Order Code RS21958
Updated December 20, 2004
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Government Activities to Protect
the Electric Grid
Amy Abel
Specialist in Energy Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Summary
The electric utility system is vulnerable to outages caused by a range of activities,
including system operator errors, weather-related damage, and terrorist attacks. The
main risk from a successful terrorist attack against the electric power industry would be
widespread power outages lasting for an extended period of time. While the electric
utility industry has the primary responsibility for protecting its assets, federal and state
government agencies also have been addressing physical security concerns. This report
provides a description of initiatives within the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
and the Departments of Energy, Homeland Security, and Defense to protect the physical
transmission infrastructure. It will be updated as events warrant.
The U.S. electric power system has historically operated at such a high level of
reliability that any major outage, caused by either sabotage, weather, or operational errors,
makes news headlines. The transmission system is extensive, consisting mainly of
transformers, switches, transmission towers and lines, control centers, and computer
controls. A spectrum of threats exists to the electric system, ranging from weather-related
incidents to terrorist attacks — including physical attacks as well as attacks on computer
systems, or cyber-attacks. The main risk from weather-related damage or a terrorist attack
against the electric power industry is a widespread power outage that lasts for an extended
period of time.
Of the transmission system’s physical infrastructure, high-voltage (HV) transformers
are arguably the most critical component. Utilities rarely experience loss of an individual
HV transformer, but recovery from such a loss takes months if no spare is available.
Conversely, utilities regularly experience damage to transmission towers due to both
weather and malicious activities and are able to recover from this damage fairly rapidly.
Occasional outages resulting from these attacks generally have not been widespread or
long-lasting.
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Overview of Government Initiatives
The electric utility industry is evolving to become more competitive at both the
wholesale and retail levels. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) introduced
wholesale competition in the electric power industry, and subsequent Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC) orders have encouraged the formation of regional
transmission organizations to facilitate access to the transmission system.1 In addition,
many states have moved to allow competition on the retail level.2 Reliability and
infrastructure protection were not addressed in federal and state restructuring legislation,
and there is currently no federal regulation of electric network security. Until recently,
impacts of competition on physical and cybersecurity of the electric power industry were
not part of the congressional debate.3
The potential for terrorist attacks on the electric system has pushed secure operation
of the grid into the federal policy arena from its traditional position as an industry
responsibility. In 1996, the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection
was created to address concerns relating to the vulnerability of critical national
infrastructures. The commission issued a report in October 1997 that described electric
power vulnerabilities. The report stated:
Of particular concern are the bulk power grid (consisting of generating stations,
transmission lines with voltages of 100 kV or higher, plus 150 control centers and
associated substations) and the distribution portion of those electric power systems
where interruption could lead to a major metropolitan outage.4
In response to the commission’s report, President Clinton signed Presidential Decision
Directive 63 (PDD-63), which outlines a series of actions designed to defend critical
infrastructures from various threats.5 On December 17, 2003, President Bush issued
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 (HSPD-7), which supersedes portions of
PDD-63 and clarifies that the Department of Energy is the lead agency with which the
energy industry will coordinate responses to energy emergencies. However, it has limited
authority in the infrastructure assurance area. The North American Electric Reliability
Council (NERC), an industry organization that promotes the reliable operation of the
1 FERC Orders 888, 889, and 2000.
2 Further discussion of state retail competition, see CRS Issue Brief IB10006, Electricity: The
Road Toward Restructuring.
3 Testimony of Phillip G. Harris, President and CEO, PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. Hearing
Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality. House Committee on Energy and
Commerce. Serial No. 107-64. October 10, 2001.
4 President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, Critical Foundations: Protecting
America’s Infrastructures — The Report of the President’s Commission on Critical
Infrastructure Protection, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), No. 040-000-00699-1,
October 1997.
5 See The Clinton Administration’s Policy on Critical Infrastructure Protection: Presidential
Decision Directive 63, White Paper, May 22, 1998, at [http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/
cybercrime/white_pr.htm]. For a discussion on general critical infrastructure activities, see CRS
Report RL30153, Critical Infrastructure: Background, Policy, and Implementation.

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electric system, is designated by PDD-63 as the sector coordinator for the private electric
utility sector. NERC retains responsibility for promulgating and overseeing reliability
guidelines for the electric power industry but does not have enforcement authority.6
Compliance with these guidelines is voluntary for electric utilities. As was seen in the
August 14, 2003, blackout, reliability guidelines were not followed, resulting in
catastrophic consequences.7
As electric utility sector coordinator, NERC is responsible for assessing sector
vulnerabilities and developing a plan for the utility sector to reduce system vulnerabilities;
proposing a system for identifying and averting attacks; and developing a plan to alert,
contain, and deflect an attack in progress and then to reconstitute minimum essential
capabilities in the aftermath of the attack. As part of PDD-63, Information Sharing and
Analysis Centers (ISACs) have been created in many critical sectors to facilitate the
gathering, analyzing, and disseminating of information related to infrastructure
vulnerabilities, threats, and best practices among government and private-sector
organizations. NERC operates the ISAC for the electric utility industry.8
Prior to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), coordination
of electric infrastructure protection activities was the responsibility of the Department of
Energy (DOE). Portions of DOE’s energy infrastructure security and assurance activities,
including parts the Office of Energy Assurance and the National Infrastructure Simulation
and Analysis Center, were transferred to DHS on March 1, 2003. The Department of
Energy retains responsibility for energy supply and demand issues; energy reliability;
energy emergencies; technology; training and support; coordination; and energy policy.
The critical infrastructure protection functions of the Department of Homeland Security
are generally expected to include security issues; threats and terrorism; and critical
infrastructure protection. However, according to both DOE and DHS, their
responsibilities overlap on some energy security issues, including emergencies,
vulnerability, and critical assets.9 Even though DHS and DOE have various
responsibilities for infrastructure protection, they have no regulatory authority to force
utilities to implement security initiatives.

Critical Electricity Infrastructure Information. Many in the industry have
expressed concerns that proprietary information relating to infrastructure security could
be made public if the information is shared with government agencies.10 FERC’s Order
630 allows access to certain critical energy infrastructure information (CEII) that is
6 In the 108th Congress, S. 14, S. 475, S. 1754, S. 2014, S. 2095, S. 2236, the conference report
on H.R. 6, H.R. 1370, and H.R. 3004 would provide for an Electric Reliability Organization to
prescribe and enforce mandatory reliability standards.
7 U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, Interim Report: Causes of the August 14th
Blackout in the United States and Canada, November 2003.
8 See [http://www.esiac.com/].
9 Office of Energy Assurance, Department of Energy, Presentation to the State Heating Oil and
Propane Conference, August 11, 2003; and personal communication with Department of
Homeland Security.
10 Another industry concern is that sharing information among utilities may raise antitrust
problems.

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submitted to the Commission that would otherwise be unavailable under the Freedom of
Information Act (FOIA).11 The rule defines CEII as information that “must relate to
critical infrastructure, be potentially useful to terrorists, and be exempt from disclosure
under the Freedom of Information Act,” but excludes from release “information that
identifies the location of infrastructure.” The rule also establishes procedures for the
public to request and obtain such critical information, and applies both to proposed and
existing infrastructure. In issuing its order, FERC defined critical infrastructure as
existing and proposed systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, the incapacity
or destruction of which would negatively affect security, economic security, public
health or safety, or any combination of those matters.12
Proponents of FERC’s rules for CEII believe they will provide adequate protection
for transmission owners filing security information in future rate cases and other
proceedings. Some utilities remain concerned, however, that despite the CEII rules,
security information filed with FERC may still end up in the public domain — so they
have been reluctant to submit specific security information to the Commission.
On February 20, 2004, DHS established the Protected Critical Infrastructure
Information (PCII) Program. The PCII program is designed to encourage private industry
and others with knowledge about critical infrastructure to share confidential, proprietary,
and business-sensitive information with the U.S. government. DHS exempts from public
disclosure all information given to the PCII program.
Many government organizations and utilities maintain databases of critical
infrastructure of the electric utility industry, each containing different assets but none that
identifies and locates all of the nation’s utility infrastructure. In addition, there is no
power-flow model for the entire United States that could, in real time, assess the
vulnerabilities of regions to attacks on critical assets. At issue in attempting to develop
a database of critical infrastructure is to define common parameters and purposes to assess
the criticality of particular utility infrastructure. Without consistent criteria for what
makes a type of infrastructure critical, either on a regional or national basis, a database of
assets would be of limited value. DHS has compiled a preliminary list of critical
infrastructure in electric power and has circulated that list to certain infrastructure owners
for their revisions. Among utilities, there is some confusion as to why certain assets were
included in the list, since some assets that are listed are not currently being used and
others do not support significant load.13 In a speech on February 23, 2004, Homeland
Security Secretary Ridge announced that by December 2004, DHS will create a “unified,
national critical infrastructure database that will enable us to identify our greatest points
of vulnerability, existing levels of security, and then add increased measures of protection
11 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Final Rule. Critical Energy Infrastructure Information.
Order No. 630. Docket Nos. RM02-4-000-000 and PL02-1-000-000. Issued February 21, 2003.
12 18 CFR 388.113(c)(2).
13 Personal communication with industry official, September 29, 2003.

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where needed.”14 DHS officials have shared a draft list of critical infrastructures with
some Members of Congress, but an official database has not been created.
Department of Homeland Security Protective Activities. DHS has been
addressing high-voltage transformer security within its Protective Security Division (PSD)
but currently is not addressing transmission towers or control center security. PSD is
developing a National Emergency Energy Spare Parts Program to “ensure a supply and
support system to provide spares for the critical components in our nation’s
infrastructure.”15 The program is initially focused on HV transformers, although it will
include other types of electrical equipment in the future. As part of this program, PSD is
building upon the Electric Power Research Institute’s (EPRI’s) transformer activities to
develop a “containerized” HV recovery transformer that could fit in a conventional
International Standards Organization (ISO)-compliant shipping container for easy
transport on flatbed trucks. The division believes that such containerized HV
transformers could not only serve as emergency replacements in a wide range of network
applications, but could also be transported within a few days in emergencies.16 According
to PSD officials, the division plans to fund the development of these transformers to
demonstrate the technology, but does not plan to buy a stockpile of production units; the
division’s emphasis is on attack prevention, rather than recovery.17 PSD expects designs
for the containerized transformers to be completed by the end of 2004.
According to PSD, the division intends to develop and implement “buffer zone”
protection plans for critical power facilities, including HV transformer substations. These
plans would seek to enhance security immediately around a critical facility with measures
such as road barriers and surveillance to deter or delay terrorist attacks. According to
PSD, local law enforcement agencies would be eligible for funding from DHS grants to
states to support these buffer zone plans. PSD does not intend to evaluate or enforce
transmission owners’ internal security programs for critical assets. DHS is also
developing grid monitoring capability.18 More detailed information is not available from
DHS.
Department of Defense. The Department of Defense Infrastructure and
Interdependency Solutions Branch is developing an extensive modeling capability for
many critical infrastructures, including for the electric utility industry. When complete,
the model will include a map of facility locations (power plants, power lines and
substations). This is intended to allow for identification of key links and nodes critical to
the delivery of electric power to points or regions of interest. According to the branch
14 Secretary Tom Ridge. Speech on the One Year Anniversary of the Department of Homeland
Security. George Washington University, Homeland Security Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.
February 23, 2004.
15 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), IAIP Protective Security Division. “National
Emergency Energy Spare Parts Program.” Presentation to the EPRI Infrastructure Security
Initiative Meeting. Palo Alto, CA. June 26, 2003.
16 DHS, June 26, 2003.
17 DHS, personal communication, October 23, 2003.
18 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), IAIP Protective Security Division. Personal
communication. November 5, 2003.

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head, the facilities on the map will then be indexed to an operational model of the power
grid and a powerflow analysis tool that will allow for the identification of key links and
nodes for the entire United States.19
Department of Energy. The Office of Energy Assurance (OEA) in the
Department of Energy has lead responsibility for the security of U.S. energy
infrastructure, broadly, under Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7. The OEA has
expressed concern about system vulnerabilities and has been meeting informally with
utility and transformer industry representatives to explore options for enhancing
transformer security. The office, through two national laboratories, is funding the
development of software models to assist electric utilities in modeling catastrophic
outages, identifying critical network assets, and performing vulnerability assessments of
those assets.20 It is not clear how or when the OEA will transfer these modeling
capabilities to industry for practical application.
State Utility Commissions. State utility officials have begun to generally
address critical electric power infrastructure. In addition to cost recovery activities by the
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) critical
infrastructure protection committee, a few states, such as New York, have established
dedicated offices within utility commissions to address utility security issues. Several
states have developed lists of critical infrastructure to share with state and federal law
enforcement and security agencies.21
19 Department of Defense. Naval Surface Warfare Center - Dahlgren Division. Joint Warfare
Applications Department. Innovative Systems and Mission Assurance Division. Infrastructure
and Interdependency Solutions Branch. Personal communication. March 5, 2004.
20 Office of Energy Assurance, Department of Energy. “National Lab/Industry Partnership to
Demonstrate Technologies for Energy Assurance.” Press release. Washington, DC. October 23,
2003.
21 National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners. Critical Infrastructure Committee.
Cost Recovery Workshop. Meeting notes. Washington, DC. October 23. 2003.

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