment for Democracy is a private, nonprofit organization established during the
Reagan Administration that supports programs to strengthen democratic institutions
in more than 80 countries around the world. NED proponents assert that many of its
accomplishments are possible because it is not a U.S. government agency. NED’s
critics claim that it duplicates government democracy promotion programs and could
be eliminated, or could be operated entirely through private sector funding. The
FY2006 request is for $80 million, the same level as was requested for FY2005. The
final enacted level for FY2005, however, was $59.2 million due to congressional
interest in increasing funding for the Small Business Administration (SBA). NED’s
35.1% increase requested over the FY2005 funding level would go toward programs
in Muslim countries, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, among other
activities.
East-West and North-South Centers. The Center for Cultural and
Technical Interchange between East and West (East-West Center), located in
Honolulu, Hawaii, was established in 1960 by Congress to promote understanding
and cooperation among the governments and peoples of the Asia/Pacific region and
the United States. The FY2006 request for the East-West Center was $13 million,
a 32.3% decline from the FY2005 enacted level of $19.2 million. The Center for
Cultural and Technical interchange between North and South (North-South Center)
is a national educational institution in Miami, Florida, closely affiliated with the
University of Miami. It promotes better relations, commerce, and understanding
among the nations of North America, South America and the Caribbean. The North-

---

CRS-45
South Center began receiving a direct subsidy from the federal government in 1991;
however, it has not received a direct appropriation since FY2000.
International Broadcasting
International Broadcasting, which had been a primary function of the U.S.
Information Agency (USIA) prior to 1999, now falls under an independent agency
referred to as the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). The BBG includes the
Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), Cuba
Broadcasting, Radio Sawa, Radio Farda, and Radio Free Asia (RFA). In addition to
the ongoing international broadcasting activities, the Administration initiated a new
U.S. Middle East Television Network — Alhurra.
The BBG’s FY2006 funding request totals $651.9 million, 10.2% above the
FY2005 level of $591.5 million. The FY2006 request includes $603.4 million for
broadcasting operations, $10.9 million for capital improvements, and $37.7 million
for Broadcasting to Cuba.
In addition to the FY2006 funding request, the President included
broadcasting money in his FY2005 supplemental request, sent to Congress a week
after the FY2006 budget. In the supplemental, the President is seeking $2.5 million
for Broadcasting Capital Improvements to upgrade transmitting systems in Tajikistan.
Another $4.8 million in the supplemental request is for additional funds, beyond the
FY2006 request, for VOA, the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, and the
International Broadcasting Bureau.
Related Legislation
S. 600 (Lugar) An bill to authorize appropriations for the Department of
State and international broadcasting activities, Peace Corps, and foreign assistance
programs for fiscal years 2006 and 2007. Introduced March 10, 2005, referred to the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and reported by the Committee the same day.
(S.Rept. 109-35).
Related CRS Products
CRS Report RL31986, Foreign Relations Authorization, FY2004 and FY2005: State
Department and Foreign Assistance, by Susan B. Epstein.
CRS Report RL31370, State Department and Related Agencies: FY2004
Appropriations and FY2005 Request, by Susan B. Epstein.
CRS Issue Brief IB86116, U.N. System Funding: Congressional Issues, by Vita Bite.
Table 9. Funding for the Department of State and International
Broadcasting
($ millions in budget authority)

---

CRS-46
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005 FY2006
House
Senate
Bureau or Agency
enacted enacted b enacted c request
bill
bill
Administration of Foreign
$5,987.1 $7,007.2 $6,362.4 $6,776.1
Affairs
International Organizations
$1,529.7 $1,694.9 $1,649.7 $2,332.0
and Conferences
International Commissions
$57.1
$57.1 $63.3
$70.3
Related Appropriations
$70.9
$78.0
$100.0
$104.7
Subtotal: State Department a
$7,644.8 $8,837.2 $8,174.7 $9,283.3
International Broadcasting
$533.8
$591.5
$591.5
$651.9
Title IV Total
$8,178.6 $9,428.7 $8,766.9 $9,935.2
Source: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations.
a. In addition to appropriations, State has authority to spend certain collected fees from
machine readable visas, expedited export fees, etc. The amount for such fees for
FY2004 is estimated at $687.5 million and for FY2005 the enacted level is $661.5
million, the request for FY2006 is $672.1 million.
b. FY2004 numbers include the emergency supplemental (P.L. 108-106 and P.L. 108-287)
and reflect both rescissions in the Consolidated Appropriation Act of FY2004, P.L.
108-199.
c. FY2005 numbers reflect the two rescissions in the Consolidated Appropriation Act of
FY2005, P.L. 108-447.
Independent Agencies
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)21
FY2006 Appropriations. The Administration has requested an
appropriation of $331.2 million for the EEOC to carry out its responsibilities during
FY2006. The increase of $4.4 million from the $326.8 million (including
rescissions of 0.80% and 0.54%) provided by the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2005 (P.L. 108-447) is equivalent to the dollar value of the rescissions. The request
contains few changes from the Commission’s FY2005 budget. Notably, $33 million
of the total proposed would be devoted to payments for Fair Employment Practices
Agencies (FEPAs), which are state and local bodies with which the agency has work-
sharing agreements to address workplace discrimination within their jurisdictions.
This is the amount of payments to FEPAs to which Congress has, in prior years,
raised the EEOC’s request. As well as the $441,000 increase for state and local
contracts, the Commission has asked for an additional $5.5 million to cover the
staff’s total compensation and an additional $400,000 to cover rental (including
security) payments. The EEOC proposes reducing general operating expenses (e.g.,
printing, reproduction, postage, and travel) by $977,000 and reducing information
technology expenditures by $1 million to offset the aforementioned increases.
21 This section was prepared by Linda Levine, Specialist in Labor Economics, Domestic
Social Policy Division.

---

CRS-47
Agency Overview. The EEOC enforces laws banning employment
discrimination based on race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. The
Commission’s workload has increased dramatically since it was created under Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990 and the Civil Rights Act of 1991, as well as employees’ growing awareness
of their rights, have made it difficult for the agency’s budget and staffing resources
to keep pace with its heightened caseload.
FY2005 Funding. After rescissions that brought P.L. 108-447’s allotment
of $331.2 million to the EEOC for FY2005 to $326.8 million, the agency’s current-
year budget is somewhat above FY2004’s level of $324.9 million (including
rescissions). The House had approved $334.9 million for the Commission in H.R.
4754. The Senate Appropriations Committee had included $327.5 million in S.
2809.
Out of the additional $26 million the Administration unsuccessfully requested
for the EEOC’s current-year budget, $3 million would have gone toward the agency’s
ongoing effort to restructure its operations. One-third was slated for further
implementation of the National Contact Center and two-thirds, for office relocation
costs, furniture/equipment purchases, and employee development. Language in both
H.R. 4754 and the Appropriations Committee’s report (H.Rept. 108-576) precluded
the EEOC from undertaking any workforce reposition, restructuring, or
reorganization until the Committee had received advance notification of its
proposals; and only after submitting a spending plan to the Committee would about
$1 million have become available to the agency for use in connection with the
National Contact Center. The House Appropriations Committee further required the
Commission to submit quarterly status reports on projected and actual spending
levels, by function, for repositioning and to continue submitting quarterly reports on
projected and actual spending and staffing levels. The conference agreement
(H.Rept. 108-792) adopted this language, absent the allocation of a specific sum for
the National Contact Center. Additionally, P.L. 108-447 stated that the EEOC should
not have fewer positions in the field in FY2005 than in FY2004.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)22
The Federal Communications Commission, created in 1934, is an
independent agency charged with regulation and interstate and foreign
communication of radio, television, wire, cable, and satellite. The FCC performs four
major functions: spectrum allocation, creating rules to promote fair competition and
protect consumers where required by market conditions, authorization of service, and
enforcement. Among its responsibilities are licensing of communications operators;
interpretation and enforcement of rules, regulations, and authorizations regarding
competition; publication and dissemination of consumer information services; and
management and allocation of the use of the electromagnetic spectrum.
22 This section was written by Patty Figliola, Specialist in Telecommunications and Internet
Policy, Resources, Science, and Industry Division.

---

CRS-48
For FY2006, the Bush Administration has requested an overall budget of
$304,057,000, with 4,823,000 in direct appropriations and $299,234,000 coming
from offsetting fee collections, That would be an increase over the FY2005 budget
of $281,098,000, with a $1,000,000 direct appropriation. The FCC obtains the
majority of its funding through the collection of regulatory fees pursuant to Title I,
section 9 of the Communications Act of 1934; therefore, its direct appropriation is
considerably less than its overall budget.
The requested FY2006 funding level will support the FCC’s strategic goals
in the areas of broadband deployment, industry competition, spectrum management;
the transition to digital television, homeland security, and modernizing the structure
and management of the FCC itself. The FY2006 request includes:
! $14,273,000 in program performance funding
! $1,800,000 to allow the FCC to participate in a government-wide
program to manage personnel data electronically and to provide for
critical enhancements to the FCC’s major electronic filing systems
! $9,300,000 to upgrade and consolidate facilities as part of the FCC’s
homeland security and spectrum management efforts
! $3,173,000 to support audits by the Office of Inspector General of
the Universal Service Fund
! $8,686,000 for uncontrollable increases to pay employee salaries and
provide for inflationary increases for office space rental, supplies,
printing, postage and contractual services.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)23
For FY2006, the Administration is requesting a program level of $211 million
for the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), an increase of slightly more than $5.5
million or 2.7 percent over current funding. Last year (FY2005), the Administration
requested 205.4 million for the agency. The House approved a program level of
$203.4 million, an increase of $17.9 million over FY2004 funding. The Senate
Appropriations Committee, for its part, recommended $207.7 million for FY2005.
The conference agreement provided the FTC with $205.4 million (the same as
requested). More specifically, of the amounts provided, $101 million is coming from
fees for Hart-Scott-Rodino premerger notification filings, $21.9 million from Do-
Not-Call provisions of the Telemarketing Sales Rule, and Congress has provided a
direct appropriation of $82.5 million.
More specifically for FY2006, the Administration is requesting that the
program level of $211 million for the FTC be funded by$72 million from the General
Fund of the U.S. Treasury and offsetting collections from two sources: $116 million
23 This section was written by Bruce Mulock, Specialist in Government and Business,
Government and Finance Division.

---

CRS-49
from fees for Hart-Scott-Rodino premerger notification filings; and $23 million from
fees sufficient to implement and enforce new Do-Not-Call provisions of the
Telemarketing Sales Rule.
The FTC, an independent agency, is responsible for enforcing a number of
federal antitrust and consumer protection laws. In recent years the FTC has used pre-
merger filing fees collected under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act to mostly or entirely
fund its operations. By way of an historical footnote, for FY2000 through FY2002,
zero ($0) direct appropriations were required since the entire program level was
covered by a combination of fees and prior year collections.
Legal Services Corporation (LSC)24
The LSC is a private, non-profit, federally-funded corporation that provides
grants to local offices which, in turn, provide legal assistance to low-income people
in civil (non-criminal) cases. The LSC has been controversial since its incorporation
in the early 1970s, and has been operating without authorizing legislation since 1980.
There have been ongoing debates over the adequacy of funding for the agency, and
the extent to which certain types of activities are appropriate for federally funded
legal aid attorneys to undertake. In annual appropriations laws, Congress
traditionally has included legislative provisions restricting the activities of LSC-
funded grantees, such as prohibiting any lobbying activities or prohibiting
representation in certain types of cases.
P.L. 108-447, the consolidated appropriations for FY2005, among other
things continued funding for the LSC at a level of $335.3 million. The LSC FY2005
appropriation of $335.3 million includes $316.6 million for basic field programs and
required independent audits; $13.0 million for management and administration; $1.3
million for client self-help and information technology; $2.6 million for the inspector
general; and $1.8 million in grants to offset losses stemming from the 2000 census-
based reallocations. It also included existing provisions restricting the activities of
LSC grantees. In addition, it allows the LSC to spend up to $1 million of prior-year
funding balances for a school student loan repayment pilot program. P.L. 108-447
also authorized a 0.8% across-the-board government-wide rescission and an
additional 0.54% uniform rescission applicable only to funding for the Commerce,
Justice, State, and Related Agencies appropriation (which includes the LSC), thereby
lowering the FY2005 LSC appropriation to $330.8 million.
For FY2006, the Bush Administration requested $318.3 million for the LSC.
This is $12.5 million (almost 4%) below the FY2005 LSC appropriation (after the
rescissions). The FY2006 budget request for the LSC includes $299.2 million for
basic field programs and required independent audits, $13.4 million for management
and administration, $3.5 million for client self-help and information technology, and
$2.2 million for the Office of the Inspector General. The budget request also
includes existing provisions restricting the activities of LSC grantees.
24 This section was prepared by Carmen Solomon-Fears, Specialist in Social Legislation,
Domestic Social Policy Division.

---

CRS-50
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)25
The SEC administers and enforces federal securities laws to protect investors
from fraud and to maintain fair and orderly stock and bond markets. The SEC’s
budget is set through the normal appropriations process, but funds for the agency
come from fees on sales of stock, corporate mergers, and other securities market
transactions. When these fees are collected, they go to a special offsetting account
available to appropriators, not to the Treasury’s general fund.
For FY2005, the Administration requested $913.0 million, an increase of 13%
over FY2004. The House and Senate both approved the amount requested by the
Administration. The Conference Committee approved the $913.0 million, but that
was to include $56 million in prior-year unobligated balances. Thus, the new
appropriation for FY2005 was $856 million, to be covered by current-year fee
collections.
The Administration’s request for FY2006 is $888.1 million, a decrease of
2.7% from FY2005. Of that total, $25.0 million will be from prior-year unobligated
balances, and the remaining $863.1 will come from offsetting fee collections. Thus,
no direct appropriation will be necessary.

Small Business Administration (SBA)26
For FY2006, the Administration is requesting $592.9 million in total funding,
an increase of $13.4 million or 2.3% over FY2005. More specifically, the President’s
budget seeks $307.2 million for Salaries and Expenses (S&E) — a figure which
includes appropriations for the agency’s non-credit programs. The $15.2 million
reduction for S&E from the current funding level represents a 4.7% cut. Despite
changes in requested levels of appropriations, the agency is nevertheless able to
request $16.5 billion in lending authority for its 7(a) loan guarantee program —
nearly a 25% increase over its FY2005 request.
For FY2005, the Administration had requested a total appropriation of $678.4
million for the Small Business Administration (SBA), a reduction of $32.9 million,
or about 4.6%, from the agency’s FY2004 funding level. The FY2005 request
included $326.3 million for Salaries and Expenses (S&E). The House approved
$742.8 million, $31.5 million more than the agency’s FY2004 appropriation. The
House-approved FY2005 appropriation included $315.4 million for S&E, which was
$10.9 million less than the President’s Budget recommendation and approximately
$7 million less than its FY2004 appropriation. The Senate Appropriations
Committee recommended a total FY2005 appropriation of $761.9 million, including
$357.7 million for S&E.
25 This section was prepared by Mark Jickling, Specialist in Public Finance, Government and
Finance Division.
26 This section was written by Bruce Mulock, Specialist in Government and Business,
Government and Finance Division.

---

CRS-51
During the debate on the FY2005 CJS bill several amendments were adopted
on the House floor, including one by Chairman of the Small Business Committee,
Donald A. Manzullo, which would have provided a $79 million subsidy for the
SBA’s 7(a) loan program.
The conference report provided the SBA with $579.5 million for the current
year (FY2005), including $322.3 million for S&E. While this is substantially less
than the Administration requested — and the House and Senate recommended — it
will not result in a reduction in the agency’s guaranteed loan program levels. It is not
clear, however, what the economic effect will be. Proponents for making the
agency’s largest guaranteed loan program — the so-called 7(a) program — “self-
funding”maintain that the subsidy costs for the programs can be offset by charging
slightly higher fees to borrowers and lenders. Opponents express worry that shifting
cost burdens to lenders will reduce the number of lenders willing to participate in the
program.
For FY2004, the President’s budget request had included $797.9 million for
the SBA. The House approved $745.6 million for the agency, which would have
been roughly a 1.9% increase over the FY2003 amount. The House-approved
version included $326.6 million for S&E, about $33.6 million below the
Administration request. The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended and
the Senate approved $751.7 million for the agency, including $332.4 million for
S&E. The conference agreement provided the SBA with a total appropriation of
$711.3 million for FY2004, including recisions.
The SBA is an independent federal agency created by the Small Business Act
of 1953. Although the agency administers a number of programs intended to assist
small firms, arguably its three most important functions are to guarantee —
principally through the agency’s Section 7(a) general business loan program —
business loans made by banks and other financial institutions; to make long-term,
low-interest loans to small businesses that are victims of hurricanes, earthquakes,
other physical disasters, and acts of terrorism; and to serve as an advocate for small
business within the federal government.
State Justice Institute (SJI)27
The State Justice Institute (SJI) is a private, nonprofit corporation that makes
grants to state courts and funds research, technical assistance, and informational
projects aimed at improving the quality of judicial administration in state courts
across the United States. Under the terms of its enabling legislation, SJI is authorized
to present its request directly to Congress, apart from the President’s budget. For
FY2006, the institute has requested $5 million, compared with $2.6 million
appropriated to it for FY2005. (In addition to its $2.6 million appropriation, funds
transferred from the Department of Justice’s Office of Justice Programs to SJI have
increased total funding available to SJI in FY2005 to $3.4 million.) The President’s
FY2006 budget, like the previous three years’ budgets, has proposed nothing for SJI.
27 This title was written by D. Steven Rutkus, Specialist in American National Government,
Government and Finance Division.

---

CRS-52
In its FY2006 budget justification, SJI has said its request for additional
funding above FY2005 levels would support two “important national efforts” — the
continuation of its “Solutions Project” and an increased number of project grants
across “a broader range of high priority issues.” The Solutions Project, SJI has
explained, aims to provide national support “to develop and implement a broad range
of innovative short- and long-term solutions to the most serious problems State and
local courts identify in their jurisdictions.” The key “problem areas” for the
Solutions Project are court responses to diversity within their communities,
emergency management and courthouse security, family and juvenile justice, pro
se/pro bono services, and sentencing alternatives.
Funding requested for FY2006 also would be used to support SJI project
grants, including the Judicial Education, Reference, Information, and Technical
Transfer (JERITT) Project housed at Michigan State University (described by SJI as
the “only comprehensive resource in the nation for information about judicial
education,” managing 125 electronic communications groups related to judicial
branch education). SJI also would continue three small grant programs to individual
court jurisdictions across the country — technical assistance grants, judicial branch
education technical assistance grants, and scholarships.
Over the past four fiscal years, Congress has approved funding for SJI at a
level significantly below previous levels. For FY1999, 2000, and 2001, SJI received
an annual appropriation of $6.85 million, compared with $3.0 million in both
FY2002 and FY2003, $2.2 million in FY2004, and $2.6 million in FY2005. For
their part, conferees for the CJS appropriations bills in the last four fiscal years have
encouraged the institute to obtain funds from sources other than Congress. In
response to specific directives from conferees for the FY2002 and FY2003 CJS bills,
SJI explored the availability of support from private donors, state and local agencies,
state and local bar associations, and state court systems, but was unable to secure
funding from any of them. For FY2004 and FY2005, conferees on the CJS bill
suggested a somewhat different approach, encouraging SJI to apply for funding from
programs in the Department of Justice (DOJ) which support state court programs.
Accordingly, during the last two fiscal years, pursuant to an agreement between SJI
and DOJ, the latter has transferred $1.2 million to the institute to support state court
projects educating judges about rape, sexual assault, and other violence against
women. Also, SJI officials are in the process of negotiating an inter-agency
agreement with DOJ that, when reached, would transfer an additional $320,000 to
SJI to support several criminal justice programs.
Although Congress, as noted, has scaled back the appropriations level for SJI
in recent years, it has, in a separate action, authorized multi-year funding for SJI at
a significantly higher level. On September 30, 2004, the Senate, by unanimous
consent, passed H.R. 2714 (State Justice Institute Reauthorization Act of 2004),
authorizing $7 million in funding for SJI annually for FY2005 through FY2008. In
October 2004, the House agreed to the Senate-amended version of H.R. 2714, and
the bill was signed by the President into law (P.L. 108-372). Earlier, in its report on
H.R. 2714 (H.Rept. 108-285, p. 2), the House Judiciary Committee endorsed SJI’s
continued operation. “Sustaining the Institute’s operations,” the committee said,

---

CRS-53
... is necessary because the states, as a practical matter, devote the great
majority of their judicial funding to address personnel, construction, and
maintenance needs. They simply lack the resources to develop programs
that improve the administrative efficiency and overall productivity of their
courts.
SJI serves a Federal interest precisely because it makes state courts more
efficient. State courts are the primary fora in which the vast majority of
lawsuits are resolved. In fulfilling that mission, state courts address
Federal constitutional and statutory issues every day....
In sum if litigants largely resolve their legal differences at the state level —
including those that involve Federal issues — then Congress promotes a
Federal interest by supporting SJI.
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights28
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (Commission), established by the Civil
Rights Act of 1957, investigates allegations of citizens that they were denied the
right to vote based on color, race, religion, or national origin; studies and gathers
information on legal developments constituting a denial of the equal protection of the
laws; assesses federal laws and policies in the area of civil rights; and submits reports
on its findings to the President and Congress when the Commission or the President
deem it appropriate.
For FY2006, President Bush requests $9.1 million for the Commission. For
the Commission on Civil Rights, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005 (P.L.
108-447) provides $9.1 million, the same amount requested by the Administration.
In FY2004, the Commission received an appropriation of $9 million.
U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom29
The Commission on International Religious Freedom was created by the
International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-292) as a federal government
commission to monitor religious freedom abroad and to advise the President, the
Secretary of State, and Congress on promoting religious freedom and combating
intolerance in other countries. For FY2005, the Administration requested $3.0
million for the commission and H.R. 4754 as passed by the House included that
amount. The House Appropriations Committee in its report commended the
commission for its efforts to promote religious freedom and urged the commission
and the State Department to continue work on developing an Index on Religious
Freedom that may be used to assess progress within regions and in specific countries.
The Senate Appropriations Committee in reporting S. 2809 (S.Rept. 108-344) did not
include any funds for the commission. As finally enacted as part of the Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2005, P.L.108-447, $3.0 million was appropriated for the
28 This section was written by Garrine P. Laney, Analyst in Social Legislation, Domestic
Social Policy Division.
29 This section was written by Vita Bite, Specialist in International Relations, Foreign
Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division.

---

CRS-54
commission. The conference agreement also included language allowing the
commission to procure temporary services for a study of the right to freedom of
religion in North Korea.
For FY2006, the Administration requested $3.0 million for the commission.
Sec. 808 of S. 600, the Foreign Relations Authorizations for FY2006 and 2007, as
introduced included $3.0 million for the commission for FY2006 and such sums as
may be necessary for FY2007.
U.S. Institute of Peace30
The U.S. Institute of Peace (USIP) was established in 1984 by the U.S.
Institute of Peace Act, Title XVII of the Defense Authorization Act of 1985 (P.L. 98-
525). USIP’s mission is to promote international peace through such activities as
educational programs, conferences and workshops, professional training, applied
research, and facilitating dialogue in the United States and abroad. Prior to the
FY2005 budget, USIP funding came from the Labor, HHS appropriation. In the
FY2005 budget process, it was transferred to the Commerce, Justice, State and
related agencies appropriation primarily for relevancy reasons. The FY2003 actual
budget was $16.3 million and the FY2004 estimate is $17.1 million. Also in
FY2004, USIP received $10 million within the Emergency Supplemental
Appropriations Act for Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan
(P.L. 108-106) and a $3 million grant from the Department of State to facilitate the
Philippines peace process. Congress enacted $121.9 million for the Institute of Peace
in FY2005. In addition to its appropriation of $23 million, it received $100 million
(before rescission) for facility construction (CAA, Div. J, Sec.118). For the FY2006
request, the organization is requesting $21.85 million.
Related CRS Products
CRS Report 96-649, Small Business Administration: Overview and Issues, by Bruce
K. Mulock.
CRS Report RS20418, Funding for Major Civil Rights Enforcement Agencies, by
Garrine Laney.
CRS Report RS20204, Securities Fees and SEC Pay Parity, by Mark Jickling.
CRS Report 95-178, Legal Services Corporation: Basic Facts and Current Status,
by Carmen Solomon-Fears.
30 This section was written by Susan B. Epstein, Specialist in Foreign Affairs and Trade,
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division.

---

CRS-55
Table 10. FY2006 Funding for CJS Related Agencies
($ millions in budget authority)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005 FY2006
Bureau or Agency
enacted
request
enacted
request
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
$9.1
$9.1
$9.0
$9.1
U.S. Commission on International
$3.0
$3.0
$3.0
$3.0
Religious Freedom
Equal Employment Opportunity
$324.9
$350.8
$326.8
$331.2
Commission (EEOC)
Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) a
$1.0
$20.0
$1.0
$4.8
Federal Trade Commission
$50.4
$84.4
$81.4
$72.0
Legal Services Corporation
$335.3
$329.3
$330.8
$318.3
Securities and Exchange
Commissionb
$691.5
$893.0
$844.6
$863.1
Small Business Administration
$711.3
$678.4 $1,500.8
$593.0
State Justice Institutec
$2.2
$0.0
$2.6
$0.0
U.S. Institute of Peace
$27.1
$22.1
$121.9
$21.9
Other d
$14.2
$11.7
$13.1
$12.9
Total Title V
$2,170.0 $2,401.4 $3,235.0 $2,229.3
Source: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations.
a. The FCC is partially funded by offsetting fee collections.
b. The SEC is fully funded by transaction fees and securities registration fees.
c. Under the terms of its enabling legislation, the State Justice Institute (SJI) is authorized to present
its budget request directly to Congress. While the President’s FY2006 budget proposed
nothing for SJI, the Institute requested $5.0 million for itself.
d. “Other” includes agencies receiving appropriations of $3.0 million or less in FY2005. These
agencies include the Commission for the Preservation of American Heritage Abroad;
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe; Antitrust Modernization Commission;
the Marine Mammal Commission; the Congressional/Executive Commission on China; the
National Veterans Business Development Corp; the U.S.-China Economic and Security
Review Commission; U.S. Senate-China Interparliamentary Group, and the HELP
Commission

---

CRS-56
Appendix. CJS Appropriations by Department, FY2006
($ millions in budget authority)
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
FY2006
Bureau or Agency
Enacted
Request
Enacted
Request
Title I: Department of Justice
General Administration
$1,316.6
$1,669.0
$1,424.3
$1,977.3
Legal Activities
$3,078.5
$3,317.8
$3,180.9
$3,331.3
Interagency Law Enforcement
$550.6
$580.6
$553.5
$661.9
Federal Bureau of Investigation
$4,590.7
$5,115.2
$5,145.6
$5,701.2
Drug Enforcement Administration
$1,584.5
$1,661.5
$1,631.2
$1,694.2
Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
$827.3
$868.9
$878.5
$1,043.6
Federal Prison System
$4,811.2
$4,709.7
$4,779.8
$4,755.1
Office of Justice Programs
$3,164.9
$2,126.3
$2,993.1
$1,568.8
Other
$26.0
$10.7
$25.5
$11.4
Rescission
($100.0)
($108.4)
—
($62.0)
Title I Total:
$19,850.3
$20,059.7
$20,612.3
$20,682.8
Title II: Department of Commerce and Related Agencies
International Trade Administration
$378.1
$393.5
$388.3
$395.9
Bureau of Industry and Security
$67.5
$76.5
$67.5
$77.0
Economic Development
$315.3
$320.3
$284.1
$26.6
Administration
Minority Business Development
$28.6
$34.5
$29.5
$30.7
Agency
Economic and Statistical Analysis
$74.2
$88.4
$78.9
$85.3
Economic Development Challenge
$3.710.0
Grant
Bureau of the Census
$624.2
$828.6
$744.8
$877.4
National Telecommunications and
$51.1
$24.6
$38.7
$23.5
Information Administration
Patent and Trademark Officea
($1,222.5)
($1,314.7)
($1,544.8)
($1,703.0)
Technology Administration
$6.3
$8.3
$6.5
$4.2
National Institute of Standards and
$621.5
$521.5
$699.2
$532.0
Technology
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
$3,701.0
$3,373.5
$3,907.9
$3,581.2
Administration
Departmental Management
$67.7
$78.3
$78.7
$106.3
Other
$8.1
$208.7
$209.1
—
Department of Commerce Subtotal:
$5,943.5.
$5,956.7
$6,533.1
$9,450.0
U.S. Trade Representative
$41.6
$39.6
$41.0
$38.8
International Trade Commission
$57.7
$61.7
$60.8
$65.3
National Intellectual Property Law
—
—
$2.0
—
Enforcement Coordinating Council
Related Agencies Subtotal:
$99.3
$101.3
$103.8
$104.1
Rescission
($100.0)
Title II Total:
$5,942.8
$6,058.0
$6,636.9
$9,554.1
Title III: Science
NASA
$15,378.0
$16.244.0
$16,196.4
$16,456.4

---

CRS-57
FY2004
FY2005
FY2005
FY2006
Bureau or Agency
Enacted
Request
Enacted
Request
National Science Foundation
$5,652.0
$5.745.0
$5,472.8
$5,605.0
Exec Office of the President
$7.0
$7.0
$6.3
$5.6
Title III Total: $21,037.0
$21,996.0
$21,675.5
$22,067.0
Title IV: Department of State
Administration of Foreign Affairs
$7,007.2 $6,533.5
$6,362.4
$6,776.1
International Organizations and
$1,694.9 $1,844.2
$1,649.7
$2,332.0
Conferences
International Commissions
$57.1 $70.4
$63.3
$70.3
Related Appropriations
$78.0
$103.5
$100.0
$104.9
Subtotal: State Departmentb
$8,837.2
$8,551.6
$8,175.4
$9,283.3
International Broadcasting
$591.5
$569.2
$591.5
$651.9
Title IV Total
$9,428.7
$9,120.8
$8,766.9
$9,935.2
Title V: Independent Agencies
Commission on Civil Rights
$9.1
$9.1
$9.0
$9.1
U.S. Commission on International
$3.0
$3.0
$3.0
$3.0
Religious Freedom
Equal Employment Opportunity
$324.9
$350.8
$326.8
$331.2
Commission (EEOC)
Federal Communications
Commission (FCC)c
$1.0
$20.0
$1.0
$4.8
Federal Trade Commission
$50.4
$84.4
$81.4
$72.0
Legal Services Corporation
$335.3
$329.3
$330.8
$318.3
Securities and Exchange
Commissiond
$691.5
$893.0
$844.6
$863.1
Small Business Administration
$711.3
$678.4
$1,500.8
$593.0
State Justice Institutee
$2.2
$0.0
$2.6
—
U.S. Institute of Peace
$27.1
$22.1
$121.9
$21.9
Otherf
$14.2
$11.7
$13.1
$12.9
Total Title V
$2,170.0
$2,401.4
$3,235.0
$2,229.3
Title VII: Rescissionsg
Total Title VII Rescissions
($307.2)
($128.0)
($271.1)
($52.2)
Grand Total (in Bill)h ($42,242.0)
$43,216.6
$60,655.5
$64,416.2
Source: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations.
Notes:
a. The Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) is fully funded by user fees. The fees collected, but not obligated during the
current year, are available for obligation in the following fiscal year, and do not count toward the appropriation totals.
Only newly appropriated funds count toward the annual appropriation totals.
b. In addition to appropriations, State has authority to spend certain collected fees from machine readable visas, expedited
export fees, etc. The amount for such fees for FY2004 is estimated to be $687.5 million and the FY2005
appropriation includes $661.5 million in fee collections.
c. The FCC is partially funded by fee collections.
d. The SEC is fully funded by transaction fees and securities registration fees.
e. Under the terms of its enabling legislation, the State Justice Institute (SJI) is authorized to present its budget request
directly to Congress. While the President’s FY2006 budget proposed nothing for SJI, the Institute requested $5.0
million for itself.

---

CRS-58
f. “Other” includes agencies receiving appropriations of $3.0 million or less in FY2005. These agencies include Commission
for the Preservation of American Heritage Abroad; Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe; Antitrust
Modernization Commission; the Marine Mammal Commission; the Congressional/Executive Commission on China;
the National Veterans Business Development Corp; the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission; U.S.
Senate-China Interparliamentary Group, and the HELP Commission.
g. This table only lists line-item rescissions requested in the Administration’s FY2005 request.
h. Grand Total amounts have been adjusted to reflect supplementals, transfers of agencies and programs (e.g., the transfer
of INS functions from DOJ to DHS).

---