<font size="+1">List of Tables</font>
Table 1. Foreign Assistance Authorizations in Div. B, S.2144
Congress last enacted a broad foreign assistance authorization act in 1985. In the absence of omnibus foreign aid measures, the majority of foreign assistance legislation has been enacted as part of annual Foreign Operations appropriation measures. Division B of S. 2144 -- Foreign Assistance Authorization for FY2005 -- is an effort to "reinforce" the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's role in foreign aid policy making. It is not an attempt to comprehensively review and re-write existing foreign aid legislation, but rather it is a first step in providing necessary authorization for program appropriations in FY2005 and updating selected legislative provisions to reflect current policy. Committee Chairman Lugar said that it was his intent to launch a more ambitious effort later that would revamp the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and other long-standing foreign aid laws. The Committee reported and the Senate debated similar legislation last year -- S. 1161, later merged into S. 925 -- authorizing foreign aid programs for FY2004. The bill remains pending in the Senate, but is unlikely to receive further consideration.
Division B of S. 2144 is divided into five titles. Title XXI includes FY2005 authorizations of appropriations. Title XXII updates and amends several existing foreign aid authorities, some of which have been annually extended in appropriation acts. Title XXIII is the Radiological Terrorism Security Act of 2004. Title XXIV is the Global Pathogen Surveillance Act of 2004. Title XXV consists of several provisions, some of which address Africa and Latin America issues, including additional aid for Haiti.
The legislation authorizes the appropriation of about $16.9 billion for 22 foreign assistance programs, closely matching the account structure of the annual Foreign Operations appropriations for bilateral economic and military aid. The amounts authorized are nearly identical to levels requested by the Administration for FY2005, although the bill would increase spending for HIV/AIDS, development aid, assistance to the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and nonproliferation programs, while reducing amounts for the Millennium Challenge Account.
S. 2144 addresses the threat posed by terrorist use of radiological dispersal devices, or RDDs. The bill requires the Secretary of State to prepare and submit to Congress reports assessing the threat of a radiological attack on U.S. missions. The bill further authorizes the Secretary to aid foreign countries, or propose that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) develop programs, helping foreign first responders identify and address threats posed by radioactive materials.
The legislation also includes the Global Pathogen Surveillance Act, authorizing $35 million for FY2005 to enhance the capability of developing nations to detect, identify, and contain infectious disease outbreaks, whether naturally occurring or the result of a bioterrorist attack. The measure includes several provisions that are intended to support and strengthen the disease surveillance capabilities of developing nations. Additionally, it would permit the expansion of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention facilities overseas to further the goals of global disease monitoring. This report will be updated as Congress considers the legislation.
<center>Key Policy Staff</center>
| Area of Expertise | Name | Telephone | |
| Africa | Raymond Copson
Nicholas Cook Theodros Dagne |
[phone number scrubbed]
[phone number scrubbed] [phone number scrubbed] |
[email address scrubbed]
[email address scrubbed] [email address scrubbed] |
| Development Assistance | [author name scrubbed]
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed]
[phone number scrubbed] |
[email address scrubbed] [email address scrubbed] |
| Foreign Aid | [author name scrubbed]
[author name scrubbed] |
[phone number scrubbed]
[phone number scrubbed] |
[email address scrubbed]
[email address scrubbed] |
| HIV/AIDS | Raymond Copson
Tiaji Salaam |
[phone number scrubbed]
[phone number scrubbed] |
[email address scrubbed]
[email address scrubbed] |
| Indonesia | Larry Niksch | [phone number scrubbed] | [email address scrubbed] |
| Middle East Partnership Initiative | Jeremy Sharp | [phone number scrubbed] | [email address scrubbed] |
| Military aid/Arms sales | Richard Grimmett | [phone number scrubbed] | [email address scrubbed] |
| Haiti | Maureen Taft-Morales | [phone number scrubbed] | [email address scrubbed] |
| Pathogens | [author name scrubbed] | [phone number scrubbed] | [email address scrubbed] |
| Radiological terrorism | Jonathan Medalia | [phone number scrubbed] | [email address scrubbed] |
| Russia/East Europe Aid | [author name scrubbed] | [phone number scrubbed] | [email address scrubbed] |
On March 4, 2004, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee ordered reported S. 2144, the Foreign Affairs Authorization Act, FY2005. Division B of the measure is designated as the Foreign Assistance Authorization Act, FY2005, text that is largely patterned after foreign aid authorizing legislation (S. 1161) debated, but not passed, in the Senate last year. Division B of S. 2144 authorizes about $16.9 billion for most, but not all, foreign assistance programs, funding many economic and military aid activities at levels requested by the Administration for FY2005. Division B also incorporates two policy initiatives: the Radiological Terrorism Security Act and the Global Pathogen Surveillance Act.
Congress last enacted a broad foreign assistance authorization act in 1985. Prior to 1985 beginning in the mid-1950s, it had been the congressional practice to debate and approve general foreign aid legislation either annually or biennially. These debates frequently evolved into a wide-ranging consideration of U.S. foreign policy that went well beyond discussions of economic and military assistance programs. As such, the legislation was frequently marked by controversy, internal congressional disagreements concerning international issues, and disputes between the executive and legislative branches regarding Presidential management of foreign policy. In several years since 1985, Congress considered foreign aid authorizing measures, but the bills failed to reach final passage. (1) In the interim, lawmakers have approved more narrowly focused, "single-issue" foreign aid authorization bills, such as the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act (1989), the FREEDOM Support Act (1992), the International Malaria Control Act (2000), and the more recently enacted United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003.
Lack of Administration support for foreign aid bills has been a continuing obstacle to enactment over the past 18 years. The Clinton Administration submitted draft legislation in 1994 seeking to re-write the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, but in most cases, the executive has opposed or not encouraged consideration of broad foreign assistance measures which were perceived as intrusions into Presidential flexibility in managing foreign policy or excessive congressional earmarking.
In the absence of omnibus foreign aid authorizations, the majority of the foreign assistance legislation has been enacted as part of annual Foreign Operations appropriation measures. Over the past 19 years, these appropriation bills increasingly have expanded their scope beyond spending issues and played a major role in shaping, authorizing, and guiding both executive and congressional foreign aid and broader foreign policy initiatives. It has been largely through Foreign Operations appropriations that the United States has modified aid policy and resource allocation priorities since the end of the Cold War. Legislation authorizing U.S. participation in most multilateral development bank replenishments since the early 1980s has been incorporated into Foreign Operation measures. The legislation and companion supplemental appropriation bills have also been the channel through which the President has utilized foreign aid as a tool in the global war on terrorism since the attacks of September 11, 2001. Earlier this year, the President's new foreign aid initiative -- the Millennium Challenge Corporation -- was authorized with the FY2004 Foreign Operations Appropriations Act. Appropriation measures have also been a key instrument used by Congress to apply restrictions and conditions on Administration management of foreign assistance, actions that have frequently resulted in executive-legislative clashes similar to those that occurred previously in authorization debates.
Last year, the Foreign Relations Committee reported a similar bill -- S. 1161 -- characterizing the action as effort to "reinforce" the Committee's role in foreign assistance policy making. (2) Chairman Lugar noted during the Committee's markup of that bill that it was not an attempt to comprehensively review and re-write existing foreign aid legislation. Rather, S. 1161 represented a first step in providing necessary authorization for program appropriations in FY2004 and updating selected legislative provisions to reflect current policy. Senator Lugar said that it was his intent to launch a more ambitious effort in the future to revamp the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and other long-standing foreign aid laws.
After being folded into S. 925 (the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2004), the Senate debated on July 9 and 10, 2003, the foreign aid authorizing legislation, adopting several amendments but without coming to a final vote. S. 2144 is a continuation of the 2003 Committee's effort to steer an omnibus foreign policy authorizing bill for FY2005 through the Senate for consideration by the House-Senate conference committee. The House approved on July 16, 2003, companion legislation (H.R. 1950) that includes many of the same provisions on State Department operations and security assistance issues as the new Senate measure, but does not address economic aid programs.
Division B of S. 1161 is divided into five titles:
Division B of S. 2144 authorizes the appropriation of about $16.9 billion for 22 foreign assistance programs, closely matching the account structure of the annual Foreign Operations appropriations for bilateral economic and military aid. As shown in Table 1, the authorizations in many cases are identical to amounts requested by the Administration. The total for foreign aid programs, however, is $182 million less than proposed by the Administration. These "savings" in foreign assistance are added to authorizations for the State Department and other international affairs programs covered in S. 2144 or for funding another Committee initiative, the Stabilization and Reconstruction Civilian Management Act of 2004 (S. 2127). In total, authorizations recommended in S. 2144 and S. 2127 equal the President's FY2005 budget for the equivalent accounts.
While several foreign aid programs are authorized at the requested level, the Committee bill adds funding for others:
Table 1. Foreign Assistance Authorizations in Div. B, S.2144 (3)
(millions of dollars)
| Program | FY2004
Regulara |
FY2004
Supp.b |
FY2004 Total | FY2005
Request |
FY2005 S. 2144 |
| Economic Assistance: | |||||
| Child Survival & Health (CS/H) | 1,824.2 | -- | 1,824.2 | 1,420.0 | 1,620.0 |
| Development Assistance Fund | 1,376.8 | -- | 1,376.8 | 1,329.0 | 1,346.0 |
| Intl Disaster Aid | 254.0 | 110.0 | 364.0 | 385.5 | 385.5 |
| Transition Initiatives | 54.7 | -- | 54.7 | 62.8 | 62.8 |
| Development Credit Programs | 8.0 | -- | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
| USAID Operating Expenses | 600.5 | 40.0 | 640.5 | 623.4 | 623.4 |
| USAID Inspector General | 34.8 | -- | 34.8 | 35.0 | 36.4 |
| USAID Capital Investment Fund | 81.7 | 16.6 | 98.3 | 64.8 | 64.8 |
| Millennium Challenge Account | 994.0 | -- | 994.0 | 2,500.0 | 2,000.0 |
| Economic Support Fund (ESF) | 2,119.9 | 872.0 | 2,991.9 | 2,520.0 | 2,520.0 |
| Eastern Europe/Baltic States | 442.4 | -- | 442.4 | 410.0 | 415.0 |
| Former Soviet Union | 583.5 | -- | 583.5 | 550.0 | 575.0 |
| Inter-American Foundation | 16.2 | -- | 16.2 | 15.2 | 15.2 |
| African Development Foundation | 18.6 | -- | 18.6 | 17.0 | 17.0 |
| Intl Narcotics & Andean Initiative | 967.0 | 170.0 | 1,137.0 | 1,089.8 | 1,089.8 |
| Non-Proliferation/anti-terrorism | 351.4 | 35.0 | 386.4 | 415.2 | 485.2 |
| Treasury Dept. Technical Aid | 18.9 | -- | 18.9 | 17.5 | 17.5 |
| Debt Reduction | 94.4 | -- | 94.4 | 200.0 | 200.0 |
| Intl Organizations & Programs | 319.8 | -- | 319.8 | 304.5 | 304.5 |
| Total, Economic Aid | 10,160.8 | 1,243.6 | 11,404.4 | 11,967.7 | 11,786.1 |
| Military Assistance: | |||||
| Intl Military Ed. & Training | 91.2 | -- | 91.2 | 89.7 | 89.7 |
| Foreign Mil Financing (FMF) | 4,268.7 | 287.0 | 4,555.7 | 4,957.5 | 4,957.5 |
| Peacekeeping Operations | 74.5 | 50.0 | 124.5 | 104.0 | 104.0 |
| Total, Military Aid | 4,434.4 | 337.0 | 4,771.4 | 5,151.2 | 5,151.2 |
| TOTAL | 14,595.2 | 1,580.6 | 16,175.8 | 17,118.9 | 16,937.3 |
a. Each account is adjusted for the 0.59% across-the-board rescission required by Division H of P.L. 108-199, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2004.
b. FY2003 supplemental includes funds appropriated in P.L. 108-106.
Offsetting these and additions made in other parts of S. 2144 is a reduction of $500 million for the President's new foreign aid initiative, the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA). The legislation, however, continues for FY2005 existing authority to use up to 10% of MCA funding to assist countries that fail, by a narrow margin, to qualify for the MCA program in hopes of improving their chances in future years.
Total amounts authorized in S. 2144 conform to the overall level for international affairs spending approved in the Senate on March 11 in the FY2005 Budget Resolution (S.Con.Res. 95). The Senate-passed measure increases the President's $31.6 billion foreign policy budget request to $32.33 billion in discretionary spending, largely due to floor amendments by Senators Lugar, Durbin, and Dewine adding $1.83 billion to the Committee-reported level. Although not binding, amendment sponsors said they intended the additional funds to be used for higher resources for HIV/AIDS, aid to Haiti, and more broadly to fill funding gaps throughout the international affairs budget.
Title XXII of Division B of S. 2144 includes 35 sections, most of which incorporate into permanent law legislative items that have been included in annual appropriations in recent years or update existing provisions that have not been amended to reflect current circumstances. For example, provisions routinely carried in appropriation acts concerning assistance to non-governmental organizations, authority to undertake reconstruction projects with disaster aid funds, aid to the former Soviet Union, aid prohibitions for countries whose elected head of government has been deposed by a military coup, and Administration of Justice, demining, and debt relief programs would be added to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. Presumably, similar measures would be dropped from future Foreign Operations appropriation bills.
The legislation also updates long-standing authorities, such as those related to the President's special waiver authority [section 614(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act], prohibition on aid to countries in default on debt owed to the United States, additions to war reserve stockpiles in Israel, restrictions on aid to Lebanon, dollar thresholds of arms sales that must be notified to Congress, and several other administrative authorities. S. 2144 further extends an existing waiver for Pakistan aid restrictions through FY2005.
Title XXIII of S. 2144 addresses the threat posed by terrorist use of radiological dispersal devices, or RDDs. These devices spread radioactive material, whether by a chemical explosive ("dirty bombs") or by spraying, scattering, or dumping it without an explosive.
The United States has devoted far more resources to studying the effects of RDDs and to planning responses to an RDD attack than have many other countries. Accordingly, Section 2304 authorizes the Secretary of State to help other countries -- directly or through the IAEA -- develop national response plans and train first responders for dealing with an RDD attack.
In addition, section 2303 would require the Secretary of State to submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on preparations to detect and mitigate a radiological attack on U.S. diplomatic missions abroad; a rank-ordered list of the Secretary's priorities for improving radiological security and consequence management at these facilities, and a budget for such improvements; and a rank-ordered list of facilities where improvement is most important. This report would be submitted within 180 days of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter beginning with the budget submission for FY2006. The legislation authorizes $2 million to undertake both provisions under this title.
Title XXIV of S. 2144 -- The Global Pathogen Surveillance Act -- would authorize $35 million for FY2005 to enhance the capability of developing nations to detect, identify, and contain infectious disease outbreaks, whether naturally occurring or the result of a bioterrorist attack. Similar legislation was first introduced on May 9, 2002, by Senators Biden, Helms, Kennedy, and Frist (S. 2487). It passed the Senate, amended, on August 1, 2002. No further action was taken on the measure during the 107th Congress.
The SARS outbreak underscores the importance of developing a global surveillance system to detect and track the spread of infectious disease around the world. Public health experts view SARS as just the latest manifestation of the growing threat of infectious disease. That threat, driven by a complex set of biological, social, political, and economic factors, encompasses not only new and reemerging infectious diseases of natural origin but also bioterrorist attacks. International trade, travel, and migration patterns facilitate the rapid spread of pathogens from one continent to another. Infectious disease outbreaks need not originate in the United States to pose a threat to the nation.
Global surveillance, especially for newly recognized infectious diseases, is crucial to responding to and containing microbial threats before isolated outbreaks develop into regional or worldwide pandemics. Key components of an effective surveillance system include trained epidemiologists, a network of modern fully equipped laboratories able to isolate and identify emerging pathogens, and a public health communications infrastructure to transmit and share information on disease outbreaks. In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Alert and Response Network to monitor and track infectious disease outbreaks in every region of the world. But the WHO network is only as strong as its individual components. Many developing nations lack the trained personnel, laboratory facilities, and public health infrastructure to detect emerging pathogens and track evolving disease patterns. The 2003 Institute of Medicine report Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response recommended that the United States take a leading role in promoting the development of a global infectious disease surveillance capability based on existing systems. (6)
The Global Pathogen Surveillance Act includes several provisions that are intended to support and strengthen the disease surveillance capabilities of developing nations. First, it seeks to address the lack of adequately trained public health officials who can identify and diagnose infectious disease outbreaks. The legislation, in Sections 2406 and 2407, would provide for in-country training for medical and laboratory personnel and permit eligible nationals of developing countries to come to the United States to pursue a master of public health degree or advanced public health training in epidemiology. Second, Sections 2408 and 2409 would provide assistance to developing nations, subject to the availability of appropriations, to purchase (1) basic laboratory equipment necessary for the collection, analysis, and identification of pathogens and (2) communications equipment and information technology for the dissemination of information on disease patterns throughout regional health networks.
Additionally, Sections 2410 and 2411 would permit the expansion of CDC facilities overseas to further the goals of global disease monitoring. It would also authorize the heads of executive branch agencies to assign public health officials to U.S. diplomatic missions and international health organizations when requested. Finally, Section 2412 of the bill would authorize the President to provide funding and other assistance for the purpose of enhancing WHO's surveillance and reporting capabilities and those of existing regional health networks, and for the development of new regional health networks.
S. 2144 authorizes a total of $35 million for these activities in FY2005, funds that would be drawn from the Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining, and Related (NADR) Programs account. The legislation allocates the funds as follows:
In related legislative activity, Representative Kirk introduced the Global Pathogen Surveillance Act (H.R. 2329) in the House on June 4, 2003. H.R. 2329 is nearly the same as the Senate language, except that it would authorize $70 million for FY2004 and $80 million for FY2005.
Division B of S. 2144 also includes several provisions, in Title XXV that address specific country and regional foreign policy issues. .
Africa:
East Asia:
South Asia:
Latin America:
Middle East:
Title XXV also makes technical changes to several executive branch reporting requirements and repeals obsolete sections of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 that authorized U.S. assistance for victims of previous natural and manmade disasters.
1. (back) The closest Congress came to approving a foreign aid bill came in 1991 when the House and Senate passed H.R. 2508 (102nd Congress), the International Cooperation Act of 1991. After passing the Senate, however, the conference agreement failed in the House.
2. (back) Foreign Assistance Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2004; report to accompany S. 1161. S.Rept. 108-56, May 29, 2003.
3. (back)Two other foreign assistance programs are authorized in S. 2144, but not within Division B, the foreign aid portion of the bill. In Division A, sec. 105, the Migration and Refugee Assistance account is authorized at $765 million for FY2005, $35 million above the request. Title IX of Division A broadly modifies Peace Corps authorities and authorizes $351 million, $50 million less than the budget proposal.
4. (back) This section was prepared by Jonathan Medalia, Specialist in National Defense.
5. (back) This section was prepared by C. Stephen Redhead, Specialist in Life Sciences.
6. (back) For the text of the report, see http://www.nap.edu/books/030908864X/html/.
7. (back) The House passed similar legislation -- H.R. 868 -- on March 18, 2003.
Return to CONTENTS section of this Long Report.