Order Code RL31988
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Polygraph Use by the Department of Energy:
Issues for Congress
Updated October 1, 2003
Alfred Cumming
Specialist in Intelligence and National Security
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Polygraph Use by the Department of Energy:
Issues for Congress
Summary
Department of Energy (DOE) Deputy Secretary Kyle E. McSlarrow
recommended on September 4, 2003, that the DOE issue a proposed regulation by
the end of the year that would sharply curtail the use of the polygraph for screening
DOE employees with access to classified information.1 McSlarrow said that he has
recommended to Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham a mandatory polygraph
screening program only for individuals with regular access to the most sensitive
information. The result would be to reduce from more than 20,000 to approximately
4,500 the number of DOE and contractor personnel potentially subject to mandatory
polygraph tests. McSlarrow cited a 2002 study by the National Academy of Sciences
(NAS) that questioned the validity of polygraph testing.
In the wake of the Wen Ho Lee case, DOE in March 1999 initiated and later
announced a screening polygraph implementation plan affecting approximately 800
DOE federal and contractor employees in certain high-risk programs.2
Congress in October 1999 mandated DOE polygraph testing (P.L. 106-65, Sec.
3154) and expanded the program to cover 13,000 DOE employees. The following
year, Congress further expanded polygraph testing to cover approximately 20,000
DOE employees (P.L. 106-398, Sec. 3135). In part because of continuing opposition
by some DOE nuclear weapons laboratory employees, Congress in 2001 requested
that NAS review the scientific evidence regarding the validity and reliability of the
polygraph, particularly when used for personnel security screening.
Congress
directed DOE to institute a new polygraph program that takes into account the NAS
findings (P.L. 107-107, Sec. 3152).
The NAS study concluded that while polygraph testing is more effective when
used in connection with event-specific investigations, its accuracy is insufficient to
justify reliance on its use in screening current and prospective federal agency
employees — DOE’s principal purpose in using the polygraph.
Although acknowledging the NAS findings, Energy Secretary Abraham
announced on April 14, 2003, that DOE would continue to employ screening
polygraphs. Some Members of Congress urged that the DOE adopt a more focused
polygraph program. McSlarrow’s recommendation appears to reflect agreement with
that approach. In the meantime, Congress might assess several possible approaches,
including retaining the status quo, establishing a more focused polygraph program
of the kind proposed by McSlarrow; researching alternatives to the polygraph; and
eliminating the polygraph for screening purposes altogether. This report will be
updated as warranted.
1 Statement of Kyle E. McSlarrow before the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources, Department of Energy Polygraph Policy, September 4, 2003.
2 United States Department of Energy News, DOE Polygraph Implementation Plan
Announced
, December 13, 1999.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Some See Polygraph’s Utility But Many DOE Scientists Are Skeptical . . . . 3
Dearth of Scientific Evidence Underlying the Polygraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
What The Available Evidence Does Show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
DOE Proposes To Revise Polygraph Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
A More Focused Polygraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Additional Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Discard Use Of Polygraph For Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Polygraph Use by the Department of
Energy: Issues for Congress
Introduction
Since its establishment in 1977, the Department of Energy (DOE) has been
frequently criticized for adopting a lax approach to countertintelligence (CI),
particularly in connection with its nuclear weapons laboratories.3
Years of
increasingly critical CI reviews culminated in 1998 when intelligence evidence
suggested that the People’s Republic of China (PRC) had stolen secrets from DOE’s
national security laboratories.4 President Clinton responded by issuing Presidential
Decision Directive (PDD) 61, which fundamentally restructured DOE’s CI program.
The President directed DOE to develop and implement specific security measures,
including the possible use of polygraph testing, to reduce the threat to classified
information.
In March 1999, DOE began to develop a CI-scope polygraph to screen federal
employees requiring access to certain high-risk programs. Questions asked as part
of a CI-scope polygraph are limited to topics concerning the individual’s involvement
in espionage, sabotage, terrorism, unauthorized disclosure of classified information,
unauthorized foreign contacts, and deliberate damage to or malicious misuse of a
U.S. Government information or defense system. In August 1999, DOE proposed
expanding the CI polygraph program to include contractor as well as Federal
employees at its facilities who occupied positions with access to the most sensitive
and classified information and materials.5 In October 1999, the Congress mandated
what until then had been a DOE-discretionary polygraph testing program (P.L. 106-
65, Section 3154). Congress also expanded the number of those required to take the
polygraph to 13,000.6
In December 1999, Energy Secretary Bill Richardson
announced that CI interests could be satisfied by subjecting approximately 800
3 DOE has three nuclear weapons laboratories where classified nuclear weapons research
is conducted: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA; and Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
and Livermore, CA.
4 For a comprehensive review of this issue, see CRS Report RL30143, China, Suspected
Acquisition of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Secrets
, by Shirley Kan. See also Attorney General’s
Review Team on the Handling of the Los Alamos Laboratory Investigation
, May, 2000, at
[http:\\www.FAS.org].
5 Federal Register 64, no. 242 (Dec. 17, 1999), p. 70963.
6 United States Department of Energy News, DOE Polygraph Implementation Plan
Announced
, Dec. 13, 1999.

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individuals to polygraph testing.7 DOE originally had intended its program to cover
approximately 3,000 employees, but the number was reduced after protests from
national laboratory employees.8 Richardson said he would seek legislation to ensure
consistency between DOE’s implementation plan and congressional direction.9
Instead, Congress in the year 2000, prompted by continuing security concerns,
approved legislation (P.L. 106-398, Section 3135) further expanding the program to
cover approximately 20,000 DOE employees and contractors.10
In 2002, Congress instructed NAS to review the scientific evidence regarding
the polygraph’s validity and reliability and directed DOE to institute a new program
that took into account the NAS findings ( P.L. 107-107, Section 3152). Congress
said a new program should “minimize the potential for release or disclosure of
classified data, materials, or information.”
Background
Debate continues over the validity and reliability of the modern polygraph, first
developed early in the 1900s. What is undisputed is that the polygraph machine is
not a lie detector but rather an instrument that charts changes in an individual’s
respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and sweat gland activity in response to a series
of yes or no questions.11
Polygraph examiners determine whether a person’s
physiological reaction is stronger in responding to certain questions when contrasted
with recorded reactions to a series of comparison “control” questions. Stronger
reactions indicate that the individual may be deceptive. It is these physiological
responses which are at the heart of the ongoing debate over the validity of polygraph
testing.12 Scientists studying the polygraph further note a distinction between the
polygraph test and the polygraph examination, which includes the test and the
interrogation surrounding it. The first represents an attempt to capture accurate
psychophysiological indicators of deception. The second is a tool for revealing
truth.13
7 Ibid.
8 Andrea Widner, “DOE Lab Employees Protest New Law Mandating Polygraph Tests,”
Knight Ridder/Tribune News, Nov. 9, 2000.
9 United States Department of Energy News, DOE Polygraph Implementation Plan
Announced
, Dec. 13, 1999.
10 Federal Register 68, no. 71 (April 14, 2003), p. 17887.
11 A polygraph instrument will collect physiological data from at least three systems in the
human body. Convoluted rubber tubes that are placed over the examinee’s chest and
abdominal areas will record respiratory activity. Two small metal plates, attached to the
fingers, will record sweat gland activity, and a blood pressure cuff, or similar device, will
record cardiovascular activity.
12 National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The Polygraph and Lie
Detection
, 2002, p. 13.
13 Ibid., p. 21.

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The polygraph is used for three principal purposes: event specific or exculpatory
— for example, when a crime has been committed; preemployment screening; and
screening current employees. The Intelligence Community (IC) uses the polygraph
as a screening device and investigative tool. The Department of Defense (DOD) uses
it almost exclusively as an investigative tool. The DOD does use polygraphs for
employee screening, but only for individuals granted exceptional clearances for
highly sensitive programs.14
Although DOE has long used the polygraph as an investigative tool, it has been
employed as a screening tool for access to high-risk programs only since 1999. The
Energy Department turned to polygraph testing after President Clinton issued PDD
61 in response to long-standing concerns about security at DOE weapons labs and
specifically because of intelligence evidence indicating that the PRC may have stolen
secrets from DOE’s weapons labs. The President directed the Energy Department
to consider establishing a polygraph program as one component of a comprehensive
CI program that could include background checks, periodic reinvestigations,
monitoring of financial records, restrictions on publishing materials, and, for some
employees, mandatory drug testing and medical assessments.15 Under current DOE
regulations, neither DOE nor its contractors may take an adverse personnel action
against an individual solely on the basis of a polygraph result indicating deception.16
The Energy Department cited three principal reasons when it proposed
polygraph screening in 1999.17
First, a CI-scope polygraph, according to DOE,
serves both as means to deter unauthorized disclosures of classified information and
to detect early any disclosure of classified or sensitive information. The latter, DOE
argues, allows it to promptly take steps to mitigate any damage to the national
security. Second, the Department suggested that the polygraph examination is
essential in granting interim personnel security clearances on an expedited basis.
Finally, DOE argued that a polygraph examination provides an important tool that
is available upon employee request to expeditiously resolve any outstanding issues
in a CI or personnel security investigation.
Some See Polygraph’s Utility But Many DOE Scientists Are
Skeptical

Many DOE laboratory personnel have a “very negative” attitude towards the
polygraph, according to the report of the Redmond Panel, a panel of experts which
reviewed DOE CI capabilities at DOE’s national security laboratories on behalf of
14 Commission on Science and Security, Science and Security in the 21st Century, A Report
to the Secretary of Energy on the Department of Energy Laboratories
, Apr., 2002, p. 54.
15 Federal Register 64, no. 242 (Dec. 17, 1999), p. 70962.
16 Ibid., p. 70962.
17 Ibid., p. 70963.

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the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.18 The attitude toward
polygraphs at the laboratories, according to panel findings, runs the gamut from
cautiously and rationally negative to emotionally and irrationally negative.19 The
Panel noted in its findings that never before have so many cleared employees of a
government organization had to have their clearances threatened by the institution of
the polygraph.20 The Panel also noted that scientists do, in fact, represent a particular
problem with regard to the administration of polygraphs.
“They are most
comfortable when dealing with techniques that are scientifically precise and reliable,”
according to the Panel. “The polygraph, useful as it is as one of several tools in a CI
regimen, does not meet this standard. Accordingly, many scientists who have had no
experience with it are skeptical of its utility.”21 The Panel went on to note, however,
that “...polygraphs, while not definitive in their results, are of significant utility in a
broader comprehensive CI program. The polygraph is an essential element of the CI
program and it will not work until it is accepted by those who are subject to it.”22 In
its report, NAS said that polygraph testing has some utility in “deterring security
violations, increasing the frequency of admissions of such violations, deterring
employment applications from potentially poor security risks, and increasing public
confidence in national security organizations....Such utility derives from beliefs about
the procedure’s validity, which are distinct from actual validity or accuracy.”23
The Society of Professional Scientists and Engineers, an association of current
and retired scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, argues that the
polygraph is not only scientifically invalid and unreliable but lacks utility as well.
“Their unreliability renders polygraphs incapable of catching spies and can lead to
false accusations of innocent workers who may find themselves defenseless against
the machine’s oscillations,” according to the Society.24 Other critics argue that the
polygraph has failed to uncover such prominent spies as Aldrich Ames and maintain
that spies know how to employ countermeasures against the polygraph.
18 U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Report of the
Redmond Panel
, June 21, 2000, pp. 7-8.
19 Ibid., p. 7.
20 Ibid., p. 7.
21 Ibid., p. 8.
22 Ibid., p. 8.
23 The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The Polygraph and
Lie Detection
, 2002, p. 6.
24 Society of Professional Scientists and Engineers, SPSE Speaks Out on Polygraphs, Aug.
13, 1999.

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Dearth of Scientific Evidence
Underlying the Polygraph
As distinct from the utility of the polygraph, supporters and critics of the
polygraph agree that the scientific evidence relevant to the accuracy of polygraph
screening tests — the principal purpose of DOE’s polygraph program — is extremely
limited. NAS said it found only one flawed field study that provided evidence
directly relevant to accuracy for preemployment screening.25
The American
Polygraph Association (APA), the largest polygraph association consisting of
examiners in the private, law enforcement, and government fields, blames the paucity
of research into the scientific basis for the polygraph or any other deception detection
technique on a lack of resources.26
NAS agreed, noting that the lack of serious
investment in such research is “striking,” given the heavy reliance of the government
on the polygraph, especially for screening for espionage and sabotage. 27
What The Available Evidence Does Show
NAS, in its study, arrived at a number of conclusions. First, it concluded that
polygraph testing, particularly with regard to personnel screening, yields an
unacceptable choice for DOE employee security screening between too many loyal
employees falsely judged deceptive and too many major security threats left
undetected. The polygraph’s accuracy, according to NAS, in distinguishing actual
or potential security violators from innocent test takers is insufficient to justify
reliance on its use in employee security screening in federal agencies.28
Second, NAS concluded that, based upon field reports and indirect scientific
evidence, polygraph screening may have some utility for achieving such objectives
as deterring security violations, increasing the frequency of admissions of such
violations, deterring employment applications from potentially poor security risks,
and increasing public confidence in national security organizations. Such utility,
however, derives from beliefs about the validity of the procedure, and are distinct
from “actual validity or accuracy,” according to the Academy.29 NAS also concluded
that the proportion of spies, terrorists and other major national security threats among
the employees subject to polygraph testing in DOE labs presumably is very low, and
that polygraphs therefore should not be counted on for detection when screening
population with low rates of the target transgressions, because “screening populations
25 The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The Polygraph and
Lie Detection
, 2002, p. 3.
26 American Polygraph Association, Statement of the American Polygraph Association
Pertaining to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Report on the Use of the Polygraph
,
undated.
27 The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The Polygraph and
Lie Detection
, 2002, p. 8.
28 Ibid., p. 6.
29 Ibid., p. 8.

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with very low rates of the target transgressions (e.g., less than 1 in 1,000) requires
diagnostics of extremely high accuracy, well beyond what can be expected from
polygraph testing.”30 NAS also stated that countermeasures pose a potentially serious
threat to the performance of polygraph testing because all the physiological
indicators measured by the polygraph can be altered by conscious efforts through
cognitive or physical means. NAS noted that “there is enough empirical evidence to
justify concern that successful countermeasures may be learnable.”31
The NAS findings essentially track the results of a similar research review
completed by the Congressional Office of Technical Assessment (OTA) in 1983,
which concluded that there was not adequate evidence at that time to establish the
scientific validity of the polygraph test for personnel security screening. OTA went
on to more broadly state that establishing the overall validity of the polygraph is not
possible. OTA cited two reasons. First, the polygraph is a very complex process that
is much more than the instrument. The types of individuals tested, examiner’s
training, purpose of the test, and types of questions asked, among other factors can
differ substantially, according to the OTA report. Second, OTA noted, the research
on polygraph validity varies widely in terms of results and the quality of the research
design and methodology. “... conclusions about scientific validity can be made only
in the context of specific applications and even then must be tempered by the
limitations of available research evidence,” according to OTA.32
Polygraph supporters such as the APA in turn cite 80 research projects,
published since 1980, showing accuracy ranges for the polygraph from 80 to 98
percent.33 While conceding that there has been only a limited number of research
projects on the accuracy of polygraph testing for screening, the APA argues that “real
world conditions are difficult if not impossible to replicate in a mock crime or
laboratory environment for the purpose of assessing effectiveness.”34 The APA
further argues that the same physiological measures are recorded and the same basic
psychological principles may apply in both the event specific and pre-employment
screening examinations and therefore there is no reason to believe that there is a
substantial decrease in the accuracy rate for the preemployment circumstance. The
few studies that have been conducted on pre-employment testing support this
contention, according to the APA.35
U.S. intelligence community agencies, however, continue to believe the
polygraph is a useful screening tool. The CIA claimed to have classified research to
30 Ibid., pp. 5-6.
31 Ibid., p. 216.
32 Office of Technology Assessment, Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing, Nov. 1983,
p. 4.
33 American Polygraph Association, Polygraph Issues and Answers, undated.
34 American Polygraph Association, Statement of the American Polygraph Association
Pertaining to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Report on the Use of the Polygraph
,
undated.
35 American Polygraph Association, Polygraph Issues and Answers, undated.

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support their use of polygraph tests but would not share it with OTA at the time of
its study.36
According to the 1983 OTA report, the CIA and the NSA use the
polygraph not to determine deception or truthfulness per se, but as a technique of
interrogation to encourage admissions. OTA reported that the polygraph examination
results that are most important to NSA security adjudicators are the data provided by
the individual during the pre-test or post-test phase of examination. The Director of
Central Intelligence Security Committee concluded that polygraph was the most
productive of all background investigation techniques. But OTA said that the study
was one of utility, not validity.
DOE Proposes To Revise
Polygraph Program
The National Defense Authorization Act for FY2002 (P.L. 107-107, Section
3152) directed the Energy Department to issue a notice of proposed rule-making for
a new polygraph program that takes into account the findings of the NAS polygraph
review. The Act also stated that the purpose of any such new program would be to
minimize the potential for release or disclosure of classified data, materials, or
information.
To satisfy the congressional directive, DOE on April 14, 2003, published a
notice of proposed rule-making “to begin a proceeding to consider whether to retain
or modify [DOE’s] current Polygraph Examination Regulations.”37 Secretary
Abraham made clear that DOE intended to retain polygraph screening as one of
several tools of the Department’s CI program. In doing so, he acknowledged NAS’s
recommendation against using the polygraph for employee screening and the
congressional directive that he take the Academy’s views into account. But he said
that maintaining polygraph testing was “consistent with the statutory purpose of
minimizing the risk of disclosure of classified data.”38 He also said that the Energy
Department uses the polygraph only in conjunction with other information and only
as a trigger for a detailed follow-up investigation, not as a basis for personnel action.
This, according to Abraham, is compatible with NAS’s conclusion that if polygraph
screening is to be used at all, it should be used in this fashion.39
Critics of the Secretary’s decision, including Senator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM),
said relying on a technique as inaccurate as the polygraph could produce a false sense
of confidence. That overconfidence, Bingaman suggested, “can be the real danger
to national security.” Applying polygraphs to employee screening could lead to
either too many loyal employees who will be judged deceptive, or too many major
36 Office of Technology Assessment, Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing, Nov. 1983,
p. 100.
37 Federal Register 68, no. 71, p. 17886.
38 United States Department of Energy News, DOE Issues Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
on Polygraph Use
, Apr. 14, 2003.
39 Ibid.

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security threats undetected, Bingaman noted.40 Senator Pete Domenici said, “I
continue to believe that the system is too much an affront[,] especially since the
polygraph program was so thoroughly criticized by the National Academy of
Sciences. I hope the department will rethink this situation.”41
Apparently the Energy Department did rethink its approach. DOE Deputy
Secretary McSlarrow said on September 4, 2003 that he had recommended to
Secretary Abraham that a new regulation be issued before the end of the year that
would sharply curtail polygraph screening.42 In testimony before the Senate Energy
and Natural Resources Committee, McSlarrow said DOE should retain a mandatory
polygraph screening program only for individuals with regular access to the most
sensitive information. The result, according to McSlarrow, would be to reduce from
20,000 to 4,500 the potential number of personnel receiving DOE polygraph
screening tests. In announcing his recommendation for a more focused program, he
cited the NAS study that concluded that the accuracy of the polygraph is insufficient
to justify reliance on its use in screening current and prospective federal agency
employees. But he went on to cite NAS’s recommendation that in light of inherent
fallibility of the polygraph instrument, any agency that employs a screening
polygraph should do so only in conjunction with other information, and only as a
trigger for further testing and investigation.43
Specifically, McSlarrow said he had recommended retaining mandatory
polygraph screening already in place for those occupying:
! all counterintelligence positions;
! all positions in the Headquarters Office of Intelligence and at the
Field Intelligence Elements; and
! all positions in the DOE Special Access Programs (and non-DOE
Special Access Programs if a requirement of the program sponsor).
Individuals with routine or continuing access to all DOE-originated Top Secret
information, including Top Secret Restricted Data and Top Secret National Security
Information also would be subject to polygraph screening. This group — probably
less than 1,000 complex-wide — would not include everyone with a “Q” or a Top
Secret clearance, nor would it include all weapons scientists, according to
McSlarrow. Rather, it would include only those whose positions require continuing,
40 Press Statement of Senator Bingaman, Apr. 14, 2003
41
News release of Senator Domenici, Domenici: DOE Worries Shouldn’t Mean
Continuation of Flawed Polygraph Policy, Apr. 15, 2003.
42 Statement of Kyle E. McSlarrow before the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources, Department of Energy Polygraph Policy, September 4, 2003
43 Ibid.

CRS-9
routine access to Top Secret Restricted Data or other DOE-originated Top Secret
information.44
McSlarrow said he also had recommended that certain managers, with input
from the Office of Counterintelligence and subject to approval of either the Secretary
or the Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration, be granted
authority to include additional individuals within their offices or programs in the
mandatory polygraph screening program. These individuals would be limited to
those with regular access to information or other materials presenting the highest risk.
Although the FY2000 National Defense Act Authorization and the current
proposed regulation published on April 14, 2003, mandated polygraph testing for all
individuals in the Personnel Assurance Program and the Personnel Security
Assurance Program, McSlarrow said he has recommended eliminating mandatory
polygraph screening for those two categories.
McSlarrow also said he had recommended instituting a random screening
program affecting those positions whose level and frequency of access, while not
requiring mandatory screening, nevertheless warrant some additional measure of
deterrence against damaging disclosures.45
McSlarrow estimated that 6,000
individuals would be eligible for a random polygraph, but that only a minimum
percentage of that number would be subject to a polygraph during any single year.
Those subject to a random polygraph would include:
! all positions in the Offices of Security, Emergency Operations, and
Independent Oversight and Performance Assurance that are not
designated for the mandatory screening program;
! positions with routine access to Sigma 14 and 15 weapons data
(Sigma 14 and Sigma 15 refer respectively to vulnerability
information and use control information in connection with the
nuclear weapons program); and
! system administrators for classified cyber systems.
In advocating a random polygraph testing program, McSlarrow cited the NAS
finding that “polygraph screening may be useful for achieving such objectives as
deterring security violations, increasing the frequency of admissions of such
violations, [and] deterring employment applications from potentially poor security
risks,” and that predictable polygraph testing probably has less deterrent value than
random testing.46
Senator Domenici commended DOE for radically revising its polygraph test
policy. “I have been appalled by DOE’s continued massive use of polygraph tests in
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.

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the wake of a national study condemning the reliability of these tests...I commend
DOE for announcing plans to substantially reduce the number of people subject to
polygraphs and to ensure that no negative actions are taken based on a single
polygraph result,” he said.”47
Senator Bingaman, however, said that although DOE’s new polygraph policy
is a step in the right direction, he reiterated his serious reservation that scientific
evidence does not support the use of polygraphs as a screening tool.48
Issues for Congress
A More Focused Polygraph
One issue for Congress is whether the Energy Department’s polygraph screening
program should focus on a smaller number of individuals occupying only the most
sensitive positions. More than 20,000 DOE employees and contractors, falling into
eight separate categories, are currently subject to polygraph testing. Critics argue
that the program requires a screening polygraph for virtually every DOE employee
and contractor who holds a security clearance, without regard to the level of
sensitivity of that person’s activities or access. Such a program exposes a large
population to polygraph examination without regard to the risk associated with that
person’s access. One result, according to critics, is that polygraphs have caused, and
may continue to cause, severe morale problems and thereby ultimately undermine the
very goal of good security.49
On the other hand, some of those same critics acknowledge that in the case of
the IC, the polygraph is an integral — “and more important, an accepted — part of
the intelligence community’s security practices and culture. People are aware of this
practice before accepting employment in intelligence organizations, and they accept
it as an integral part of a more comprehensive security architecture.”50
McSlarrow’s recommendations apparently signify a willingness by DOE to
consider a more focused program.
47 Press statement of Senator Domenici, Domenici Commends DOE for Sharply Reducing
Number of Employees Subject to Polygraph Testing
, September 4, 2003.
48 Press statement of Senator Bingaman, Bingaman Raises Concerns About DOE’s New
Polygraph Policy
, September 4, 2003.
49 See Commission on Science and Security, Science and Security in the 21st Century, A
Report to the Secretary of Energy on the Department of Energy Laboratories
, April 2002,
pp. 55-56. The Commission points out in its report that DOD does use the polygraph for
screening purposes, but only for individuals granted exceptional clearances for highly
sensitive programs.
50 Ibid. P. 54

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Additional Research
Critics and supporters alike agree that further research into the scientific basis
for psychophysiological detection of deception by any technique is warranted. NAS,
in its report, suggests that if the government continues to rely heavily on the
polygraph, some research effort should focus on putting the polygraph on a firmer
scientific foundation. The Academy cautions, however, that given the inherent
ambiguity of the physiological measures used in the polygraph, further investments
in improving polygraph technique and interpretation will bring only modest
improvements in accuracy.51
Rather, NAS recommends the development of a
broader research program to detect and deter security threats, rather than focus on
polygraph research.52 NAS points out that potential alternative techniques such as
measurements from brain activity and other physiological indicators, facial
expressions, voice quality and other aspects of demeanor show some promise, but
that “none has yet been shown to outperform the polygraph. None shows any
promise of supplanting the polygraph for screening purposes in the near term.”53
According to the Academy, any such research program should be largely
administered by “an organization or organizations with no operational responsibility
for detecting deception and no institutional commitment to using or training
practitioners of a particular technique.”54
NAS pointed out two particular areas worthy of more research — computerized
analysis of polygraph records to improve the accuracy of test results by using more
information from polygraph records than is used in traditional scoring methods; and
combining polygraph information with information from other screening techniques.
NAS also concluded that more research needs to be conducted with regard to
countermeasures, but pointed out that policy makers must weigh the danger of public
knowledge of countermeasures against the benefits of a robust public research
program.55
Supporters, while claiming that the polygraph now provides satisfactory
detection and deterrence, favor enhanced research on grounds that it will expand the
capacity to improve the polygraph’s validity and reliability.56 At the same time,
supporters note that real world conditions are difficult if not impossible to replicate
in a mock crime or laboratory environment for the purpose of assessing the
51 See the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The Polygraph
and Lie Detection, 2002, p. 213.
52 Ibid., p. 9.
53 See the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The Polygraph
and Lie Detection
, 2002, p. 8.
54 Ibid., p. 229.
55 Ibid., p. 231.
56 American Polygraph Association, Statement of the American Polygraph Association
Pertaining to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Report on the Use of the Polygraph,
undated.

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polygraph’s validity. A lack of resources, according to supporters, also has impeded
research efforts.
Responding to the NAS research recommendation, the Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence in its fiscal year 2004 intelligence authorization bill authorizes
$500,000 for the National Science Foundation and the Office of Science and
Technology to lead a more focused research effort on alternatives to the polygraph.57
A conference on the Intelligence Authorization Act for FY2004 (H.R. 2417) is
pending.
Discard Use Of Polygraph For Screening
Another issue for Congress is whether to discard the use of polygraph screening
— as opposed to event specific use where the accuracy is well above chance but
below perfection 58 — altogether. Critics label the screening polygraph as misguided
and suggest that it be shelved in favor of more thorough examination of financial
records and travel, and more frequent reinvestigation by traditional means. These
critics argue that the screening polygraph gives a false and dangerous sense of over
confidence to authorities that they have adequately screened for spies.59 They believe
that this, in turn, could lead to a relaxation of other methods of ensuring security,
such as periodic security re-investigation and vigilance about potential security
violations in facilities that use the polygraph for employee security screening.60
Critics also argue that polygraph test accuracy can be undermined by
countermeasures, seriously undermining the value of polygraph security screening.61
Supporters argue that the polygraph is the best tool currently available to detect
deception and that it remains an important tool to detect deception in selected
national security and law enforcement matters. Some supporters distinguish between
the polygraph’s utility and its scientific validity and reliability. While not definitive
in its results, they argue, the polygraph is of significant utility in a broader
comprehensive CI program.62 Some government organizations further claim to have
classified information which supports their use of polygraph tests.63 And virtually
57 S.Rept. 108-44, p. 29.
58 National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The Polygraph
and Lie Detection
, 2002, p. 4.
59 See comments by the Society of Professional Scientists and Engineers to proposed
polygraph examination regulations, 10 CFR Pat, 709, Federal Register 68, p. 17886, Apr.
14, 2003.
60 National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, The Polygraph
and Lie Detection
, 2002, p. 7
61 Ibid., p. 5.
62 U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Report of the
Redmond Panel
, June 21, 2000, pp. 7-8.
63 Office of Technology Assessment, Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing, Nov. 1983,
p. 100. OTA said the CIA did not permit it to review the Agency’s classified research on
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all supporters of polygraph screening argue that polygraph testing is just one tool
among several used as part of a comprehensive CI program.
63 (...continued)
the subject.