Order Code RS21479
December 8, 2003
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Sports Legislation in the 108th Congress
nam e redacted
Analyst in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Summary
As a result of increasing conflict within the sports industry over the past few
decades, Congress and federal agencies have given greater attention to public policy
issues associated with amateur and professional sports in the United States. Congress
has focused on sports in the context of the following public policy areas: antitrust, labor
relations, immigration, player and fan violence, broadcasting and cable issues, taxation,
drug abuse and testing, federal spending related to the conduct of U.S.-held Olympic
Games, sports franchise relocations, legal and illegal gambling, oversight of the boxing
industry, youth sports activities, and equal access for women to sports programs at
educational institutions.
This report identifies legislation introduced during the 108th Congress that would
directly affect amateur, professional, or youth sports in the United States.
This
legislation (S. 275, S.Res. 40, H.R. 189, H.R. 361) is grouped by policy issue.
Additional issue categories and legislation will be added to the report as appropriate
during the 108th Congress. For related reading, see CRS Report RS20201, Sports
Legislation in the 106th Congress; CRS Report RS20880, Sports Legislation in the 107th
Congress; CRS Report RS20710, Title IX and Sex Discrimination in Education: An
Overview; CRS Report RS20460, Title IX and Gender Bias in Sports: Frequently Asked
Questions; and CRS Report RL31709, Title IX, Sex Discrimination and Intercollegiate
Athletics: A Legal Overview.
Background
The history of professional, amateur, and youth sports in the United States is replete
with legal battles, congressional investigations, and regulatory and legislative actions.
The perception that sports are a “public trust,” and must be protected, has resulted in
Congress’s implementing public policy with the underlying objective of guaranteeing the
public fair access to sports. Congressional and other government action over the last few
decades has had several public policy objectives. It has promoted parity in competition,
attempted to reduce racial and gender discrimination, facilitated spectator access through
television, and diminished athlete exploitation.
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

---

CRS-2
In general, it could be said that Congress, prior to 1960, assumed the role of sports
facilitator, rather than the more modern role of sports regulator, and was often content to
let amateur and professional sports regulatory bodies monitor and correct problems within
their sports.
After 1960, dramatic sports industry growth, both in finances and in popularity, and
conflicts within the industry served to draw congressional attention, often at the request
of the sports industry itself. The advent of televised broadcasting of sports events and the
ever greater economic returns on sports activities combined to make sports, and related
problems (such as player strikes and team relocations), more visible to the public and
government officials. The ability or willingness of major sports organizations to regulate
and manage their own affairs properly was also coming into question. The public
perception of sports as recreation and diversion was giving way to one of sports as big
business.
The House Select Committee on Professional Sports, established in 1976, was
charged with conducting an investigation into all aspects of professional sports for the
express purpose of determining whether legislation, or other forms of government
intervention, might be required to reduce the detrimental impact of money on the intrinsic
value of athletic competition. During this same period, amateur athletics also came under
increased scrutiny. President Gerald R. Ford, with Executive Order 11868 of June 19,
1975, created the President’s Commission on Olympic Sports, and contributed to the
development of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 (now the Ted Stevens Olympic and
Amateur Sports Act, 36 U.S.C. 220501 et seq.). This act restructured the United States
Olympic Committee to lessen the ongoing conflict among various U.S. amateur sports
organizations. An investigation was considered necessary because the conflict within the
amateur sports industry was detrimental to American Olympic efforts.
Congress had passed Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 to prohibit
discrimination on the basis of gender in educational programs or activities receiving
federal funding. Although Title IX was not aimed specifically at sports, it became
instrumental in promoting sports equality for female athletes at high schools and colleges
around the nation. It continues to be a controversial and highly debated law. On June 27,
2002, Rod Paige, Secretary of Education, established the Commission on Opportunity in
Athletics. The commission was tasked with collecting information and analyzing issues
pertaining to the application of current federal standards for measuring equal opportunity
for male and female participation in athletics at high schools and colleges under Title IX.
The commission forwarded its 23 recommendations to the Secretary at the end of
February 2003. The Secretary did not act on any of the recommendations of the
commission.
The executive branch has been active in making sports policy.
The Federal
Communications Commission, the National Labor Relations Board, the Department of
Labor, the Justice Department, the Department of Education, and other federal agencies
have all played key roles in amateur and professional sports issues over the last 30 years.
The intervention of Congress, the executive branch, or the courts in the problems of
amateur and professional sports has been primarily to protect the public interest. In no
small way, the tremendous growth in the monetary value of professional sports (to owners
and local communities), rising player salaries and more effective player unions, escalating

---

CRS-3
television and cable revenues and increasing competition for limited sports programing,
demands for gender and racial equity, and taxpayer investments in stadiums and U.S.-held
Olympic Games have raised the level of, and potential for, conflict in the sports world.
Congress and other government institutions now find themselves playing the roles of
regulators, arbiters, facilitators, sports reformers, and guardians of the public trust.
Because of the ongoing popularity of sports events, the potential for great monetary
rewards, and conflict and tension among the many competing actors in the sports industry,
congressional interest, oversight, and intervention in matters concerning this industry
seem unlikely to diminish.
Sports-related legislation introduced during the 108th Congress is identified and will
be tracked in the following pages.
Sports Legislation in the 108th Congress
Boxing
S. 275 — Professional Boxing Amendments Act of 2003. Introduced by Senator John
McCain on February 4, 2003, this legislation would amend the Professional Boxing
Safety Act of 1996 and would establish the United States Boxing Administration (USBA)
within the Department of Labor. This legislation would further (1) require the USBA to
establish a medical registry and medical record keeping of licensed professional boxers;
(2) make safety standards uniform for all boxing commissions; (3) require promoters to
post security with boxing commissions to ensure payment of purses to boxers; (4) include
tribal organizations under the term “boxing commissions”; (5) require that sanctioning
organizations adopt ratings guidelines and criteria developed by the USBA; (6) require
judges and referees to be certified and appointed by boxing commissions for matches
without interference from sanctioning organizations; (7) establish minimal contractual
provisions between boxers and managers; and (8) require more stringent financial
disclosure for promoters and sanctioning organizations. This legislation was referred to
the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. It was ordered to be
reported with an amendment in the nature of a substitute.
H.R. 1281 — Professional Boxing Amendments Act of 2003.
Introduced by
Representative Peter T. King on March 13, 2003, this legislation would amend the
Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996 and establish the United States Boxing
Administration (USBA). The bill establishes the USBA as part of the Department of
Labor to protect the health, safety, and general interests of boxers, and to ensure
uniformity, fairness, and integrity in professional boxing. It establishes standards for the
issuance, suspension, and termination of boxing licenses, and maintains a national
computerized registry for boxing personnel. This legislation was referred to the House
Energy and Commerce Committee and the House Committee on Education and the
Workforce.
Sports Agents
H.R. 361 — Sports Agents Responsibility and Trust Act.
Introduced by
Representative Bart Gordon on January 27, 2003, this legislation would prohibit an athlete
agent from (1) recruiting or soliciting a student athlete to enter into an agency contract by
giving false or misleading information, making a false promise or representation, or

---

CRS-4
providing anything of value to the athlete before entering into such contract; (2) entering
into an agency contract with a student athlete without providing the required disclosure
document; or (3) predating or postdating an agency contract. This legislation would treat
as a violation an unfair or deceptive act or practice under the Federal Trade Commission
Act and authorize civil actions by state attorneys general under specified circumstances.
The agent and the athlete, within 72 hours after entering into an agency contract or before
the next athletic event in which the athlete may participate, whichever occurs first, would
be required to provide notice to the educational institution that the athlete has entered into
an agency contract. Educational institutions would have the right of action against an
agent for damages caused by such agent’s failure to provide such notice. This bill was
referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the House Committee on
the Judiciary.
S. 1170 — Sports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act. Introduced by Senator Ron
Wyden on June 3, 2003, this legislation designates certain conduct by sports agents
relating to the signing of contracts with student athletes as unfair and deceptive acts or
practices to be regulated by the Federal Trade Commission. This bill was referred to the
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Immigration
H.R. 189 — Baseball Diplomacy Act. Introduced by Representative José E. Serrano
on January 27, 2003, this legislation would waive foreign assistance and trade
prohibitions against Cuba under specified federal laws with regard to certain transactions,
including (1) Cuban nationals who enter the United States on visas to play organized
professional baseball; and (2) the return of their baseball earnings to Cuba. The bill
would prevent the President from denying visas to such nationals based upon authority
under the Immigration and Nationality Act to restrict any entry of aliens or class of alien
that would be detrimental to the interests of the United States. It also would declare that
the Act would not be affected by the economic embargo requirements against Cuba under
the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996. This bill has been referred to
the House Committee on International Relations and the House Committee on the
Judiciary.
Gambling
H.R. 1451 — Student Athlete Protection Act. Introduced by Representative Tom
Osborne on March 26, 2003, this legislation would amend the federal judicial code to
prohibit high school and college sports gambling in all states, including states where such
gambling was permitted prior to 1991. The bill makes it unlawful to gamble on sports in
lotteries, sweepstakes, or other betting, gambling, or wagering schemes based, directly or
indirectly, on high school or college sports events, or on the Summer or Winter Olympic
Games. This legislation was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary.
Broadcasting
H.R. 2745 — Baseball Fan Protection Act. Introduced by Representative Dennis
Kucinich Jr. on July 15, 2003, this legislation would amend the Internal Revenue Code
of 1986 to require a sports franchise to provide for all of the games played by a franchise
to be available for local television broadcasting in order to be subject to the presumption

---

CRS-5
that 50 percent of the consideration in the sale or exchange of a sports franchise is
allocated to player contracts. This legislation was referred to the House Committee on
Ways and Means.
Olympics
H.R. 3144 — United States Olympic Committee Reform Act.
Introduced by
Representative Cliff Stearns on September 23, 2003, this legislation would amend the
federal charter of the United States Olympic Committee to restructure that body. It was
referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary.
H.R. 3330 — United States Olympic Committee Reform Act.
Introduced by
Representative Steve Buyer on October 17, 2003, this legislation would amend the federal
charter of the United States Olympic Committee to restructure that body. It was referred
to the House Committee on the Judiciary.
S. 1404 — United States Olympic Committee Reform Act. Introduced by Senator
John McCain on July 15, 2003, this legislation would amend the federal charter of the
United States Olympic Committee to restructure that body. The bill was reported from the
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on July 28, 2003, and
passed the Senate on September 23, 2003. It was referred to the House Committee on the
Judiciary.

---

EveryCRSReport.com
The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a federal legislative branch agency, housed inside the
Library of Congress, charged with providing the United States Congress non-partisan advice on
issues that may come before Congress.
EveryCRSReport.com republishes CRS reports that are available to al Congressional staff. The
reports are not classified, and Members of Congress routinely make individual reports available to
the public.
Prior to our republication, we redacted names, phone numbers and email addresses of analysts
who produced the reports. We also added this page to the report. We have not intentional y made
any other changes to any report published on EveryCRSReport.com.
CRS reports, as a work of the United States government, are not subject to copyright protection in
the United States. Any CRS report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without
permission from CRS. However, as a CRS report may include copyrighted images or material from a
third party, you may need to obtain permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or
otherwise use copyrighted material.
Information in a CRS report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public
understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to members of Congress in
connection with CRS' institutional role.
EveryCRSReport.com is not a government website and is not affiliated with CRS. We do not claim
copyright on any CRS report we have republished.

---