Order Code RL30297
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Congressional Budget Resolutions:
Selected Statistics and Information Guide
Updated January 25, 2005
Bill Heniff Jr.
Analyst in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Congressional Budget Resolutions:
Selected Statistics and Information Guide
Summary
The Congressional Budget Act (CBA) of 1974 (Titles I-IX of P.L. 93-344, 88
Stat. 297-332), as amended, establishes the concurrent resolution on the budget as the
centerpiece of the congressional budget process. The annual budget resolution is an
agreement between the House and Senate on a budget plan for the upcoming fiscal
year and at least the following four fiscal years. As a concurrent resolution, it is not
presented to the President for his signature and thus does not become law. The
budget resolution, however, provides the framework for subsequent legislative action
on budgetary legislation during each congressional session.
Congress has adopted 35 budget resolutions during the 30 years that the
congressional budget process has been in effect. At least one budget resolution has
been adopted every year except 1998 (for FY1999), 2002 (for FY2003), and 2004
(for FY2005). A second budget resolution was adopted in each of the first seven
years and a third budget resolution was adopted for FY1977. Since 1982, Congress
has adopted only one budget resolution for each fiscal year. Congress initially was
required to cover only the upcoming fiscal year in the budget resolution, but over the
years Congress has expanded this time frame. Currently, the budget resolution must
include at least five fiscal years.
The budget resolution may include reconciliation directives, instructing one or
more committees to recommend legislative changes to meet the spending and
revenue levels included in the budget resolution. In the past 30 years, Congress
included reconciliation directives in 18 budget resolutions. Pursuant to these
directives, 16 reconciliation measures have been enacted. Twice (in 1982 and 1997),
Congress adopted two reconciliation measures in one year. Four reconciliation
measures have been vetoed, in 1975, 1995, 1999, and 2000.
Over the past 30 years, the House has considered and adopted fewer
amendments to the budget resolution than the Senate. The House has considered, on
average, over six amendments per budget resolution, adopting, on average, one of
these. For more than a decade, the House has considered the budget resolutions
under special rules that allow only amendments in the nature of a substitute to be
offered. In all but one year, the House has rejected all such amendments. In contrast,
the Senate has considered, on average, about 37 amendments per budget resolution,
adopting, on average, over 19 of these.
Congress originally was required to complete action on the budget resolution by
May 15 of each year; this deadline was changed to April 15 beginning with the
FY1987 budget resolution. The budget resolution deadline has been met only six
times over the past 30 years, most recently in 2003 with the FY2004 budget
resolution. Budget resolutions have been adopted, on average, about 38 days after
the deadline.
This report will be updated as warranted.

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Formulation of the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Content of the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Source of Economic Assumptions Associated with Budget Levels in
the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Number of Years Covered by the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Consideration and Adoption of the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Amendments to the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Timing of Action on the Budget Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appendix A. Modifications to the Procedures and Requirements Pertaining to
the Formulation, Content, and Consideration of the Budget Resolution . . . 15
Appendix B. U.S. Statutes-at-Large Citationsof Budget Resolutions,
FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix C. Budget Resolutions Rejected inthe House, FY1976-FY2005 . . . . 21
Appendix D. Committee Reports toBudget Resolutions, FY1976- FY2005 . . . 22
Appendix E. Selected Components Included in Budget Resolutions,
FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix F. Budget Resolutions and Associated Reconciliation Acts,
FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix G. Source of Economic Assumptions Associated with Budget
Levels in Budget Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Appendix H. Number of Years Covered byBudget Resolutions,
FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix I. Special Rules Providing forthe Consideration of Budget
Resolutions inthe House, FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix J. Number of Amendments to Budget Resolutions Considered
in the House,FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Appendix K. Amendments in the Nature of a Substitute to Budget
Resolutions Made in Order by a Special Rule in the House,
FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Appendix L. Number of Amendments to Budget Resolutions
Considered in the Senate, FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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Appendix M. Timing of House Action on Budget Resolutions,
FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Appendix N. Timing of Senate Action on Budget Resolutions,
FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
List of Figures
Figure 1. Number of Days Before or After Deadline That Action on the
Annual Budget Resolution Was Completed, FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . 14
List of Tables
Table 1. Congressional Budget Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 2. Dates of Final Adoption of the Annual Budget Resolution,
FY1976-FY2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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Congressional Budget Resolutions:
Selected Statistics and Information Guide
Introduction
The Congressional Budget Act (CBA) of 1974 (Titles I-IX of P.L. 93-344, 88
Stat. 297-332), as amended, establishes the concurrent resolution on the budget as the
centerpiece of the congressional budget process. The annual budget resolution is an
agreement between the House and Senate on a budget plan for the upcoming fiscal
year and at least the following four fiscal years. As a concurrent resolution, it is not
presented to the President for his signature and thus does not become law. The
budget resolution, however, provides the framework for subsequent legislative action
on the annual appropriations bills, revenue measures, debt-limit legislation,
reconciliation legislation, and any other budgetary legislation.
This report provides current and historical information on the budget resolution.
It provides a list of the budget resolutions adopted and rejected by Congress since
implementation of the CBA, including the U.S. Statutes-at-Large citations and
committee report numbers, and describes their formulation and content. The report
provides a table of selected optional components, a list of reconciliation measures,
and information on the number of years covered by budget resolutions. It also
provides information on the consideration and adoption of budget resolutions,
including an identification of the House special rules that provided for consideration
of budget resolutions; the amendments in the nature of a substitute to the budget
resolution considered in the House; the number and disposition of House and Senate
amendments to budget resolutions; and dates of House and Senate action on budget
resolutions.
Congress has modified the congressional budget process several times since it
was first established in 1974. Appendix A identifies laws and budget resolutions
that modified the procedures and requirements pertaining to the formulation, content,
and consideration of the budget resolution.
As originally enacted, the CBA required that Congress adopt two budget
resolutions each year. The first budget resolution, which was to be adopted by May
15, was advisory in nature. The second budget resolution, which was to be adopted
by September 15 (about two weeks before the beginning of the fiscal year), was
binding. The second budget resolution revised or reaffirmed the first budget
resolution by taking into account budget and economic changes in the months since
the first resolution. Additional budget resolutions could be adopted at any time.
The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Title II of
P.L. 99-177, 99 Stat. 1038-1101) eliminated the requirement for a second budget

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CRS-2
resolution beginning in FY1987. For several preceding years, for FY1983-FY1986,
Congress did not adopt a second budget resolution, but instead included a provision
in the first budget resolution that made the spending and revenue totals in it binding
automatically as of the beginning of the fiscal year.
During the 30 years that the congressional budget process has been in effect,
Congress has adopted an annual budget resolution every year except 1998 (for
FY1999), 2002 (for FY2003), and 2004 (for FY2005).1 Congress also adopted a
second budget resolution in seven of the 30 years. In two of these years (1979 for
FY1980 and 1981 for FY1982), the House adopted the Senate version of the second
budget resolution rather than adopting its own; no conference report, therefore, was
necessary for these budget resolutions. In 1977, Congress adopted a third budget
resolution for FY1977, further revising the previous first and second budget
resolutions for FY1977.
Table 1 lists all budget resolutions adopted by Congress, with the House and
Senate votes on initial passage and adoption of the conference report. The U.S.
Statutes-at-Large citations for adopted budget resolutions are listed in Appendix B.
(Although concurrent resolutions such as budget resolutions have no statutory
authority, they are compiled in a special section of the U.S. Statutes-at-Large.)
Appendix C lists the budget resolutions rejected in the House. No budget
resolutions were rejected in the Senate.
1 In the absence of an agreed-upon budget resolution, the House (for FY1999, FY2003, and
FY2005) and Senate (for FY1999 and FY2005) each have agreed to “deeming resolution”
provisions for budget enforcement purposes. For further information on “deeming
resolution” provisions, see CRS Report RL31443, The “Deeming Resolution”: A Budget
Enforcement Tool, by Robert Keith.

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Table 1. Congressional Budget Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005
Initial Passage
Conference Report
Budget Resolution
Congress
Fiscal Year
Typea
House Vote
Senate Vote
House Vote
Senate Vote
(companion measure)
94th
1976
H.Con.Res. 218 (S.Con.Res. 32)
first
200-196
69-22
230-193
voice
H.Con.Res. 466 (S.Con.Res. 76)
second
225-191
69-23
189-187
74-19
1977
S.Con.Res. 109 (H.Con.Res. 611)
first
221-155
62-22
224-170
65-29
S.Con.Res. 139 (H.Con.Res. 728)
second
227-151
55-23
234-143
66-20
95th
1977
S.Con.Res. 10 (H.Con.Res. 110)
third
239-169
72-20
226-173
voice
1978
S.Con.Res. 19 (H.Con.Res. 214)
first
213-179
56-31
221-177
54-23
H.Con.Res. 341 (S.Con.Res. 43)
second
199-188
63-21
215-187
68-21
1979
S.Con.Res. 80 (H.Con.Res. 559)
first
201-197
64-27
201-198
voice
H.Con.Res. 683 (S.Con.Res. 104)
second
217-178
56-18
225-162
47-7
96th
1980
H.Con.Res. 107 (S.Con.Res. 22)
first
220-184
64-20
202-196
72-17
S.Con.Res. 53 (H.Con.Res. 186)b
second
206-186
57-20
—
—
1981
H.Con.Res. 307 (S.Con.Res. 86)
first
225-193c
68-28
205-195
61-26
241-174
H.Con.Res. 448 (S.Con.Res. 119)
second
203-191
48-46
voice
50-38

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CRS-4
Initial Passage
Conference Report
Budget Resolution
Congress
Fiscal Year
Typea
House Vote
Senate Vote
House Vote
Senate Vote
(companion measure)
97th
1982
H.Con.Res. 115 (S.Con.Res. 19)
first
270-154
78-20
244-155
76-20
S.Con.Res. 50 (H.Con.Res. 230)d
second
206-200
49-48
—
—
1983
S.Con.Res. 92 (H.Con.Res. 352)
—
219-206
49-43
210-208
51-45
98th
1984
H.Con.Res. 91 (S.Con.Res. 27)
—
229-196
50-49
239-186
51-43
1985
H.Con.Res. 280 (S.Con.Res. 106)
—
250-168
41-34
232-162
voice
99th
1986
S.Con.Res. 32 (H.Con.Res. 152)
—
258-170
voice
309-119
67-32
1987
S.Con.Res. 120 (H.Con.Res. 337)
—
245-179
70-25
333-43
voice
100th
1988
H.Con.Res. 93 (S.Con.Res. 49)
—
voice
56-42
215-201
53-46
1989
H.Con.Res. 268 (S.Con.Res. 113)
—
319-102
69-26
201-181
58-29
101st
1990
H.Con.Res. 106 (S.Con.Res. 30)
—
263-157
68-31
241-185
63-37
1991
H.Con.Res. 310 (S.Con.Res. 110)
—
218-208
voice
250-164
66-33
102nd
1992
H.Con.Res. 121 (S.Con.Res. 29)
—
261-163
voice
239-181
57-41
1993
H.Con.Res. 287 (S.Con.Res. 106)
—
215-201e
voice
209-207
52-41
224-191
103rd
1994
H.Con.Res. 64 (S.Con.Res. 18)
—
243-183
54-45
240-184
55-45
1995
H.Con.Res. 218 (S.Con.Res. 63)
—
223-175
57-40
220-183
53-46
104th
1996
H.Con.Res. 67 (S.Con.Res. 13)
—
238-193
57-42
239-194
54-46
1997
H.Con.Res. 178 (S.Con.Res. 57)
—
226-195
53-46
216-211
53-46
105th
1998
H.Con.Res. 84 (S.Con.Res. 27)
—
333-99
78-22
327-97
76-22
1999f
H.Con.Res. 284 (S.Con.Res. 86)
—
216-204
57-41
—
—

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CRS-5
Initial Passage
Conference Report
Budget Resolution
Congress
Fiscal Year
Typea
House Vote
Senate Vote
House Vote
Senate Vote
(companion measure)
106th
2000
H.Con.Res. 68 (S.Con.Res. 20)
—
221-208
55-44
220-208
54-44
2001
H.Con.Res. 290 (S.Con.Res. 101)
—
211-207
51-45
220-208
50-48
107th
2002
H.Con.Res. 83 (no companion measure)g
—
222-205
63-35
221-207
53-47
2003h
H.Con.Res. 353 (S.Con.Res. 100)
—
221-209
—
—
—
108th
2004
H.Con.Res. 95 (S.Con.Res. 23)
—
215-212
56-44
216-211
51-50
2005i
S.Con.Res. 95 (H.Con.Res. 393)
—
215-212
51-45
216-213
—
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes:
a. “Type” refers to whether the budget resolution was the first, second, or third for the fiscal year. For the first seven years of the congressional budget process, Congress adopted multiple budget
resolutions each year. Since the FY1983 budget resolution, Congress has adopted only one a year.
b. The House rejected its version of the budget resolution (see Appendix C of this report) and adopted the Senate’s version of the budget resolution; no conference report was necessary.
c. The question was divided, with separate votes on sections 1-5 and 7, and on section 6 (revised FY1980 budget resolution).
d. The House laid its version of the budget resolution on the table by unanimous consent and adopted the Senate’s version of the budget resolution; no conference report was necessary.
e. The question was divided, with separate votes on sections 1, 2 and 4, and on section 3 (revised the spending and revenue levels if certain legislation was not enacted into law before conferees on the
budget resolution were appointed).
f. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY1999. In the absence of a budget resolution, the House agreed to H.Res. 477 on June 19, 1998, and H.Res. 5 on Jan. 6, 1999, both deeming
the budget levels contained in the House-adopted FY1999 budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 284) generally to have been adopted by Congress, for budget enforcement purposes. Likewise, the Senate
agreed to S.Res. 209 on Apr. 2, 1998, and S.Res. 312 on Oct. 21, 1998, both setting forth budget levels to be enforced as if they were included in a budget resolution agreed to by Congress.
g. The Senate Budget Committee did not mark up or report a budget resolution for FY2002. Instead, the Senate considered the House-passed budget resolution after the Senate Budget Committee was
discharged from its consideration.
h. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2003. In the absence of a budget resolution, the House agreed to H.Res. 428 on May 22, 2002, and H.Res. 5 on Jan. 7, 2003, deeming
the House-adopted FY2003 budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 353, 107th Congress) to have been adopted by Congress, for budget enforcement purposes. The Senate did not take similar action.
i. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2005. The House agreed to the conference report to S.Con.Res. 95 (H.Rept. 108-498) on May 19, 2004, but the Senate never considered
it. In the absence of a budget resolution, the House included a provision (Section 2) in the special rule (H.Res. 649) governing the consideration of the conference report to S.Con.Res. 95 “deeming”
the conference report to have been agreed to by Congress. The Senate included a provision (Section 14007) in the Defense Appropriations Act, 2005 (P.L. 108-287) setting forth the FY2005
spending allocations for the Senate Appropriations Committee.

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Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution
Formulation of the Budget Resolution
Following the submission of the President’s budget in January or February,
Congress begins formulating its budget resolution. The House and Senate Budget
Committees are responsible for developing and reporting the budget resolution.
Within six weeks after the President’s budget submission, each House and
Senate committee is required to submit its “views and estimates” relating to budget
matters under their jurisdiction to their respective Budget Committee (Section 301(d)
of the CBA). These views and estimates, often submitted in the form of a letter to
the chair and ranking Member of the Budget Committee, typically include comments
on the President’s budget proposals and estimates of the budgetary impact of any
legislation likely to be considered during the current session of Congress. The
Budget Committees are not bound by these recommendations. The views and
estimates often are printed in the committee report accompanying the resolution in
the Senate or compiled in a separate committee print in the House.
The budget resolution was designed to provide a framework to make budget
decisions, leaving specific program determinations to the Appropriations Committees
and other committees with spending and revenue jurisdiction. In many instances,
however, particular program changes are considered when formulating the budget
resolution. Program assumptions are sometimes referred to in the reports of the
Budget Committees or may be discussed during floor action. Although these
program changes are not binding, committees may be strongly influenced by these
recommendations when formulating appropriations bills, reconciliation measures, or
other budgetary legislation.
Appendix D provides a list of the House, Senate, and conference reports to the
first budget resolutions adopted by Congress each year.
Content of the Budget Resolution
Section 301(a) of the CBA requires that the budget resolution include the
following matters for the upcoming fiscal year and at least the ensuing four fiscal
years:
! aggregate levels of new budget authority, outlays, the budget surplus
or deficit, and the public debt;
! aggregate levels of federal revenues and the amount, if any, by
which the aggregate levels of federal revenues should be increased
or decreased by legislative action;
! amounts of new budget authority and outlays for each of the major
functional categories; and

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CRS-7
! for purposes of Senate enforcement procedures, Social Security
outlays and revenues (although these amounts are not included in the
budget surplus or deficit totals due to their off-budget status).
In addition to the content required by the CBA, Section 301(b) lists several other
matters that may be included in the budget resolution. Appendix E provides a table
indicating selected components included in first budget resolutions for FY1976-
FY2005.
The most important of the optional matters is the inclusion of reconciliation
directives provided by Section 310 of the CBA. Budget reconciliation is an optional
two-step process Congress may use to bring direct spending, revenue, and debt-limit
levels into compliance with those set forth in budget resolutions.2 In order to
accomplish this, Congress first includes reconciliation directives in a budget
resolution directing one or more committees in each chamber to recommend changes
in statute to achieve the levels of direct spending, revenues, debt limit, or a
combination thereof, agreed to in the budget resolution. The legislative language
recommended by committees then is packaged “without any substantive revision”
into one or more reconciliation bills, as set forth in the budget resolution, by the
House and Senate Budget Committees. In some instances, a committee may be
required to report its legislative recommendations directly to its chamber.
Once the Budget Committees, or individual committees if so directed, report
reconciliation legislation to their respective chambers, consideration is governed by
special procedures.3 These special rules serve to limit what may be included in
reconciliation legislation, to prohibit certain amendments, and to encourage its
completion in a timely fashion.
During the 30-year period since the congressional budget process was
established, Congress has included reconciliation directives to House and Senate
committees in 18 budget resolutions.4 The directives resulted in the enactment of 16
2 For a more detailed discussion of the reconciliation process, see CRS Report RL30458,
The Reconciliation Process: Timing of Legislative Action, by Robert Keith.
3 For a brief summary of these procedures, see CRS Report 98-814, Budget Reconciliation
Legislation: Development and Consideration, by Bill Heniff Jr.
4 The number (18) of budget resolutions containing reconciliation directives includes the
FY1976 second budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 466). There has been an ongoing
controversy about whether the directive in this budget resolution was a reconciliation
directive as set forth in Section 310 of the Congressional Budget Act. The Senate treated
it as such and considered the resultant legislation (H.R. 5559, as reported by the Senate
Finance Committee, 94th Congress) under the reconciliation procedures. The House did not,
however, consider and adopt its version of the resultant legislation as a reconciliation
measure, and thus it presumably did not consider the directive as a reconciliation directive.
See Floyd M. Riddick and Alan S. Frumin, Riddick’s Senate Procedure: Precedents and
Practices (Rev. ed.), S.Doc. 101-28, 101st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1992), pp.
622-623. The legislation subsequently was adopted by the Senate and House but was vetoed
by the President. For further information on these directives, see (1) CRS general
distribution memorandum, Reconciliation Directives to House Committees in Budget
(continued...)

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CRS-8
reconciliation measures.5 Twice (in 1982 and 1997), Congress adopted two
reconciliation measures in one year. Four reconciliation measures have been vetoed,
in 1975, 1995, 1999, and 2000. Appendix F lists the budget resolutions that
contained reconciliation directives and the associated reconciliation acts.
Beginning with the FY1981 budget resolution, Congress also included amounts
for federal credit activities. The 1985 Balanced Budget Act permanently required the
inclusion of aggregate and functional levels of direct loan obligations and primary
loan guarantee commitments in budget resolutions. The inclusion of federal credit
levels, however, was made optional by the Budget Enforcement Act of 1997 (Title
X of P.L. 105-33; 111 Stat. 677-712). Of the 27 first budget resolutions adopted by
Congress, 18 budget resolutions included federal credit amounts.
Another optional component of budget resolutions has been the inclusion of
reserve funds. The reserve fund provisions generally provide for the revision of
budget resolution aggregates, functional allocations, and committee allocations if
certain deficit-neutral legislation is enacted or some other condition is met. Over the
last decade, Congress often has included several reserve funds in budget resolutions
(as indicated in Appendix E). For instance, the FY2004 budget resolution
(H.Con.Res. 95, 108th Congress) included eight reserve funds.
In recent years, declaratory statements increasingly have been included in budget
resolutions. These nonbinding statements express the sense of Congress, the sense
of the House, or the sense of the Senate on various issues. As indicated in Appendix
E, Congress has included, on average, about 25 declaratory statements in the last nine
budget resolutions (not including budget resolutions for FY1999, FY2003, and
FY2005) but only, on average, about two and a half declaratory statements in the first
18 budget resolutions.
The annual budget resolution also may require a deferred enrollment procedure
(see Section 301(b)(3) of the CBA), under which all or certain bills providing new
budget authority or new entitlement authority for the upcoming fiscal year cannot be
enrolled until Congress has completed action on a reconciliation measure (or, prior
to FY1987, a reconciliation measure or the second budget resolution). Budget
resolutions for FY1981, FY1982, FY1983, and FY1984 contained deferred
enrollment provisions.6
Lastly, Congress has included several other procedural provisions in budget
resolutions. Under Section 301(b)(4) of the CBA, the so-called elastic clause,
Congress may “set forth such other matters, and require such other procedures,
4 (...continued)
Resolutions for FY1976-FY2005, by Bill Heniff Jr.; and (2) CRS general distribution
memorandum, Reconciliation Directives to Senate Committees in Budget Resolutions for
FY1976-FY2005, by Bill Heniff Jr. (both available from the author).
5 See CRS Report RL30458, The Budget Reconciliation Process: Timing of Legislative
Action, by Robert Keith.
6 The FY1983 budget resolution exempted legislation dealing with certain trust funds from
its deferred enrollment provision.

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CRS-9
relating to the budget, as may be appropriate to carry out the purposes of” the
Congressional Budget Act in the budget resolution. The number of procedural
provisions included in budget resolutions is listed in the last column of Appendix E.
Some of these procedural provisions include deferred enrollment; automatic second
budget resolutions; special budgetary treatment of certain activities, such as the sale
of government assets; and more recently, enforcement of a pay-as-you-go
requirement in the Senate, and limits on advance appropriations.
Source of Economic Assumptions Associated
with Budget Levels in the Budget Resolution
The budget levels contained in the budget resolution are developed using a
baseline, which is a projection of revenues and spending under existing law and
assuming no policy changes. There are two baselines commonly used in the federal
budget process: (1) the current services estimates calculated by the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB); and (2) the budget baseline projections calculated
by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). These two projections often differ
because they are based upon different sets of economic and technical assumptions,
reflecting different projections of future economic and program performance.
The economic assumptions developed by OMB are published in the Analytical
Perspectives volume of the President’s budget submitted to Congress.7 CBO
includes its initial economic assumptions in its annual economic and budget outlook
report published early in the year.8 Often, CBO revises these economic assumptions
to reflect new economic data which become available after the publication of this
report. In some years, CBO will revise its economic assumptions in late winter or
early spring and publish them in its analysis of the President’s budget.9 In other
years, revised economic assumptions will be included in CBO’s economic and
budget outlook update report published in the summer.
Congress is not required to use the economic assumptions developed by either
OMB or CBO in the budget resolution, but must identify the economic assumptions
upon which the budget levels are based.10 The original CBA required that only the
House and Senate Committee reports accompanying the budget resolution include
the economic assumptions upon which the spending and revenue levels were based.
The common practice, however, was to extend this to the conference report on the
budget resolution as well. In 1985, Congress amended the CBA to specifically
7 For example, see OMB, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2005, Analytical
Perspectives (Washington: GPO, Feb. 2004), chapter 11, pp. 167-180.
8 For example, see CBO, The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2005-2014
(Washington: Jan. 2004), chapter 2, pp. 23-45.
9 For example, see CBO, An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal
Year 2003 (Washington: Mar. 2002), pp. 4-5.
10 In addition, Section 301(g)(1) of the CBA prohibits the Senate from considering a budget
resolution that contains budget levels based on more than one set of economic assumptions.
This provision was added by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control
Reaffirmation Act of 1987 (Title I of P.L. 100-119, 99 Stat. 754-788).

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CRS-10
require that the joint explanatory statement accompanying a conference report on a
budget resolution set forth the common economic assumptions upon which the
statement and conference report are based.11
Appendix G specifies the source of the economic assumptions used in the first
budget resolutions for FY1976 to FY2005. Of the 27 budget resolutions adopted by
Congress during this period, 15 were based upon economic assumptions developed
by CBO. Usually, these were the assumptions in CBO’s economic and budget
outlook report published early in the year. In four instances, however, Congress used
the economic assumptions that were revised by CBO after the publication of this
report; the budget resolutions for FY1984, FY1985, FY1997, and FY1998 were
based upon revised CBO economic assumptions. On four other occasions, Congress
made adjustments to the CBO economic assumptions; the budget resolutions for
FY1996, FY1997, FY1998, and FY2000 were based upon adjusted CBO economic
assumptions. In the first three, the adjustments were intended to reflect anticipated
revisions to the Consumer Price Index.
In six of the 27 budget resolutions, Congress used the economic assumptions
developed by OMB. Usually, these were the assumptions included in the President’s
budget submitted to Congress early in the year. In two of these budget resolutions,
however, the OMB economic assumptions were adjusted to reflect revisions in
economic data.
In 1982, Congress based the budget levels in the FY1983 budget resolution upon
economic assumptions agreed to by negotiators from Congress and the
Administration during a budget summit.
Finally, the joint explanatory statements accompanying the conference reports
to the first five budget resolutions specified the economic assumptions upon which
the budget levels were based, but did not indicate the source of those assumptions.
Number of Years Covered by the Budget Resolution
Originally, the CBA mandated that budget resolutions cover only the upcoming
fiscal year beginning on October 1 (referred to as the budget year). A desire to use
the budget resolution as a tool for budget planning and other factors prompted
Congress to expand this time frame to include the upcoming fiscal year as well as the
two ensuing fiscal years. Congress used the authority provided by the elastic clause
of the CBA to adopt three-year budget resolutions for the period covering the second
budget resolution for FY1980 through the FY1986 budget resolution. The practice
of including three fiscal years was formalized by the 1985 Balanced Budget Act.
The Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 (Title XIII of P.L. 101-508,
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-573-1388 through 630)
temporarily extended to five fiscal years the period the budget resolution is required
to cover. The 1990 BEA provision originally covered five-year periods beginning
11 Section 301(g)(2) of the CBA, as amended by the Balanced Budget and Emergency
Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Title II of P.L. 99-177, 99 Stat. 1038-1101).

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CRS-11
in FY1991 and continuing through FY1995; this provision was extended to cover
the FY1996 through FY1998 budget resolutions in 1993 (Title XIV of P.L. 103-66,
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, 107 Stat. 683-685). As an integral part
of Congress’s goal of achieving a balanced budget by FY2002, the FY1996 and
FY1997 budget resolutions covered seven and six fiscal years, respectively. The
Budget Enforcement Act of 1997 (Title X of P.L. 105-33, Balanced Budget Act of
1997, 111 Stat. 677-712) amended the CBA to require permanently that a budget
resolution cover the budget year and at least the four ensuing fiscal years. In recent
years, budget resolutions have covered 10 fiscal years.
Appendix H provides information regarding the number of years covered by the
budget resolutions agreed to by Congress.
Congress also may revise budget levels for the current year in the budget
resolution, pursuant to Section 304 of the CBA. Congress has adopted 12 first
budget resolutions that revised current-year budget levels.
Consideration and Adoption of
the Budget Resolution
Floor consideration of the budget resolution differs in the House and Senate.
Section 305 of the CBA sets forth special procedures for the consideration of the
budget resolution, generally to expedite its consideration. The House, however,
regularly adopts a special rule, a simple House resolution, setting forth the terms for
consideration of the measure. In particular, special rules have been used for more
than a decade to limit the offering of amendments to a few major substitutes.
Appendix I lists the special rules that provided for the consideration of budget
resolutions in the House.
In contrast, floor consideration in the Senate is governed by the procedures set
forth in the Congressional Budget Act. The procedures generally limit debate and
prohibit certain amendments and motions.12
Amendments to the Budget Resolution
The House has considered, on average, over six amendments per budget
resolution, agreeing to, on average, one of these.13 The largest number of
amendments considered was 45 in 1979; the largest number agreed to was 11 in 1979
(the first FY1983 budget resolution also was amended 11 times, but it subsequently
was rejected). Appendix J identifies the number of accepted and rejected
amendments to budget resolutions considered in the House. The amending activity
12 For a discussion of these procedures, see CRS Report 98-511, Consideration of the Budget
Resolution, by Bill Heniff Jr.
13 These averages, as well as the averages related to Senate amendments, derive from all
first budget resolutions considered and adopted on the House or Senate floor. That is, the
averages do not include amendments to budget resolutions that subsequently were rejected.

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CRS-12
in the House during the last several years is in marked contrast to the early years of
the congressional budget process. During the first eight years, the House considered,
on average, over 13 amendments per budget resolution, agreeing to, on average, three
of these. In contrast, during the last 22 years, the House has considered very few
amendments to budget resolutions, averaging only about three per budget resolution,
and agreeing to even fewer of these. Of the 79 amendments considered by the House
during this time period, only four were adopted. Since 1992, the House has rejected
all amendments.
Contributing to this trend, the House special rule typically has allowed for
consideration of only amendments in the nature of a substitute to the budget
resolution. For example, between 1982 and 2004 (for the FY1984-FY2005 budget
resolutions), 75 out of the 80 amendments to the budget resolution made in order by
the special rule were amendments in the nature of a substitute. Only one of these 75
amendments in the nature of a substitute was agreed to; that one contained the budget
resolution text recommended by the House Budget Committee offered by its chair at
the time, Representative William H. Gray III (PA). Appendix K lists the
amendments in the nature of a substitute to the budget resolution made in order by
the special rule.
Unlike the House, which has no reporting deadline for its budget committee to
report a budget resolution, the Senate has an April 1 reporting deadline for the budget
resolution.14 In addition, the terms of debate and the consideration of amendments
are not structured by a special rule, as in the House, but instead are governed by the
procedures set forth in Section 305(b) of the CBA. Typically, a larger number of
amendments is considered, consisting of substitute amendments as well as
amendments that address specific issues.
During the period between 1975 and 2004, the Senate considered, on average,
about 37 amendments per budget resolution, agreeing to, on average, over 19 of
these.15 The largest number of amendments considered was 106 in 1998; the largest
number agreed to was 57 in 1998 and 1999. Appendix L identifies the number of
amendments accepted, rejected, withdrawn, and declared out-of-order during Senate
consideration of budget resolutions. In contrast to the House, the number of
amendments considered by the Senate has increased in recent years. For the last 11
budget resolutions considered on the floor, the Senate considered, on average, 69
amendments per budget resolution, agreeing to, on average, 40 of these.
Amendments have been agreed to in the Senate at a much higher rate compared to
the House as well. For instance, in seven of the last 11 years in which a budget
resolution was considered on the floor, the success rate for amendments has equaled
or exceeded 60%.
14 For further information, see CRS Report RS20541, Congressional Budget Resolutions:
Reporting Deadline in the Senate, by Robert Keith.
15 This average does not include the FY2003 budget resolution because it was not considered
on the Senate floor.

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CRS-13
Timing of Action on the Budget Resolution
Congress is required to complete action on the budget resolution by April 15
each year. Table 2 lists the dates of final adoption of budget resolutions for FY1976-
FY2005. Since 1974, Congress has met the budget resolution deadline only six
times, most recently in 2003 with the FY2004 budget resolution. Under the original
timetable (prior to 1986, the deadline was May 15), Congress adopted the annual
budget resolution on time twice, in 1975 and 1976. After the deadline was changed
to April 15 by the 1985 Balanced Budget Act, Congress has met its deadline four
times, in 1993, 1999, 2000, and 2003. Further, Congress did not adopt a budget
resolution three times (in 1998 for FY1999, in 2002 for FY2003, and in 2004 for
FY2005).
Table 2. Dates of Final Adoption of
the Annual Budget Resolution, FY1976-FY2005
Fiscal Year
Date Adopted
Fiscal Year
Date Adopted
1976
05-14-1975
1991
10-09-1990
1977
05-13-1976
1992
05-22-1991
1978
05-17-1977
1993
05-21-1992
1979
05-17-1978
1994
04-01-1993
1980
05-24-1979
1995
05-12-1994
1981
06-12-1980
1996
06-29-1995
1982
05-21-1981
1997
06-13-1996
1983
06-23-1982
1998
06-05-1997
1984
06-23-1983
1999
[none]
1985
10-01-1984
2000
04-15-1999
1986
08-01-1985
2001
04-13-2000
1987
06-27-1986
2002
05-10-2001
1988
06-24-1987
2003
[none]
1989
06-06-1988
2004
04-11-2003
1990
05-18-1989
2005
[none]
Congress adopted the budget resolution (not including the budget resolutions
for FY1999, FY2003, and FY2005) an average of about 38 days after the target date.
The FY1991 budget resolution was adopted the latest, on October 9, 1990, or 177
days after the deadline. The earliest adoption of a budget resolution was for FY1994,
on April 1, 1993, or 14 days before the deadline. Figure 1 illustrates the number of
days before or after the target date the annual budget resolution was adopted.

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CRS-14
Appendices M and N provide a list of dates related to the consideration and adoption
of the budget resolution in the House and the Senate, respectively.
Figure 1. Number of Days Before or After Deadline That Action on the
Annual Budget Resolution Was Completed, FY1976-FY2005
1976
-1
1977
-2
1978
2
1979
2
1980
9
1981
28
1982
6
1983
39
1984
39
1985
139
1986
78
1987
73
1988
70
1989
52
1990
33
1991
177
1992
37
1993
36
1994
-14
1995
27
1996
75
1997
59
1998
51
1999
2000
0
2001
-2
2002
25
2003
2004
-4
2005
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Days before (-) / after deadline
Note: The deadline for adoption of the budget resolution was May 15 for FY1976-FY1986 and April
15 thereafter. Congress did not complete action on the budget resolutions for FY1999, FY2003, and
FY2005. The FY2000 budget resolution was adopted on the deadline of April 15; thus, the value is
zero.

---

CRS-15
Appendix A. Modifications to the Procedures and
Requirements Pertaining to the Formulation,
Content, and Consideration of
the Budget Resolution
Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978 (“Humphrey-Hawkins
Act”; P.L. 95-523; 92 Stat. 1887-1908; October 27, 1978)
! Called for a period of up to four hours for debate on economic goals
and priorities, following the presentation of opening floor statements
on the budget resolution.
Temporary Increase in the Public Debt Limit (P.L. 96-5; 93 Stat. 8; April 2,
1979)
! Mandated that the President’s budget and the Budget Committee’s
reported budget resolution for FY1981 and FY1982 be in balance.
Provision was repealed in 1982.
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Title II of P.L. 99-
177; 99 Stat. 1038-1101; December 12, 1985)16
! Required Congress to complete action on a budget resolution by
April 15 of each year (deadline moved from May 15).
! Eliminated the requirement that Congress adopt a second budget
resolution annually by September 15.
! Formalized the practice of adopting a 3-year budget resolution, with
the second and third fiscal years non-binding. (Current law requires
budget resolutions to cover at least five fiscal years.)
! Called for off-budget entities, except Social Security, to be included
in the budget resolution and the President’s budget.
! Formalized the practice of including credit authority (direct and
guaranteed loans) in the budget resolution.
16 For more information on changes made by the 1985 Balanced Budget and Emergency
Deficit Control Act, see CRS Report 86-713, Changes in the Congressional Budget Process
Made by the 1985 Balanced Budget Act (P.L. 99-177), by Robert A. Keith; and CRS Report
85-1130, Explanation of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 -
Public Law 99-177 (The Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act), by Allen Schick.

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CRS-16
! Mandated that neither chamber may consider a budget resolution,
amendment to a budget resolution, or conference report on a budget
resolution that recommends a deficit amount greater than the
applicable maximum deficit amount established in the 1985
Balanced Budget Act.
! Excluded Social Security from budget totals, except for purposes of
calculating the deficit in order to determine if sequestration is
required. The budget resolution may contain two deficit totals, one
with Social Security, one without.
Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 (Title XIII of the Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1990; P.L. 101-508; 104 Stat. 1388-573 through 630;
November 5, 1990)17
! Added language to the CBA allowing the option to include pay-as-
you-go procedures for the Senate and House in the budget resolution
(Sections 301(b)(7) and 301(b)(8)).
! Required that the budget resolutions for FY1991-FY1995 cover five
fiscal years. Current law permanently requires at least five fiscal
years (see BEA of 1997 below).
! In the Senate, prohibited the consideration of a reported budget
resolution calling for a reduction in Social Security surpluses.
! Changed deadline for submitting views and estimates reports from
“on or before February 25 of each year” to “within 6 weeks after the
President submits a budget.”
! Added language to the CBA allowing the option of including Social
Security outlays and revenues in the budget resolution for purposes
of Senate enforcement.
! In the Senate, created a point of order that prohibits the
consideration of any budget resolution that would exceed any of the
discretionary spending limits. Initially, this point of order was added
to the CBA as a temporary Section (601(b)); the BEA of 1997
permanently added this point of order to the CBA as Section 312(b)
and applied the point of order to any legislation.
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (Title XIV of P.L. 103-66; 107 Stat.
683-685; August 10, 1993)
! Extended through FY1998 the BEA requirement that budget
resolutions cover five fiscal years.
17 See CRS Report 90-520, Budget Enforcement Act of 1990: Brief Summary, by Edward
Davis and Robert Keith.

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CRS-17
Budget Resolution for FY1995 (H.Con.Res. 218; 103rd Congress; May 12,
1994)18
! Made permanent a temporary modification found in the budget
resolutions for FY1993 and FY1994, which applied Section 301(i)
to a budget resolution at any stage of consideration. Section 301(i)
of the CBA prohibits the Senate from considering any reported
budget resolution that would decrease the excess of Social Security
revenues over Social Security outlays for any of the fiscal years
covered by the resolution, subject to a three-fifths waiver
requirement. This creates a so-called “firewall” to protect Social
Security balances.
Budget Enforcement Act of 1997 (Title X of P.L. 105-33; 111 Stat. 677-712;
August 5, 1997)19
! Permanently required the budget resolution to cover at least five
fiscal years.
! Made optional rather than mandatory the inclusion of total direct
loan obligation and total primary loan guarantee commitment levels
in the budget resolution and the accompanying report.
! Modified the optional contents of the budget resolution to include
special pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) procedures in the Senate pertaining
to the use of reserve funds.
! Allowed the Budget Committees to set an alternative deadline for
committees to submit their views and estimates, instead of the usual
deadline of within 6 weeks after the President submits a budget.
! Applied the Senate point of order against a budget resolution
recommending a decrease in the projected surplus in the Social
Security trust funds to all its legislative stages.
Budget Resolution for FY2000 (H.Con.Res. 68; 106th Congress; April 15, 1999)
! Created a point of order that prohibited consideration of a revised
FY2000 or a FY2001 budget resolution setting forth an on-budget
deficit for any fiscal year (i.e., excluding any surplus resulting from
the Social Security trust fund). The provision did not apply if the
deficit for a fiscal year resulted solely from legislation that made
structural programmatic reforms to enhance retirement security.
18 Although budget resolutions, which are agreed to in the form of a concurrent resolution,
do not have the force of law, they can contain changes in congressional budget procedures.
19 For more information on changes made by the Budget Enforcement Act of 1997, see CRS
Report 97-931, Budget Enforcement Act of 1997: Summary and Legislative History, by
Robert Keith.

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CRS-18
Budget Resolution for FY2001 (H.Con.Res. 290; 106th Congress; April 13, 2000)
! Applied the point of order against budget resolutions setting forth an
on-budget deficit for any fiscal year (see FY2000 budget resolution)
to a revised FY2001 or a FY2002 budget resolution. The provision
would not apply if the economy experienced low growth in two
consecutive quarters, or if a declaration of war was in effect.
! Specified that amendments that contain predominately “precatory”
language, such as sense-of-the-Senate amendments, are not germane,
effectively prohibiting such amendments to budget resolutions and
reconciliation legislation.
Budget Resolution for FY2004 (H.Con.Res. 95; 108th Congress; April 11, 2003)
! Extended through September 30, 2008, the three-fifths vote
requirement in the Senate to waive, and to sustain an appeal of a
ruling of the chair on, certain points of order specified in Sections
904(c)(2) and 904(d)(3) of the CBA.

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CRS-19
Appendix B. U.S. Statutes-at-Large Citations
of Budget Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005
Fiscal
U.S. Statutes-at-Large
Congress
Typea
Budget
Year
Resolution
Citation
94th
1976
first
H.Con.Res. 218
89 Stat. 1197-1198
second
H.Con.Res. 466
89 Stat. 1209-1210
1977
first
S.Con.Res. 109
90 Stat. 3029-3030
second
S.Con.Res. 139
90 Stat. 3044-3045
95th
1977
third
S.Con.Res. 10
91 Stat. 1666-1667
1978
first
S.Con.Res. 19
91 Stat. 1670-1673
second
H.Con.Res. 341
91 Stat. 1683-1684
1979
first
S.Con.Res. 80
92 Stat. 3870-3872
second
H.Con.Res. 683
92 Stat. 3878-3879
96th
1980
first
H.Con.Res. 107
93 Stat. 1413-1416
second
S.Con.Res. 53
93 Stat. 1428-1433
1981
first
H.Con.Res. 307
94 Stat. 3655-3668
second
H.Con.Res. 448
94 Stat. 3680-3688
97th
1982
first
H.Con.Res. 115
95 Stat. 1743-1759
second
S.Con.Res. 50
95 Stat. 1778
1983
—
S.Con.Res. 92
96 Stat. 2647-2661
98th
1984
—
H.Con.Res. 91
97 Stat. 1501-1523
1985
—
H.Con.Res. 280
98 Stat. 3484-3498
99th
1986
—
S.Con.Res. 32
99 Stat. 1941-1959
1987
—
S.Con.Res. 120
100 Stat. 4354-4370
100th
1988
—
H.Con.Res. 93
101 Stat. 1986-2003
1989
—
H.Con.Res. 268
102 Stat. 4875-4886
101st
1990
—
H.Con.Res. 106
103 Stat. 2540-2554
1991
—
H.Con.Res. 310
104 Stat. 5163-5181
102nd
1992
—
H.Con.Res. 121
105 Stat. 2414-2433
1993
—
H.Con.Res. 287
106 Stat. 5165-5189
103rd
1994
—
H.Con.Res. 64
107 Stat. 2508-2538
1995
—
H.Con.Res. 218
108 Stat. 5075-5103

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CRS-20
Fiscal
U.S. Statutes-at-Large
Congress
Typea
Budget
Year
Resolution
Citation
104th
1996
—
H.Con.Res. 67
109 Stat. 996-1030
1997
—
H.Con.Res. 178
110 Stat. 4434-4482
105th
1998
—
H.Con.Res. 84
111 Stat. 2710-2760
1999b
—
—
—
106th
2000
—
H.Con.Res. 68
113 Stat. 1968-1999
2001
—
H.Con.Res. 290
114 Stat. 3139-3173
107th
2002
—
H.Con.Res. 83
115 Stat. 2486-2516
2003c
—
—
—
108th
2004
—
H.Con.Res. 95
[not available]
2005d
—
—
—
Source: U.S. Statutes-at-Large, various volumes.
Notes: Although concurrent resolutions such as budget resolutions have no statutory authority, they
are compiled in a special section of the U.S. Statutes-at-Large.
a. “Type” refers to whether the budget resolution was the first, second, or third for the fiscal year.
For the first seven years of the congressional budget process, Congress adopted multiple budget
resolutions each year. Since the FY1983 budget resolution, Congress has adopted only one a
year.
b. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY1999.
c. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2003.
d. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2005.

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CRS-21
Appendix C. Budget Resolutions Rejected in
the House, FY1976-FY2005
Congress
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution
Date
Vote
95th
1978
H.Con.Res. 195
04-27-1977
84-320
96th
1980
H.Con.Res. 186a
09-19-1979
192-213
97th
1983
H.Con.Res. 345
05-27-1982
159-265
99th
1987
H.Con.Res. 296
03-13-1986
12-312
101st
1991
H.Con.Res. 310
10-05-1990
179-254
(conf. rept.)b
104th
1996
H.Con.Res. 122
12-19-1995
0-412
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes: No budget resolutions in the Senate were rejected on roll-call votes. All budget resolutions
listed were first budget resolutions, except for FY1980, which was a second budget resolution.
a. House subsequently adopted the Senate’s version of the second budget resolution for FY1980
(S.Con.Res. 53).
b. After this conference report (H.Rept. 101-802) was rejected, another conference report to
H.Con.Res. 310 (H.Rept. 101-820) was agreed to on October 8, 1990, by a vote of 250-164.

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CRS-22
Appendix D. Committee Reports to
Budget Resolutions, FY1976- FY2005
Fiscal
Budget Resolution
House
Senate
Conference
Year
(companion measure)
Report
Report
Report(s)
1976
H.Con.Res. 218
94-145
94-77
H.Rept. 94-198
(S.Con.Res. 32)
S.Rept. 94-113
1977
S.Con.Res. 109
94-1030
94-731
H.Rept. 94-1108
(H.Con.Res. 611)
S.Rept. 94-805
1978
S.Con.Res. 19
95-239
95-90
H.Rept. 95-291
(H.Con.Res. 214)
S.Rept. 95-134
1979
S.Con.Res. 80
95-1055
95-739
H.Rept. 95-1173
(H.Con.Res. 559)
S.Rept. 95-866
1980
H.Con.Res. 107
96-95
96-68
H.Rept. 96-211
(S.Con.Res. 22)
S.Rept. 96-192
1981
H.Con.Res. 307
96-857
96-654
H.Rept. 96-1051
(S.Con.Res. 86)
S.Rept. 96-792
1982
H.Con.Res. 115
97-23
97-49
H.Rept. 97-46
(S.Con.Res. 19)
S.Rept. 97-86
1983
S.Con.Res. 92
97-597
97-385
H.Rept. 97-614
(H.Con.Res. 352)
S.Rept. 97-478
1984
H.Con.Res. 91
98-41
98-63
H.Rept. 98-248
(S.Con.Res. 27)
S.Rept. 98-155
1985
H.Con.Res. 280
[none]
98-399
H.Rept. 98-1079
(S.Con.Res. 106)
1986
S.Con.Res. 32
99-133
99-15
H.Rept. 99-249
(H.Con.Res. 152)
1987
S.Con.Res. 120
99-598
99-264
H.Rept. 99-664
(H.Con.Res. 337)
1988
H.Con.Res. 93
[none]
[none]
H.Rept. 100-175
(S.Con.Res. 49)
S.Rept. 100-76
1989
H.Con.Res. 268
100-523
100-311
H.Rept. 100-658
(S.Con.Res. 113)
1990
H.Con.Res. 106
101-42
101-20
H.Rept. 101-50
(S.Con.Res. 30)
1991
H.Con.Res. 310
101-455
[none]
H.Rept. 101-820
(S.Con.Res. 110)
1992
H.Con.Res. 121
102-32
102-40
H.Rept. 102-69
(S.Con.Res. 29)

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CRS-23
Fiscal
Budget Resolution
House
Senate
Conference
Year
(companion measure)
Report
Report
Report(s)
1993
H.Con.Res. 287
102-450
[none]
H.Rept. 102-529
(S.Con.Res. 106)
1994
H.Con.Res. 64
103-31
103-19
H.Rept. 103-48
(S.Con.Res. 18)
1995
H.Con.Res. 218
103-428
103-238
H.Rept. 103-490
(S.Con.Res. 63)
1996
H.Con.Res. 67
104-120
104-82
H.Rept. 104-159
(S.Con.Res. 13)
1997
H.Con.Res. 178
104-575
104-271
H.Rept. 104-612
(S.Con.Res. 57)
1998
H.Con.Res. 84
105-100
[none]
H.Rept. 105-116
(S.Con.Res. 27)
1999a
H.Con.Res. 284
105-555
105-170
—
(S.Con.Res. 86)
2000
H.Con.Res. 68
106-73
106-27
H.Rept. 106-91
(S.Con.Res. 20)
2001
H.Con.Res. 290
106-530
106-251
H.Rept. 106-577
(S.Con.Res. 101)
2002
H.Con.Res. 83
107-26
[none]
H.Rept. 107-60
(no companion measure)b
2003c
H.Con.Res. 353
107-376
107-141
—
(S.Con.Res. 100)
2004
H.Con.Res. 95
108-37
[none]d
H.Rept. 108-71
(S.Con.Res. 23)
2005e
S.Con.Res. 95
108-441
[none]f
H.Rept. 108-498
(H.Con.Res. 393)
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes: This list includes first budget resolutions only.
a. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY1999.
b. The Senate Budget Committee did not mark up or report a budget resolution for FY2002. Instead,
the Senate considered the House-passed budget resolution after the Senate Budget Committee
was discharged from its consideration.
c. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2003.
d. The Senate Budget Committee issued a committee print (S.Prt. 108-19) in lieu of a written report.
e. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2005. The House agreed to the
conference report to S.Con.Res. 95 on May 19, 2004, but the Senate did not consider it.
f. The Senate Budget Committee issued a committee print (S.Prt. 108-365) in lieu of a written report.

---

CRS-24
Appendix E. Selected Components Included in Budget Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005
Reconciliation
Credit
Number of
Number of
Number of
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution
Directives
Levels
Reserve Fundsa
Declaratory Statementsb
Procedural Provisionsc
1976
H.Con.Res. 218
—
—
0
0
0
1977
S.Con.Res. 109
—
—
0
0
0
1978
S.Con.Res. 19
—
—
0
1
0
1979
S.Con.Res. 80
—
—
0
0
0
1980
H.Con.Res. 107
—
—
0
0
0
1981
H.Con.Res. 307
X
X
0
3
1
1982
H.Con.Res. 115
X
X
0
2
1
1983
S.Con.Res. 92
X
X
0
3
6
1984
H.Con.Res. 91
X
X
1d
3
3
1985
H.Con.Res. 280
—
X
0
1
3
1986
S.Con.Res. 32
X
X
0
7
2
1987
S.Con.Res. 120
X
X
2
8
1
1988
H.Con.Res. 93
X
X
3
3
4
1989
H.Con.Res. 268
—
X
3
3
1
1990
H.Con.Res. 106
X
X
2
2
1
1991
H.Con.Res. 310
X
X
1
0
1
1992
H.Con.Res. 121
—
X
5
2
3
1993
H.Con.Res. 287
—
X
5
8
4

---

CRS-25
Reconciliation
Credit
Number of
Number of
Number of
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution
Directives
Levels
Reserve Fundsa
Declaratory Statementsb
Procedural Provisionsc
1994
H.Con.Res. 64
X
X
7
29
4
1995
H.Con.Res. 218
—
X
13
14
4
1996
H.Con.Res. 67
X
X
2
14
5
1997
H.Con.Res. 178
X
X
3
39
3
1998
H.Con.Res. 84
X
X
10
40
3
1999e
H.Con.Res. 284
X
—
0
7
1
S.Con.Res. 86
—
—
4 f
16
0
2000
H.Con.Res. 68
X
—
7
22
3
2001
H.Con.Res. 290
X
—
10
44
13
2002
H.Con.Res. 83
X
—
9
14
5
2003g
H.Con.Res. 303
—
—
6
7
1
S.Con.Res. 100
—
—
3
27
6
2004
H.Con.Res. 95
X
—
8
16
5
2005h
S.Con.Res. 95
X
—
9
15
5
Sources: U.S. Statutes-at-Large, various volumes, and the respective conference reports on the budget resolutions.
Notes: This list includes first budget resolutions only.
a. “Reserve fund” refers to any provision establishing procedures to revise spending or revenue levels, or both, if certain legislation is enacted or some other condition is met.
b. Declaratory statements express, in non-binding terms, the sense of the Congress, the sense of the House, or the sense of the Senate on various issues.
c. Some examples of the procedural provisions include deferred enrollment; automatic second budget resolutions; special budgetary treatment of certain activities, such as the sale of government assets;
and more recently, enforcement of a pay-as-you-go rules in the Senate, and limits on advance appropriations. The number of procedural provisions does not include reconciliation instructions or
reserve funds.
d. The FY1984 budget resolution provided for a single deficit-neutral reserve fund for all legislative initiatives included in the Manager’s Statement.
e. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY1999. Entries represent FY1999 budget resolutions agreed to by the respective chamber.
f. This number does not include a provision allowing for revisions in spending levels if the line-item veto was ruled unconstitutional.
g. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2003. Entries represent FY2003 budget resolutions agreed to by the House and reported by the Senate Budget Committee, respectively.
h. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2005. Entries represent the conference report to S.Con.Res. 95 (H.Rept. 108-498). The House agreed to the conference report on May
19, 2004, but the Senate did not consider it.

---

CRS-26
Appendix F. Budget Resolutions and Associated Reconciliation Acts, FY1976-FY2005
Fiscal Years Covered by
Date Enacted
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution
Associated Reconciliation Acts
Reconciliation Instructions
(or Vetoed)
1976
H.Con.Res. 466a
1976
Revenue Adjustment Act of 1975 (H.R. 5559)
12-17-1975
(vetoed)
1981
H.Con.Res. 307
1980-1981b
Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-499)
12-05-1980
1982
H.Con.Res. 115
1981-1984c
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (P.L. 97-35)
08-13-1981
1983
S.Con.Res. 92
1983-1985
Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-248)
09-03-1982
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-253)
09-08-1982
1984
H.Con.Res. 91
1984-1986
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1983 (P.L. 98-270)
04-18-1984
1986
S.Con.Res. 32
1986-1988
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
04-07-1986
(P.L. 99-272)
1987
S.Con.Res. 120
1987-1989
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-509)
10-21-1986
1988
S.Con.Res. 93
1988-1990
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (P.L. 100-203)
12-22-1987
1990
H.Con.Res. 106
1990 (Senate)
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-239)
12-19-1989
1990-1991 (House)
1991
H.Con.Res. 310
1991-1995
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-508)
11-05-1990
1994
H.Con.Res. 64
1994-1998
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-66)
08-10-1993
1996
H.Con.Res. 67
1996-2002
Balanced Budget Act of 1995 (H.R. 2491)
12-06-1995
(vetoed)
1997
H.Con.Res. 178
1997-2002
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of
08-22-1996
1996 (P.L. 104-193)

---

CRS-27
Fiscal Years Covered by
Date Enacted
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution
Associated Reconciliation Acts
Reconciliation Instructions
(or Vetoed)
1998
H.Con.Res. 84
1998-2002
Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (P.L. 105-33)
08-05-1997
Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (P.L. 105-34)
08-05-1997
2000
H.Con.Res. 68
2000-2009
Taxpayer Refund and Relief Act of 1999 (H.R. 2488)
09-23-1999
(vetoed)
2001
H.Con.Res. 290
2001-2005
Marriage Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2000 (H.R. 4810)
08-05-2000
(vetoed)
2002
H.Con.Res. 83
2001-2011
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
07-07-2001
(P.L. 107-16)
2004
H.Con.Res. 95
2003-2013
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-27)
05-28-2003
Sources: U.S. Statutes-at-Large, various volumes, and the Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov/]. For further information on reconciliation
measures, see CRS Report RL30458, The Budget Reconciliation Process: Timing of Legislative Action, by Robert Keith.
Notes: Each budget resolution listed was the first, or sole, budget resolution for the fiscal year, except for FY1976, which was the second budget resolution for that year.
a. There has been an ongoing controversy about whether the directive in this budget resolution was a reconciliation directive as set forth in Section 310 of the Congressional Budget
Act of 1974 (CBA). The Senate treated it as such and considered the resultant legislation (H.R. 5559, as reported by the Senate Finance Committee, 94th Congress) under the
reconciliation procedures. The House did not, however, consider and adopt its version of the resultant legislation as a reconciliation measure, and thus it presumably did not
consider the directive as a reconciliation directive. See Floyd M. Riddick and Alan S. Frumin, Riddick’s Senate Procedure: Precedents and Practices (Rev. ed.), S.Doc. 101-28,
101st Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 1992), pp. 622-623.
b. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees were instructed in the budget resolution to submit legislation (e.g., rescissions of previously enacted appropriations) to reduce
spending for FY1980.
c. The Senate Appropriations Committee was instructed in the budget resolution to submit legislation to reduce spending for FY1981 (budget authority and outlays) and FY1982-1984
(outlays only).

---

CRS-28
Appendix G. Source of Economic Assumptions
Associated with Budget Levels in Budget
Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005
Fiscal
Source of Economic
Budget Resolution
Conference Report(s)
Year
Assumptions
1976
H.Con.Res. 218
H.Rept. 94-198
Not indicated
S.Rept. 94-113
1977
S.Con.Res. 109
H.Rept. 94-1108
Not indicated
S.Rept. 94-805
1978
S.Con.Res. 19
H.Rept. 95-291
Not indicated
S.Rept. 95-134
1979
S.Con.Res. 80
H.Rept. 95-1173
Not indicated
S.Rept. 95-866
1980
H.Con.Res. 107
H.Rept. 96-211
Not indicated
S.Rept. 96-192
1981
H.Con.Res. 307
H.Rept. 96-1051
CBO
S.Rept. 96-792
1982
H.Con.Res. 115
H.Rept. 97-46
“closely correspond to”
S.Rept. 97-86
OMB (March 1981)
1983
S.Con.Res. 92
H.Rept. 97-614
Negotiators from
S.Rept. 97-478
House, Senate, and
Administration during
April 1982
1984
H.Con.Res. 91
H.Rept. 98-248
CBO (revised)
S.Rept. 98-155
1985
H.Con.Res. 280
H.Rept. 98-1079
CBO (revised —
August 1984)
1986
S.Con.Res. 32
H.Rept. 99-249
OMB
1987
S.Con.Res. 120
H.Rept. 99-664
CBO
1988
H.Con.Res. 93
H.Rept. 100-175
OMB (adjusted to
S.Rept. 100-76
reflect revisions in
economic data for
1986)
1989
H.Con.Res. 268
H.Rept. 100-658
OMB (adjusted to
reflect revisions in
economic data for
1987)
1990
H.Con.Res. 106
H.Rept. 101-50
OMB
1991
H.Con.Res. 310
H.Rept. 101-820
OMB

---

CRS-29
Fiscal
Source of Economic
Budget Resolution
Conference Report(s)
Year
Assumptions
1992
H.Con.Res. 121
H.Rept. 102-69
CBO
1993
H.Con.Res. 287
H.Rept. 102-529
CBO
1994
H.Con.Res. 64
H.Rept. 103-48
CBO
1995
H.Con.Res. 218
H.Rept. 103-490
CBO
1996
H.Con.Res. 67
H.Rept. 104-159
CBO (adjusted for
anticipated CPI
revisions)
1997
H.Con.Res. 178
H.Rept. 104-612
CBO (revised — May
1996, adjusted for
anticipated CPI
revisions)
1998
H.Con.Res. 84
H.Rept. 105-116
CBO (revised — May
1997, adjusted for non-
legislative technical
CPI revisions)
1999a
H.Con.Res. 284
—
CBO
S.Con.Res. 86
CBO
2000
H.Con.Res. 68
H.Rept. 106-91
CBO (adjusted for
increased real GDP
growth)
2001
H.Con.Res. 290
H.Rept. 106-577
CBO
2002
H.Con.Res. 83
H.Rept. 107-60
CBO
2003b
H.Con.Res. 353
—
OMB
S.Con.Res. 100
CBO
2004
H.Con.Res. 95
H.Rept. 108-71
CBO
2005c
S.Con.Res. 95
H.Rept. 108-498
CBO
Sources: The respective conference reports on the budget resolutions, unless indicated otherwise.
Notes: This list includes first budget resolutions only.
a. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY1999. Entries represent FY1999
budget resolutions agreed to by the respective chamber. The economic assumptions were
specified in the respective Budget Committee reports (H.Rept. 105-555 and S.Rept. 105-170).
b. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2003. Entries represent FY2003
budget resolutions agreed to by the House and reported by the Senate Budget Committee,
respectively. The economic assumptions were specified in the respective Budget Committee
reports (H.Rept. 107-376 and S.Rept. 107-141).
c. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2005. Entry represents the
conference report to S.Con.Res. 95 (H.Rept. 108-498). The House agreed to the conference
report on May 19, 2004, but the Senate did not consider it.

---

CRS-30
Appendix H. Number of Years Covered by
Budget Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005
Current
Number of Years
Fiscal
Budget
Fiscal Year(s)
Fiscal Year
Covered, Excluding
Year
Resolution
Covered
Revision
Current Year
1976
H.Con.Res. 218
1976
—
1
1977
S.Con.Res. 109
1976-1977
1976
1
1978
S.Con.Res. 19
1978
—
1
1979
S.Con.Res. 80
1979
—
1
1980
H.Con.Res. 107
1979-1980
1979
1
1981
H.Con.Res. 307
1980-1983
1980
3
1982
H.Con.Res. 115
1981-1984
1981
3
1983
S.Con.Res. 92
1982-1985
1982
3
1984
H.Con.Res. 91
1983-1986
1983
3
1985
H.Con.Res. 280
1984-1987
1984
3
1986
S.Con.Res. 32
1985-1988
1985
3
1987
S.Con.Res. 120
1987-1989
—
3
1988
H.Con.Res. 93
1988-1990
—
3
1989
H.Con.Res. 268
1989-1991
—
3
1990
H.Con.Res. 106
1990-1992
—
3
1991
H.Con.Res. 310
1991-1995
—
5
1992
H.Con.Res. 121
1991-1996
1991
5
1993
H.Con.Res. 287
1993-1997
—
5
1994
H.Con.Res. 64
1994-1998
—
5
1995
H.Con.Res. 218
1995-1999
—
5
1996
H.Con.Res. 67
1996-2002
—
7
1997
H.Con.Res. 178
1997-2002
—
6
1998
H.Con.Res. 84
1998-2002
—
5
1999a
H.Con.Res. 284
1998-2003
1998
5
S.Con.Res. 86
1998-2003
1998
5
2000
H.Con.Res. 68
2000-2009
—
10
2001
H.Con.Res. 290
2000-2005
2000
5

---

CRS-31
Current
Number of Years
Fiscal
Budget
Fiscal Year(s)
Fiscal Year
Covered, Excluding
Year
Resolution
Covered
Revision
Current Year
2002
H.Con.Res. 83
2001-2011
2001
10
2003b
H.Con.Res. 353
2003-2007
—
5
S.Con.Res. 100
2003-2012
—
10
2004
H.Con.Res. 95
2003-2013
2003
10
2005c
S.Con.Res. 95
2005-2009
—
5
Sources: U.S. Statutes-at-Large, various volumes, and the respective conference reports on the
budget resolutions.
Notes: This list includes first budget resolutions only.
a. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY1999. Entries represent FY1999
budget resolutions agreed to by the respective chamber.
b. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2003. Entries represent FY2003
budget resolutions agreed to by the House and reported by the Senate Budget Committee,
respectively.
c. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2005. Entry represents the
conference report to S.Con.Res. 95 (H.Rept. 108-498). The House agreed to the conference
report on May 19, 2004, but the Senate did not consider it.

---

CRS-32
Appendix I. Special Rules Providing for
the Consideration of Budget Resolutions in
the House, FY1976-FY2005
Fiscal
Date Special Rule
Special Rule
Budget Resolution
Year
Was Adopteda
Vote
1976
[none]
H.Con.Res. 218
—
—
1977
[none]
H.Con.Res. 611
—
—
1978
H.Res. 515
H.Con.Res. 195b
04-26-1977
400-1
[none]
H.Con.Res. 214
—
—
1979
[none]
H.Con.Res. 559
—
—
1980
[none]
H.Con.Res. 107
—
—
1981
H.Res. 642
H.Con.Res. 307
04-23-1980
261-143
H.Res. 649c
H.Con.Res. 307
04-30-1980
voice
1982
H.Res. 134
H.Con.Res. 115
04-30-1981
328-76
1983
H.Res. 477
H.Con.Res. 345b
05-21-1982
voice
H.Res. 496
H.Con.Res. 352
06-10-1982
339-72
1984
H.Res. 144
H.Con.Res. 91
03-22-1983
230-187
H.Res. 243
H.Con.Res. 91
06-23-1983
voice
(conf. rept.)
1985
H.Res. 476
H.Con.Res. 280
04-04-1984
302-89
1986
H.Res. 177
H.Con.Res. 152
05-22-1985
273-141
H.Res. 253
S.Con.Res. 32
08-01-1985
voice
(conf. rept.)
1987
H.Res. 397
H.Con.Res. 296b
03-13-1986
239-168
H.Res. 455
H.Con.Res. 337
05-14-1986
voice
1988
H.Res. 139
H.Con.Res. 93
04-08-1987
241-168
H.Res. 201
H.Con.Res. 93
06-23-1987
voice
(conf. rept.)
1989
H.Res. 410
H.Con.Res. 268
03-23-1988
voice
H.Res. 461
H.Con.Res. 268
05-26-1988
voice
(conf. rept.)
1990
H.Res. 145
H.Con.Res. 106
05-03-1989
voice
1991
H.Res. 382
H.Con.Res. 310
04-26-1990
voice
H.Res. 488
H.Con.Res. 310b
10-04-1990
339-94
(conf. rept.)
H.Res. 496d
H.Con.Res. 310
10-06-1990
285-105
(conf. rept.)

---

CRS-33
Fiscal
Date Special Rule
Special Rule
Budget Resolution
Year
Was Adopteda
Vote
1992
H.Res. 123
H.Con.Res. 121
04-16-1991
392-9
H.Res. 157
H.Con.Res. 121
05-22-1991
257-164
(conf. rept.)
1993
H.Res. 386
H.Con.Res. 287
03-04-1992
239-183
H.Res. 463
H.Con.Res. 287
05-21-1992
253-160
(conf. rept.)
1994
H.Res. 131
H.Con.Res. 64
03-17-1993
voice
H.Res. 133e
H.Con.Res. 64
03-18-1993
251-172
H.Res. 145
H.Con.Res. 64
03-31-1993
250-172
(conf. rept.)
1995
H.Res. 384
H.Con.Res. 218
03-10-1994
245-171
H.Res. 418
H.Con.Res. 218
05-05-1994
228-168
(conf. rept.)
1996
H.Res. 149
H.Con.Res. 67
05-17-1995
225-168
H.Res. 175
H.Con.Res. 67
06-29-1995
234-180
(conf. rept.)
H.Res. 309
H.Con.Res. 122b
12-19-1995
229-189
1997
H.Res. 435
H.Con.Res. 178
05-16-1996
227-196
H.Res. 450
H.Con.Res. 178
06-12-1996
232-190
(conf. rept.)
1998
H.Res. 152
H.Con.Res. 84
05-20-1997
278-142
H.Res. 160
H.Con.Res. 84
06-05-1997
373-47
(conf. rept.)
1999
H.Res. 455
H.Con.Res. 284
06-04-1998
216-197
2000
H.Res. 131
H.Con.Res. 68
03-25-1999
228-194
H.Res. 137
H.Con.Res. 68
04-14-1999
221-205
(conf. rept.)
2001
H.Res. 446
H.Con.Res. 290
03-23-2000
228-194
H.Res. 474
H.Con.Res. 290
04-13-2000
221-205
(conf. rept.)
2002
H.Res. 100
H.Con.Res. 83
03-28-2000
282-130
H.Res. 134f
H.Con.Res. 83
05-08-2001
409-1
(conf. rept.)
H.Res. 136
H.Con.Res. 83
05-09-2001
218-208
(conf. rept.)
2003
H.Res. 372
H.Con.Res. 353
03-05-2002
222-206
2004
H.Res. 151
H.Con.Res. 95
03-20-2003
voice
H.Res. 191
H.Con.Res. 95
04-11-2003
221-202
(conf. rept.)

---

CRS-34
Fiscal
Date Special Rule
Special Rule
Budget Resolution
Year
Was Adopteda
Vote
2005
H.Res. 574
H.Con.Res. 393
03-25-2004
voice
H.Res. 649
S.Con.Res. 95
05-19-2004
220-204
(conf. rept.)
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes: A special rule is a simple resolution reported by the House Rules Committee to provide for
consideration of legislation by the House. This list includes first budget resolutions only.
a. No special rules were rejected.
b. The budget resolution was rejected (see Appendix C in this report).
c. The special rule provided for technical corrections of H.Res. 642.
d. The special rule provided for consideration of a revised conference report (H.Rept. 101-820); the
original conference report (H.Rept. 101-802) was rejected (see Appendix C in this report).
e. The special rule provided for further consideration of H.Con.Res. 64.
f. The special rule provided for the recommittal of the conference report to the conference committee;
two pages reportedly were missing from the original printed conference report (H.Rept. 107-55).

---

CRS-35
Appendix J. Number of Amendments to Budget
Resolutions Considered in the House,
FY1976-FY2005
Fiscal
Amendmentsa
Budget Resolution
Year
Accepted
Rejected
Total
Success Rateb
1976
H.Con.Res. 218
3
3
6
50%
1977
H.Con.Res. 611
2
14
16
13%
1978
H.Con.Res. 195c
6
10
16
60%
H.Con.Res. 214
2
6
8
25%
1979
H.Con.Res. 559
3
13
16
19%
1980
H.Con.Res. 107
11
34
45
24%
1981
H.Con.Res. 307
1
10
11
9%
1982
H.Con.Res. 115
2
2
4
50%
1983
H.Con.Res. 345c
11
27
38
29%
H.Con.Res. 352
1
1
2
50%
1984
H.Con.Res. 91
0
0
0
—
1985
H.Con.Res. 280
0
7
7
0%
1986
H.Con.Res. 152
1
6
7
14%
1987
H.Con.Res. 296c
0
0
0
—
H.Con.Res. 337
0
3
3
0%
1988
H.Con.Res. 93
1
3
4
25%
1989
H.Con.Res. 268
0
3
3
0%
1990
H.Con.Res. 106
1
4
5
20%
1991
H.Con.Res. 310
0
3
3
0%
1992
H.Con.Res. 121
1
3
4
25%
1993
H.Con.Res. 287
0
3
3
0%
1994
H.Con.Res. 64
0
3
3
0%
1995
H.Con.Res. 218
0
4
4
0%
1996
H.Con.Res. 67
0
3
3
0%
H.Con.Res. 122c
0
0
0
—
1997
H.Con.Res. 178
0
3
3
0%
1998
H.Con.Res. 84
0
5
5
0%

---

CRS-36
Fiscal
Amendmentsa
Budget Resolution
Year
Accepted
Rejected
Total
Success Rateb
1999
H.Con.Res. 284
0
2
2
0%
2000
H.Con.Res. 68
0
3
3
0%
2001
H.Con.Res. 290
0
5
5
0%
2002
H.Con.Res. 83
0
4
4
0%
2003
H.Con.Res. 100
0
0
0
—
2004
H.Con.Res. 95
0
4
4
0%
2005
H.Con.Res. 393
0
4
4
0%
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes: This list includes first budget resolutions only.
a. No amendments were withdrawn or ruled out of order.
b. “Success rate” is the percentage of amendments accepted.
c. The budget resolution was rejected (see Appendix C in this report).

---

CRS-37
Appendix K. Amendments in the Nature of a
Substitute to Budget Resolutions Made in Order by
a Special Rule in the House, FY1976-FY2005
Fiscal
Budget
Amendment
Date
Vote
Disposition
Year
Resolution
Sponsor
1976
H.Con.Res. 218a
—
—
—
—
1977
H.Con.Res. 611a
—
—
—
—
1978
H.Con.Res. 195b
—
—
—
—
H.Con.Res. 214a
—
—
—
—
1979
H.Con.Res. 559a
—
—
—
—
1980
H.Con.Res. 107a
—
—
—
—
1981
H.Con.Res. 307
Obey
04-30-1980
201-213
rejected
Ottinger
04-30-1980
70-336
rejected
Holt
05-01-1980
164-246
rejected
Rousselot
05-06-1980
191-218
rejected
Latta
05-06-1980
175-242
rejected
1982
H.Con.Res. 115
Fauntroy
05-06-1981
69-356
rejected
Obey
05-06-1981
119-303
rejected
Latta
05-07-1981
253-176
accepted
1983
H.Con.Res. 345c
Miller (CA)
05-24-1982
181-225
rejected
Obey
05-24-1982
152-268
rejected
Fauntroy
05-24-1982
86-322
rejected
Rousselot
05-25-1982
182-242
rejected
Latta
05-27-1982
192-235
rejected
Aspin
05-27-1982
137-289
rejected
Jones (OK)
05-27-1982
171-253
rejected
H.Con.Res. 352
Latta
06-10-1982
220-207
accepted
Jones (OK)
06-10-1982
202-225
rejected
1984
H.Con.Res. 91
Lattad
—
—
—
1985
H.Con.Res. 280
Wirth
04-04-1984
1-401
rejected
Dannemeyer
04-04-1984
51-354
rejected
Roemer
04-04-1984
59-338
rejected
Dixon
04-05-1984
76-333
rejected
McHugh
04-05-1984
132-284
rejected
MacKay
04-05-1984
108-310
rejected
Latta
04-05-1984
107-311
rejected
1986
H.Con.Res. 152
Dannemeyer
05-22-1985
39-382
rejected
Pursell
05-22-1985
87-335
rejected
Leland
05-22-1985
54-361
rejected
Latta
05-23-1985
102-329
rejected
1987
H.Con.Res. 296e
—
—
—
—
H.Con.Res. 337
Dannemeyer
05-15-1986
73-338
rejected
Leland
05-15-1986
61-359
rejected
Latta
05-15-1986
145-280
rejected

---

CRS-38
Fiscal
Budget
Amendment
Date
Vote
Disposition
Year
Resolution
Sponsor
1988
H.Con.Res. 93
Gray (PA)
04-09-1987
230-192
accepted
Gray (PA)
04-09-1987
27-394
rejected
Dannemeyer
04-09-1987
47-369
rejected
Dymally
04-09-1987
56-362
rejected
1989
H.Con.Res. 268
Dannemeyer
03-23-1988
75-347
rejected
Porter
03-23-1988
64-354
rejected
Penny
03-23-1988
27-394
rejected
1990
H.Con.Res. 106
Dannemeyer
05-04-1989
72-350
rejected
Dellums
05-04-1989
81-343
rejected
Kasich
05-04-1989
30-393
rejected
Gephardt
05-04-1989
49-373
rejected
1991
H.Con.Res. 310
Kasich
04-26-1990
106-305
rejected
Dannemeyer
04-26-1990
48-354
rejected
Dellums
05-01-1990
90-334
rejected
1992
H.Con.Res. 121
Dannemeyer
04-17-1991
79-332
rejected
Kasich
04-17-1991
114-303
rejected
Gradison
04-17-1991
89-335
rejected
1993
H.Con.Res. 287
Dannemeyer
03-04-1992
60-344
rejected
Gradison
03-04-1992
42-370
rejected
Towns
03-05-1992
77-342
rejected
1994
H.Con.Res. 64
Kasich
03-18-1993
135-295
rejected
Solomon
03-18-1993
20-409
rejected
Mfume
03-18-1993
87-335
rejected
1995
H.Con.Res. 218
Frank (MA)
03-10-1994
105-313
rejected
Solomon
03-10-1994
73-342
rejected
Mfume
03-11-1994
81-326
rejected
Kasich
03-11-1994
165-243
rejected
1996
H.Con.Res. 67
Gephardt
05-18-1995
100-325
rejected
Neumann
05-18-1995
89-342
rejected
Payne (NJ)
05-18-1995
56-367
rejected
H.Con.Res. 122f
—
—
—
—
1997
H.Con.Res. 178
Payne (NJ)
05-16-1996
63-362
rejected
Orton
05-16-1996
130-295
rejected
Sabo
05-16-1996
117-304
rejected
1998
H.Con.Res. 84
Doolittle
05-21-1997
119-313
rejected
Brown (CA)
05-21-1997
91-339
rejected
Waters
05-21-1997
72-358
rejected
Kennedy (MA)
05-21-1997
123-306
rejected
Shuster
05-21-1997
214-216
rejected
1999
H.Con.Res. 284
Neumann
06-05-1998
158-262
rejected
Spratt
06-05-1998
164-257
rejected
2000
H.Con.Res. 68
Coburn
03-25-1999
2-426
rejected
Minge
03-25-1999
134-295
rejected
Spratt
03-25-1999
173-250
rejected

---

CRS-39
Fiscal
Budget
Amendment
Date
Vote
Disposition
Year
Resolution
Sponsor
2001
H.Con.Res. 290
Owens
03-23-2000
70-348
rejected
DeFazio
03-23-2000
61-351
rejected
Stenholm
03-23-2000
171-243
rejected
Sununu
03-23-2000
78-339
rejected
Spratt
03-23-2000
184-233
rejected
2002
H.Con.Res. 83
Kucinich
03-28-2001
79-343
rejected
Stenholm
03-28-2001
204-221
rejected
Flake
03-28-2001
81-341
rejected
Spratt
03-28-2001
183-243
rejected
2003
H.Con.Res. 353
—
—
—
—
2004
H.Con.Res. 95
Hill
03-20-2003
174-254
rejected
Toomey
03-20-2003
80-342
rejected
Cummings
03-20-2003
85-340
rejected
Spratt
03-20-2003
192-236
rejected
2005
H.Con.Res. 393
Cummings
03-25-2004
119-302
rejected
Stenholm
03-25-2004
183-243
rejected
Hensarling
03-25-2004
116-309
rejected
Spratt
03-25-2004
194-232
rejected
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes: See Appendix H for a list of special rules providing for consideration of budget resolutions in the House.
An amendment in the nature of a substitute strikes all text after the resolving clause and replaces it with a
different text. This list includes first budget resolutions only.
a. The budget resolution was not considered under a special rule.
b. The budget resolution was considered under an open rule (H.Res. 515); no specific amendments in the nature
of a substitute were made in order. H.Con.Res. 195 was rejected (see Appendix C in this report).
c. H.Con.Res. 345 was rejected (see Appendix C in this report).
d. The special rule (H.Res. 144) made in order an amendment in the nature of a substitute by, and if offered by,
Rep. Latta, but he did not offer one.
e. The budget resolution was considered under a closed rule (H.Res. 397). H.Con.Res. 296 was rejected (see
Appendix C in this report).
f. The budget resolution was considered under a closed rule (H.Res. 309). H.Con.Res. 122 was rejected (see
Appendix C in this report).

---

CRS-40
Appendix L. Number of Amendments to Budget Resolutions
Considered in the Senate, FY1976-FY2005
Amendments
Withdrawn or Ruled
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution
Accepted
Rejected
Total
Success Ratea
Out-of-Order
1976
S.Con.Res. 32
1
4
0
5
20%
1977
S.Con.Res. 109
1
7
0
8
13%
1978
S.Con.Res. 19
5
2
0
7
71%
1979
S.Con.Res. 80
0
9
0
9
0%
1980
S.Con.Res. 22
5
12
0
17
29%
1981
S.Con.Res. 86
11
28
0
39
28%
1982
S.Con.Res. 9b
4
31
1
36
11%
S.Con.Res. 19
2
17
0
19
11%
1983
S.Con.Res. 92
9
28
0
37
24%
1984
S.Con.Res. 27
7
24
0
31
23%
1985
S.Con.Res. 106
2
0
0
2
100%
1986
S.Con.Res. 32
14
23
0
37
38%
1987
S.Con.Res. 120
15
5
2
22
68%
1988
S.Con.Res. 49
4
9
2
15
27%
1989
S.Con.Res. 113
8
4
0
12
67%
1990
S.Con.Res. 30
23
2
1
26
88%
1991
S.Con.Res. 110
1
0
0
1
100%

---

CRS-41
Amendments
Withdrawn or Ruled
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution
Accepted
Rejected
Total
Success Ratea
Out-of-Order
1992
S.Con.Res. 29
7
5
3
15
47%
1993
S.Con.Res. 106
15
3
3
21
71%
1994
S.Con.Res. 18
22
28
0
50
44%
1995
S.Con.Res. 63
26
9
4
39
67%
1996
S.Con.Res. 13
26
34
9
69
38%
1997
S.Con.Res. 57
41
22
4
67
61%
1998
S.Con.Res. 27
39
12
13
64
61%
1999
S.Con.Res. 86
57
8
41
106
54%
2000
S.Con.Res. 20
57
8
30
95
60%
2001
S.Con.Res. 101
38
12
8
58
66%
2002
H.Con.Res. 83c
51
10
5
66
77%
2003
S.Con.Res. 100d
—
—
—
—
—
2004
S.Con.Res. 23
44
35
3
82
54%
2005
S.Con.Res. 95
39
19
6
64
61%
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes: This list includes first budget resolutions only.
a. “Success rate” is the percentage of amendments accepted.
b. The budget resolution was adopted by the Senate on April 2, 1981, by a vote of 88-10; no further action was taken.
c. The Senate Budget Committee did not mark up or report a budget resolution for FY2002. Instead, the Senate considered the House-passed budget resolution after the Senate Budget Committee was
discharged from its consideration.
d. The Senate Budget Committee reported the FY2003 budget resolution, but the full Senate did not consider it.

---

CRS-42
Appendix M. Timing of House Action on Budget Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005
Date Conference
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution (companion measure)
Typea
Date Consideration Began
Date of Initial Passage
Report Adopted
1976
H.Con.Res. 218 (S.Con.Res. 32)
first
04-30-1975
05-01-1975
05-14-1975
H.Con.Res. 466 (S.Con.Res. 76)
second
11-11-1975
11-12-1975
12-12-1975
1977
S.Con.Res. 109 (H.Con.Res. 611)
first
04-27-1976
04-29-1976
05-13-1976
S.Con.Res. 139 (H.Con.Res. 728)
second
09-08-1976
09-09-1976
09-16-1976
S.Con.Res. 10 (H.Con.Res. 110)
third
02-22-1977
02-23-1977
03-03-1977
1978
S.Con.Res. 19 (H.Con.Res. 214)
first
05-03-1977
05-05-1977
05-17-1977
H.Con.Res. 341 (S.Con.Res. 43)
second
09-07-1977
09-08-1977
09-15-1977
1979
S.Con.Res. 80 (H.Con.Res. 559)
first
05-02-1978
05-10-1978
05-17-1978
H.Con.Res. 683 (S.Con.Res. 104)
second
08-15-1978
08-16-1978
09-21-1978
1980
H.Con.Res. 107 (S.Con.Res. 22)
first
04-30-1979
05-14-1979
05-24-1979
S.Con.Res. 53 (H.Con.Res. 186)
second
11-28-1979
11-28-1979
— b
1981
H.Con.Res. 307 (S.Con.Res. 86)
first
04-23-1980
05-07-1980
06-12-1980
H.Con.Res. 448 (S.Con.Res. 119)
second
11-18-1980
11-18-1980
11-20-1980
1982
H.Con.Res. 115 (S.Con.Res. 19)
first
04-30-1981
05-07-1981
05-20-1981
S.Con.Res. 50 (H.Con.Res. 230)
second
12-10-1981
12-10-1981
— c

---

CRS-43
Date Conference
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution (companion measure)
Typea
Date Consideration Began
Date of Initial Passage
Report Adopted
1983
S.Con.Res. 92 (H.Con.Res. 352)
—
06-10-1982
06-10-1982
06-22-1982
1984
H.Con.Res. 91 (S.Con.Res. 27)
—
03-22-1983
03-23-1983
06-23-1983
1985
H.Con.Res. 280 (S.Con.Res. 106)
—
04-04-1984
04-05-1984
10-01-1984
1986
S.Con.Res. 32 (H.Con.Res. 152)
—
05-22-1985
05-23-1985
08-01-1985
1987
S.Con.Res. 120 (H.Con.Res. 337)
—
05-14-1986
05-15-1986
06-26-1986
1988
H.Con.Res. 93 (S.Con.Res. 49)
—
04-08-1987
04-09-1987
06-23-1987
1989
H.Con.Res. 268 (S.Con.Res. 113)
—
03-23-1988
03-23-1988
05-26-1988
1990
H.Con.Res. 106 (S.Con.Res. 30)
—
05-03-1989
05-04-1989
05-17-1989
1991
H.Con.Res. 310 (S.Con.Res. 110)
—
04-25-1990
05-01-1990
10-08-1990
1992
H.Con.Res. 121 (S.Con.Res. 29)
—
04-16-1991
04-17-1991
05-22-1991
1993
H.Con.Res. 287 (S.Con.Res. 106)
—
03-04-1992
03-05-1992
05-21-1992
1994
H.Con.Res. 64 (S.Con.Res. 18)
—
03-17-1993
03-18-1993
03-31-1993
1995
H.Con.Res. 218 (S.Con.Res. 63)
—
03-10-1994
03-11-1994
05-05-1994
1996
H.Con.Res. 67 (S.Con.Res. 13)
—
05-17-1995
05-18-1995
06-29-1995
1997
H.Con.Res. 178 (S.Con.Res. 57)
—
05-15-1996
05-16-1996
06-12-1996
1998
H.Con.Res. 84 (S.Con.Res. 27)
—
05-20-1997
05-21-1997
06-05-1997
1999d
H.Con.Res. 284 (S.Con.Res. 86)
—
06-04-1998
06-05-1998
—
2000
H.Con.Res. 68 (S.Con.Res. 20)
—
03-25-1999
03-25-1999
04-14-1999

---

CRS-44
Date Conference
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution (companion measure)
Typea
Date Consideration Began
Date of Initial Passage
Report Adopted
2001
H.Con.Res. 290 (S.Con.Res. 101)
—
03-23-2000
03-23-2000
04-13-2001
2002
H.Con.Res. 83 (no companion measure)e
—
03-27-2001
03-28-2001
05-09-2001
2003f
H.Con.Res. 353 (S.Con.Res. 100)
—
03-20-2002
03-20-2002
—
2004
H.Con.Res. 95 (S.Con.Res. 23)
—
03-20-2003
03-21-2003
04-11-2003
2005g
S.Con.Res. 95 (H.Con.Res. 393)
—
03-24-2004
03-25-2004
05-19-2004
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes:
a. “Type” refers to whether the budget resolution was the first, second, or third for the fiscal year. For the first seven years of the congressional budget process, Congress adopted
multiple budget resolutions each year. Since the FY1983 budget resolution, Congress has adopted only one a year.
b. The House rejected its version of the budget resolution (see Appendix C of this report) and adopted the Senate’s version; no conference report was necessary.
c. The House laid its version of the budget resolution on the table by unanimous consent and adopted the Senate’s version; no conference report was necessary.
d. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY1999.
e. The Senate Budget Committee did not mark up or report a budget resolution for FY2002. Instead, the Senate considered the House-passed budget resolution after the Senate Budget
Committee was discharged from its consideration.
f. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2003.
g. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2005. While the House agreed to the conference report on S.Con.Res. 95, on the date indicated, the Senate did not
consider it.

---

CRS-45
Appendix N. Timing of Senate Action on Budget Resolutions, FY1976-FY2005
Date Conference
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution (companion measure)
Typea
Date Consideration Began
Date of Initial Passage
Report Adopted
1976
H.Con.Res. 218 (S.Con.Res. 32)
first
04-29-1975
05-05-1975
05-14-1975
H.Con.Res. 466 (S.Con.Res. 76)
second
11-19-1975
11-20-1975
12-11-1975
1977
S.Con.Res. 109 (H.Con.Res. 611)
first
04-08-1976
04-12-1976
05-12-1976
S.Con.Res. 139 (H.Con.Res. 728)
second
09-08-1976
09-09-1976
09-15-1976
S.Con.Res. 10 (H.Con.Res. 110)
third
02-21-1977
02-22-1977
03-03-1977
1978
S.Con.Res. 19 (H.Con.Res. 214)
first
05-02-1977
05-03-1977
05-13-1977
H.Con.Res. 341 (S.Con.Res. 43)
second
09-07-1977
09-09-1977
09-15-1977
1979
S.Con.Res. 80 (H.Con.Res. 559)
first
04-24-1978
04-26-1978
05-15-1978
H.Con.Res. 683 (S.Con.Res. 104)
second
08-25-1978
09-06-1978
09-23-1978
1980
H.Con.Res. 107 (S.Con.Res. 22)
first
04-23-1979
04-25-1979b
05-23-1979
S.Con.Res. 53 (H.Con.Res. 186)
second
11-16-1979
11-16-1979
— c
1981
H.Con.Res. 307 (S.Con.Res. 86)
first
05-05-1980
05-12-1980
06-12-1980
H.Con.Res. 448 (S.Con.Res. 119)
second
11-18-1980
11-19-1980
11-20-1980
1982
H.Con.Res. 115 (S.Con.Res. 19)
first
05-07-1981
05-12-1981
05-21-1981
S.Con.Res. 50 (H.Con.Res. 230)
second
12-08-1981
12-09-1981
— c

---

CRS-46
Date Conference
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution (companion measure)
Typea
Date Consideration Began
Date of Initial Passage
Report Adopted
1983
S.Con.Res. 92 (H.Con.Res. 352)
—
05-14-1982
05-21-1982
06-23-1982
1984
H.Con.Res. 91 (S.Con.Res. 27)
—
05-02-1983
05-19-1983
06-23-1983
1985
H.Con.Res. 280 (S.Con.Res. 106)
—
05-18-1984
05-18-1984
09-26-1984
1986
S.Con.Res. 32 (H.Con.Res. 152)
—
04-25-1985
05-09-1985
08-01-1985
1987
S.Con.Res. 120 (H.Con.Res. 337)
—
04-21-1986
05-01-1986
06-27-1986
1988
H.Con.Res. 93 (S.Con.Res. 49)
—
04-28-1987
05-06-1987
06-24-1987
1989
H.Con.Res. 268 (S.Con.Res. 113)
—
04-11-1988
04-14-1988
06-06-1988
1990
H.Con.Res. 106 (S.Con.Res. 30)
—
05-02-1989
05-04-1989
05-18-1989
1991
H.Con.Res. 310 (S.Con.Res. 110)
—
06-14-1990
06-14-1990
10-09-1990
1992
H.Con.Res. 121 (S.Con.Res. 29)
—
04-23-1991
04-25-1991
05-22-1991
1993
H.Con.Res. 287 (S.Con.Res. 106)
—
04-07-1992
04-10-1992
05-21-1992
1994
H.Con.Res. 64 (S.Con.Res. 18)
—
03-17-1993
03-25-1993
04-01-1993
1995
H.Con.Res. 218 (S.Con.Res. 63)
—
03-22-1994
03-25-1994
05-12-1994
1996
H.Con.Res. 67 (S.Con.Res. 13)
—
05-18-1995
05-25-1995
06-29-1995
1997
H.Con.Res. 178 (S.Con.Res. 57)
—
05-15-1996
05-23-1996
06-13-1996
1998
H.Con.Res. 84 (S.Con.Res. 27)
—
05-20-1997
05-23-1997
06-05-1997
1999d
H.Con.Res. 284 (S.Con.Res. 86)
—
03-27-1998
04-02-1998
—
2000
H.Con.Res. 68 (S.Con.Res. 20)
—
03-25-1999
03-25-1999
04-15-1999

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CRS-47
Date Conference
Fiscal Year
Budget Resolution (companion measure)
Typea
Date Consideration Began
Date of Initial Passage
Report Adopted
2001
H.Con.Res. 290 (S.Con.Res. 101)
—
04-04-2000
04-07-2000
04-13-2001
2002
H.Con.Res. 83 (no companion measure)e
—
04-02-2001
04-06-2001
05-10-2001
2003f
H.Con.Res. 353 (S.Con.Res. 100)
—
—
—
—
2004
H.Con.Res. 95 (S.Con.Res. 23)
—
03-18-2003
03-26-2003
04-11-2003
2005g
S.Con.Res. 95 (H.Con.Res. 393)
—
03-08-2004
03-12-2004
—
Source: Legislative Information System of the U.S. Congress [http://www.congress.gov].
Notes:
a. “Type” refers to whether the budget resolution was the first, second, or third for the fiscal year. For the first seven years of the congressional budget process, Congress adopted
multiple budget resolutions each year. Since the FY1983 budget resolution, Congress has adopted only one a year.
b. The text of S.Con.Res. 22 was inserted in H.Con.Res. 107 on May 15, 1979.
c. The House adopted the Senate’s version of the budget resolution; no conference report was necessary.
d. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY1999.
e. The Senate Budget Committee did not mark up or report a budget resolution for FY2002. Instead, the Senate considered the House-passed budget resolution after the Senate Budget
Committee was discharged from its consideration.
f. The Senate did not consider the FY2003 budget resolution on the floor; ultimately, Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2003.
g. Congress did not complete action on a budget resolution for FY2005. While the House agreed to the conference report on S.Con.Res. 95, on the date indicated in the previous table,
the Senate did not consider it

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