Order Code RL32025
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Iraq’s Trade with the World:
Data and Analysis
Updated December 2, 2003
Vivian C. Jones
Analyst in International Trade and Finance
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Iraq’s Trade with the World: Data and Analysis
Summary
In the last 25 years, Iraq’s economic involvement in the world market has
fluctuated dramatically — brought about, in part, by damage to its oil infrastructure
during the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, and followed by international sanctions
imposed in the 1990s following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
Iraq has been largely dependent on exports of crude oil since the end of World
War II. Exports of oil accounted, on average, for 83% of Iraq’s annual exports from
1980-1990. When international sanctions were imposed in August 1990, Iraq’s oil
sales dropped from $10.2 billion in 1990 to $305 million in 1991. From 1991 to
1995 the regime of Saddam Hussein declined to accept United Nations (UN)
proposals seeking to permit Iraq to sell limited quantities of oil to meet the needs of
its people. Without oil export revenues, living conditions in the country deteriorated
sharply.
In 1996, the Iraqi government agreed to the establishment of United Nations-
administered Oil-For-Food Program (OFFP) that has allowed the Iraqi government
to export limited amounts of oil and import food and humanitarian supplies under
close supervision. On May 22, 2003, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution
1483, lifting all civilian trade sanctions on Iraq, providing for the termination of the
OFFP, and the transfer of all remaining transactions under the program to the
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). On November 21, 2003, the OFFP officially
closed, in keeping with Resolution 1483.
Since Iraq’s chief export product is crude oil, the country’s economic future, at
least in the short term, will depend on its ability to tap into its vast oil resources.
According to U.S. Department of Energy statistics, Iraq has 112 billion barrels of
proven oil reserves, and “possible” or “probable” reserves of as much as 220 billion
barrels. Due to years of war and international sanctions, its oil potential has been
largely unexplored and only 15 of 73 discovered oil fields have been developed.
Even though Resolution 1483 lifted international sanctions against Iraq, many
key issues continue to be addressed with a view toward normalizing its economic
situation. Concerns related specifically to trade policy include (1) the financing of
rebuilding efforts, especially as they relate to rebuilding Iraq’s infrastructure and
possible obligation of Iraq’s future assets; (2) the status of oil contracts signed by the
previous regime and the authority of Iraq’s provisional oil ministry to negotiate and
grant new ones; and (3) the fears of some in the international community that a
reinvigorated Iraqi oil sector would lead to unrestricted oil exports and a subsequent
depression in world oil prices.
This report also provides detailed trade statistics on Iraq’s trade with the world
from 1978 to the present, highlighting its major trading partners and regional trade
linkages. The report will be updated as events warrant.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Sanctions and the Oil-For-Food Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pre-War Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Oil Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Condition of Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Post-War Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Post-War Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Illicit Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Post-War Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Major Trading Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
International Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Validity of Pre-War Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Pre-War Regional Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Other Regional Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Trade Policy Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Export-Import Bank Funding Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Oil Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Oil Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix A: Selected United Nations Security Council Resolutions
with Respect to Trade with Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Appendix B: Trade Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
List of Figures
Figure 1. Iraq’s Oil Exports, 1978 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 2. Iraq’s Exports of Crude Oil, 1996 to 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 3. Iraq’s Imports, 1978 to 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

List of Tables
Table 1. Iraq’s Top 10 Exports, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 2. Iraq’s Top 10 Imports, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 3. Iraq’s Major Imports, 1979-1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 4. Iraq’s Oil-For-Food Imports by Sector, 1997-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 5. Iraq’s Top 10 Export and Import Trading Partners, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Table 6. Iraq: Top 30 Export Commodities, 1978-1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 7. Iraq: Top 30 Import Commodities, 1978-1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 8. Iraq: Top 30 Export Commodities, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 9. Iraq: Top 30 Import Commodities, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Table 10. Iraq’s Major Trading Partners, 1980-1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 11. Iraq’s Major Trading Partners, 1990-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 12. Iraq’s Regional Trading Partners, 1980-1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Table 13. Iraq’s Regional Trading Partners, 1990-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Iraq’s Trade with the World:
Data and Analysis
Introduction
Iraq’s involvement in world trade has varied dramatically in the last 25 years.
These fluctuations have been caused, in part, by the effects of the Iran-Iraq War from
1980-1988 and by the international sanctions imposed by the United Nations (UN)
in the 1990s following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
Iraq’s principal export is crude oil, which accounted for 83% of all exports from
1980-1989 and 95% of all exports since 1996. Major imports include food,
transportation equipment, steel structures, spare parts, and medical supplies. Since
1996, both exports and imports have been closely regulated through a UN-authorized
Oil-For-Food Program (OFFP) that has allowed the Iraqi government to sell limited
quantities of oil in order meet the needs of its people for food and humanitarian
supplies. The OFFP officially terminated its operations on November 21, 2003, in
keeping with UN Security Council Resolution 1483.
This report provides an analysis of Iraq’s trade with the world from 1978 to the
present. Iraq’s major trading partners are discussed as well as Iraq’s principal export
and import commodities. Information is also provided on the Iraqi government’s
alleged illicit trade and trading partners during the UN sanctions period.
Sanctions and the Oil-For-Food Program
In August 1990, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 661, imposing
comprehensive sanctions on Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait. From 1991 to
1995 Iraq declined to accept UN proposals seeking to enable Iraq to sell limited
quantities of oil to meet the needs of its people. The government believed that these
proposals infringed on Iraq’s sovereignty and were limited in scope. Without oil
export revenues, Iraq could not import sufficient quantities of food and medical
supplies, and living conditions in the country deteriorated sharply.1
On April 19, 1995, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 986, which
proposed that Iraq be permitted to export $2 billion worth of oil every six months so
that the Iraqi government could use the proceeds of the oil sales to purchase food,
medicines, and other humanitarian supplies to meet the needs of its people. Iraq and
1 CRS Report RL30472, Iraq: Oil-For-Food Program, International Sanctions, and Illicit
Trade
, by Kenneth Katzman.

CRS-2
the Security Council signed a memorandum of understanding on the implementation
of the Oil-For-Food Program (OFFP) on May 20, 1996 and the first Iraqi oil exports
began on December 10, 1996.2 The first shipments of food arrived in Iraq in March
1997, followed by imports of medicines in May 1997. From the program’s inception
until its suspension in March 2003, approximately $26.8 billion worth of food,
humanitarian supplies, and equipment was delivered to Iraq under the program.
Nearly 60 percent of the Iraqi population were, to some extent, dependent on monthly
food aid received under the OFFP.3
The UN Security Council continued the Oil-For-Food Program in 180-day
periods known as “phases.” The first phase ran from December 10, 1996 to June 7,
1997. The last pre-war oil exporting period was phase thirteen, which came into
effect on December 5, 2002 and was scheduled to run through June 3, 2003.4
The Security Council adopted a number of resolutions revising program
implementation, including Resolution 1153 (February 20, 1998), which raised the
ceiling on oil sales to $5.256 billion per six-month phase due to concerns that Iraq’s
revenues were not sufficient to meet its food and medical needs. In 1999, the limit
on oil exports was completely abolished by Resolution 1284 (December 17, 1999)
in an effort to provide Iraq an incentive to cooperate with a new program of UN
weapons inspections.
On March 17, 2003, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan withdrew all UN
personnel from Iraq, including UN humanitarian workers and inspectors monitoring
the OFFP, following the failure of Security Council efforts to reach agreement on
methods to rid Iraq of weapons of mass destruction.
The Security Council unanimously authorized the OFFP to resume its activities
on March 28, 2003, directing the Secretary General to identify alternative locations
(both inside and outside Iraq) for inspection and distribution of goods, to arrange for
the fulfillment of contracts already approved by the UN, and to execute new contracts
for essential medical supplies. This authority was extended until June 3, 2003 by
Resolution 1476 on April 24, 2003.
On May 22, 2003, the Security Council adopted Resolution 1483, lifting all
civilian sanctions on Iraq. The resolution provided for the termination of the OFFP
within six months, and the transfer of all remaining transactions under the program
2 United Nations Document number S/1996/356.
3 United Nations. Document No. S/2002/1239. Report of the Secretary-General pursuant
to paragraphs 7 and 8 of Resolution 1409 (September 2002)
, November 12, 2002.
4 The thirteen phases were as follows: I, December 10, 1996 to June 7, 1997; II, June 8, 1997
to December 4, 1997; III, December 5, 1997 to May 29, 1998; IV; May 30, 1998 to
November 25, 1998; VI, November 26, 1998 to May 24, 1999, extended until December 11,
1999; VII, December 12, 1999 to June 8, 2000; VIII, June 9, 2000 to December 5, 2000; IX,
December 6, 2000 to June 3, 2001, extended until July 30, 2001; X, July 4, 2001 to
November 30, 2001; XI, December 1, 2001 to May 29, 2002; XII May 30, 2002 to
November 25, 2002, extended until December 4, 2002; and XIII, December 5, 2002 to
program suspension on March 17, 2003.

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to the occupation authority (referred to in the resolution as “the Authority”). In
keeping with Resolution 1483, the OFFP terminated its operations on November 21,
2003.
A list of selected UN Security Council Resolutions with respect to trade with
Iraq is found in Appendix A, on page 22.
Exports
Pre-War Exports
Iraq entered the global trade marketplace in the mid-1800s as an exporter of
grains and cereals. As early as the 1930s, however, crude oil became its major export,
and exports of crude accounted
for 49.3% of national income
Table 1. Iraq’s Top 10 Exports, 1989
by 1953.5 In the 1980s, crude
oil represented 83% annually
of all Iraqi exports.6
Non-
SITC Rev 3 Commodity
Mil. $
petroleum export products in
the 1980s included portland
3330-Crude oil
$11,545.4
cement, fruit (mainly dates),
3344-Fuel oils, nes
$211.3
fertilizers,
and
reaction
3343-Gas oils
$119.8
engines.
Table 1 illustrates
Iraq’s top export products in
3341 — Gasoline and other light oils
$78.8
1989.
2741- Sulfur of all kinds
$39.2
6612-Portland cement
$35.7
W hen
international
sanctions were imposed in
0579-Fruit, fresh or dried, nes
$30.8
August 1990, Iraq’s oil sales
5629-Fertilizers, nes
$29.6
dropped from $10.2 billion in
7144-Reaction engines
$29.2
1990 to $305 million in 1991.
From 1992 to 1995, oil exports
5222-Chemical elements, nes
$27.7
averaged between $400 and
Source: United Nations Trade Data
$480 million.
Figure 1
nes=not elsewhere specified
illustrates the dollar value of
Iraq’s exports of crude oil from
1978 to 1998 as reflected in UN trade data. The spike in Iraq’s oil revenues in 1980
was due, in part, to a worldwide increase in oil prices.
Despite periodic increases in the oil export ceiling allowed by the OFFP and the
rescission of the export ceiling in December 1999, Iraq’s oil exports often ran
significantly below the permitted level of exports. This was due, in part, to frequent
disputes between Iraqi and UN officials over the formula for pricing Iraq’s oil. For
5 Slugett, M. & Slugett, P. Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship. New York:
KAI Limited, 1987, p. 35.
6 Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) calculations.
















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































CRS-4
Figure 1. Iraq’s Oil Exports, 1978 to 2000
30
Iran-Iraq War Begins
25
20
Iran-Iraq War Ends
15
U.N. Sanctions
Imposed

10
U.N. Oil-for-Food Program
Implementation

5
0
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
Source: United Nations Trade Data
example, oil exports were briefly suspended in December 2000 because UN
authorities would not consent to a pricing formula in which Iraq’s oil officials
proposed deeply discounting Iraq’s oil, in return for 30-50 cent surcharges per barrel
to be paid into bank accounts controlled by the Iraqi government. Similar price
disputes seemed to cause disruptions in Iraq’s oil exports each time the program was
renewed. In an effort to completely block illicit surcharges, the UN Sanctions
Committee changed the pricing formula to “retroactive pricing” in September 2001.
This policy initially reduced Iraq’s oil sales by about 25%, although the UN noted a
rebound to previous sales levels by September 2002.
In addition, Iraq sometimes unilaterally interrupted the sale of oil to protest
Security Council policy or to challenge the United States and its allies. For example,
Iraq suspended its oil sales for the month of April 2002 in protest of Israel’s military
incursion in the West Bank.7 Figure 2 illustrates Iraq’s semiannual oil exports under
the OFFP (December 1996-March 2003) by dollar value and by volume.
Oil Resources
Since Iraq’s chief export product is crude oil, the country’s economic future, at
least in the short term, depends primarily on the ability to tap into its vast oil
resources. According to U.S. Department of Energy analysts, Iraq has 112 billion
barrels of proven oil reserves — second only to Saudi Arabia’s 260 billion barrels of
proven reserves — and “possible”or “probable” reserves of as much as 220 billion
7 CRS Report RL30472, Iraq: Oil-For-Food Program, International Sanctions, and Illicit
Trade
, by Kenneth Katzman.

CRS-5
barrels.8 Due to years of war and international sanctions, however, Iraq’s oil
potential has been largely unexplored and only 15 of 73 discovered oil fields have
been developed.
Iraq’s all-time peak oil production was 3.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in
1979, just prior to the war with Iran. Output dropped sharply as the war began, but
gradually recovered to a similar level by 1989. As a result of severe damage to the
oil industry infrastructure during the Gulf Crisis, followed by the United Nations
sanctions regime, crude oil production was reduced sharply to about 300,000 barrels
per day (bpd).9 From 1990 to the end of 1996, UN sanctions prohibited exports of
Figure 2. Iraq’s Exports of Crude Oil, 1996 to 2003
10
500
Export Ceiling Lifted
8
400
6
300
4
200
$5.2 bill. Export Ceiling
2
100
$2 bill. Export Ceiling
0
0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
U.N. Phase Number
(180-day phases from Dec. 1996 - Mar. 2003)
Value (Y1)
Volume (right scale) (Y2)
Source: U.N. Office of the Iraq Programme
oil, and oil production was limited to the amount needed to meet internal demand,
plus small amounts that may have been illegally exported.10
Condition of Infrastructure. Prior to the institution of the Oil-for-Food
Program, the oil infrastructure was partially repaired, but often by cannibalization
and short-term substitution of parts and without access to external equipment or
technology. Realizing the “lamentable” state of Iraq’s oil sector, the Security
Council allowed a limited amount of investment in equipment and spare parts for
8 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA). Iraq Country
Analysis Brief
, p. 1. [http://www.eia.doe.gov/].
9 United Nations, Security Council, “Letter dated 6 June 2001 from the Secretary-General
addressed to the President of the Security Council,” S/2001/566.
10 CRS Report RL31944, Iraq’s Economy, Past, Present, and Future, Jonathan E. Sanford,
Coordinator.

CRS-6
basic maintenance of the oil infrastructure (a total of $3 billion from June 1998 to
June 2001). However, according to the calculations of UN oil industry experts,
investment in Iraq’s oil sector during the OFFP was about $0.60 per barrel, in
contrast to the worldwide average of $1.50 per barrel. UN experts forecasted
declines in oil production from 5% to 15% per year if the oil infrastructure was not
improved.11 The position of the United States and its allies during the sanctions
regime, however, was that OFFP funds should be used only for short-term
improvements, and not to make long-term repairs.12
Oil industry experts assessed Iraq’s pre-war sustainable production capacity at
no higher than 2.8-2.9 mbd. Conservative estimates for restoring the oil sector to
pre-1990 levels by 2006 range between $5.0-$6.0 billion per year. Prior to the 2003
war, the regime of Saddam Hussein had a blueprint in place for doubling capacity to
6 mbd, with foreign oil companies playing a key role.13 In order to reach this
potential, however, the Iraqi oil sector would require investment at all levels,
including technical services, capital equipment, and infrastructure.14 Iraqi authorities
estimated that the 6 mbd target would require an additional investment of at least $21
billion and would probably take 8 to 10 years to achieve after sanctions are lifted.
Plans to reach the target included further development of producing oilfields as well
as finding and developing additional oilfields in the Western Desert.15
Post-War Situation
Even though Iraq’s oil fields were captured largely intact, the oil industry has
been hampered by post-war chaos and looting of its oil facilities. Damage to wells,
gathering facilities, refineries, and mainline transport facilities slowed the effort to
restart production. Security issues and difficulties with electrical power supply have
been further hindrances.16 U.S. and Iraqi protection of oil pipelines has been
improving, and U.S. military commanders recently announced increased surveillance
measures including the deployment of airborne snipers to prevent future acts of
sabotage.17
According to Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) statistics,
Iraq produced 1.7 mbd in October, reflecting a steady climb from 680,000 barrels
per day (bpd) in July. As of November 28, 2003, Iraqi oil officials announced
11 United Nations. Report of the Group of United Nations Experts Established Pursuant to
Paragraph 30 of the Security Council Resolution 1284 (2000)
, March 2000, p. 12.
12 U.S. Department of Energy, Iraq Country Analysis Brief, p. 4.
13 Energy Intelligence Group, “Iraq is Primed for Big Oil Opening,” Petroleum Intelligence
Weekly
, March 12, 2003
14 United Nations. Report of the Group of United Nations Experts Established Pursuant to
Paragraph 30 of the Security Council Resolution 1284 (2000)
, March 2000, p. 12.
15 Royal Institute of International Affairs, p. 5.
16 CRS Report RS21626, p. 2.
17 Watkins, E. “U.S. to Deploy Airborne Snipers to Protect Iraqi Pipelines,” Oil and Gas
Journal
, October 13, 2003.

CRS-7
production level of 1.4 mbd and expressed confidence that this would reach 2 mbd
by 2004.18 However, as much as 300,000 bpd of that production has reportedly been
reinjected into oil wells, due to lack of transportation routes from the northern fields
and because oil refineries in that region are not operating at capacity.19 Nevertheless,
current crude loadings at Iraq’s Basra terminal stood at 1.2 mbd at the beginning of
October. Iraq’s northern export pipeline remains inoperable due to repeated
sabotage.20
Much of Iraq’s current oil production is also needed to meet domestic
consumption requirements, which averaged about 500,000 bpd pre-war, although
current requirements may be at least 100,000 bpd less. Iraqi refineries’ inability to
produce a sufficient supply of needed fuels to meet domestic demand has also led
the CPA to sponsor imports of gasoline and propane from other countries.21
Imports
P r i o r
t o
t h e
implementation of international
Table 2. Iraq’s Top 10 Imports, 1989
sanctions,
Iraq’s
primary
imports included food, motor
vehicles, spare parts, iron and
SITC Rev 3 Commodities
Mil. $
steel, and medicines. Table 2
0412-Wheat, nes
$617.3
provides Iraq’s top ten imports
7843-Parts and accessories of tractors and
from the world in 1989.
motor vehicles, nes
$170.4
6793-Iron and steel seamed tubes
$160.9
Figure 3 illustrates the
0112 — Meat of bovine animals, frozen
$144.6
flow of Iraq’s imports from
7812 — Motor vehicles, nes
$139.6
1978-2002.
Imports
rose
6791 — Iron and steel tubes and pipes
$137.8
rapidly in 1980, peaked in
0423 — Rice
$132.2
1981, and continued at a high
6762 — Alloy steel bars, rods, nes
$130.7
level until 1982. Major import
5429 — Mendicaments, nes
$124.5
commodities during that period
6911 — Metal structures of iron or
included large imports of
steel,nes
$105.4
commodities officially reported
as
trucks, spare parts, and
18 Global News Wire, “Iraqi Oil is for Iraqis,” November 28, 2003.
19 Wall Street Journal, “Iraq’s Oil Industry is Slowly Rebounding,” November 6, 2003.
20 Cooper, P.J. “Oil and Gas Briefs,” Financial Times, October 30, 2003.
21 CRS Report RS21626, Iraq Oil: Reserves, Production, and Potential Revenues, by
Lawrence Kumins.

CRS-8
Figure 3. Iraq’s Imports, 1978 to 2002
20
15
Iran-Iraq War Ends
10
International
Sanctions Imposed

Iran-Iraq War Begins
U.N. Oil-for-Food
5
Program Implemented
0
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
Source: International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade Statistics..
other machinery.
These imports may have been legitimate purchases of
transportation vehicles, oil machinery, and spare parts for upgrading and repairing
Iraq’s oil production facilities; however, it is also possible that some of these
purchases were converted to military use during the Iran-Iraq War, or that Iraq’s
trading partners used these import categories to hide the fact that they were actually
exporting armaments and military hardware to Iraq. Table 3 provides the top import
commodities for the period from 1979 to 1983.
Beginning in 1996, all approved imports to Iraq were monitored by UN staff,
who reviewed all contracts and ensured that imported goods were on a list of
commodities drafted by the UN Security Council. Besides food and humanitarian
supplies, the OFFP also allowed Iraq to import some transportation and
communications equipment, spare parts for oil rigs and other infrastructure, and
consumer goods. Table 4 shows Iraq’s cumulative imports by sector from 1997 to
2002 under the Oil-For-Food Program.

CRS-9
Table 3. Iraq’s Major Imports, 1979-1983
SITC Rev 1 Commodities
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
(millions of U.S. $)
.TOTAL — Total All
8,628.1
12,073.8
17,495.1
17,386.5
8,601.0
Commodities
7323 — Lorries, trucks
485.1
862.3
1,404.3
921.4
183.6
7184 — Const. ,mining
392.1
518.5
798.4
577.8
76.2
machinery
6911 — Structures & parts of iron
325.5
333.9
640.2
792.7
275.3
7321 — Pass. motor veh. exc
171.3
255.9
465.8
365.7
182.9
buses
7328 — Motor vehicle parts
179.4
349.4
462.1
403.2
214.3
7221 — Electric power machinery
147.0
199.6
399.9
411.3
229.0
7192 — Pumps, centrifuges
149.2
209.4
390.8
380.7
213.1
7125 — Tractors, non-road
95.0
141.4
357.2
139.2
29.9
7191 — Heating, cooling
143.4
237.9
355.8
342.9
132.7
equipment
7193 — Mechanical handling
159.6
212.6
298.3
236.7
80.9
equip.
6612 — Cement
23.4
68.9
296.7
178.9
99.8
7324 — Special motor vehicles
128.4
149.1
293.2
369.0
118.5
7249 — Telecommunications
175.8
236.9
289.9
616.7
456.9
equip.
Post-War Situation
Since the lifting of economic sanctions, Iraq has been flooded with new
products, including television sets from South Korea, refrigerators from Iran and
China, new and used cars from Japan and South Korea, and toasters from Germany.
Satellite telephones and portable kerosene stoves, needed because of the absence of
normal telephones and the current lack of cooking fuel, are so plentiful that prices
have declined. Satellite dishes, banned under Saddam, are also for sale. Consumers
with money have a range of new choices, and the recent appreciation of the Iraqi
dinar has provided them with additional buying power.
Iraqi companies who have had almost no competition due to UN sanctions,
however, have had to face the full force of globalization and international
competition almost overnight. An unexpected appreciation of the dinar that made
foreign imports more attractive has exacerbated the competitive challenges Iraq’s
manufacturers and state-run companies are facing. The free-market economy shocks
are of some concern to U.S. and British officials, who want to get people back to
work.22
On September 19, 2003, the CPA established a “reconstruction levy”
(CPA/ORD/19 September 2003/38) which, as of January 1, 2004, will place a 5%
tariff on all imported goods except food, medicine and medical equipment, clothing,
books, and goods delivered as humanitarian assistance. UN entities, the CPA,
Coalition forces, nonprofit organizations, other international organizations, and
22 Andrews, E. “After Years of Stagnation, Iraqi Industries are Falling to a Wave of
Imports,” New York Times, June 1, 2003. Sabbah-Gargour, R. “Arthur Daleys Flourish in
Duty-Free Zone, London Times, August 16, 2003.

CRS-10
Table 4. Iraq’s Oil-For-Food Imports by Sector,
1997-2002
Sector
Value of Approved Sales
(U.S. $)
Food
13,505,896,754
Agriculture
3,733,280,193
Oil Spares
3,636,458,484
Electricity
3,538,554,784
Food Handling
3,312,345,268
Health
3,025,602,846
Housing
2,720,773,354
Communication/Transportation
2,016,400,979
Water and Sanitation
2,000,721,136
Education
1,146,527,169
Special Allocation
293,559,164
Industry
35,502,417
Religious Affairs
10,285,323
Justice
4,899,283
Construction
2,219,572
Source: United Nations. Office of the Iraq Program. Data are for the largest of the
three accounts in the Iraq Program.
foreign governments will be exempt from the levy. All proceeds will be used to
support Iraqi reconstruction efforts.
Illicit Trade
During the sanctions period, the regime of Saddam Hussein allegedly conducted
illicit oil dealings with its neighbors and other countries in order to generate funds
that it could use without restriction. The regime also imposed surcharges on oil
buyers and solicited kickbacks from suppliers of humanitarian and other civilian
goods. Although there are no authoritative figures for the value of Iraq’s illicit trade,
a study released in May 2002 by the General Accounting Office (GAO) estimated
that Iraq earned $6.6 billion in illicit revenue from oil smuggling between 1997 and
March 2001.23
The GAO reported that Iraq smuggled oil through neighboring states, including
Syria, Turkey, and Jordan, and imported illicit and unapproved commodities through
numerous exit and entry points along its borders. Major illicit trade routes were said
to include an oil pipeline to Syria, truck routes through entry points on the Jordanian
and Turkish borders, and shipping in the Persian Gulf.
Prior to the war, U.S. officials were primarily concerned that Iraq was reportedly
using illicit revenues to purchase prohibited military and weapons-of-mass-
destruction (WMD) technology. The GAO report also found, however, that
23 General Accounting Office. Weapons of Mass Destruction: UN Confronts Significant
Challenges in Implementing Sanctions against Iraq
, GAO Report Number GAO-02-625.

CRS-11
international sanctions may have been partially effective because they deterred Iraq
from obtaining most conventional weapons.24
In February 2000, the Clinton Administration accused the Iraqi government of
misusing financial resources gained from illicit trade to build nine lavish palaces,
valued at about $2 billion.25 The Bush administration similarly concluded that
international sanctions were not effective, and accused Iraq of using illicit revenue
to finance active nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons programs.26
Post-War Situation
Since major hostilities have ended in Iraq, fuel smuggling seems to have
resumed, apparently stimulated by lower oil prices in Iraq relative to world market
prices. The situation seems to be especially grave in southern Iraq where diesel fuel
from the Basra refinery is allegedly being smuggled into the United Arab Emirates
and Iran by truck, and by small tankers into the Persian Gulf. In addition, many gas
station owners with the rights to shipments of diesel fuel from Iraqi distribution
companies are reported to be paying drivers to divert the shipments of diesel to sell
the shipments to smugglers at a greater profit than can be received at their filling
stations. Some smugglers are reportedly drilling into pipes between the refinery and
shipping terminals, according to some Iraqi officials. A spokesman for the UK forces
in the Southeast region of Iraq estimated that between 2,000 and 2,500 tons [14,400
to 18,000 barrels] per day of various fuels (crude, diesel, and gasoline) were being
lost through smuggling.27
Fuel smuggling is reported to be a lucrative business in Iraq, apparently due to
domestic price controls. Wary of causing resentment in the Iraqi population, the
occupying forces have maintained pre-war domestic fuel prices, even though they are
as little as 10% of the external price. Iraqi refineries are reportedly required to sell
the diesel fuel for 4 cents per gallon, and smugglers can get at least five times that
amount across the Iraqi border. For example, filling station owners are authorized
to receive fuel shipments of about 9,000 gallons of diesel fuel per day for about $200
and are authorized to sell the fuel at a “reasonable profit.” If the gas station owners
divert the shipments to oil smugglers, they can realize profits of as much as 200-
300%.28 In Basra, black market prices for gasoline have soared as high as 1,000
dinars, or about 60 cents a liter, about 50 times the official price.29
24 Ibid., p. 6.
25 Katz, L. M., “Iraq, U.S. Lock Horns Again.” United Press International, February 10,
2000.
26 U.S.A Today, “Iraq Making the Most of Porous Sanctions,” November 7, 2002. Rieff, D.
“Were Sanctions Right?” New York Times Magazine, July 27, 2003.
27 Iraqi Fuel Smuggling Flourishes,” Platt’s Oilgram Price Report, July 21, 2003.
28 “Making a Killing on Basra Diesel,” Financial Times, May 30, 2003.
29 Oppel, R. A., Jr. and Worth, R. “Riots Continue over Fuel Crisis in Iraq’s South,”New
York Times
, August 11, 2003.

CRS-12
The CPA and the interim Iraqi government are trying to stamp out the fuel
smuggling, and recently announced plans for increased interdiction of ships
suspected of smuggling Iraqi oil and public trials with heavy sentences for smugglers
who are caught. Coalition maritime forces are reportedly boarding an average of 90
ships per week, of which as many as five ships per week have been detained for
transporting illegally obtained Iraqi oil.30
Major Trading Partners
As is the case with most oil-producing countries, Iraq’s leading pre-war export
trading partners were primarily industrialized nations. In 2001, Iraq’s top ten export
trading partners were the United States, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Jordan,
Italy, Morocco, Spain, Greece, and India. In terms of Iraq’s imports, France was its
largest trading partner in 2001, followed by Australia, China, Italy, Vietnam,
Germany, Japan, Russia, Jordan, and Spain. Table 5 shows Iraq’s top trading partners
in terms of imports and exports for 2001. Table 10 in Appendix B provides trade
statistics for Iraq’s major trading partners from 1980-1988, and Table 11 provides the
same information from 1990-1998.
Table 5. Iraq’s Top 10 Export and Import Trading Partners,
2001
Exports
Imports
(millions of U.S.$)
(thousands of U.S.$)
United States
$6,298
France
$591,174
Canada
$1,100
Australia
$438,877
France
$887
China
$396,973
Netherlands
$791
Italy
$326,438
Jordan
$736
Vietnam
$320,192
Italy
$607
Germany
$301,370
Morocco
$411
Japan
$189,918
Spain
$383
Russia
$187,339
Greece
$231
Jordan
$140,534
India
$228
Spain
$92,984
Total Above
$11,672
Total Above
$2,985,799
Rest of World
$965
Rest of World
$1,326,403
Source: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics.
30 Watkins, E. “Iraqi Interim Government Unveils Plan to Halt Oil Smuggling,” Oil and Gas
Journal
, October 27, 2003.

CRS-13
International Interests
Despite the international sanctions regime, several countries regarded Iraq as an
important trading partner and expressed concern before the war that their national
interests might be compromised if a newly-established Iraqi government is primarily
sympathetic to U.S. interests. These countries were concerned about lost trade and
possible loss of investment opportunities in Iraq’s oil sector.
Russia. Russia’s cumulative trade turnover with Iraq from 1997-March 2003
amounted to $7.7 billion. Iraq was an important trading partner to Russia because
certain exports were sold to Iraq that were not otherwise competitive in the global
market, including Volga cars, grain harvesters, and power generation equipment.
Russian analysts estimated that the industrial sector could lose as much as $2.5
billion if contracts signed with the regime of Saddam Hussein fall through.31
In August 2002, Russia and Iraq signed a five-year “economic cooperation” and
trade agreement valued at $40 billion. The trade package called for cooperation in
several industry sectors, including oil, electricity, and railroads.32
Russia and Iraq have signed numerous oil and gas agreements since 1997;
however, Russian firms had not started work on these projects, even though UN
officials had approved some of the contracts. Iraq’s oil ministry officials expressed
frustration with the inaction, and in January 2003, unilaterally terminated a major
contract with LUKoil, saying that the company had failed to fulfill its obligations
under the contract. The company called Iraq’s move “blackmail” and vowed to
contest the decision in court.33 In spite of this setback, Russia held more oil contracts
in pre-war Iraq than any of its foreign competitors — a strategic advantage Russia
fears it might lose if Iraq’s government is replaced by a regime with greater
allegiance to the United States.34
The Russian Foreign Ministry announced on October 22, 2003 that it is working
to create conditions to allow Russian companies to restart work in the Iraqi oil sector,
and a number of Russian oil companies participated in a business forum that was
held as part of the international conference on the restoration of Iraq held in Madrid
on October 23 and 24.35
France. Iraq is an important market for French goods, especially in the capital
goods, automotive, and food processing sectors. Other pre-war French exports to
31 United States Congress, House Committee on International Relations. Testimony on
Russia’s Policy toward Iran and Iraq, by C. Wallander of the Center for Strategic and
International Studies (CSIS), Washington, DC, February 25, 2003.
32 Feifer, G. “Russia: Proposed Economic Agreement with Iraq Raising Questions.” Radio
Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 19, 2002.
33 Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Business Middle East, January 16, 2003.
34 Petroleum Economist. “Focus: Oilfields Could Slip Out of Russia’s Reach,” February 10,
2003.
35 Petroleum Report. “Ministry to Pave Way for Russian Return to Iraq,” October 22, 2003.

CRS-14
Iraq included industrial, telecommunications, and electrical equipment. The regime
of Saddam Hussein considered France such an important trading partner that in
March 2002, the Iraqi embassy in Paris opened a new trade section dedicated to
continued improvement of Iraq’s trade relationship with France.36 Over 90 French
companies attended Baghdad’s annual trade fair held the following November.37
French oil companies also maintained cordial relations with Iraq’s oil officials.38
France’s major oil company, Total S A, (formerly TotalFinaElf), had secured a
memorandum of understanding with Iraqi oil officials during the Saddam Hussein
regime for drilling contracts worth a total of $7.4 billion. A successful outcome
would have doubled the group’s reserves with an added 10 billion barrels, and was
forecasted to increase its daily production by 16%.39
United States. The United States was the leading importer of Iraq’s oil in
2001. Some in the international community believed that U.S. needs for continuous
lower-cost supply of oil and U.S. oil interests played a vital part in leading the United
States to wage war on Iraq. As early as 1997, nine U.S. oil companies, including
Mobil, Conoco, Chevron, Occidental, Arco, Exxon, Texaco, Coastal, and Amoco
reportedly contacted Iraq to express interest in developing Iraqi oil fields.40
The appointment of a Texas oil executive, Philip J. Carroll, as chairman of an
advisory board to oversee the reconstruction of Iraq’s oil industry and the awarding
of initial reconstruction contracts to U.S. companies drew protests from some
European companies and others worldwide.41 Mr. Carroll was replaced in mid-
September 2003 by Robert McKee, a retired vice-president of ConocoPhillips, and
was later joined by Gary Vogler, a former ExxonMobil executive in late October.42
The Bush administration has emphatically denied that interest in Iraqi oil played any
role in deciding to go to war against Iraq.
Andrew Natsios, head of the Agency for International Development (USAID),
justified the selection of U.S. companies for initial reconstruction contracts in Iraq
on the basis that (1) the contracts were tendered before the war began, (2) bidders
required proper security clearances, and (3) U.S. federal procurement laws mandated
that U.S. companies be given priority in government-funded contracts. Kellogg
36 Bostnavaron, F. “France Remains Iraq’s Leading European Trading Partner.” Le Monde,
September 13, 2002.
37 Agence France Presse, “Over 90 Companies Going to Baghdad Trade Fair — -Iraqi
Official,” October 29, 2002.
38 Slugett, 288.
39 Marcel, p. 7.
40 “Oil, Business, and the Future of Iraqi Sanctions.” PolicyWatch No. 283, Washington
Institute for Near East Policy, November 24, 1997.
41 Vieth, W, and Fineman, M. “U.S. Names Three to Oversee Iraq’s Oil Industry,” Los
Angeles Times
, May 4, 2003, and Chaffin, J. “U.S.AID Finds Itself Caught in Controversy
over Contracts,”Financial Times, April 10, 2003.
42 Platt’s Oilgram News, November 6, 2003.

CRS-15
Brown and Root (KBR), a subsidiary of Halliburton was one of the companies
initially selected for reconstruction efforts.
KBR’s contract has recently been
extended until January of 2004, in order to give the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
time to revise two future reconstruction contracts which are open for bid.43
A recent British study by the Royal Institute for International Affairs contended,
however, that even though oil remains a major factor in U.S. foreign policy decisions,
it was probably not a factor in the military campaign against Iraq. The report cited
that if energy security had been a motivating factor for the U.S. government, a more
likely strategy to ensure a continuous oil supply would have been to end the regime
of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela, because it represents 14% of crude imports to the
United States as opposed to Iraq’s 7%.
Furthermore, even though Iraq’s oil
production could increase to as much as 6% of the world’s oil supply with heavy
investments over several years, Russia’s capacity is twice as large, and Saudi
Arabia’s is three times as large. Therefore, the report stated, taking Iraq’s oil fields
would not seem to give the United States any significant advantage in the energy
sector.44
Asia. Several Asian countries also had significant trade and economic ties to
Iraq, and expressed concern that their economies might suffer due to instability
caused by the war. Prior to the war, Iraq was the largest importer of Vietnamese rice,
at a total of 860,040 tons in 2002. Because these imports were conducted under the
Oil-for-Food Program, Vietnam also received a slightly higher than market-rate price
for the rice. Suspension of the OFFP prior to the war was a concern for Vietnamese
officials until UN approval to resume shipments was given in early May 2003.45
Taiwan’s trade officials had scheduled an ambitious trade agenda for the Middle
East region and are currently seeking a role for its computer firms in the U.S.-led
reconstruction program in Iraq.46 Thailand signed a bilateral trade and investment
cooperation agreement with Baghdad in January 2002. Thailand’s pre-war exports
to Iraq included rice and consumer products, but Thai officials expressed a desire for
deeper trade ties once UN sanctions were lifted.47
Asian oil companies have also been involved in contract bids in Iraq. The
China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and China North Industries
Corporation (Norinco) signed a 1997 contract with SOMO involving a $1.3 billion
investment to develop the Ahdab field in southern Iraq to a capacity of 90,000 barrels
per day. Only feasibility studies on the project could be conducted prior to the lifting
43 Landry, C. “U.S. Delays Granting New Iraq Oil Contracts,” October 30, 2003.
44 Dunn, D. H. Myths, Motivations and ‘Misunderestimations’: The Bush Administration and
Iraq
, Royal Institute of International Affairs, March 2003.
45 Financial Times Information. Vietnam News Briefs. “Vietnam Resumes Rice Exports to
Iraq, May 5, 2003.
46 Asia Pulse, “Taiwan Expresses Interest in Securing Iraq Contracts,” April 21, 2003.
47
Emerging Markets Datafile, “Iraq-Thailand Trade Looks Promising if UN Ends
Sanctions,” Xinhua, January 12, 2002.

CRS-16
of sanctions.48 India’s ONGC and Indonesia’s Pertamina signed agreements in 2000
for oil development in the Western Desert region, and PetroVietnam signed a
preliminary agreement to develop the Amara field.49 On August 15, 2003, Japan’s
Itochu Corp. announced that it had signed a contract to import an unspecified amount
of Iraqi crude oil from October to December. Mitsubishi Corp., also from Japan,
signed a contract last month with SOMO for 40,000 bpd from August to December.50
Validity of Pre-War Contracts. It is not clear at this time whether any
contracts negotiated with or signed by the regime of Saddam Hussein will be
considered valid by Iraq’s oil ministry or the Coalition Provisional Authority. Iraqi
oil officials announced recently that all pre-war contracts will be examined on a case-
by-case basis, and that any future contracts should be based on open bidding
procedures in line with international practice. Iraq’s top exploration official, Natik
al-Bayati, recently announced oil ministry plans to award new oil exploration
contracts as early as the second half of 2004, and that work on the contracts may start
in 2005.51
Pre-War Regional Trade
Jordan. After the imposition of UN sanctions, Jordan and Iraq began signing
trade protocols on an annual basis, renewed each February. Iraq provided Jordan
with oil at highly subsidized rates, and in exchange, Jordan provided Iraq with
needed goods equal to the agreed value of the oil provided. The value of the trade
agreement varied between $200 and $700 million annually, making Iraq the single
largest market for Jordanian goods. This arrangement was reportedly terminated by
Iraqi authorities in early November 2003.52 During the sanctions period, the United
Nations “took note” of the arrangement, deeming that it was neither permitted by nor
expressly violated UN sanctions.53
Turkey. Prior to the implementation of sanctions, Turkey was one of Iraq’s
major trading partners, with total trade between the two countries valued at about $3
billion per year. There was also a brisk transit business, from which Turkey received
approximately $1 billion per year by trucking goods to Iraq from Turkish ports.
Estimates of Turkey’s cumulative losses from the trade embargo range from $20 to
$60 billion. However, sanctions have not been a total loss for Turkey, as Turkish
48 Oil Daily, “China Adopts Cautious Approach to Iraqi Oil,” Energy Intelligence Group,
Inc., December 17, 2002.
49 Marcel, p. 7.
50 Japan Economic Newswire, “Itochu Signs Iraqi Crude Oil Contract,” August 15, 2003.
51 MqQuaile, M. “Iraq Targets Mid-2004 for Awarding E&P Contracts,” Platt’s Oilgram
News
, October 22, 2003.
52 Financial Times, “Iraqi Oil is for Iraqis,” November 28, 2003.
53 Economist Intelligence Unit, Middle East Regional Trade Overview, March 19, 2003.

CRS-17
firms reportedly won export contracts under the OFFP valued at $340 million in
2002, making Turkey Iraq’s seventh-largest supplier under the UN program.54
Illicit trade in diesel fuel reportedly flourished along the Turkish border with
Iraq during the sanctions period, involving as many as 500 trucks per day at its peak.
The smuggling was done using specially modified trucks that would carry food from
Turkey into Iraq, and would pick up deeply discounted fuel products for the return
trip. Turkish authorities made intermittent attempts to crack down on the illegal
smuggling, mainly at times when the black market threatened its own economic or
security interests. However, because the oil sales also provided revenue to Turkey’s
impoverished southeastern region, officials sometimes ignored the illegal trade.55
Syria. From November 2000 to April 2003, Iraq illicitly imported oil to Syria
via a 50 year-old pipeline that had been previously unused for almost 20 years.56 The
Iraqi flow of oil, purchased at discounts of up to 50% of market value, was a
moneymaker for the Syrian economy. Syria used the illegal Iraqi crude to fuel up to
one-half of its own domestic oil needs, and sold more of its own crude oil at market
prices. Iraq exported an estimated 200,000-250,000 barrels per day through the
pipeline and earned about $800 million through the trading arrangement. On April
8, 2003, Syrian oil officials indirectly confirmed the illicit trade agreement when the
Syrian state oil company, Sytrol, told its clients that, effective immediately, export
volumes for full-year 2003 would be cut by 40%, meaning that exports for the
remaining nine months of the year would be cut by more than half.57 This signaled
that Iraqi oil probably accounted for that share of Syria’s pre-2003 export volume.
Other Regional Trade. Iraq also entered into trade agreements with other
countries in the region, including a 1997 “Arab Free Trade Area Agreement” signed
with thirteen other Arab countries, including Egypt, Jordan, Syria, United Arab
Emirates, Bahrain, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, and
Morocco. The countries agreed to reduce tariffs on goods traded among them by
10% per year, fully eliminating tariffs within ten years. Several of these countries,
including Iraq, subsequently signed bilateral or multilateral agreements with each
other accelerating tariff reductions, or even moving directly to free trade.
In January 2001, Iraq entered into free-trade agreements with Egypt, Syria, and
Tunisia under the 1997 agreement. Egypt, in particular, sought to reassure the United
States that the agreement would not affect the nature of Egypt-Iraq trade, and that
the agreement was consistent with guidelines put forth in the OFFP.58
54 Economist Intelligence Unit, “Trade in Turkey: Bridging Maneuvers,” EIU Business
Middle East
, May 1, 2002.
55 Economist Intelligence Unit, EIU Business Middle East, February 16, 2000.
56 Economist Intelligence Unit, EIU Business Middle East, April 1, 2001.
57 Van Schaik, J. “Syria At Last Admits to Iraqi Oil Imports,” Oil Daily, April 9, 2003.
58 Memo to the State Department by the Commercial and Economic Office of the Embassy
of Egypt, Washington, DC, January 31, 2001.

CRS-18
Trade Policy Concerns
Even though UN Security Council Resolution 1483 lifted international sanctions
against Iraq, many key issues will need to be addressed if the economic situation in
Iraq is to be normalized and the door opened to its normal participation in world
trade. Some concerns related specifically to trade policy include (1) the financing of
rebuilding efforts, especially as they relate to rebuilding the oil infrastructure and
possible obligation of Iraq’s future assets; (2) the status of previous oil contracts and
the authority to negotiate and grant new ones; and (3) the fears of some in the
international community that a reinvigorated Iraqi oil sector would lead to
unrestricted oil exports and subsequently cause a depression of world oil prices.
Export-Import Bank Funding Proposals
As of November 26, 2003, the Development Fund for Iraq (DFI), the fund
created pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1483, has approximately $5.2
billion designated for reconstruction efforts. Some of this money was transferred to
the DFI from the Oil-for-Food Program as provided for in resolution 1483, and some
of the funding came from the transfer of frozen Iraqi government assets held by
member states. Resolution 1483 further provides that all proceeds from Iraq’s oil
sales be deposited into the DFI until an internationally recognized, representative
government is in place. Most analysts believe that the cost of Iraq’s reconstruction
efforts will greatly exceed this amount and that other sources of funding will be
needed, such as additional U.S. appropriations, donations from other countries,
profits from oil resources, and debt rescheduling or restructuring.
Following President Bush’s announcement that major hostilities in Iraq had
ended, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) issued initial
contracts to U.S. companies for rebuilding efforts based on U.S. appropriated funds.
Many in the Bush Administration expected that the war would only affect oil exports
in the short term, and that a large part of the funding for rebuilding Iraq would come
from continued oil sales. Since oil exports did not rebound as quickly as expected,
the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) has revised their initial estimates of oil
export earnings from projected earnings of $5 billion in 2003 down to $3.5 billion,
and from $15 billion in 2004 earnings down to approximately $13.5 billion.59
An Iraq reconstruction donor conference held in Madrid in late October yielded
pledges of $33 billion over the next four years, including the $20 billion U.S.
contribution. Other donors included Japan ($1.5 billion in grants, $3.5 billion in
loans), Kuwait ($500 million), the United Arab Emirates ($215 million), and Saudi
Arabia ($1 billion, half in export credits and half in loans). The World Bank and the
59 Energy Intelligence Briefing, “U.S. Companies Plan Oil-Backed Bonds to Rebuild Iraq”,
June 24, 2003, and Barrionuevo, A. “Bremer Says Oil Will Fund New Budget In Iraq,”Wall
Street Journal,
July 8, 2003

CRS-19
IMF also pledged to make up to $9 billion in loans available over the next four
years.60
Some members of the Bush Administration and the CPA are actively searching
for additional funding options.61 The Export-Import Bank of the United States
proposed several options, including (1) securitizing future Iraqi oil assets in order to
provide collateral for loans, and (2) establishing a $500 million short-term insurance
facility to help facilitate U.S. exports to Iraq.
In June 2003, The Coalition for Employment through Trade (CFETT), an
association representing some of the companies given the initial reconstruction
contracts in Iraq, and the Export-Import Bank (Exim Bank) joined forces to propose
that future oil exports be used as collateral to borrow money from commercial banks
for reconstruction projects in Iraq. The proposal would have established an Iraq
Reconstruction Financing Authority (IRFA) as part of the Development Fund for Iraq
(DFI), which would continue to operate after a new Iraqi government assumes power.
A multilateral consortium of export credit agencies would then enter into an
arrangement with the IRFA to provide project-specific financing for reconstruction
activities. A portion of revenue earned through oil sales would pay interest in initial
years and the principal later. As the economy recovers, revenue from other sources
would also have been used for repayment of these reconstruction loans.62
Exim Bank officials currently appear to have rejected this proposal. In addition,
an amendment offered by Senator Dorgan (SA 1826) during Senate floor debate on
S. 1689, the Senate version of H.R. 3289 (became P.L. 108-106, providing
emergency supplemental funding for reconstruction and security efforts in Iraq and
Afghanistan) which similarly proposed that Iraqi oil revenues be used to pay for
reconstruction efforts was tabled in the Senate.63
On August 28, 2003, the Exim Bank also announced plans to establish a $500
million short-term insurance facility to help finance U.S. exports contracted through
the newly-established Trade Bank of Iraq (TBI). The bank proposes to provide
comprehensive coverage against failure of TBI to pay under letters of credit by using
two currently available Exim Bank instruments, the Bank Letter of Credit Insurance
Policy and the Financial Institution Buyer Credit Insurance Policy.64 The Exim Bank
has also proposed to consider applications under all of its products (e.g., working
capital guarantee, loan guarantee, export credit insurance, and direct loans) to support
the sale of goods and services to Iraq, provided there is creditworthy source in a third
60 Khalaf, R, et. al. “Donors Promise Total of Dollars 33bn, Says Madrid Conference on
Iraq,” Financial Times, October 25, 2003.
61 Lloyd, S. “U.S. Considers New Ways of Financing Iraq’s Reconstruction,” World Markets
Analysis
, June 19, 2003.
62 Energy Intelligence Group, Inc. “Ex-Im Bank Wants to Securitize Iraq Oil Revenue,” Oil
Daily
, June 24, 2003.
63 U.S. Senate, Congressional Record pp. S12427-14233.
64 Export-Import Bank Fact Sheet, “Export-Import Bank Support for U.S. Exports to Iraq,”
November 2003.

CRS-20
country in the Middle East or elsewhere willing to provide security for the loans. To
the extent that any loans place obligations on any future government of Iraq to repay
them, they may not be in keeping with international law.
Supporters of these arrangements assert that the UN Security Council
Resolution 1483 recognized the Coalition Provisional Authority as the relevant
authority until 2007. Thus, they claim, it is legal for the CPA to enter into such an
agreements on behalf of Iraq, provided that the term of the agreement expires before
the CPA’s authority expires. In addition, since further debt payments (e.g., payments
on previous loans) are set aside until then, options are left open for further
obligations.
These arguments may be based on a misreading of international law and of
Resolution 1483. Hague Regulations prevent an interim authority from obligating
Iraq’s resources for a longer term than the occupation period. Although the U.S. and
coalition forces are recognized as the occupying authority, the resolution does not
actually create or recognize any time period for that recognition. The December 2007
date in the resolution refers to the moratorium on Iraqi debt service obligations, not
the tenure of the occupation regime. The two factors are not linked. Indeed,
Resolution 1483 admonishes the occupying powers not to exceed their legal authority
and it looks toward an early establishment of an interim government for Iraq, and
Resolution 1511 of October 16, 200365 further underscores the temporary nature of
the Coalition Provisional Authority. The CPA could presumably mortgage future oil
exports that would occur during its tenure. However, since the Bush Administration
has not established a date certain that the CPA’s power will be transferred to an Iraqi
government, there is no firm date on which to base any funding arrangement.66
Oil Contracts
Some oil companies that signed or negotiated oil exploration/development
contracts with the regime of Saddam Hussein have expressed hope that the Iraqi oil
ministry would continue to honor their contracts for work on oilfields in Iraq. Iraqi
oil officials have recently asserted that, although the Iraqi oil sector will be open to
international oil companies, the oil sector should be run with the Iraqi people’s
interest in mind, “on the basis of Iraqi’s oil for Iraqis and run by Iraqis.” In keeping
with this, officials have stated that all old contracts will be examined on a case-by-
case basis, and that all future oil exploration contracts should be based on open
65 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1511, S/Res/1511(2003), October 15, 2003.
66 The Law of Land Warfare (LLW), Field Manual No. 27-10, Department of the Army,
Washington, DC, July 18, 1956. Section 358.This manual restates in one place the relevant
international law and agreements governing belligerent occupancy, including the Hague
Regulations of 1907 and the Geneva Convention of 1949. See CRS Report RL31944, Iraq’s
Economy: Past, Present, and Future,
and CRS General Distribution Memorandum Export
Import Bank Operations in Iraq
, by Jonathan Sanford for a more complete discussion of
constraints placed on occupying powers in international law.

CRS-21
bidding procedures in line with international practice. Officials said that the oil
ministry should aim at awarding new contracts during the second half of 2004.67
Some authorities believe that because the Iraqi National Oil Company and the
State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO) as currently constituted are not
independent of the Coalition Provisional Authority, they do not have the right under
international law to enter into contracts to drill new wells or to otherwise develop
new facilities because the occupying power may not itself have a right to do so.
These authorities cite a 1967 case in which the United States insisted that Israel
could not drill new wells or otherwise develop oil facilities when it held Egyptian oil
fields.68 A second complication, once again, is the apparent requirement that new
contracts authorized by occupation authorities cannot last longer than the period of
occupation.
A third issue relates to Iraq’s formerly strict laws limiting foreign investment
as instituted by the previous government.
On September 21, 2003, the CPA
instituted a new foreign investment law (CPA/ORD/19 September 2003/39)
allowing, in part, for 100% ownership in all business sectors other than petroleum.
However, since the new law is subject to adoption or replacement by an
internationally recognized, representative government of Iraq (section 3), its effect
is only temporary.
Under international law, the occupying power may not
permanently alter existing law and must uphold the existing Iraqi civil and penal
codes.69 Statutes can only be altered when a new, independent government decides
whether they should be changed. Therefore, most authorities in international law
believe that Iraq will need a legitimate government before permanent changes can be
made in its laws, economy, and institutions, including major enhancements to the oil
infrastructure.70
Oil Prices
Although Iraq is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), its participation in OPEC’s production quotas has been irregular.
Frequent wars and twelve years of international sanctions have impeded Iraq’s efforts
to develop its oil production infrastructure and increase exports. Some OPEC
member states and others in the international community fear that a new Iraqi
government may decide that its national interests compel it to produce as much oil
as it can, thus causing a severe drop in worldwide oil prices.
67 “Iraqi Oil is for Iraqis,” Global News Wire, November 28, 2003; “Iraq Targets Mid=2004
for Awarding E&P Contracts, Platt’s Oilgram News, October 22, 2003; “Green Light
Awaited for Iraq Contract Talks,” International Oil Daily, October 14, 2003.
68 United States Department of State, Memorandum of Law (Oct. 1, 1976), reprinted in 16
I.L.M. 733(1977). See CRS Report RL31944, p. 42-44, for a detailed analysis of the findings
in this case.
69 LLW, sections 368-370.
70 CRS Report RL31944, p. 43.

CRS-22
Most oil industry analysts believe that this is not an immediate danger and point
to the fact that Iraq’s membership status in OPEC will be irrelevant until it reaches
its pre-1990 production capacity of 3.5 million barrels per day — a process that will
most likely take two years or more. After that time, however, Iraq’s huge production
potential and its need to raise as much money and to attract as much foreign
investment as possible may make it more difficult to keep the country inside the
OPEC quota system. Iraqi authorities will need to decide then whether expansion of
their exports to get more revenue or whether cooperation with OPEC to maintain
higher oil prices is in their national interest.

CRS-23
Appendix A: Selected United Nations Security
Council Resolutions with Respect to Trade with Iraq
Resolution
Date
Effect
Resolution 661
August 6, 1990
Imposes comprehensive economic sanctions on Iraq. Food
(1990)
and medicine are exempt. Establishes a committee to oversee
implementation of sanctions.
Resolution 687
April 3, 1991
Sets terms for a cease-fire and removal of Iraq’s weapons of
(1991)
mass destruction. Maintains the terms of the embargo.
Resolution 706
August 15, 1991
Sets out an oil-for-food mechanism. Authorizes an escrow
(1991)
account to be established by the Secretary General.
The resolution is not accepted by the Government of Iraq.
Resolution 986
April 14, 1995
Enables Iraq to sell up to $1 billion of oil every 90 days and
S/RES/986 (1995)
use the proceeds for humanitarian supplies to the country.
Sets terms of reference for Oil-for-Food Program.
Resolution 1153
February 20, 1998
Increases Iraq’s export limit to allow the sale of up to $5.256
S/RES/1153 (1998)
billion of Iraqi oil.
Resolution 1175
June 19, 1998
Authorizes Iraq to buy $300 million worth of spare parts in
S/RES/1175 (1998)
order to reach the $5.256 billion ceiling for oil exports.
Resolution 1284
March 31, 2000
Allows Iraq to export unlimited quantities of oil. Establishes
S/RES/1284 (2000)
United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection
Commission (UNMOVIC).
Resolution 1409
May 14, 2002
Introduces a Goods Review List and a new set of procedures
S/RES/1409 (2002)
for processing OFFP contracts.
Resolution 1441
November 8, 2002
Declares Iraq to be in material breach of its obligations
S/RES/1441 (2002)
through failure to cooperate with UN inspectors. Gives Iraq
a final opportunity to comply and directs it to give
unconditional, unimpeded access. Repeats warning that
failure to comply will lead to serious consequences.
Resolution 1472
March 28, 2003
Adjusts the OFFP and gives the Secretary-General authority
S/RES/1472 (2003)
for a 45 day time period to facilitate the delivery and receipt
of goods contracted by the Government of Iraq.
Resolution 1476
April 24, 2003
Continues the Secretary-General’s authority and temporary
S/RES/1476 (2003)
adjustments to the OFFP until June 3, 2003.
Resolution 1483
May 22, 2003
Lifts civilian sanctions on Iraq. Provides for termination of
S/RES/1483 (2003)
the OFFP within six months. Transfers responsibility for the
administration of any remaining activity to the Authority
representing the occupying powers.
Source: UN Office for the Oil for Food Program, <http://www.un.org/Depts/oip/>

CRS-24
Appendix B: Trade Tables
Table 6. Iraq: Top 30 Export Commodities, 1978-1988
(SITC Rev 1 Commodities, actual U.S. Dollars)
Description
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
TOTAL — Total All Commodities
12,096,491,532
27,848,274,099
9,511,880,650
10,059,425,259
7,951,244,360
10,196,948791
3310 — Crude petroleum,etc
11,715,404,094
26,836,854,618
9,227,214,793
9,324,035,153
7,108,381,737
8,904,133,182
3324 — Residual fuel oils
4,756,830
17,036,314
8,051,156
337,627,431
256,428,628
211,496,066
3323 — Distillate fuels
6,176,241
0
169
57,745,188
94,185,435
135,079,485
3320 — UN special code
0
0
0
0
0
132,585,500
3411 — Gas natural
23,048
2,121,410
0
25,630,998
21,376,227
103,887,581
3321 — Motor spirits, gasoline
16,461,915
101,531,716
0
30,527,957
78,665,908
98,251,710
2741 — Sulphur
25,964,228
25,264,676
0
19,884,024
37,283,397
76,251,163
7114 — Aircraft engines inc jet
8,628,022
6,897,918
11,485,012
26,844,460
28,304,405
56,904,477
5612 — Chem phosphatic fertilizer
13,533
110,470
0
26,121,589
42,934,553
36,009,776
0520 — Dried fruit
22,217,725
25,473,809
23,716,477
20,491,329
24,308,300
32,558,979
9310 — Special transactions
10,748,100
2,447,498
14,463,492
6,094,114
6,459,370
30,209,995
6612 — Cement
473,970
226,235
0
4,018,489
28,966,514
25,821,467
5132 — Chemical elements nes
54,692
40,965
118,602
31,664,729
8,796,035
23,881,002
0012 — Sheep, lambs, goats
385,429
663,450
0
836,880
804,642
18,090,201
5611 — Chem nitrogenous fertilizer
12,710,005
76,198,314
0
40,060
267,730
16,045,435
7349 — Aircraft parts,etc
831,947
467,626
801,956
3,091,381
5,921,651
14,701,682
5999 — Chem products, preparations, nes
9,240
108,600
1,397
8,841
3,183
12,391,277
2117 — Sheep skin without wool
7,490,856
5,810,587
6,154,531
7,847,627
6,980,645
11,420,624
0430 — Barley unmilled
2,076
186
34
0
13,871,462
11,286,217
5619 — Fertilizers nes
182,833
31,139
113,234
6,954,333
32,072
9,187,995
8619 — Measuring,controling instruments
1,852,932
1,552,485
570,391
607,364
1,533,365
7,702,322
3325 — Lubricating oils, greases
1,104,798
2,491
44,586
15,447
2,158,340
5,513,677
2622 — Wool degreased
4,784,827
2,550,012
55,775
363,651
90,737
4,640,633
2840 — Non-ferrous metal scrap
798,733
592,816
284
653,213
354,101
4,639,450
2621 — Wool greasy, fleece-washed
1,785,935
728,672
938,643
1,308,947
623,882
3,990,977
5214 — Coal, petroleum distillates, nes
0
1,991
0
0
0
3,412,877
0811 — Hay fodder green, dry
0
37,042
0
17,328
377,323
3,351,476
2919 — Animal materials nes
875,053
872,763
141,693
244,754
1,057,411
3,176,703
3326 — Mineral galas
1,126,938
2,282,437
947,185
3,931,922
2,611,135
2,992,740
6576 — Carpets etc unknotted
88,924
24,353
34,651
524,769
258,483
2,528,148
Source: United Nations Trade Data, compiled by CRS using the Trade Policy Information System, Department of Commerce.

CRS-25
Table 7. Iraq: Top 30 Import Commodities, 1978-1988
(SITC Rev 1 Commodities, actual U.S. Dollars)
Description
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
TOTAL — Total All Commodities
5,148,586,209
12,073,848,974
17,386,519,541
8,350,706,527
7,445,381,968
7,723,760,915
0410 — Wheat etc unmilled
142,966,302
314,325,892
294,394,300
441,983,228
242,733,084
420,102,328
0111 — Bovine meat fresh, frozen
9,713,088
24,207,274
167,123,056
75,668,300
101,793,448
304,126,602
0422 — Rice glazed or polished
101,334,642
159,025,940
110,681,285
187,708,590
103,003,288
213,859,996
7151 — Machine tools for metal
35,238,720
42,052,629
91,645,006
37,443,817
14,302,069
208,758,961
5417 — Medicaments
57,681,524
114,504,116
106,011,974
101,400,934
179,213,391
198,520,334
6291 — Rubber tires, tubes
50,363,487
155,450,313
115,325,139
124,291,270
144,195,404
150,927,592
7222 — Switchgear etc
98,346,811
175,489,901
342,724,401
154,034,229
230,469,198
144,992,077
7328 — Motor vehicle parts nes
124,978,179
349,427,668
403,244,905
200,833,748
170,103,087
128,960,667
7192 — Pumps,centrifuges
111,239,219
209,362,098
380,692,052
141,805,149
218,901,934
123,876,172
7249 — Telecommunications equipment nes
165,878,284
236,929,742
616,677,861
339,750,309
288,025,108
120,420,357
5812 — Prod of polymerizing etc
44,376,362
134,236,101
146,952,599
108,842,863
62,895,220
119,935,960
6732 — Iron,steel bars etc
88,322,340
224,710,827
126,258,835
169,642,036
106,729,705
115,787,800
6793 — Iron,stl forgings rough
99,091
691,919
1,133,817
2,700,487
1,023,349
114,114,743
7341 — Aircrft heavier than air
18,263
11,811,860
73,403,752
3,504,516
4,561,359
106,812,747
7191 — Heating,cooling,equipmnt
125,428,916
237,866,906
342,924,431
78,795,524
115,451,146
104,961,681
0819 — Food waste and feed nes
11,287,939
6,497,997
23,492,934
91,322,940
40,176,503
99,510,476
7199 — Machine parts, accesrories, nes
45,046,992
118,695,304
197,131,911
73,041,681
86,484,032
86,771,969
0741 — Tea
45,022,755
46,210,857
54,867,493
128,990,036
40,990,437
76,268,769
7193 — Mechanical handling equipment
73,332,323
212,613,116
236,746,873
52,925,219
55,564,712
76,254,840
7195 — Powered-tools nes
18,782,431
28,501,934
41,553,042
20,955,700
14,193,592
74,350,133
0813 — Vegetable oil residues
16,564,076
5,934,700
2,903,581
49,052,461
28,523,357
74,099,631
6535 — Woven synthetic fabrics
11,773,061
60,378,688
53,653,803
67,373,686
51,975,009
73,773,888
0440 — Maize unmilled
10,991,637
12,768,492
425,510
50,238,419
33,700,051
71,909,599
6952 — Tools nes
28,118,267
52,744,402
72,127,300
42,391,867
33,481,866
68,451,525
6989 — Other base metal manufactures
24,481,279
60,098,951
118,149,158
29,848,923
27,026,146
68,449,189
7340 — UN special code
0
35,000,000
159,322,296
2,438,050
78,683,435
67,103,360
7231 — Insulated wire, cable
80,162,466
144,572,861
296,831,892
56,632,480
71,113,395
65,582,788
0222 — Milk and cream dry
20,853,585
68,932,759
61,614,160
71,839,691
40,954,586
65,213,229
6516 — Yarn of synthetic fibers
52,851,449
85,973,719
106,507,138
79,498,120
135,859,065
65,186,173
9310 — Special transactions
12,013,008
18,293,528
33,672,628
41,859,715
24,975,612
64,576,044
Source: United Nations Trade Data compiled by CRS using the Trade Policy Information System, Department of Commerce.

CRS-26
Table 8. Iraq: Top 30 Export Commodities, 1990-1998
(SITC Rev. 3 Commodities, actual U.S. Dollars)
Description
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
TOTAL — Total All Commodities
10,559,429,669
488,763,574
421,908,112
46,468,416
4,873,256,137
3330 — Crude oil from petroleum or bituminous minerals
9,875,305,499
45,992,568
332,602,134
31,542,874
4,706,719,191
9310 — Special transactions, not elsewhere specified
38,199,321
167,383
942
6,979
58,578,201
3431 — Liquified natural gas
0
0
9,184,485
0
12,596,107
7821 — Motor vehicles for the transport of goods
19,385
29,416
9,617
11,805
3,655,811
2882 — Nonferrous metal waste and scrap
464,530
22,094
5,801
0
3,389,062
7812 — Motor vehicles for the transport of persons
98,557
54,372
514,498
57,289
3,149,307
7843 — Parts and access. of special purpose motor vehicles
104,963
886
1,000
2,296
2,201,762
0342 — Fish, frozen (excluding fillets and minced fish)
74,703
21,472
0
908
1,489,324
0542 — Leguminous vegetables, dried, shelled
64,224
0
0
0
1,475,513
7757 — Electrotechnical domestic appliances and parts
1,576
0
0
167
1,182,703
7782 — Electric filament or discharge lamps; arc lamps, parts
5,263
65
731
0
1,105,281
7243 — Sewing machines, furniture, bases and covers, etc.
27,101
17,304
806
9,146
1,058,449
5112 — Cyclic hydrocarbons
4,759,795
0
0
0
923,947
5232 — Chlorides, chloride oxides, etc.; bromides, etc.
0
0
0
3,179
895,490
7232 — Self-propelled mechanical shovels and excavators
229,979
0
0
0
829,893
7519 — Office machines, not elsewhere classified
0
0
0
0
694,095
8959 — Office and stationery supplies, not elsewhere specified
0
0
329
7,772
401,930
7139 — Parts for internal combustion piston engines and parts, not
59,849
142
16,023
0
384,019
elsewhere specified
8952 — Pens, pencils, and fountain pens
22,425
0
0
0
368,353
7758 — Electro thermic appliances, not elsewhere classified
34,902
0
0
0
361,642
0411 — Unmilled durum wheat
0
0
0
0
355,279
7611 — Color television receivers
147,172
4,472
0
0
339,589
7513 — Photocopying apparatus inc. an optical system
1
620
0
0
329,041
6794 — Iron and steel tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, not elsewhere
6,801
0
1,346
0
311,361
specified
6841 — Unwrought Aluminum and aluminum alloys
15,081
0
0
0
255,292
7822 — Special purpose motor vehicles, other than for transport of
415,395
188,207
72,000
0
244,681
persons
8997 — Basketware and other art of plaiting mat; brooms, etc.
11,701
0
450
0
211,223
0361 — Frozen crustaceans
0
0
0
0
198,828
7622 — Radio broadcast receivers, without external power
0
0
0
0
190,941
8823 — Photo film, rolls, sensitized, unexposed, exc. paper
0
0
0
0
163,478
Source: United Nations Trade Data compiled by CRS using the Trade Policy Information System, Department of Commerce.

CRS-27
Table 9. Iraq: Top 30 Import Commodities, 1990-1998
(SITC Rev. 3 Commodities, actual U.S. Dollars)
SITC Rev 3 Commodities
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
TOTAL — Total All Commodities
5,380,475,477
586,594,236
432,751,728
311,555,523
1,416,531,218
0412 — Wheat, including spelt, and meslin, not elsewhere specified
322,877,010
34,723,454
10,755,943
26,212,142
154,619,312
5429 — Medicaments, not elsewhere specified
96,249,015
45,373,153
53,490,945
8,815,604
95,874,162
0612 — Cane/beet sugar, not elsewhere specified, chemical pure sucrose, solid
93,411,620
54,885,817
49,970,401
284,413
78,940,755
form
4312 — Animal or vegetable fats and oils, fractions hydrogenated, etc.
502,706
92,494
89,850,927
9,420,284
77,357,612
0741 — Tea, whether or not flavored
54,966,460
1,126,090
93,288
890,517
66,750,037
0989 — Food preparations, not elsewhere specified.
72,684,326
20,522,916
481,566
2,847,769
54,330,208
0910 — Margarine; edible preparations and mixtures of animal fats
309,422
13,949,457
16,215,318
18,573,101
46,776,661
8722 — Medical instruments and appliances, including sight testing
25,655,292
2,368,722
2,201,762
894,956
33,561,577
8721 — Dental instruments and appliances, not elsewhere specified
546,219
6,012
0
888
31,218,365
0423 — Rice, milled whether polished, glazed are parboiled
114,087,028
37,237,338
7,063,099
3,840,529
29,123,695
0542 — Leguminous vegetables, dried, shelled
41,426,980
5,740,954
3,955,327
5,991,811
28,956,744
7165 — Electric generating sets
21,028,044
0
446,875
99,636
23,887,952
7822 — Special purpose motor vehicles other than for transport of persons
32,036,023
299,000
0
0
21,207,657
7426 — Centrifugal pumps, not elsewhere specified
22,775,785
375,110
1,186,389
934,166
19,292,674
0222 — Milk and cream, concentrated or sweetened
93,607,188
2,068,245
1,212,719
1,521,824
18,250,426
7212 — Harvesting, threshing, mowing and cleaning machines, etc.
25,305,062
116,000
98,100
211,299
16,131,022
5422 — Medicaments with hormones, etc, but no antibiotics
29,439,665
3,254,842
6,944,213
2,793,595
15,538,797
5421 — Medicaments with antibiotics or derivatives
18,505,038
4,398,396
1,781,426
1,159,006
15,093,814
0819 — Food wastes and prepared animal feeds, not elsewhere specified
39,476,229
33,464
3,073,530
1,273,121
14,160,386
7224 — Wheeled tractors, not elsewhere specified
2,544,946
0
0
8,000
12,946,339
9310 — Special transactions and commodities
22,231,164
108,195,460
9,300,723
96,424
12,834,321
7724 — Electrical appliances for switching, etc., electrical circuits
11,226,573
2,770
197,670
0
12,368,820
0251 — Bird’s eggs in shell, fresh, preserved or cooked
18,423,963
9,249,022
247,023
20,357
11,419,424
7149 — Parts of turbojet engines and gas turbines
11,006,786
0
3,647
89,800
10,615,282
7223 — Track-laying tractors
1,007,394
0
0
0
10,000,000
7812 — Motor vehicles for the transport of persons
216,524,883
186,127
201,804
178,011
9,630,993
7821 — Motor vehicles for the transport of goods
40,894,440
275,468
907,833
1,326,000
8,462,329
5419 — Pharmaceutical goods, other than medicaments
10,169,549
4,220,869
1,000,472
4,466,923
8,338,955
7742 — Apparatus based on use of x-rays, etc.
7,963,268
0
3,081
140,626
8,124,909
5416 — Glycosides; glands, etc., antisera, vaccines, etc.
4,187,673
588,884
1,889,272
3,215,023
7,913,795
Source: United Nations Trade Data compiled by CRS using the Trade Policy Information System, Department of Commerce.

CRS-28
Table 10. Iraq’s Major Trading Partners, 1980-1988
(Actual U.S. Dollars)
Trade Flow
Trading Partner
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Exports
.WORLD
37,062,321,003
14,462,096,699
12,730,596,880
9,659,373,852
12,186,107,326
Imports
.WORLD
12,459,383,000
19,374,854,800
8,857,314,140
8,104,521,058
8,457,556,057
Trade Balance /1
.WORLD
24,602,938,003
-4,912,758,101
3,873,282,740
1,554,852,794
3,728,551,269
Total Trade /2
.WORLD
49,521,704,003
33,836,951,499
21,587,911,020
17,763,894,909
20,643,663,383
Exports
Brazil
8,290,990,000
5,805,850,000
4,625,540,000
2,376,280,000
2,852,740,000
Imports
Brazil
288,900,000
317,890,000
350,040,000
371,990,000
297,720,000
Trade Balance
Brazil
-8,002,090,000
-5,487,960,000
-4,275,500,000
-2,004,290,000
-2,555,020,000
Total Trade
Brazil
8,579,890,000
6,123,740,000
4,975,580,000
2,748,270,000
3,150,460,000
Exports
United States
482,200,000
41,600,000
129,300,000
472,800,000
1,599,000,000
Imports
United States
724,500,000
846,200,000
664,100,000
527,300,000
1,145,500,000
Trade Balance
United States
-242,300,000
-804,600,000
-534,800,000
-54,500,000
453,500,000
Total Trade
United States
1,206,700,000
887,800,000
793,400,000
1,000,100,000
2,744,500,000
Exports
Turkey
1,150,890,000
1,417,580,000
926,350,000
768,700,000
1,440,780,000
Imports
Turkey
134,790,000
610,440,000
934,380,000
553,270,000
986,110,000
Trade Balance
Turkey
1,016,100,000
807,140,000
-8,030,000
215,430,000
454,670,000
Total Trade
Turkey
1,285,680,000
2,028,020,000
1,860,730,000
1,321,970,000
2,426,890,000
Exports
Japan
4,359,200,000
774,000,000
170,300,000
971,000,000
829,000,000
Imports
Japan
2,193,200,000
2,744,900,000
803,400,000
1,223,800,000
406,300,000
Trade Balance
Japan
2,166,000,000
-1,970,900,000
-633,100,000
-252,800,000
422,700,000
Total Trade
Japan
6,552,400,000
3,518,900,000
973,700,000
2,194,800,000
1,235,300,000
Imports
France
1,072,100,000
1,443,200,000
684,100,000
485,400,000
445,100,000
Exports
France
5,596,800,000
418,800,000
776,200,000
611,100,000
785,700,000
Trade Balance
France
-4,524,700,000
1,024,400,000
-92,100,000
-125,700,000
-340,600,000
Total Trade
France
6,668,900,000
1,862,000,000
1,460,300,000
1,096,500,000
1,230,800,000
Exports
Italy
2,874,500,000
1,563,900,000
1,016,300,000
740,300,000
1,003,200,000
Imports
Italy
942,500,000
1,661,100,000
628,200,000
564,100,000
205,700,000
Trade Balance
Italy
1,932,000,000
-97,200,000
388,100,000
176,200,000
797,500,000
Total Trade
Italy
3,817,000,000
3,225,000,000
1,644,500,000
1,304,400,000
1,208,900,000
Exports
Germany
640,400,000
229,300,000
477,100,000
138,610,000
221,723,000
Imports
Germany
1,799,700,000
3,138,000,000
861,000,000
821,734,000
982,769,000
Trade Balance
Germany
-1,159,300,000
-2,908,700,000
-383,900,000
-683,124,000
-761,046,000
Total Trade
Germany
2,440,100,000
3,367,300,000
1,338,100,000
960,344,000
1,204,492,000
Exports
Yugoslavia (former)
895,090,000
348,530,000
1,199,090,000
793,970,000
672,110,000
Imports
Yugoslavia (former)
306,510,000
719,710,000
306,450,000
333,080,000
343,280,000
Trade Balance
Yugoslavia (former)
588,580,000
-371,180,000
892,640,000
460,890,000
328,830,000
Total Trade
Yugoslavia (former)
1,201,600,000
1,068,240,000
1,505,540,000
1,127,050,000
1,015,390,000
Exports
United Kingdom
1,237,500,000
136,500,000
92,800,000
95,800,000
77,159,900
Imports
United Kingdom
748,100,000
1,525,300,000
454,400,000
654,900,000
732,431,000
Trade Balance
United Kingdom
489,400,000
-1,388,800,000
-361,600,000
-559,100,000
-655,271,100
Total Trade
United Kingdom
1,985,600,000
1,661,800,000
547,200,000
750,700,000
809,590,900
Exports
Romania
2,020,410,000
650,446,000
123,021,800
453,140,000
236,639,000
Imports
Romania
274,500,000
821,060,000
420,100,000
393,873,000
432,200,000

CRS-29
Trade Flow
Trading Partner
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Trade Balance
Romania
1,745,910,000
-170,614,000
-297,078,200
59,267,000
-195,561,000
Total Trade
Romania
2,294,910,000
1,471,506,000
543,121,800
847,013,000
668,839,000
Exports
Spain
1,561,360,000
862,060,000
643,590,000
856,930,000
409,660,000
Imports
Spain
193,840,000
271,910,000
121,150,000
60,210,000
154,850,000
Trade Balance
Spain
1,367,520,000
590,150,000
522,440,000
796,720,000
254,810,000
Total Trade
Spain
1,755,200,000
1,133,970,000
764,740,000
917,140,000
564,510,000
Exports
Jordan
7,280,000
2,810,000
15,600,000
232,298,000
319,410,000
Imports
Jordan
94,870,000
189,920,000
174,890,000
121,496,000
172,850,000
Trade Balance
Jordan
-87,590,000
-187,110,000
-159,290,000
110,802,000
146,560,000
Total Trade
Jordan
102,150,000
192,730,000
190,490,000
353,794,000
492,260,000
Exports
Kuwait
6,700,000
11,500,000
45,500,000
45,090,300
149,576,000
Imports
Kuwait
420,100,000
892,500,000
303,100,000
216,846,000
298,163,000
Trade Balance
Kuwait
-413,400,000
-881,000,000
-257,600,000
-171,755,700
-148,587,000
Total Trade
Kuwait
426,800,000
904,000,000
348,600,000
261,936,300
447,739,000
Exports
India
1,340,260,000
939,173,000
691,489,000
102,785,000
336,990,000
Imports
India
68,550,000
69,718,800
43,845,700
19,824,200
17,882,700
Trade Balance
India
1,271,710,000
869,454,200
647,643,300
82,960,800
319,107,300
Total Trade
India
1,408,810,000
1,008,891,800
735,334,700
122,609,200
354,872,700
Exports
Netherlands
125,900,000
105,800,000
229,200,000
330,800,000
203,500,000
Imports
Netherlands
249,800,000
292,900,000
169,600,000
116,400,000
97,500,000
Trade Balance
Netherlands
-123,900,000
-187,100,000
59,600,000
214,400,000
106,000,000
Total Trade
Netherlands
375,700,000
398,700,000
398,800,000
447,200,000
301,000,000
Source: CRS calculations based on International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade Statistics
/1 Trade Balance equals Exports minus Imports
/2 Total Trade equals Exports plus Imports

CRS-30
Table 11. Iraq’s Major Trading Partners, 1990-2001
(In Actual U.S. Dollars)
Trade Flow
Trading Partner
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2001
Exports
World
12,554,378,393
655,332,905
422,473,513
553,759,960
6,176,825,976
16,541,315,037
12,636,496,781
Imports
World
5,934,361,151
549,306,849
453,201,278
516,740,167
1,660,682,963
3,025,274,508
4,312,201,822
Trade Balance
World
6,620,017,242
106,026,055
-30,727,765
37,019,793
4,516,143,013
13,516,040,529
8,324,294,959
Total Trade
World
18,488,739,544
1,204,639,754
875,674,791
1,070,500,126
7,837,508,940
19,566,589,545
16,948,698,602
Exports
United States
3,247,300,000
0
0
0
1,360,600,000
6,347,200,000
6,297,700,000
Imports
United States
639,700,000
400,000
800,000
2,800,000
106,500,000
10,900,000
46,400,000
Trade Balance
United States
2,607,600,000
-400,000
-800,000
-2,800,000
1,254,100,000
6,336,300,000
6,251,300,000
Total Trade
United States
3,887,000,000
400,000
800,000
2,800,000
1,467,100,000
6,358,100,000
6,344,100,000
Exports
France
520,230,000
21,211,500
0
0
255,756,000
356,824,000
591,174,000
Imports
France
400,744,000
25,313
0
0
737,827,000
1,316,360,000
887,022,000
Trade Balance
France
119,486,000
21,186,187
0
0
-482,071,000
-959,536,000
-295,848,000
Total Trade
France
920,974,000
21,236,813
0
0
993,583,000
1,673,184,000
1,478,196,000
Exports
Canada
202,892,000
103,604
21,565
0
114,406,300
965,341,000
1,100,238,000
Imports
Canada
166,079,000
3,377,760
0
563,663
2,580,840
51,711,600
3,830,120
Trade Balance
Canada
36,813,000
-3,274,156
21,565
-563,663
111,825,460
913,629,400
1,096,407,880
Total Trade
Canada
368,971,000
3,481,364
21,565
563,663
116,987,140
1,017,052,600
1,104,068,120
Exports
Italy
351,837,000
782,525
58,605
164,773
402,667,000
1,672,240,000
607,189,000
Imports
Italy
274,538,000
0
2,182,800
1,394,070
37,896,600
238,160,000
326,438,000
Trade Balance
Italy
77,299,000
782,525
-2,124,195
-1,229,297
364,770,400
1,434,080,000
280,751,000
Total Trade
Italy
626,375,000
782,525
2,241,405
1,558,843
440,563,600
1,910,400,000
933,627,000
Exports
Netherlands
831,783,000
202,290
11,539
88,380
472,318,000
512,555,000
790,877,000
Imports
Netherlands
146,909,000
17,251,800
3,731,330
15,030,300
21,388,800
33,185,500
37,797,900
Trade Balance
Netherlands
684,874,000
-17,049,510
-3,719,792
-14,941,920
450,929,200
479,369,500
753,079,100
Total Trade
Netherlands
978,692,000
17,454,090
3,742,869
15,118,680
493,706,800
545,740,500
828,674,900
Exports
Spain
527,428,000
0
97,045
0
497,284,000
1,186,530,000
383,165,000
Imports
Spain
78,084,600
0
0
0
14,164,600
57,788,800
92,984,000
Trade Balance
Spain
449,343,400
0
97,045
0
483,119,400
1,128,741,200
290,181,000
Total Trade
Spain
605,512,600
0
97,045
0
511,448,600
1,244,318,800
476,149,000
Exports
China
71,141,400
602,000
866,000
113,000
59,861,000
647,645,000
73,022,000
Imports
China
32,541,900
666,000
1,552,000
1,035,000
104,546,000
327,259,000
396,973,000
Trade Balance
China
38,599,500
-64,000
-686,000
-922,000
-44,685,000
320,386,000
-323,951,000
Total Trade
China
103,683,300
1,268,000
2,418,000
1,148,000
164,407,000
974,904,000
469,995,000
Exports
Australia
316,580
0
0
0
68,516,400
156,685,800
0
Imports
Australia
171,395,000
26,359,100
52,106,500
15,515,800
196,351,000
341,621,000
438,877,000
Trade Balance
Australia
-171,078,420
-26,359,100
-52,106,500
-15,515,800
-127,834,600
-184,935,200
-438,877,000
Total Trade
Australia
171,711,580
26,359,100
52,106,500
15,515,800
264,867,400
498,306,800
438,877,000

CRS-31
Trade Flow
Trading Partner
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2001
Exports
Japan
893,237,000
1,283,510
0
4,406
88,528,400
660,892,000
140,558,000
Imports
Japan
270,946,000
414,855
1,113,000
321,729
9,898,930
42,575,800
189,918,000
Trade Balance /1
Japan
622,291,000
868,655
-1,113,000
-317,323
78,629,470
618,316,200
-49,360,000
Total Trade /2
Japan
1,164,183,000
1,698,365
1,113,000
326,135
98,427,330
703,467,800
330,476,000
Exports
Vietnam
0
0
0
43,000
241,000
38,000
41,002
Imports
Vietnam
3,976,000
14,232,000
21,309,000
66,180,000
165,900,000
321,525,000
320,192,000
Trade Balance
Vietnam
-3,976,000
-14,232,000
-21,309,000
-66,137,000
-165,659,000
-321,487,000
-320,150,998
Total Trade
Vietnam
3,976,000
14,232,000
21,309,000
66,223,000
166,141,000
321,563,000
320,233,002
Exports
Germany
56,410,600
305,389
146,202
395,555
79,465,800
42,561,000
378,000
Imports
Germany
796,338,000
7,317,860
12,342,900
10,009,500
87,088,200
126,690,000
301,370,000
Trade Balance
Germany
-739,927,400
-7,012,471
-12,196,698
-9,613,945
-7,622,400
-84,129,000
-300,992,000
Total Trade
Germany
852,748,600
7,623,249
12,489,102
10,405,055
166,554,000
169,251,000
301,748,000
Exports
Austria
708,497
0
0
2,739
134,666,000
284,477,000
170,494,000
Imports
Austria
96,873,700
0
0
157,653
9,653,230
27,781,100
76,671,700
Trade Balance
Austria
-96,165,203
0
0
-154,914
125,012,770
256,695,900
93,822,300
Total Trade
Austria
97,582,197
0
0
160,392
144,319,230
312,258,100
247,165,700
Exports
India
404,272,000
1,171,570
44,599
43,716
171,914,000
211,468,000
228,174,000
Imports
India
51,244,300
82,777
378,347
2,453,790
7,336,540
8,923,060
8,886,070
Trade Balance
India
353,027,700
1,088,793
-333,748
-2,410,075
164,577,460
202,544,940
219,287,930
Total Trade
India
455,516,300
1,254,347
422,946
2,497,506
179,250,540
220,391,060
237,060,070
Exports
Greece
79,241,600
79,740,000
0
0
75,245,000
308,906,000
231,358,000
Imports
Greece
22,910,000
1,734,000
211,000
0
2,062,300
4,472,700
5,072,200
Trade Balance
Greece
56,331,600
78,006,000
-211,000
0
73,182,700
304,433,300
226,285,800
Total Trade
Greece
102,151,600
81,474,000
211,000
0
77,307,300
313,378,700
236,430,200
Exports
Russia
0
100,000
0
0
0
0
9
Imports
Russia
0
100,000
8,928,000
0
43,076,000
89,886,200
187,339,009
Trade Balance
Russia
0
0
-8,928,000
0
-43,076,000
-89,886,200
-187,339,000
Total Trade
Russia
0
0
8,928,000
0
43,076,000
89,886,200
187,339,000
Exports
Romania
331,456,000
0
0
1,145,455
83,732,700
19,091
99,654,500
Imports
Romania
42,100,000
0
0
0
2,740,000
4,500,000
12,600,000
Trade Balance
Romania
289,356,000
0
0
1,145,455
80,992,700
-4,480,909
87,054,500
Total Trade
Romania
373,556,000
0
0
1,145,455
86,472,700
4,519,091
112,254,500
Source: CRS calculations based on International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade statistics.
/1 Trade Balance equals exports minus imports.
/2Total Trade equals imports plus exports.

CRS-32
Table 12. Iraq’s Regional Trading Partners, 1980-1988
(In Actual U.S. Dollars)
Trade Flow
Country
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Exports
Jordan
7,280,000
2,810,000
15,600,000
232,298,000
319,410,000
Imports
Jordan
94,870,000
189,920,000
174,890,000
121,496,000
172,850,000
Trade Balance /1
Jordan
-87590000
-187,110,000
-159,290,000
110,802,000
146,560,000
Total Trade /2
Jordan
102,150,000
192,730,000
190,490,000
353,794,000
492,260,000
Exports
Kuwait
6,700,000
11,500,000
45,500,000
45,090,300
149,576,000
Imports
Kuwait
420,100,000
892,500,000
303,100,000
216,846,000
298,163,000
Trade Balance
Kuwait
-413400000
-881,000,000
-257,600,000
-171,755,700
-148,587,000
Total Trade
Kuwait
426,800,000
904,000,000
348,600,000
261,936,300
447,739,000
Exports
Morocco
402,930,000
173,180,000
318,530,000
114,460,000
235,438,000
Imports
Morocco
380,000
15,330,000
19,720,000
29,850,000
9,749,370
Trade Balance
Morocco
402550000
157,850,000
298,810,000
84,610,000
225,688,630
Total Trade
Morocco
403,310,000
188,510,000
338,250,000
144,310,000
245,187,370
Imports
United Arab Emirates
40,200,000
72,500,000
61,110,500
51,399,100
70,673,800
Exports
United Arab Emirates
900,000
7,100,000
4,300,000
12,000,000
36,000,000
Trade Balance
United Arab Emirates
39300000
65,400,000
56,810,500
39,399,100
34,673,800
Total Trade
United Arab Emirates
41,100,000
79,600,000
65,410,500
63,399,100
106,673,800
Imports
Saudi Arabia
20,300,000
53,100,000
29,600,000
45,700,000
38,068,900
Exports
Saudi Arabia
2,900,000
1,700,000
26,000,000
23,100,000
28,407,500
Trade Balance
Saudi Arabia
17400000
51,400,000
3,600,000
22,600,000
9,661,400
Total Trade
Saudi Arabia
23,200,000
54,800,000
55,600,000
68,800,000
66,476,400
Exports
Egypt
3,030,000
920,000
10,070,000
33,215,000
18,233,000
Imports
Egypt
70,000
670,000
21,610,000
16,144,000
37,674,000
Trade Balance
Egypt
2960000
250,000
-11,540,000
17,071,000
-19,441,000
Total Trade
Egypt
3,100,000
1,590,000
31,680,000
49,359,000
55,907,000
Exports
Oman
0
0
0
0
67,620
Imports
Oman
400,000
0
0
28,975,200
43,092,300
Trade Balance
Oman
-400000
0
0
-28,975,200
-43,024,680
Total Trade
Oman
400,000
0
0
28,975,200
43,159,920
Exports
Bahrain
0
0
0
0
0
Imports
Bahrain
0
0
0
0
6,802,000
Trade Balance
Bahrain
0
0
0
0
-6,802,000
Total Trade
Bahrain
0
0
0
0
6,802,000
Imports
Syria
29,780,000
120,000
0
0
0
Exports
Syria
734,930,000
295,370,000
0
200,000
0
Trade Balance
Syria
-705150000
-295,250,000
0
-200,000
0
Total Trade
Syria
764,710,000
295,490,000
0
200,000
0
Source: CRS calculations based on International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade Statistics
/1Trade Balance equals Exports minus Imports
/2 Total Trade equals Exports plus Imports

CRS-33
Table 13. Iraq’s Regional Trading Partners, 1990-2001
(In Actual U.S. Dollars)
Trade Flow
Country
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2001
Exports
Jordan
411,560,000
434,552,000
416,939,000
505,586,000
332,418,000
682,562,000
736,484,000
Imports
Jordan
178,607,000
71,846,000
150,643,000
135,626,000
149,725,000
141,119,000
140,534,000
Trade Balance /1
Jordan
232,953,000
362,706,000
266,296,000
369,960,000
182,693,000
541,443,000
595,950,000
Total Trade /2
Jordan
590,167,000
506,398,000
567,582,000
641,212,000
482,143,000
823,681,000
877,018,000
Exports
Morocco
190,490,000
6,000
0
0
0
0
410,538,000
Imports
Morocco
39,866,000
0
2,004,840
3,276,210
0
0
35,204,200
Trade Balance
Morocco
150,624,000
6,000
-2,004,840
-3,276,210
0
0
375,333,800
Total Trade
Morocco
230,356,000
6,000
2,004,840
3,276,210
0
0
445,742,200
Exports
Egypt
7,380,000
14,000
166,000
179,671
0
414,899
984,728
Imports
Egypt
31,328,000
21,000
1,041,000
72,460
38,539,600
74,868,600
90,558,900
Trade Balance
Egypt
-23,948,000
-7,000
-875,000
107,211
-38,539,600
-74,453,701
-89,574,172
Total Trade
Egypt
38,708,000
35,000
1,207,000
252,131
38,539,600
75,283,499
91,543,628
Exports
Oman
72,822
0
0
0
0
1,351
1,310
Imports
Oman
103,222,000
0
0
1,001,250
3,059,590
36,604,900
35,506,800
Trade Balance
Oman
-103,149,178
0
0
-1,001,250
-3,059,590
-36,603,549
-35,505,490
Total Trade
Oman
103,294,822
0
0
1,001,250
3,059,590
36,606,251
35,508,110
Exports
Lebanon
0
0
0
69,378
44,000
910,000
981,890
Imports
Lebanon
0
0
0
1,278
7,463,000
28,750,000
28,630,800
Trade Balance
Lebanon
0
0
0
68,100
-7,419,000
-27,840,000
-27,648,910
Total Trade
Lebanon
0
0
0
70,656
7,507,000
29,660,000
29,612,690
Imports
Qatar
0
0
0
0
0
82,418
79,945
Exports
Qatar
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trade Balance
Qatar
0
0
0
0
0
82,418
79,945
Total Trade
Qatar
0
0
0
0
0
82,418
79,945
Exports
Bahrain
0
0
14,011
65,673
4,207
5,176
5,584
Imports
Bahrain
0
0
0
43,197
53,184
64,685
64,417
Trade Balance
Bahrain
0
0
14,011
22,476
-48,977
-59,510
-58,833
Total Trade
Bahrain
0
0
14,011
108,870
57,392
69,861
70,001
Exports
Kuwait
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Imports
Kuwait
248,718,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trade Balance
Kuwait
-248,718,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total Trade
Kuwait
248,718,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
Source: CRS calculations based on International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade Statistics
/1 Trade Balance equals Exports minus Imports
/2 Total Trade equals Exports plus Imports